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BOTANY ^tma^ 

OF THE 



SOUTHERN STATES. 

IN TWO PARTS. 

PART I. 

STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY AND 
VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

PART II. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOUTHERN PLANTS. 

ARRANGED ON THE 

NATURAL SYSTEM. 

PRECEDED BY A 

LINNHAN AND A DICHOTOMOUS ANALYSIS. 

BY PROF. JOHN DARBY, A. M. 



NEW YORK: 

A. S. BARNES & CO., 51 & 53 JOHN-STREET. 

cnsrcnsTNATi : h. w. derby. 

JOHN M. COOPEE, SAVANNAH. 

1855. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 'J855, 

By A. S. BAENES & CO., 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. 









e?' 



PREFACE 



To an agricultural people, there can be no subject 
more important, or really demanding a deeper interest, 
than Botany. To guide in the management of any 
business intelligently, we must know the conditions of 
success. Success may, it is true, come, to a greater or 
less extent, without such knowledge ; but if so, it comes 
in spite of our ignorance, and not by our sagacity. 
This is most emphatically true in regard to agriculture. 
Living beings, governed by fixed laws, subject to nu- 
merous and varied influences for good or evil, are the 
subjects with which the planter has to deal. It would 
seem self-evident, that he would be greatly aided by 
understanding their constitution and the conditions of 
their highest development. Botany proposes to lay the 
foundation for such knowledge, and to lead to prac- 
tice of philosophical agriculture. It indicates the con- 
ditions essential to the growth and perfect development 
of plants, their food, the means of supplying it, the con- 
dition in which it must be furnished, and the means 
best calculated to gain a given result. All this Botany 
promises to afford, and, rightly pursued, it will accom- 
plish all it promises. 

No department of nature presents higher claims to 
our attention than the vegetable kingdom. It yields 
us the every-day necessaries of life. It affords us the 
articles indispensable for food, clothing, shelter, and 
warmth ; and without its constant ministrations, with 



4: PREFACE. 

our present constitution, existence would be impossi- 
ble. But besides the benefits of which all are con- 
stant partakers, it lays other claims to our regard. 
The study and culture of the exquisitely beautiful ob- 
jects which it presents, exert the happiest influence 
on all our social and moral feelings. So clearly has 
this been evinced to observation, that it has become 
a trite saying, that to the stranger, the flower-pots in 
the cottage-window of the poor, or about the dwellings 
of the wealthy, are almost sure indications of purity 
and social happiness within. On no page of creation 
can be found more distinctly written the wisdom, be- 
nevolence, and love of the Creator, than on that, which 
exhibits the structure and adaptation of organization to 
the circumstances of the humblest vegetable. The va- 
rious beautiful provisions made for protection ; the stor- 
ing up of food which may nourish plants or animals ; 
the purification of the air by vegetable respiration, with 
innumerable other exhibitions of Divine wisdom and 
benevolence, are not only subjects fitted to excite our 
admiration as intellectual beings, but must call forth 
the most devout gratitude and love, from every heart 
not paralyzed in its workings by unholy and groveling 
indulgences. 

That Botany deserves a high place in every system 
of liberal education, is abundantly proved by every 
consideration that places any subject on the schedule 
of a college course. ~No subject can present a greater 
field for the exercise of all the higher intellectual pow- 
ers. Analysis of the most rigid character, induction in 
every varied form, and generalization are constant em- 
ployments of rightly-guided students in Botany. Every 
department of Natural History presents similar claims. 
The objects are the productions of God, varied to every 
form, existing in every condition, subject to every influ- 
ence, related in a thousand ways, and all to afford bound- 
less interest to the mightiest intellects of man, whose busi- 



PREFACE. 5 

ness it is, by divine appointment, to study and control 
the productions of earth. Moreover, the volume of Crea- 
tion is the best commentary on the volume of Kevelation, 
and the more both are studied, the more do we see, that 
they both come from the same great, wise, and benevo- 
lent Creator. Not a vestige in the one contradicts an 
expression in the other ; but the more deeply we pene- 
trate into the mysteries of both, the more do we expe- 
rience the truth of the Apostle's language — " The invisi- 
ble things of God, from the creation of the world, are 
clearly seen, being understood by the things that are 
made, even his eternal power and godhead." And the 
more we see and know of his wonderful arrangements, 
and the inimitable wisdom exhibited in all that he has 
done, the more impressively does the language of the 
Psalmist fall upon our spirits, and unite with our own 
impulses — " O Lord ! how manifold are all thy works ! 
in wisdom hast thou made them all; the earth is full 
of thy riches." 

In the following treatise, we have endeavored to pre- 
sent to the student an outline of Botany in all its most 
important relations, as a science. That the book should 
not exceed the size of a convenient text-book, we have 
been prevented from entering into many interesting 
and important particulars, and have been compelled to 
be brief in our descriptions of plants. Botany has been 
generally considered as limited to enabling one to deter- 
mine the name of a flower, and, as studied in our schools 
and colleges, this is about all it accomplishes. A student 
thus taught, has just as much claim to any useful knowl- 
edge of Botany, as one who barely knows the name 
whale, has, on that account, to a knowledge of that an- 
imal. To know the names of things, is certainly an im- 
portant particular, but that such knowledge constitutes 
any science, is simply absurd. 

Most of the facts and principles contained in the fol- 
lowing pages, have been subjects of personal observa- 



6 PEEFACE. 

tions by the author. On many points of theory, as 
well as with regard to some facts, there are differences 
of opinion among authors. Where our own opinion 
was decided, we have stated it without reference to 
that of others ; in other cases of difference, we have 
noticed the contrariety. 

"We have labored many years to bring the work as 
near perfection as possible. That it is perfect, the au- 
thor has not the vanity to believe. To write a perfect 
work on Southern Botany is impossible ; nor will it be 
possible probably for a century to come. 

In a work the author published in 1842, all was ar- 
ranged on the Natural System. Many teachers ob- 
jected to it on that account. To accommodate all, we 
have placed three analyses at the beginning of the 2d 
part, that each may adopt which he chooses. They will 
be mutual aids to each other. Difficulties that might 
occur in a given plant in one, may be entirely obviated 
in another. We have had an eye to this in their con- 
struction. We have also analyzed the more important 
orders. It may be safely asserted that no work will 
afford so easy a means for the analysis of plants as the 
one now presented to the public. We have aimed at 
presenting to the Colleges and High Schools of the 
Southern States a text-book, that shall answer all the 
ends of such a work, in the hands of intelligent and 
skillful teachers. To them we commend it in all con- 
fidence, believing that it will meet with such reception 
as it may merit. We ask for it no other. 

Auburn, Ala., 1855. 



PART L 

VEGETABLE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



1, Botany is that science which treats of plants, and, in 
its most extensive application, makes us acquainted with the 
structure, vital action, classification, uses and distribution of 
vegetables. 

2, A plant is an organized being, receiving its nourishment, 
which is always fluid, by absorption, generally through roots ; 
and elaborating it by exposure to the combined action of air 
and liffht, on the surface of leaves or stems, and afterwards as- 
similating it to its own substance. 

3 1 The science of Botany is generally divided into several 
subjects for separate investigation : 

(1.) The structure of vegetables, or vegetable anatomy, or 
organography (prganon, an organ, and grapho, I describe), con- 
sisting of a description of the various vegetable tissues, and the 
organs which these tissues compose. 

(2.) Morphology (morphe, shape or form, and logos, a dis- 
course) which describes the various changes organs may un- 
dergo in course of development, in respect to form, consist- 
ence, size, composition, &c. 

(3.) Vegetable Physiology, or that branch of the science 
which has for its object the investigation of the functions of 
vegetable organs ; or of all that belongs to vegetables as living 
beings. 

(4.) Taxonomy (taxis, order, and nomos, law), which treats 
of the laws and principles of classification. 

Taxonomy is that branch of Botany which has for its aim 
an arrangement of all the species of the vegetable kingdom in 



1. What is Botany ? With what does it make us acquainted ? — 2. What 
in a plant ? — 3. How is the science of Botany divided ? What is the 1st 
division? 2d? 3d? 4th? 



8 B0TAN5T. 

a regular linear series, from one extreme of the scale of organi- 
zation to the other, or from the lowest to the highest, without 
any broken or double links in the chain. So that when the 
organization of a plant is known, its true position may be 
assigned in the system. Such would be a perfect Natural 
System. 

(5.) Phytography (phuton, a plant, and grapho, I describe) 
is the art of describing plants, or of expressing properly the 
characters peculiar to an order, family, genus, and species. It 
includes a knowledge of all the terms peculiar to the science, 
which is sometimes called glossology (glossa, a language, and 
logos, a discourse). It includes also the synonyma of the science, 
that is, a knowledge of the different names under which the same 
plant has been described by different authors. 

(6.) The examination of vegetable products : — First, as to 
their constitution, forming vegetable chemistry ; second, as to 
materials administering to the wants of men and animals. 

(7.) Geographical Botany includes the study of the distribu- 
tion of plants on the surface of the globe, determined by physi- 
cal conditions, such as latitude, elevation, moisture, &c. 

The station of a plant is its position in respect to physical 
conditions, such as moisture, dryness, sterility, richness, &c. Its 
habitation is its position in regard to country. Thus, the sta- 
tion of the potato was in moist, rich, mountainous regions, its 
habitation Peru. 

(8.) Applied Botany is that department of the science which 
investigates the uses of vegetables as food, medicine, and as fur- 
nishing materials to be used in the arts and sciences. 

4. There are three kingdoms of nature, the Animal, Vegeta- 
ble, and Mineral, obviously distinct in the common objects that 
compose them, yet closely connected and dependent. 

The Mineral is destitute of life, governed by ordinary chemi- 
cal laws, and supplies the vegetable kingdom with food. The 
individuals of the vegetable kingdom possess life, but all their 
actions are involuntary, and they supply the animal kingdom 
with food. 

Animals are not only endowed with life, but with sensibility 
and voluntary motion. At death they supply other animals 
with food, or their materials return rapidly to their original con- 
dition in the mineral kingdom, ready to go the same round 
again. 



5th ? 6th ? 7th ? 8th ? — i. How many kingdoms of nature ? How is the 
mineral characterized? How the vegetable? How the animal? What 
becomes of animals at death ? 



ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 



CHAPTER I. 

ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 



5. Vegetables are composed of solids and fluids. There 
are three solids : an extremely delicate elementary membrane, 
elementary fiber of extreme fineness, and organic mucus. From 
one or all of these are formed several classes of tissue, which 
make up all vegetable structures. 

6. Membrane is certainly the most important of the three 
primitive conditions of vegetable substance. It enters into the 
composition of all the various tissues, and no doubt forms the 
great mass of vegetables. With respect to the constitution of veg- 
etable membrane, two opinions have been held : one, that it is an 
inorganic substance, destitute of fibers, like the fine film composing 
a soap bubble ; another, that it is organized. The chemical con- 
stitution of membrane is almost identical with starch, into which 
it is readily transformed. It is called cellulose. Membrane, in its 
early stage, is extremely thin, but becomes thick by the deposition 
of other matter. It is entirely destitute of visible pores ; never- 
theless, it is permeable to fluids under certain circumstances. 
Pores have been described as existing in the membrane, as it 
composes the tissues, but they have more recently been shown 
to be an optical illusion : the apparent pores being pits within 
the membrane, making some parts transparent and thinner than 
others. That this is the case, has been proved by the chemical 
action of substances making the membrane opake, when the 
pores ceased to be discoverable, and all the membrane became 
of a uniform appearance. 

7. Elementary Fiber exists in various parts of plants, usually 
united with membranous vessels, and generally assuming a 
spiral direction. Most botanists consider it a simple, solid fiber. 
Its extreme fineness would lead us to this opinion, since the 
largest kind does not exceed 7 ^ 00 of an inch. It is not 
always coiled ; sometimes it is straight, at others curved, and 
sometimes forming a single line ; at others anastomosing, and 
forming a reticulated tissue, and at others, branching. It in- 

5. Of what are vegetables composed ? How many solids ? "What are they ? 
What are formed of these ?— 6. Which is the most important ? What does 
it form ? What is the chemical constitution of membrane ? Its state in 
its earliest stage ? Has it any pores ? Is it permeable to fluids ?— 7. Where 
does elementary fiber exist ? In what forms ? 

1* 



10 CELLULAR TISSUE. 

creases in size by the deposition of foreign matter, and by this 
means attains a size much greater than its original dimensions. 
8 1 Organic mucus exists in the form of a thin homogeneous 
membrane, covering the cuticle of many plants, and forming a 
lining to the intercellular passages, or filling them up. It 
probably exists in all plants, in some form, if in no other than 
forming the cement by which the tissues are made to cohere. 
In the young shoot of the Sambucus nigra it is readily observed. 
Meyen considers the intercellular mucus a secretion of the cells 
themselves. 

Section 1. — Cellular Tissue. 

9# This tissue, in its most common form, is composed of 
minute cells or little bladders, and in the living plant is in a state 
of greater or less adhesion. Many names have been applied to 
tissues, made up of the variously formed cells : — 1. Parenchyma 
(para, between, and cheuma, effused, tissue). 2. Hexagonien- 
chyma (hexagonios, six-angled). 3. Sphairenchyma (sphaira, 
a sphere). 4. Merenchyma (memo, to revolve), ellipsoidal cells. 
5. Ovenchyma (oon, an egg), oval cells. 6. Conenchyma (konos, 
a cone), conical cells, as hairs. 7. Cylindrenchyma (Jculindros, 
a cylinder), cylindrical cells. 8. Prismenchyma (prisma, a 
prism), prismatic cells. 9. Muriform tissue (murus, a wall), like 
bricks. 10. Pinenchyma (pinax, a table), tabular or fiat cells. 

11. Prosenchyma (pros, lengthened out), long, tapering cells. 

12. Colpenchyma (kolpos, a fold), sinuous cells. 13. Claden- 
chyma (Mados, a branch), branched cells. 14. Actinenchyma 
(aJctin, a ray), star-shaped cells. 15. Dwdalenchyma (daidalos, 
entangled), entangled cells. Although the walls of the cells, 
when cut through, appear to be simple membrane, yet, in some 
cases, they may be separated, and individual cells be exhibited 
unconnected. If the pith of the elder be cut through with a 
sharp knife, the cut surface, even under a moderate magnifier, 
has the appearance of fine honeycomb ; but "if a piece be boiled 
in a weak solution of potash, and then gently rubbed, the cells 
will separate (which they could not do were the walls of simple 
membrane), and appear in the form of exceedingly mi- Fjg L 
nute vesicles, as in Fig. 1. These were the cells that r% ^ 
gave the honeycomb appearance to the pith when \jj l]| 
cut, before boiling. The pressure of the cells on each simple 
other caused the hexagonal appearance, and, when freed cells - 

8. How does organic mucus exist ? — 9. Of what is the cellular tissue 
composed ? How does the pith of the elder appear when cut through ? 
What causes this appearance ? 



CELLULAR TISSUE. 



11 



Fig. 2. 




Pith of the Elder 



from pressure, they assumed their natural form, that of minute 
spheroidal bodies. This form of the cellular tissue composes 
the pith of all plants, all the succulent part of fruits, as of apples, 
melons, peaches, cucumbers, &c. The soft part of leaves and 
bark, and a large part of the stems of annual plants ; and in 
general, all the soft parts of the vegetable structure are com- 
posed of these minute simple vesicles, assuming 
generally more or less the hexagonal appearance 
when cut, as seen in Fig. 2, from the slight pres- 
sure to which they are subjected. 

10. When the cells fit together by their plane 
faces like geometrical solids, forming the pulpy 
substances, as in the above cases, it is called 
parenchyma, but when the vessels are elongated 
and tapering, the ends lying over each other, they form pro- 
senchyma (Fig. 3), of which the hardest part of the 
bark is composed, and a part at least of the wood — 
perhaps all of it. 

1 1 , Cellular tissue assumes a great variety of forms, 
varying with the circumstances in which it is placed. 
In the stalks of some leaves the cells are in the form of 

ms 4 cylinders (Fig. 4,) being forced only in one 
direction by rapid growth. In the medul- 
lary processes they assume the form of 
regular, thin parallelopipedons. In some 
cases they are lobed, owing, undoubtedly, 
to unequal pressure in the early stage of 
their growth ; this frequently happens on woody fibers 
the under side of leaves. m nifieT s " 

12. The appearance of cells is very dif- 
ferent in different circumstances. They sometimes appear dotted, 
as though pierced with numerous pores. This is occasioned by 




Fig. 7. 



Fig. 5. 




Dotted cells. 




A cell. 



Cells. 



the deposition of an internal layer, which is not continuous, and 
when this layer is wanting, it gives, by transmitted light, the 



"What does this form of cellular tissue compose? — 10. What is paren- 
chyma? What prosenchyma? — 11. What are some of the forms that cells 
— 12. "What appearances do cells assume ? What is the cause ? 



exhibit ? 




12 CELLULAR TISSUE. 

above appearance, Figs. 2 and 5. Sometimes the vacant space? 
in the lining membrane form bands, Fig. 6 ; sometimes oval 
spaces, Fig. T ; sometimes it takes a spiral ar- Fig 9 
rangement, Fig. 8 ; sometimes that of star- 
shaped actinenchyma, as in Fig. 9, the pith of 
the j uncus. 

13. To cellular tissue has been assigned the 
same place in the vegetable economy that flesh 
occupies in the animal, and we have no hes- 
itation in yielding to it in every respect the importance this 
comparison gives it. It constitutes the basis, physically con- 
sidered, of the vegetable kingdom. 

14. Although the cells are without visible pores, yet the walls 
are permeable to fluids, as is proved by their being sometimes 
full, and at others empty. This may also be shown by taking 
a piece of the pith of the elder and letting a part of it com- 
municate with water, when the whole mass will become saturated 
with it ; and it is a fact well understood at the present day, that 
animal and vegetable membrane, even when not under the in- 
fluence of vital power, is permeable to fluids under certain cir- 
cumstances ; that is, when opposite sides of the membrane are 
exposed to fluids of different density and the fluids are capable 
of wetting the membrane. 

This passage of fluids through membrane was called, by Du- 
trochet, Endosmosis (endon, inwards, and mao, I strive), and is 
one of the most common agents used by nature in the vegeta- 
ble economy for accomplishing her purposes. 

The reverse motion, that is, from within outwards, was called 
Exosmosis (exo, outwardly). They both take place at once, but 
the thinner fluid usually moves the most rapidly. 

15. The bursting of capsules is produced by this cause. One 
may convince himself of the truth of this assertion by closely 
inspecting the bursting of the common " Touch-me-not :" the 
inner cells have become in maturity more firmly compressed and 
smaller, while the outer ones are, in moist weather, turgid and 
elastic, and by slight agitation, the cohesive resistance of the 
valves is overcome, and a sudden bursting of the capsules is the 
consequence ; the equilibrium of the pressure being produced 
by the coiling up of the valves. The opening and shutting of 
flowers at certain hours of the day, is undoubtedly another 
effect of the same cause. 

13. What place has "been assigned to the cellular tissue ? — 14. How is it 
proved that the walls of the cells are permeable to fluids ? What fact is now 
well understood ? What did Dutrochet call it ? — 15. What are some of the 
effects of it? 



CELLULAR TISSUE. 13 

16. The cellular tissue is endowed with the power of repro- 
ducing itself. This is abundantly proved by the existence of 
vegetables consisting entirely of these cells ; and the extreme 
rapidity with which they are sometimes generated, is strikingly 
illustrated by an example given by Prof. Lindley, of a mush- 
room, the cells of which he estimated to be produced at the rate 
of four billions per hour. Cells are formed either internally, 
and the parent cell disappears, or they are formed on the out- 
side ; and in either case the young cell supplies the conditions of 
forming new cells. 

17. This tissue, at first soft and mucilaginous, becomes, by 
age, of a very different consistence, varying remarkably in its 
composition in different vegetables, and in different parts of 
the same vegetable. It always commences its existence, as 
we before remarked, possessed of the same organization, but in 
its maturity it may become the white, thin, transparent vesicle 
of the pith of the elder, or the hardened, thickened, unyielding 
prosenchyma of the wood and the liber. These changes are 
produced by several circumstances. In the elder all the sub- 
stance of the cell except the exterior vesicle becomes the food of 
the plant. The consistence of cellular tissue is most commonly 
increased by the deposition of a hard matter, sclerogen (skleros, 
hard, and gennaein, to produce), in concentric layers on the 
internal wall of the cell. This is often deposited in such quan- 
tity as to fill the cell, when it becomes very hard and strong, a? 
in the grains of the Quince and Pear, Cocoanut-shell, the seed 
of the Ivory Palm, and Peach-stone. The deposition of the 
first layer is generally strictly followed in succeeding layers. If 
the cell was originally dotted, the dots become pores extending 
to the center : if in bands or spires, it is the same 
in the hardened cell. Fig. 10 represents a trans- 
verse section of Fig. 3 filled up. 

18. The parenchymous tissue is in general the 
depository of all the materials which in vegetables 
administer to the sustenance of man. It is here we 
find deposited the material that forms our bread, section of woody 
from whatever grain it may be manufactured. fiber " 

It is the cellular tissue, filled with an amylaceous substance, that 
composes the edible part of the roots that are brought to our 
tables. The mealiness of potatoes, as it is vulgarly called, is 

16. With what power are cells endowed ? What fact proves it ? How 
are cells formed ? — 17. How is the consistence of cells altered ? What is 
the most common cause of the change ? To what extent is it deposited ? 
What course does it follow ? — 18. Of what is the cellular tissue the depos- 
itory ? 




14: 



CELLULAE TISSUE. 



but the swollen starch-grains which compose this important 
vegetable : the beet, carrot, and turnip owe their value, so far 
as they are suited for food, to the abundance of this tissue, de- 
veloped in the cellular integument of the bark of the roots, and 
just in proportion as the other forms are developed, those vegeta- 
bles become useless. The tough, fibrous form these roots some- 
times assume in dry seasons, in poor soil, or in an uncultivated 
state, is owing to the diminished quantity of the cellular tissue 
proper, and the abundance of the prosenchymous or woody form. 
Starch, arrowroot, <fcc, are but forms of the same substance. The 
various fruits are composed of cells filled with the various juices 
peculiar to each species. In the lemon we find the vesicles filled 
with an acid of considerable intensity. The orange and pine- 
apple gratify our taste by the mild yet delicious flavor of their 
contents. In the melon we meet with a fluid of a blandness 
and insipidity almost equalling fountain water. The various 
coloring materials drawn from the vegetable kingdom, and used 
in the arts, have their locality in the same tissue. The coloring 
matter which produces the great variety of hues that elicit our 
admiration by their brilliancy and variety, is deposited in trans- 
parent cells. The satin-like appearance exhibited by many highly 
colored flowers, depends (according to Lindley) on the highly 
colored fluid within the cell gleaming through the white shining- 
Fig, n. membrane of the tissue ; and the peculiar 
appearance of a petal, by which any one 
readily distinguishes it from a leaf, is oc- 
casioned by the irregular arrangement of 
the cells that form its epidermis, some 
a petal. being more elevated than others, (Fig. 11). 

19. Crystals are sometimes found in the interior of cells. 
They are usually called Raphides (raphis, a needle) ; which term, 
however, is strictly applicable only to the needle-like crystals, 
abundant in many plants, Fig. 12 6. 
They may be readily seen in the 
Rhubarb or Onion. Other forms of 
crystals are found in cells and in other 
intercellular spaces, Fig. 12 a. The 
most common substance found crys- 
tallized is Oxalate of Lime. 

20. The cell originates in a mucilaginous fluid, which be- 
comes turbid by minute granules which collect in masses, 




Fig. 12. 




Crystals in cells. 



Illustrate it by examples. To what is the color of petals owing? To 
what their peculiar appearance ? —19. Where are crystals sometimes found ? 
What substance is most common?— 20. How does the cell originate* 



VASCULAR TISSUE. 15 

to which Schleiden gave the name of cytoblast (kittos, a cell, 
and blastos, a germ), a nitrogenized body. As soon as the cyto- 
blast has attained its full size, there appears upon it a fine 
transparent vesicle. This is a young cell, which continues to 
swell out and increase in size till the cytoblast is only a minute 
body, imbedded in the side of the wall, or sometimes loose in 
the cavity. The cytoblast is sometimes absorbed after the 
growth of the cell, and at others it is permanent. 

21. There is a mucilaginous layer on the inner surface of the 
cell, which, with the cytoblast, seems to control all its vital 
functions. It is a nitrogen compound, and has been called the 
internal utricle. 

Section 2. — Vascular Tissue. 

22. Vascular tissue consists of tubes whose length generally ex- 
ceeds several times their breadth. There are various kinds of it. 

Dotted Ducts, Fig. 13, are formed of a series of short 
cylindrical cells, placed end to end. In their young F j^ 3- 
state they may be separated into the individual cells 
which compose the tubes ; but as they advance in 
age, the separating membrane closing the ends of the 
cylinders is ruptured, thus forming a continuous tube. 
This may be distinctly seen, under favorable circum- 
stances, in the young vine, hickory, or oak, where 
the membrane may be seen ruptured in some cases on Dot1 , 
one side, leaving the membrane attached to the 
other side, assuming somewhat the appearance of a valve ; 
in others it is ruptured in the center — the membrane co- 
hering to the sides of the tube. They are the largest of the 
vessels, and are scarcely found in any other situation than in the 
wood. They are very distinct in the beech, oak, vine, and 
hickory, being the largest pores observed on a transverse section 
of these several kinds of wood; but in the pine, and trees of 
the same family, they are never found. This form of tissue 
derives its name from rows of dots regularly arranged on its 
surface. Sometimes the individual cells are very distinct, and 
bear some resemblance to a string of beads, when it is called 
the moniliform tissue. 



"What is the cytoblast ? How is the cell formed from it ? What becomes 
of the cytoblast ?— 21. What layer on the interior of the cell? What 
has it been called ? — 22. What is vascular tissue ? How are dotted ducts 
formed ? How correspond with other vessels in size ? Where found ? 
In what trees not found ? From what does it derive its name ? What is 
the moniliform tissue? 



16 WOODY TISSUE. 

23* Under this form of tissue is usually arranged a variety 
found mostly in the roots of plants, and which appear to be 
spiral vessels with the fiber broken into short pieces and at- 
tached to the tube. This is called continuous bothrenchyma, 
differing from the one above described in having no interrup- 
tions caused by the adherence of the cells. 



Woody Tissue. 

24. The woody tissue consists of elongated vessels tapering 
at each end to a very fine point, which become thickened by 
the deposition of sclerogen till the cavity is nearly filled, and 
the fiber becomes hard, elastic, and unyielding. 

It is the fine shining fibers which are readily distinguished 
in wood, and which are composed of many woody fibers, formed 
into bundles. So minute are the individual fibers, that the 
finest filament of flax, which is composed of woody fiber, is made 
up of a great number of these fibers joined together ; their fine 
tapering extremities being spliced to like fibers, which go to 
make up the long fiber extending through the whole plant. 
Cotton is of the common cellular formation. A modification 
of the woody fiber occurs in the coniferous plants ; the indi- 
vidual fibers are larger in this family, and are marked 
by depressions which appear like disks. These de- Fig - 15 
pressions on one fiber are always opposed by a similar 
depression in the neighboring fiber, like two watch- 
glasses placed edge to edge, as seen in Fig. 15, and fj 
these may be easily seen in the thin longitudinal slice | } 
of the pine placed in water and viewed through a 
microscope. 

25. It is this form of tissue that gives strength to 
vegetables. Without it the stems of trees would be 
unable to bear their own weight, much less could they ^ 
be used, as they now are, as materials of strength. The single fiber 
branches of the oak or hickory, destitute of the woody ofSepfne*! 
fiber, would break as easily as a mushroom. Besides 
forming a part of the wood, it is found in the bark and midrib 
of leaves. It protects other and more delicate portions, and 
gives form to the plant, appearing to occupy the same place 
in the vegetable economy that bones do in the animal. In its 



24. Of what does the woody tissue consist ? How does it become thick- 
ened? Where seen? What does it make up? What peculiar in Co- 
niferse ? — 25. What gives strength to vegetables ? Where found besides in 
the wood ? 



FIBEOYASCULAR TISSUE. 



IT 



early stages it is endowed with the vital power in a high de- 
gree; but in the progress of development the fibers receive 
large additions of solid matter, and their density increases until 
their hardness and rigidity unfit them for vital action, but make 
them a support for the plant, and prepare them as materials 
for the use of man. It is more than probable that the woody 
fiber is capable, at some stages of its existence, of conveying 
fluids. It often becomes a matter of interest to distinguish 
different organic fibers which enter so abundantly into so many 
textile fabrics. This is easily accomplished by the microscope. 






Of Wool. 



Fig. 16 exhibits the appearance of the most common ; a repre- 
sents the magnified filaments of silk, b of flax, c of cotton, d of 
wool. 

Fibro-vascular Tissue. 



26. This tissue consists of a tube formed by an ex- 
ternal membrane, with an elastic fiber closely coiled 
within it, Fig. 17. Sometimes there are several fibers, 
forming something like a ribbon. 

The above defines the normal form of this tissue, 
but the variations are numerous, owing to situation 
and development. This form of tissue may be easily 
seen by taking a tender branch of the Pokeweed, and 
cutting one side just through the outer layer, and then 
bending it so as to make the edges separate, when there 
will be seen a coil of the spiral vessel connecting the 



Fig. 17. 



Spiral 
Vessels. 



What takes place by age ? How are different fibres distinguished ? — 
26. Of what does the vascular tissue consist ? Where may it be easily seen ? 



18 FIBKO-VASCULAR TISSUE. 

two surfaces. Other young branches will answer the same pur- 
pose, some equally well with the one named, as the Asparagus, 
Strawberry, Currant, Dogwood, &c. In the above cases the ves- 
sels are not observed in their natural state, since they are seen 
uncoiled. In the stem, the fiber that we see uncoiled, when 
pulled apart, forms a complete tube by its edges coming in con- 
tact in coiling. But if either the Pokeweecl or Asparagus be 
boiled, they may then be found in their natural state, having a 
conical termination. 

27. The spiral vessels are found in dicotyledons in a layer 
surrounding the pith called the medullary sheath, from which 
they pass into the leaves and form a part of the ribs of those 
organs. They are found in the sepals, petals, stamens, and pis- 
tils, which are modifications of leaves. In monocotyledons they 
occupy the central portion of every bundle of woody matter. 
In acotyledons the true spiral is not found, but a modification 
of it is found in all the Ferns, Equisetacese, and it varies in some 
cases but very little from the true spiral in the last-named family. 

28. The office of the spiral vessels in the vegetable economy 
is far from being determined. They took the name soon after 
their discovery (by Grew, we believe) of Tracheae, from the sup- 
position that they perform the same office in vegetables that the 
organs of the same name perform in insects, but their true func- 
tion is yet unsettled. Many experiments have been adduced to 
prove that they contain air only, and many also to prove that 
their original function is to convey fluids to the recently developed 
vegetable tissue. Both conjectures are perhaps true. In their 
earliest stage they certainly contain fluids, and in the more ad- 
vanced stages, it is equally certain they contain air, as may be 
shown by cutting a stem under water, when bubbles will be 
seen to form at the mouths of the spiral tubes. Bischoff has 
obtained the air and analyzed it, and found it to contain six or 
seven per cent, more of oxygen than common air. 

29. We think we may safely conclude that the true spiral 
vessels perform different functions in different ages of the plant ; 
and the more important of the two, and for which this tissue is 
peculiarly adapted, is that of the earliest stage. We find it in 
the earliest development of the plant. The extreme point of 
formation, where the matter seems to be just passing from 
mucilage into cellular substance, we find the spiral vessel. It 



27. Where are the spiral vessels found in dicotyledons? Where in mo- 
nocotyledons? Are they found in acotyledons ? — 28. What is the office of 
the spiral vessels? — 29. In what stage of the plant do we find spiral ves- 
sels ? Why produced here ? 



FIBROVASCULAR TISSUE. 



19 



seems that in this case we find an adaptation peculiarly fitted 
to accomplish a given end, and it would require not a very great 
stretch of imagination in conceiving the design of nature in 
giving to this tube the form she has. It is the only kind fitted 
to convey nourishment, and give support to the tenderest shoot 
as it emerges to light. If a common cylindrical tube were 
used, the great flexures made by such tender parts, under the 
influence of wind and rain, would be very liable to crush the 
tube on one side or tear it asunder on the other, as it is well 
known that a tube cannot be bent without injury, and it is 
equally well known that a coil may be bent in any direction, 
and return to its first position uninjured. Here nature, in her 
wisdom, has adapted organs to the necessity of the case, and 
she only uses this kind where the above circumstances seem to 
demand it, as they are never found in any circumstances where 
they are not terminated with the organ. 

30. The varieties of this tissue, as exhibited by the microscope, 



are numerous ; but we shall notice only a 
single kind of its variations. Annular 



Fig. 18. 



Annular duct 
with some rings 
detached. 



ducts, as they are called, are tubes in which 
the spires are apparently broken into rings 
and joined at their extremities. Some- 
times the rings lie in regular order and 
in contact with each other, having the ap- 
pearance of the true spiral vessel, as seen 
in Fig. 1 8 a. At another time the rings 
appear separated and irregular, and are 
detached trom the tube and lying 
Wi<h7tags lengthwise in it, as seen in Fig. 18 6. 
J These appearances may be seen in the 
stem of the Impatiens, and other forms 

will be readily detected in the same plant. 
31 . Rayed Vessels. — These vessels are formed 

by the rings being broken into regular pieces 

and arranged in regular order, like the rounds 

of a ladder, and on that account called scalari- 

form by some. The tubes are generally hexagonal prisms, 

Fig. 19. They are found in ferns and roots of plants. 



detached and 
broken. 




Scalariform vessels. 



30. What are annular ducts?— 31. What are rayed vessels ' 



20 



INTERCELLULAR PASSAGES. 



Fig. 20. 




Lactiferous tissue. 



Cinenchyma, or Lactiferous Tissue. 

32. Cinenchyma, Fig. 20, is a tissue that consists of minute 
tubes anastomosing with each other, and arranged in no definite 
direction, in reference to the other tissues. 
The tubes are of very different diameter in 
different parts. The vessels generally take a 
waving direction, seldom proceeding in a 
straight line. The tubes become thickened in 
age by the deposition of new matter. The 
cinenchyma is found in greatest abundance in 
the liber of the bark, across the parenchyma 
of the leaves ; but, no doubt, exists in almost 
every part of flowering plants. It has been 
detected in the pith, in the bark of the roots, 
in connection with the spiral vessels, and, it is 
said, in the cells of hairs. "We have readily 
detected this tissue in the liber of a vigorous Fig, in which the 
vessels were distended with fluid. This tissue is called the 
Lactiferous, from the circumstance of its containing the milky 
juices of plants. When the Fig, Lettuce, Asclepias, and Euphor- 
bia are wounded, a milky juice immediately issues ; this pro- 
ceeds from the severed vessels of the cinenchyma. Although in 
these cases the latex (the name of the fluid contained in this 
system of vessels) is white, in others it is colorless, and in some 
yellow. It has been thought to be the most highly elaborated 
juice of the plant. It is doubted by some of the most distin- 
guished philosophers whether these are originally tubes or not. 
They think them intercellular passages that become lined with 
membrane, and that the latex, so far from being the highly 
elaborated sap destined for the nourishment of the plant, is in 
reality a substance eliminated, unfit for the use of the plant. 

We have given above the forms of tissue which make up 
every vegetable, from the humblest plant to the largest tree of 
the forest. 



INTERCELLULAR PASSAGES. 



33* In placing together the various tissues, which are either 
globular or cylindrical, spaces are necessarily left between the 
walls of adjacent cells or tubes, which are called intercellular 
passages. The appearance on a large scale may be illustrated 



32. Of what does the lactiferous tissue consist ? Where found in greatest 
abundance ? Why called lactiferous ? What doubt about it ?— 33. What 
are intercellular passages ? 



COMPOUND ORGANS. 21 

by the spaces that would be seen in a pile of bladders, which 
would exhibit these passages in the cellular tissue ; and the space 
seen in a bunch of cylindrical rods bound together, would exhibit 
those seen in the vascular tissue. These spaces are always filled 
with fluid, and are supposed to afford an important channel for 
the transmission of sap from one part of the plant to another. 
The proper juices of plants often collect in these cavities, and 
by their pressure the latter become enlarged, and afford recep- 
tacles which contain large quantities of the peculiar juices of 
plants : such is the case with the cavities in the bark of the pine 
and balsam ; in the latter they are very large, and also in the 
rind of the lemon and orange, in which are deposited the pecu- 
liar secretions of these plants. Air-cells are cavities built up by 
cellular tissue in the leaf or stem for the purpose of enabling 
the plant to float on water. They occur in the leaves of the 
aquatic varieties of the Ranunculus and Duckweed. 



CHAPTER IT. 

COMPOUND ORGANS. 

34. In the preceding chapter we have described, in a brief 
manner, the various tissues which enter into the composition of 
vegetables. Our next object will be to describe in the same 
manner the various organs these tissues compose. An organ 
is a part of a living body, and the center of a special action, 
but not independent of the other organs which make up the 
being to which it belongs. It may be composed of other organs 
more simple than itself. Thus the leaf, which is an organ and 
the center of a special action, is, at the same time, composed 
of more simple organs, as cells and vessels, which are called 
elementary organs : the leaf is a compound organ. In de- 
scribing the various vegetable organs, we will take for an object 
of demonstration and comparison, one of the most complicated 
and most perfectly developed vegetables. If we take a tree, for 
instance, we find it composed of various well-defined parts ; and 
to describe a tree, taking it part by part, we shall describe all 
the compound organs which go to form the whole vegetable 
kingdom. We find it in the first place covered, in its earliest 
stage at least, by a thin membrane extending over the whole 

With what are these spaces filled ? What collect in them ? — 84. What is 
an organ ? How illustrated by a leaf? If we examine a tree, of what parta 
do we find it composed ? 



22 CUTICLE AND EPIDERMIS. 

surface from the deepest root to the highest leaf, called the 
cuticle. Within this covering we find another distinct zone, 
called the bark ; within the bark we find the main axis of the 
plant, called the wood, which is composed of two portions, one 
ascending, and called the stem, the other descending, and termed 
the root. Within the stem we find a soft, spongy substance, 
denominated the pith. To the root and stem are attached 
branches, and to those of the stem are attached leaves, flowers, 
and fruit. 

We shall describe the above organs in the order laid down. 



Section 1. — Cuticle and Epidermis. 

35. The cuticle is a thin continuous membrane, covering the 
whole plant, even the minutest hairs, with the exception of the 
stomata, which it sometimes enters and lines the cavity beneath. 
It is thought by some to be a secretion of the subjacent cells, by 
others that it is a cell membrane, and by others still, that it is 
organic mucus. It is easily observed in the Cabbage. It is the 
only covering of some aquatic plants. 

36. The epidermis is composed of flattened cells, adhering 
to each other by their edges, and forming a continuous covering 
over the whole plant, except the stigmatic surface, spongioles, 
and parts growing under water, and is generally composed of 
a single layer of cells, but sometimes in succulent plants of two 
or more layers. The epidermis of the Oleander is composed of 
three or four layers of thick-sided cells. The joining lines of 
the cells may be seen on the leaves of plants by the microscope, 
presenting, generally, hexagonal figures more 

or less regular. Sometimes, however, the 
lines produce irregular figures, assignable to 
no geometrical form. The epidermis may 
be easily separated from the subjacent layer 
of the leaves of the Iris or Lily, by means of 
a sharp knife, and examined in water with 
the microscope. If the microscope be good, 
the cellular cavities will be easily seen, oth- 
erwise the flattened surface only can be dis- 
tinguished. 

37. On the lines which separate the cells that compose the 
cuticle, small oval spaces are observed, which are called stomata, 

35. What is the cuticle? In what plants easily observed? Of what 
plants is it the only covering ? — 36. Of what is the epidermis composed? 
How may the epidermis be obtained and examined ? — 37. What are stomata ? 




CUTICLE AND EPIDERMIS. 23 

in allusion to the function they are supposed to perform — that 
of mouths through which the plant respires, Fig. 21. These 
stomata are curiously constructed, generally consisting of two 
oblong cells, placed parallel to each other on opposite sides of 
the aperture, as seen in Fig. 21, and have the power of shutting 
the orifice, and at other times of opening it ; thus the respiration 
and evaporation of the plant is controlled by these little cells. 
Of these we shall speak more particularly when describing the 
functions of the leaves. Stomata occur on the green parts of 
plants, and not usually on other parts, not even on blanched 
portions of a plant. 

The number of stomata is very various on different plants, 
and even on the same plant, as on the upper and under sur- 
faces of leaves, being much the most numerous usually on the 
under surface. On the leaf of the Misletoe, the number of 
stomata on a square inch is only 200, the same number being 
on each surface; on the Vine-leaf 13,600 to the square inch on 
the under surface, none on the upper; Holly, 63,600 on the 
under surface, none on the upper; Lilac, 160,000 on the under 
surface, few on the upper. With regard to the origin of 
stomata, considerable discussion has been carried on, but no 
very satisfactory conclusion has been arrived at. Schleiden and 
Link are supporters of different opinions. The former supposes 
that the stomata result from the limit of development of cyto- 
blasts ; that two internal cells are developed, and by the ab- 
sorption of the parent cells, the space between them becomes 
the stomata, and that the cells forming the stomatic sphincter 
differ in no respect from the other cells. The latter believes 
the stomata are secreting glands, and not mere openings in the 
cuticle for the transmission of air and gases. 

38. The epidermis gives rise to various little organs, which 
are classed under the heads of Hairs, Glandular Hairs, Stings, 
Prickles, Scurf, and Lenticels. 

39. Hairs are formed of one or more cells proceeding from 
the epidermis, and are covered with the cuticle. To examine 
their structure, a good microscope is absolutely necessary. In 
the Spider-wort (Tradescantia) the hair is composed of cells 
placed end to end, and has the appearance of the antennae of 
insects, and in these cells a circulation is distinctly visible. The 
sides of these cells are double, although the wall of a cell under 
common circumstances, appears of simple membrane. That 
this is not the fact, is proved by permitting the cell to dry on 

Of what do they consist ? "Where do they occur ? What is said of their 
number ? — 38. To what does the epidermis give rise ? — 39. How are hairs 
formed ? 



24r CUTICLE AND EPIDERMIS. 

the field of the microscope, when the membranes will separate, 
and a space be observed between the membranes. It is in this 
space that the cinenchyma is located, and in which tissue the 
observed circulation goes on. 

10. Glandular Hairs are such as possess the power of secre- 
ting various substances which give the peculiar odor to some 
plants. They are terminated at the top by an enlargement of 
the hair, sometimes containing cavities in which the secretion is 
deposited before being set free, at others by a cup-like cavity, 
answering a similar purpose. 

41. Stings are sharp, stiff pointed hairs, which take their 
rise from the summits of conical reservoirs composed of many 
separate cells, which are filled with a poisonous fluid secreted 
by these organs. The sting has an orifice at its summit, con- 
nected with the cells containing the acrid secretion ; and, by the 
force required to pierce the skin, it presses upon the cavities 
which propels the fluid up the tube, and injects it into the wound 
made by the point. It is this poison which causes the severe 
pain occasioned by the sting of the nettle. 

42. Prickles are hard, sharp-pointed, stiff productions of the 
cuticle, often hooked at the extremities. When the prickles 
have acquired their full growth, they are quite firmly attached 
to the stem ; but as the stem advances in size, the prickles, re- 
maining of the same dimensions, become loosened at their base 
and fall off. Hence, old stems are seldom covered with prick- 
les, while the younger ones are prickly. 

43. Scurf or Lepides, appearing to the naked eye like a 
mealy substance on some leaves, are scales attached to the stem 
by their center, and seem to be formed by the cohesion of many 
hairs having the same point in the cuticle for their origin. 

44. Lenticels are brown spots appearing on the stems of 
many trees and shrubs, at first nearly round, but as the stem 
increases in size, they assume a linear form, and produce trans- 
verse spots on the surface of the stem, as may be seen in the 
Cherry, Willow, Birch, and other trees and shrubs. By a closer 
examination, we find the lenticels to consist of a corky sub- 
stance apparently projecting through apertures in the cuticle, 
and being divided into two lips by a medial slit. By cutting 
through one of these lenticels transversely, and examining it with 
a microscope, the student will find that they are placed on the 
external layer of the bark, between it and the epidermis, and 
that it has no connection with the bark, much less with the wood. 



40. Describe glandular hairs. — 41. What are stings? — 42. What are 
prickles ? — i3. What is scurf? — 44. What are lenticels ? 



THE BARK. 



25 



Section 2. — The Bark. 

45. The bark lies immediately beneath the epidermis. It 
consists of several layers. In the early state it is entirely cel- 
lular, and is exactly like the pith with which it is in contact ; 
but by the production of vessels and woody fiber, they are sepa- 
rated and become very different in appearance and constitution. 
The bark consists of two portions, the cellular and vascular, 
the latter of which is called liber, and is the inner portion of 
the bark. The cellular portion is usually divided into two por- 
tions. The outer portion is called the suberose or corky layer, 
or Epiphlceum, Fig. 22 ep. It is composed of cubical or flat- 



Fig. 22. 



Ittl* 




p — the pith ; w^— medullary sheath ; w 10 w — woody fiher ; 
d a d— dotted ducts ; c — cambrim ; /—liber; ce — mesophloe- 
um ; ep — epiphlceum ; e— epidermis ; mr— medullary rays. 

tened cells, having no coloring matter within them, but turning 
brown by age. It is sometimes composed of a single layer of 
cells, at others it is produced in great quantities, as in the Cork- 
tree. The form of the cells makes it easy to distinguish it from 
the subjacent layer. 

The inner cellular layer of the bark is called the mesophloeum, 
Fig. 22 ce. It consists of prismatic cells, usually inclosing the 
green coloring matter that gives color to the young stem. It 
lies looser than the suberose layer, and is largely developed in 
the coniferce. The lactiferous tissue is found beneath this layer. 

46. The epidermis, cellular integument, and liber, may be 



45. Of what does the bark consist ? Into how many portions is the cel- 
lular divided ? Describe the suberose layer. What is the inner cellular 
layer called ? Describe it. — 46. Where may the several parts of the bark be 
seen ? How often are they formed ? 



26 THE BARK. 

very readily examined in a branch of the Cherry of one year's 
growth. The epidermis will readily peal off, tearing trans- 
versely. The cellular integuments may then be easily separated 
from the subjacent liber. The two layers of the bark are each 
formed every year, and of course the thick bark of old trees is 
made up of alternate layers of cellular integuments and liber. 
From the enlargement of the stem, and the internal formation 
of bark, the outer layers become distended and broken, and 
thereby produce the rugged appearance of some old trees ; and 
the annual peeling off of the bark of the Sycamore, which, from 
the slight cohesion of the different layers, falls off as soon as 
broken, prevents its forming longitudinal ridges like those of 
the Oak and Pine. 

47. The liber is composed of woody fiber and cylindrical ves- 
sels, a modification, undoubtedly, of the spiral. These together 
form the strong fibers, which compose the net-work of this part 
of the bark. The fibers of the liber, from their tenacity and 
interlacing, are often made materials for use. The bark of the 
flax and hemp consists of these fibers, and when twisted to- 
gether constitute the cordage, thread, and cloth which are manu- 
factured from these plants. The fibers are sometimes so closely 
and firmly interwoven as to be used as a substitute for manu- 
factured fabrics for clothing, with no other preparation than that 
of separating and flattening the layers. Jamaica and the 
Sandwich Islands afford examples of these productions. A 
beautiful lace is obtained by the natives of the Pacific and West 
India Islands, from the liber of different trees of the Mezerium 
tribe. Cordage also is manufactured from the liber of trees of 
the same family ; and our own Dirca, did it grow to sufficient 
magnitude, might afford beautiful examples of the same kind 
of nature's manufacture. From the liber of the Daphne bohlua 
of Nipal, a very soft, beautiful paper is said to be manufactured. 
The liber of trees, before the invention of paper or parchment, 
was stripped into layers, flattened and cemented into leaves, 
which formed books ; and it is from this circumstance that it 
derives its name. The Russians also manufacture mats, which 
bear their name from a species of the Tillia (Linden-tree). 

48. The cellular integument is not without its uses, deriving 
its value, too, from its peculiar structure. It is the immense 
development of this integument that forms cork, so extensively 
employed for various useful purposes : and it is the development 
of the same material in this part of the bark, that constitutes 

47. Of what is the liber composed? What use is made of it? — 48. Of 
what use the cellular integument? 



THE STEM. 27 

the value of many of the garden vegetables, which, in their 
primitive, uncultivated state, are as unfit for food as any other 
kind of root ; but the effect of cultivation in good soil, is to 
increase the cellular integument without increasing the liber ; 
thus fitting the roots for becoming food for men and animals. 

49. In a great number of trees, the bark is make the deposi- 
tory of important articles. Tannin, by which raw hides are con- 
verted into leather, is found in the bark of several species of 
the Quercus, or Oak, and in the Pinus Canadensis, or Hem- 
lock. Gum is also an abundant product of the bark, and is 
scarcely found in the wood. Coloring matter is often found 
deposited in this organ, though not so generally as in the wood : 
also medicinal substances of every grade, from the mildest muci- 
lage of the Ulmus fulva and Bene plant, to the most powerful 
poisons of the Daphne mezerium, and of those yielding the 
Hydrocyanic or Prussic Acid. Numerous examples might be 
added of the important productions of this organ, but they 
will be reserved for a future section. 

50. The functions of the bark, taken as a whole, seem to be 
the protection of the newly formed wood, the secreting of vari- 
ous products, and forming a channel through which the descend- 
ing elaborated sap may pass to the various parts of the stem. 
The functions of the cellular integument and liber, separately 
considered, have not been determined. There appears to be 
plausibility in the conjecture, that the cellular part of the bark, 
being deposited first, acts the same part in the formation of the 
liber that the pith performs in a newly formed branch, that of 
affording nourishment, if it does not act some part in generating 
the fibers themselves. If, as has been supposed, the cellular 
system is the generating apparatus of vegetables — and that it 
is in some cases, we have the best evidence — will it not afford 
a probable reason for the arrangement of the cellular and vas- 
cular tissues in alternate layers, if we suppose that the cellular 
tissue, being first deposited, acts as the generator of the fibrous 
tissue of the liber ? 

Section 3. — The Stem. 

51. The stem is that part of the plant to which the leaves 
and flowers are attached. There are three distinct varieties of 
this organ, characterized by their manner of growth. 

The first is called dicotyledonous, from the fact that the seed 



49. What deposition made in the bark ? — 50. What are the functions of 
the bark ? — 51. What is the stem ? How many varieties ? 



2b THE STEM. 

has two leaves. It is readily known by the stem consisting of 
regular concentric layers of wood, and the leaves having reticulated 
veins, while the number of floral organs is usually five or a multi- 
ple of that number. All of these characters are not always coin- 
cident, but one or more of them serve to mark the variety. De 
Candolle called this class of plants exogens, which means to 
grow outwardly, which is true with regard to the wood, but not 
of the bark, which grows inwardly or by a deposition of matter 
internally, which is the only real endogenous growth. It in- 
cludes all the trees and shrubs of the temperate zones. 

52* In the embryo state, all plants are composed of cellular 
tissue. As germination advances, the cells begin to elongate, and 
form fibers and vessels which penetrate the cellular substance. 
By multiplying in number, they form a circle of fibro- vascular 
bundles, about midway between the center and circumference 
of the young stem. Fig. 23 a represents a magnified section in 



v — 




m 



a — a section of a young plant greatly magnified ; r r — cellular tissue ; 
w w — bundles of spiral vessels and woody fiber ; p — the pith. 

b — nn— new bundles of spiral vessels" and woody fiber, forming a more 
complete circle. 

which the bundles begin to present a circular outline. As the 
season advances, the fibro-vascular bundles increase in number 
(Fig. 23 6), and the lateral spaces become less and less, and by 
subdivision more numerous, until they are exceedingly thin and 
the contained cellular substance is compactly pressed, forming 
very thin plates called medullary rays. The inner vessels of this 
zone are true spiral vessels, and they, together with the fibers 
and cells, form a thin cylinder called the medullary sheath, 
Fig. 22, m. 

"What is the first called ? How characterized ? What does it include ?— 
52. What takes place as germination advances ? How are the medullary 
T£»ys formed ? What constitutes the medullary sheath ? 



THE STEM. 29 

53* If we take the stem of the Oak of one year's growth, 
and examine a transverse section of it with a microscope, we 
shall observe the following appearances, as exhibited in Fig. 22, 
which represents a wedge extending from the outside to the 
center of the pith : p indicates the cells of the pith, being loose 
and large at the center, more compact toward the medullary 
sheath ; m points out the medullary sheath, composed mostly 
of spiral vessels ; www, the woody tissue formed the first year ; 
ddd, dotted ducts, the largest vessels of the stem, the open 
mouths of which are seen on that part of the figure represent- 
ing the transverse section ; c points out the thin layer of cam- 
bium, which is the generating layer ; b, the liber of the bark ; 
t, the lactiferous vessels ; c e, the cellular envelope or meso- 
phlceum ; e p, the corky or suberose layer ; e, the epidermis. 
These are the products of one year. 

54 • The medullary sheath is composed of spiral vessels and 
woody fiber connected by cellular tissue. It precedes every 
other formation except the cellular, in the elongation of branches. 
The leaves derive their origin from the medullary sheath. The 
true spiral vessels in the stem of exogenous plants are found 
only in the medullary sheath. In paragraph 29 we gave our 
opinion as to the reason for spiral vessels being found only in 
this organ. They are certainly required in the earliest develop- 
ment of the vegetable, and no increase in length of vascular 
vegetables ever takes place in which this form of the elementary 
organs does not enter into its formation. And we very well 
know that every function, except what its physical properties 
enable it to perform, is performed by other varieties of tissue ; 
and to our mind there is not a more beautiful instance of adap- 
tation and design, or a clearer 
illustration of Infinite wisdom F3g - 2L 

in the constitution of the vege- ^g<^\ 

table kingdom, than is exhib- ^^^^\\\\ 

ited in the structure of the ^£^^$iiA\\\ 

organ under consideration. ^X^^^^^^^^Bi\\\ 

55 . If we examine our trans- ^^^^^^^S^^^^^^ft 1 n 
verse section again, we shall ^^ ^ - -S^ tips* 1 1 1/ 

perceive that the WOOdy part Exhibiting the medullary rays. 

is separated apparently into 

numerous wedge-shaped portions, their bases terminating in the 

bark, and their apexes in the pith, as seen in Fig. 24 ; and a 



53. What shall we find in the examination of a stem of oak of one year's 
growth ? — 54. Describe the medullary sheath ? What derive their origin 
from it ? — 55. Describe the medullary rays. 



30 WOODY STEM. 

row of the cut cells is seen in the preceding figure (Fig. 24), 
marked m r. By a longitudinal section made in the direction of 
these lines, we shall find that they are plates of substance proceed- 
ing from the pith and terminating in the bark. They are called 
medullary processes, or medullary rays, and are composed of cells 
in the form of thin parallelopipedons. In the embryo, and in the 
earliest development of the stem, the cellular substance of the 
bark and pith, are in contact, but immediately vascular and 
woody fibers are sent down, which pierce the cellular substance, 
dividing the mass of the pith from the parenchyma of the bark, 
but leaving them connected by the medullary processes ; so that 
parts which were in contact in the early stages, become separa- 
ted, sometimes by several feet, yet a communication is preserved 
by the medullary rays, which continues as long as life lasts. 

5$» Each of the layers of wood, as we before remarked, is 
the product of a single year, and by counting these layers the 
age of the tree at the point of section is readily determined, 
and by finding the difference in the number of layers between 
any two points of section, will determine the time that the tree 
was growing the distance between the sections. For instance, 
if we should count the layers of a stick of timber, and find the 
number twenty at one end, and ten at the other, it would show 
that ten years were required for the tree to increase in length 
the distance between these points. From these facts, we readily 
perceive, that trees must be composed of concentric conical 
sheaths ; the product of the first year forming such a sheath 
around the pith, and that of the second year forming a layer 
around the product of the first year and the pith ; the pith ex- 
tending through the whole cone. We also observe, that the 
mode of increase is inverse to that of the bark, for the bark we 
found increased by an internal layer of cellular integument and 
liber, and we now find that the wood increases generally by an 
external layer of cellular matter and woody fiber, the layer of 
woody fiber and liber always being in contact when the layers 
are completed. We may readily convince ourselves of the in- 
verse growth of the bark and wood, by inserting two wires, one 
through the bark, but not so as to touch the wood, and in time 
this wire will fall off, having no deposit made exterior to it ; but 
by inserting the other wire so that it shall pass through a slight 
portion of the wood, instead of falling off, it will become buried 
deeper and deeper every year by the layers of wood that are 

How are the pith and bark in the earlier stages of growth ? — 56. How 
often are layers of wood produced ? How can the age of a tree be deter- 
mined? How are trees composed? How is the growth of wood com- 
pared with that of the bark 2 How may we convince ourselves of this ? 



THE STEM. 31 

formed over it — thus proving most clearly the order in which 
the wood and bark are formed. 

57, A remarkable case of the deposition of external layers 
of dicotyledonous stems is related of the Baobab-tree (Adansonia 
digitata) of the Cape de Verde Islands. In the year 1400, 
Grew cut his name on two of these trees, and in 1749 (three 
hundred and forty-nine years afterward) Adanson examined the 
same trees and found the names, with more than three hundred 
layers of wood deposited over them. If we examine a trans- 
verse section of a trunk of a tree, we observe that the wood 
near the pith and that near the bark present very different ap- 
pearances : the latter being white and soft, and more or less 
juicy, is called the alburnum or sap-wood ; the former, being 
darker colored and hard, is called the heart-wood. The ves- 
sels of the alburnum are always filled with sap, and no doubt 
form the channel through which this fluid ascends. This is 
shown most conclusively in the process of girdling trees. If the 
sap-wood is cut completely through all around, the tree dies im- 
mediately ; but, if a part of this is left, the tree may linger 
through the summer, and perhaps longer, the continuance of 
life being in proportion to the amount of sap-wood left uncut. 
In the young tree all the wood is alburnum, but as it increases 
in age we may notice the time in which the innermost layer is 
converted into heart-wood. This change from alburnum to per- 
fect wood, is no doubt occasioned in a great measure by the de- 
position of foreign matter, which prevents the tissue from any 
longer performing vital functions, increases its density, and of 
course renders it more firm and compact. The time required 
for the conversion of alburnum into perfect wood, differs con- 
siderably in different trees, and it is also different in trees of the 
same species, owing to situation : even on opposite sides of the 
same tree, the number of layers of alburnum is often different. 
In trees of the same species, exposed to the same influences, the 
number of layers of alburnum is remarkably uniform. In some 
cases there is a striking contrast in the appearance of the albur- 
num and perfect wood. In the Ebony the alburnum is white, 
while the perfect wood is nearly black. In the Camb-wood, the 
alburnum is also white, and the perfect wood a deep red. There 
seems to be a certain fitness required in the vegetable tissues be- 
fore they are capable of receiving the coloring matter, for other- 
wise we should suppose the change would be more gradual : 

57. What remarkable case ? What is alburnum ? What is heart- wood ? 
How shown that there is a circulation in the alburnum ? How is alburnum 
changed into perfect wood ? What of the time required for the change ? 
Describe the change in appearance ? 



32 THE STEM. 

but the line of demarcation is often perfect ; the black external 
layer of the perfect wood being surrounded by a perfectly white 
layer of alburnum, thus showing that the transition is performed 
at once, and not gradually, as is generally supposed. 

58. The pith is the central portion of the stem, commencing at 
its base and extending through it and through every branch, ter- 
minating in the buds. It is composed of loose cellular substance, 
varying considerably in size, form, and appearance in different 
plants. In some plants it forms a large portion of the stem, as in 
the Elder ; in others but a small part ; and in trees, becomes com- 
pressed into a mere line, as in the Oak. It never increases in 
quantity in the same part of the stem. Its only function seems 
to be that of nourishing the young buds. During its early 
stages it is rilled with fluid, and performs, undoubtedly, the first 
vital functions : but after the young shoot has become organized 
so as to derive nourishment from other sources, the now useless 
pith becomes dry ; being exhausted of its fluids and often torn 
and variously divided by the growth of the stem. It not un- 
frequently entirely decays, thus showing that it is necessary only 
in the early stages of the plant. 

59. There are frequently to be found in the bark of several 
trees, particularly of the Beach, small conical bodies composed 
of wood, pith, and medullary rays, which are called nodules. 
They are generally, in their early stage at least, not connected 
with the subjacent wood. Dutrochet believes nodules to be ad- 
ventitious buds, which generally do not acquire force sufficient 
for their development into branches ; but in some cases they do 
produce branches, which are of a weakly character. 

60. Monocotyledonous stems are characterized by having the 
different portions less distinctly marked than they are in the pre- 
ceding class, having parallel-veined leaves, the number of floral 
organs three or six, and not having any medullary rays or dis- 
tinct bark or pith. 

The monocotyledonous stem increases, as all other vegetables 
do, by the deposition of the new matter exterior to the old. 
The peculiarity of this growth depends mainly upon the fact, 
that the new leaves are formed on nearly the same plane with 
older ones. Shorten the internodes of an oak, and let the leaves 
become formed and produce new matter before they rise above 
the older ones, and you would essentially convert it into a mo- 
nocotyledonous growth. You would destroy in a great measure 

58. What is the pith ? How the quantity in different plants ? Does it 
ever increase in quantity? How in its earliest stage? — 59. What are nod- 
ules ? — 60. How are monocotyledonous stems characterized ? How do 
their stems increase ? On what does this peculiarity depend ? 



THE STEM. 



33 



the regular deposition of wood, and would interfere more or 
less with the regular formation of bark, especially toward the 
top of the stem. This is the case with monocotyledonous arbo- 
rescent stems. 

61. If we make a longitudinal section of a stem of the dwarf 
Palmetto, we shall observe the following appearances. We find 
it composed of numerous fibers, interlacing in all directions ; 
but the general direction of the threads, if we commence at 
the top, is toward the center, where 
they curve toward the circumference, F] s- 27- 

„v II llifll \\Mlll 

Fig. 25. 




A transverse section 
of a portion of the 
Yucca gloriosa, fr 
the center to the cir 
cumference. 



Transverse section of a fibro- 
vascular bundle of a mono- 
cotyledonous stem. 



Longitudinal section of a mo- 
nocotyledonous stem. 



Fig. 27. The point where the bundle approaches nearest the 
center is where the base of the leaf has its origin, and sends out 
bundles toward the circumference. The curve from that point 
to the base of the leaf is the track that the base of the leaf has 
taken in its growth. These bundles are composed of woody 
fiber, tubes, and spiral vessels (Fig. 26), toward the top, or nearest 
the leaf, and of tubes and woody fiber toward the bottom, and 
ending in woody fiber only.- 

62. All the leaves have their origin at the center of the stem 
at the top, around the base of a central vesicle. As new leaves 
are formed and raised up, the older ones are pushed out by the 
deposition of cellular matter, and come to the lateral surface of 
the stem, and then all the new matter goes down on the out- 
side, like a dicotyledon, and forms wood and bark. 

63. All monocotyledons are constructed on the same general 
principle, and most of the variations are explicable by the greater 



61. What is the appearance of a longitudinal section of the dwarf pal- 
metto ? What is the point where the hundles approach nearest the center ? 
What is the curve from that point to the base of the leaf? Of what are these 
bundles composed? — 62. Where do all leaves have their origin ?— 63. What 
is said of the construction of monocotyledons ? 

2* 



34 THE ROOT. 

or less lengthening of the spaces between the bases of the leaves, 
or internodes. In the Onion there is no separation ; in the Smi- 
lax and Cane a great separation ; in the Palmetto just enough 
to bring the leaves to the lateral surface of the stem. Fig. 25 
exhibits the structure of the monocotyledonous stem as seen in 
a cross-section. It is an exact exhibition of a section of the 
Yucca. The dots are the ends of the fibro-vascular bundles. 
Fig. 27 exhibits a longitudinal section through the axis and 
through the terminal vesicle c v, around which all the leaves are 
formed ; b, the base of a leaf; c, the point where the leaf b had its 
origin ; e, compact cellular substance immediately below the gen- 
erating surface. The fibers proceeding from the base of the 
leaves toward the surface of the stem are smaller than the 
others, as they contain fewer vessels. The ascent of sap in 
monocotyledons is the same as in the dicotyledons, that is, in the 
newly formed wood. 

Fig. 26 is a transverse section of one of the bundles greatly 
magnified, as it is found at the base of the leaf; w, woody fiber ; 
d, dotted ducts ; s, spiral vessels. The spiral vessels are always 
toward the center of the stem. This is the structure till it ar- 
rives at the point nearest to the center, when it becomes smaller : 
the spiral vessels are imperfect, and finally they entirely disap- 
pear, and nothing remains but woody fiber. 

64 1 Acotyledons are such plants as increase by the elonga- 
tion of their axis without increasing in diameter. The Ferns 
present a type of this class of stems. On examining the stem 
of a Fern we find it composed of cellular substance, and vessels 
generally bearing, in some species, a very close resemblance to 
a variety of spiral vessels. There is another variety of forma- 
tion of Acrogens, sometimes called the centrifugal formation, as 
exhibited by fungi and lichens, in which the formation proceeds 
from a center, the substance being generated nearly upon the 
same plane. Lichens may often be seen with their centers 
dead, while the circumference is alive and growing. Fairy rings 
are the result of this formation. 

Section 4. — Root. 

65. The root is that part of the axis of the plant which de- 
scends in its elongation, and is the organ through which the 
plant receives most of its nourishment, and by which it is at- 

What does Fig. 25 exhibit ? What Fig. 27 ? what of the ascent of sap 
in monocotyledons? What does Fig. 26 exhibit? What of the spiral ves- 
sels ? — 64. What are acotyledonous plants ? — 65. What is the root ? 



THE EOOT. 35 

tached to the place of its growth. The root in its general ap- 
pearance resembles the stem ; and when taken together they 
have been, not unaptly, compared to two cones united by their 
bases. Both take their origin from the same vital points, yet 
under the influence of the vital power they seem to be endowed 
with opposite propensities, — one growing upward, seeking light 
and air, the other with an equal impulse forcing its way down- 
ward, and burying itself in the earth. We may consider the 
plant as endowed with opposite polarities ; one pole uniformly 
taking the direction of gravity, the other as uniformly the op- 
posite direction. The surface of the earth may, in general, be 
considered the equator of this living magnet, and the zenith 
and nadir its poles. 

Although we speak of Root and Stem being joined at a point 
called the neck, still there is no line of demarkation drawn by 
nature by which we may determine the precise point where the 
stem ends and the root begins. The fibers extend from one to 
the other, and the union is made by a gradual conversion of the 
one into the other. The seat of vitality has been supposed to 
be in the neck, but numerous examples will readily occur to the 
student disproving such an hypothesis. The neck in many plants 
may be removed, and the roots and stems will still survive by 
proper attention ; proving not only that the neck is not the seat 
of vitality, but that there is no such single point which if de- 
stroyed, the plant necessarily perishes. 

66. The principal differences between the root and the stem 
are, — 1st, the root is destitute of pith, and 2d, the true spiral ves- 
sels are not developed in it, hence no medullary sheath : 3d, 
there are generally no regular buds formed on the roots ; yet 
they are capable of putting them forth under favorable circum- 
stances, as may be seen in the shoots that spring from the roots 
of the Peach, Plumb, Cherry, and Poplar : 4th, Stomates are not 
found in the bark of the roots. 

In other respects the root does not differ from the stem, and 
the differences above noticed are in a great degree owing to the 
situation of the root. The moist, resisting medium in which it 
is placed, produces the variation, rather than any real difference 
of organization. Stems, when exposed to different influences, 
change their type of organization to fit themselves to the dif- 
ferent circumstances in which they are placed. 

The most important distinction, on which our idea of the root 



To what may the stem and root he compared ?— 66. What are the differ- 
ences between root and stem ? To what may their differences he in some 
manner ascribed ? What is the most important distinction ? 



THE EOOT. 



Fig. 28. 




and stem should be founded, is contained in the first part of our 
definition, that the root is the descending part of the axis of a 
plant. If it descends it is a root, and if it ascends it is a stem ; 
we mean, of course, when they meet with no physical impedi- 
ment. 

67. The forms of roots are various, 
and receive different names in the de- 
scriptions of plants. Although various 
divisions have been made by different 
Botanists, yet great discrepancies exist, 
among them. We shall describe only 
the most common forms. 

(1.) Branching Root, or Radix ra- 
mosa, Fig. 28. These roots are such 
as subdivide in the earth in a man- 
ner similar to the divisions of the 
stem, and are found exhibited in the 
forest trees and shrubs. This variety 
forms the true type of roots ; and is 
the one from which our ideas of this 
organ are formed, as distinguishing it 
from the other organs of the plant. 

Fig.j9. (2.) The Fibrous Root, or Radix fibrosa. 

This variety consists of numerous fibers pro- 
ceeding from the neck of the plant, and may 
be seen in most grasses and grains. Fig. 29. 

(3.) Fasciculated 
roots. When the 
fibers of roots be- 
come enlarged by 
the deposition of 
starch, they form 
this variety of root, 
as exhibited by the 
Dahlia, Peony, &c, Fig. 30. 

(4.) The Tap root, or conical root, 
when the root sinks perpendicularly 
into the earth, and tapers regularly 
from the base to the apex with very few fibrous radicles, as in 
the Beet, Parsnip, &c, Fig. 31. This variety contains some of 
the most important garden vegetables, and it is seldom found 



Branching root. 




Fig. 30. 



Fibrous Koot. 




Fasciculated roots. 



67. What is a branching root ? "What is a fibrous root ? What is 
ciculated root ? What is a tap root ? 



fas- 



Pig. 31. 




37 



Fig. 33. 




Napiform root. 



Tap root. 



Fusiform root 



Fig. 34. 



of natural growth, being almost uniformly produced by cultiva- 
tion. 

(5.) The Fusiform Root, or Radix fusiformis /where the root 
tapers toward each extremity, as seen in the Radish, it is known 
by the above name. Fig. 32. 

(6.) The Napiform Root is that variety which is very large 
at the base, but tapers abruptly, as in the Turnip, Fig. 33. 

The three preceding varieties are generally called, in distinc- 
tion from the other varieties, simple roots, the most of the root 
being confined to the main axis, and sending off few small fibers. 

(7.) The Filiform Root consists of a single filament, and is the 
root of some floating plants, as the Lemna. 

(8.) Didymous Roots are those which 
produce a tubercle each year, and when 
the tubercle of one year arrives at 
nearly the dimensions of the one of the 
preceding year, they answer to the form 
indicated by the term applied to them ; 
that is, double or twin roots. The Orchis 
affords examples of this variety, Fig. 34. 

(9.) The Palmated Roots are such as 
differ from the preceding only in hav- 
ing the lobes divided, giving them somewhat the appearance of 
a hand. The Orchis affords examples of this variety. 

68. The following varieties are generally classed as either 
stems or buds, but are, in common parlance, called roots, and 
we know of no disadvantage in complying with the popular 
arrangement by describing them under this organ. 




Didymous roots. 



What is a fusiform root ? What a napiform ? A filiform ? Didymous ? 
Palmated ? — 68. How are the remaining varieties classed ? 



38 



THE ROOT. 




Khizoma root. 



under 
the 



Fig. 36. 



(1.) The Rhizoma or Rootstoch grows in nearly a horizon- 
tal direction, emitting roots 
from its under side, increas- Fig - 35> 

ing by one extremity only, 
at which it puts forth leaves 
and flower-stems, and gradu- 
ally dying at the other. Its 
surface is generally marked 
by irregular ridges formed by 
the bases of decayed leaves. 
The Calamus, Iris, Lily, and 
some of the grasses afford 
good examples of this variety, 
Fig. 35. The scaly roots come 
the same variety, as is exhibited in 
Hydrophyllum canadense. 

(2.) The Cormus (Fig. 36) is that vari- 
ety which increases beneath the earth 
by the development of buds in the axils 
of the scales, but retains its globular 
figure, and propagates itself in no par- 
ticular direction. The Tulip, Arum, 
Gladiolus, &c, afford examples. 

(3.) The tuber is an irregular fleshy 
body produced at the ends of the fibers 
sent out from the root. They consist in 
the Potato, which is the best example of 
this variety, of buds imbedded in cellu- 
lar substance, consisting principally of starch, which is to be- 
come the food for the development of the buds. The buds are 
what are commonly called the eyes of the potato, and they 
form that part of it which is used by the farmer for propagating 
this useful vegetable. 

(4.) The bulb is a leaf-bud inclosed in scales or concentric lay- 
ers, and is found either at the base or summit 
of the stem, or in the axils of the leaves ; and 
differs in no respect from the buds hereafter to 
be described, but in separating itself from the 
parent, and forming an independent individual. 
The Onion and Lily form examples of this va- 
riety. Fig. 37 gives an illustration of the bulb. 
The tree-onion, as it is called, bears bulbs on 




Cormus root. 



Fig. 37. 




What is a rhizoma ? The cormus ? The tuber ? Bulb ' 



buds. dy 

the summit of its stem. The buttons, as gardeners term them, 
are of this character. Some species of the lily bear them in the 
axils of the leaves, and they separate from the stem and fall to 
the earth, and become plants bearing bulbs in their turn. Bulbs 
are sometimes distinguished into scaly, being covered with scales, 
as in the lily ; and tunicated, being formed of concentric coats, as 
in the onion. 

69i At the extremities and sides of the fibers of roots, small 
bodies are observed composed of lax cellular tissue, called spon- 
gioles, from their resemblance to sponge. It is through the 
spongioles that all the nourishment of the plant enters, that 
enters by the root. Duhamel, a long time since, observed that 
trees exhaust the soil at the extremities of the roots only, but 
it was reserved for Sennebier to demonstrate, by a very simple 
experiment, that the spongioles alone absorb fluids from the 
earth. This he did by taking two carrots of equal size, and 
immersing the whole of one in water, and the extremities of 
the roots of another. He found that they both absorbed an 
equal quantity ; but by immersing the whole body of a third, 
keeping only the spongioles out of the water, none of the fluid 
was absorbed. When the spongiole is destitute of fluid, it con- 
tracts, and lies close to the fiber to which it is attached, and 
hence is not easily discovered in pulling up a root ; but by im- 
mersing the fiber in a tumbler of water, the spongioles be- 
come turgid, and are easily observed. 

Section 5. — Buds. 

70 • In the axil of the leaf of a dicotyledonous tree or shrub, 
we may observe in the early part of the summer a small protu- 
berance, which will continue to increase until autumn ; when it 
will have assumed the form of a conical body composed appa- 
rently of scales. This is the bud, which is destined in the fol- 
lowing year to produce a branch, or flowers and fruit. These 
small bodies found in the axils of leaves, are vital points, in 
which seems to be deposited the vital power during the season 
of repose, and from which development commences as the sea- 
son of vegetation returns. That they are important organs, and 
demand our strictest observation, is apparent from the fact 
of their being, in many instances in the vegetable economy, the 
seat of vitality ; and it is from this circumstance that we are 

What are button onions ? How are bulbs sometimes distinguished ? — 
69. What are spongioles ? Give the experiment of Sennebier.— 70. Where 
are buds formed ? What are they ? 



40 BUDS. 

enabled to divide individual trees indefinitely by grafting, bud- 
ding, and by layers. The Leaf-Bud may be defined to be the 
rudiment of a branch, which, in its development, it always pro- 
duces. Buds are distinguished by different names, according to 
the point from which they spring. If they originate in the 
axils of the leaves, they are called regular ; if from any other 
part of the plant, they are called adventitious. 

71. The regular leaf -bud has its origin in the pith and 
medullary sheath. The earliest view of the regular leaf-bud we 
can obtain by dissection, is in the form of an exceedingly minute 
green body, surrounded by a nearly transparent cellular sub- 
stance situated in the stem immediately below the axil of the 
leaf. If we examine the buds of the same tree through the 
season, we shall find that the cellular part becomes opake, and 
its place is occupied by scales, and the central part increases, and 
becomes the apex of the bud. By a longitudinal section of 
the bud and stem at this stage, the rudiment of a branch may 
be distinctly traced under the microscope ; the greenish medul- 
lary sheath and pith being separated by a white deposit from 
the greenish portion, which is to become the bark. There is a 
bud on the extremity of the branch called the terminal bud, 
similarly constituted to the axillary ones above described. The 
scales by which the rudimentary branch is inclosed, appear to be 
formed for this express purpose ; but they are indurated, par- 
tially developed leaves, as one may readily convince himself by 
taking, in the spring, the bud of the Buckeye, when he will find 
the outer scale hard, dry, and with a uniform margin ; but by 
removing one after another, he will find them gradually become 
soft, delicate, and lobed, being the miniature leaves of the plant. 
The leaves first developed are sacrificed for the protection of the 
remainder during the cold of winter. Plants of the torrid zone 
and annuals have no such covering, as, from the nature of the 
case, they need none ; the one growing in a climate where the 
cold of winter is not felt, the other existing only through a pe- 
riod favorable for vegetation. The buds are not only inclosed 
in scales, but they are often provided with means which render 
their covering much more effectual in resisting outward influ- 
ences. A resin is not unfrequently secreted by which the scales 
are attached to each other, and rendered proof against the action 
of water, as in the Balm of Gilead, the Poplars, &c. In oth- 
ers a coating of soft down is produced on the surface of the 

What is a leaf-bud? When regular ? When adventitious ?— 71. What 
is the origin of the regular leaf-bud ? Explain its growth. What of the 
scales of the bud ? Do annual plants have scales ? Do plants of the torrid 
zone ? Why ? What other means of protection do buds have ? 



BUDS. 41 

scales, which affords an additional protection in the colds of 
winter, as in the Willow, and many others. 

72. Buds, we remarked, were the rudiments of branches ; 
but it sometimes happens, from some cause, that these branches 
are not developed at all ; at others, they are only partly devel- 
oped, receiving a check in their growth, and becoming thorns 
and spines. The student may readily convince himself of the 
fact, that thorns are partially developed branches, by observing 
almost any thorny bush at different times. The Plum often 
presents striking examples of it, on which the student may find 
the branch in every state of development ; and the thorn of one 
year may receive an additional impulse the next, and become a 
branch. 

73. Since the development of buds produces branches, it is 
plain that the arrangement of branches will be the same as that 
of buds; and as buds have their origin at the base of leaves, it 
is equally plain that the branches of trees follow the same ar- 
rangement as the leaves. If the leaves be alternate, the branches 
will be so ; if opposite, the branches will have the same arrange- 
ment. It happens, however, that by the non-development of some 
of the buds, or the unequal elongation of the stem, the branches ex- 
hibit some diversity ; but the reasons for any deviation may read- 
ily be seen, having, as they do, their foundation in the above facts. 

74. Adventitious buds may have their origin in any point 
where there is an anastomosis of woody fiber. (Lindley.) 
Perhaps no subject in Botany has excited more interest, or has 
more completely eluded the research of philosophers, than the 
origin of adventitious buds. It is entirely removed from our 
observation. Every part of a plant, from the root to the flowers, 
seems to be endowed with the power, under certain circum- 
stances, of developing buds ; yet to determine the conditions on 
which their development depends, has thus far baffled every 
effort. Duhamel supposed that they had their origin from pre- 
organized germs, which are deposited by the proper juice in its 
descent from the leaves, and of course, pervade every part of the 
plant. This is mere hypothesis, with not a fact to establish its 
truth ; yet, as Mr. Nuttall remarks, it is impossible to prove its 
falsity. Mr. Knight believed that they have their origin in the 
alburnous vessels, which he supposed possessed the power of 
generating central vessels, by which he means vessels of the 

72. Are the leaf-buds always developed ? What do they become when 
partly developed ? How may it be seen? — 73. What must be the arrange- 
ment of branches ? How is the diversity of branches explained ? — 74. 
Where may adventitious buds have their origin ? Mention the theories on 
this subject? 



4:2 BUDS. 

medullary sheath. His hypothesis is founded on no better basis 
than that of Duhamel. Mr. Nuttall believes that buds are pre- 
organized germs, but that they have their origin in the first 
development of the stem or branch on which they put forth. 
There are decided objections to this theory, but our space for- 
bids our entering into a discussion on the subject, or even 
fully stating the theories alluded to. 

75. The structure of the adventitious buds is, in all respects, 
like the normal or axillary buds, having pith in their center, 
surrounded by spiral vessels, and inclosed by woody fiber and 
cellular integument. From the existence of spiral vessels in ad- 
ventitious buds which arise from the root, we derive a strong ar- 
gument in favor of the existence of spiral vessels in the latter or- 
gan, under a very slightly modified form ; and from this and 
various other circumstances, we are led to believe that the con- 
stitution of the root and the stem is essentially the same, the 
difference observed being occasioned by the media in which they 
are developed. We have seen the common red plum, in the 
loose earth of a garden, put forth buds from a root with as 
much regularity as from the branches. 

76. The buds seem to possess, in some respects, the nature of 
seeds, although in others they differ. The seed produces the 
species or original type, while the bud perpetuates the variety ; 
hence the practice of grafting choice fruit. The bud will con- 
tinue the characters of the individual variety, while the seed 
would produce merely the species, with perhaps none of the 
peculiarities of the plant from the fruit of which the seed was 
taken. 

77. The manner in which the rudimentary leaves are folded 
up within the buds, is a subject of much curiosity and interest. 
Although the arrangement in different plants is very unlike, yet 
in the same species there is a remarkable uniformity. This 
subject has been termed vernation, or gemmation, or prwfoliation. 

(1.) Appressed ; in which the surfaces of the leaves are applied 
to each other without being rolled, as in the Misletoe. 

(2.) Conduplicate ; when the leaves are folded inwardly upon 
themselves, and placed side by side, as in the Rose. 

(3.) Imbricate ; where they lie over each other, breaking joints, 
if we may use the expression ; that is, when the middle of one 
leaf corresponds to the margin of the two within it, as in the 
Lilac. 



75. What is the structure of adventitious buds? — 76. What do buds re- 
semble ? How do they differ ? — 77. What is vernation ? When appressed ? 
Conduplicate ? Imbricate ? 



LEAVES. 43 

(4.) Equitant ; when the leaves are folded around each other, 
with the midrib of one corresponding to the margin of the one 
contiguous to it, as in the Iris. 

(5.) Obvolute ; when one margin of a leaf incloses the margin 
of a leaf opposite, the remaining margin of each being outward, 
as in the Sage. 

(6.) Plaited ; folded like a fan, as in the Vine. 

(7.) Involute ; when the margins of the leaves roll inward, as 
in the Violet. 

(8.) jRevolute ; where the margins are rolled outward, as in 
the Willow. 

(9.) Convolute; where one leaf is rolled within another, as 
in the Cherry. 

(10.) Circinate ; where it is rolled from the apex downward, 
as in the Sundew (Drosera). 

Section 6. — Leaves. 

78. Leaves are organs arising at regular intervals along the 
main axis or branches, having their origin at a node. The 
spaces of the stem between the leaves are called internodes. 
They are expansions of the parenchymous portion of the bark, 
with the spiral vessels and woody fiber of the medullary sheath 
traversing them. The spiral vessels and woody fiber connect the 
leaf with the center of the stem, and these vessels are expanded 
on the upper surface of the leaf. The cellular tissue, liber, and 
lactiferous vessels connect it with the bark, and are expanded on 
the under surface of the leaf. A leaf consists gen- 
erally of a petiole and lamina. The petiole, which 
is the support of the lamina (Fig. 38, «), consists of 
cellular and vascular tissue, and woody fiber. The 
vascular tissue and woody fiber are formed into 
bundles, the spiral vessels occupying the center of 
the bundle, and the woody fiber forming a sheath 
around them. The bundles are imbedded in the 
cellular tissue, as may easily be seen by observing a transverse 
section of the petiole of a leaf. The 'dots observed on the cut 
surface are these bundles. The lamina (Fig. 38, b) of the leaf 
consists of the expansion of the petiole, the materials of its com- 
position being of course the same, but differently arranged. When 



Equitant? Obvolute? Plaited? Involute? Eevolute? Convolute? 
Circinate ? — 78. What are leaves ? How connected with the center of the 
stem ? How with the bark ? Of what does it consist ? How is the fibro- 
vascular system arranged ? Of what does the lamina consist ? 




4A LEAVES. 

the bundles of vascular tissue enter the lamina, they divide, and 
proceed in various directions in different plants, but always in 
the same manner in the same species, forming the veins (Fig. 
38, c) of the leaves. The continuation of the petiole forms the 
middle and largest vein of the leaf, called the midrib (Fig. 38, d). 
Those veins arising from the midrib are called primary, the 
branches of the primary are called secondary, and the further 
subdivisions of the veins are called veinlets. 

The petiole is often wanting when the leaf is said to be sessile, 
and the midrib is often undistinguishable from the veins. 

79. The arrangement of the leaves on the stem is various, 
but in the same species it is uniform : a beautiful symmetry is 
established in every variety. Sometimes they are arranged in 
opposite pairs, with one pair at right angles with the pair 
above or below it ; at others they alternate with one above the 
other, on nearly opposite sides of the stem. The alternate 
leaves, however, are generally arranged in a spiral form. They 
are not on exactly opposite sides of the stem. The student 
will observe, that by taking any leaf on a branch on which the 
leaves are arranged alternately, he will notice that the second leaf 
above or below the one observed does not come immediately 
above or below it ; but he must pass several pairs before he 
will find one corresponding exactly with the one first noticed. 
On the Cherry, or Althea, for instance, he will pass two pairs 
before he will find one exactly over the one observed. Here 
two turns of the spire take place before the generating point 
corresponds with the one below it. Opposite leaves sometimes 
become alternate, but we believe that they are always exactly 
on the opposite parts of the stem, never forming the spiral ar- 
rangement of common alternate leaves ; and the cause of this 
alternation is undoubtedly the unequal development of the two 
sides of the stem. It sometimes happens that several opposite 
pairs are developed on the same horizontal section of the stem, 
and are called ver titillate, but the bases of the leaves of any whorl 
are not immediately under the bases of the leaves of the next 
whorl above it ; but those of the second whorl correspond with 
them ; so that of four whorls the bases of the first and third 
correspond, and the second and fourth, and so on. The Pine 
presents a striking example of the spiral arrangement of organs. 
If we examine the extremity of a branch covered with leaves, 

"What is the midrib ? What are primary veins ? Secondary? When are 
leaves said to be sessile ? — 79. What is said of the arrangement of leaves ? 
How are alternate leaves arranged ? Illustrate it. How in the cherry ? 
How do opposite leaves become alternate ? How are whorls formed ? 
How in the pine ? 



LEAVES. 45 

we shall readily discover that they are arranged spirally ; and 
by cutting off the leaves composing one spire, we shall find that 
they do not form a single spire, but a compound one, consisting 
of three or four spires running parallel to each other. The 
above are the different arrangements of leaves, but there seems 
a tendency in opposite and verticillate leaves to assume the 
spiral arrangement, without, however, varying their relative 
lateral position ; and this is true of all modifications of leaves. 
There is not only a disposition of the leaves, but of all vegeta- 
ble productions to assume a spiral arrangement. The stems of 
plants take, in almost all cases, more or less of the spiral growth, 
howe T '°r straight the stem may be. We may see this also in 
the epidermis of various trees, and more particularly in the stems 
of twining plants, as the hop and ivy. 

80. The spiral arrangement of leaves has excited much in- 
terest recently ; and Braun, a German naturalist, has applied 
mathematical formulas to express the elements of the spires in 
different species, and for determining their constitution. " All 
the spires depend upon the position of a fundamental series, 
from which the others are deviations. The nature of the fun- 
damental series is expressed by a fraction, of which the nume- 
rator indicates the whole number of turns required to complete 
one spire, and the denominator the number of scales or parts 
that constitute it. Thus ^ 8 T indicates that eight turns are 
made round the axis before any scale or part is exactly vertical 
to that which was first formed ; and the number of scales, or 
parts that intervene before this coincidence takes place, is 21," 
which occurs in the Corylus, Plantago lanceolata. f- expresses 
that the leaves, buds, or scales make two turns before a leaf, 
scale, or bud is exactly above the one from which we start, and 
that there are five of them. This is the most common variety. 
Cherry, Althea, Potato, Peach, &c, are of this variety ; ^ in- 
cludes the spikes of the grains ; | includes the Bay, Holly, &c. ; 
y 5 -3 expresses the elements of the spire in some of the pines. 
Prof. Lindley remarks, that " it does not, however, appear that 
this inquiry has led to any thing beyond the establishment of 
the fact that, beginning from the cotyledons, the whole of the 
appendages of the axis of plants — leaves, calyx, corolla, stamens, 
and carpels — form an uninterrupted spire, governed by laws 
which are nearly constant." 

81 • Leaves usually present surfaces of different appearance, 



What disposition in plants ? Where may we see it ? — 80. Who applied 
mathematics to this subject? Explain its application. — 81. What is said 
of the different surfaces of leaves ? 



46 LEAVES. 

the upper smooth, green, and shining, the under surface gene- 
rally with the ribs prominent, of a lighter green, often hairy, 
and abounding in stomata or pores. The particular position 
which a leaf assumes, is necessary to its properly performing its 
functions, and even to its existence ; for if a leaf be inverted, it 
withers and dies. The deeper tint of the upper surface of leaves 
is owing to the greater compactness of the parenchyma. 

82. The first organs that appear in dicotyledons after germi- 
nation, are the cotyledons themselves, or the lobes of the seed, 
which supply the young plant with food, till it becomes fur- 
nished with organs for obtaining it from other sources. Before 
the cotyledons become exhausted, leaves are produced, which 
are called primordial leaves, which seem to possess an organiza- 
tion a degree more elevated. These leaves often differ mate- 
rially from the succeeding true leaves of the plant, and seem to 
form a kind of medium between the cotyledon and true leaves. 
A similar course is followed by monocotyledons ; but as the co- 
tyledon does not rise above the earth, this organ is not ob- 
served. When leaves have their origin at, or below the surface 
of the earth, seeming to come from the root, they are called 
radical leaves, although it is not strictly a correct term ; as it 
seems to imply that the leaves originate from the root, which 
is not the case; the root, under ordinary circumstances, not 
producing leaves. Leaves having their origin on the main 
stem, are called cauline ; those arising from branches are dis- 
tinguished by the term rameal : when leaves are found among 
the flowers or on flower-bearing branches, they are called floral 
leaves. 

83. The structure of the leaf demands the most careful at- 
tention, both from the singularly curious arrangement of its 
parts, and the manifest design exhibited in fitting it for the 
various functions it is found to perform. Although to the com- 
mon observer the leaf appears a very simple organ, composed 
only of fibrous veins, and cellular substance ; yet, by the aid 
of the microscope it is found to be one of the most complicated 
of the vegetable organs. The leaf is covered, like the other 
parts of the plant, by an epidermis, except such as are sub- 
merged in water, and is furnished with pores or stomata. These 
pores, in most plants, are more numerous on the under than on 
the upper surface. In leaves which grow nearly perpendicularly 

Is the particular position of a leaf necessary ? — 82. What are the first 
organs that appear ? What are primordial leaves ? What are radical leaves ? 
What cauline f What floral ?— 83. With what is the leaf covered ? What 
are stomata ? On which surface most numerous ? How with perpendicu- 
lar leaves ? 



LEAVES. 



47 



the pores are more equally distributed on both surfaces, as in 
the Iris. Those leaves which lie upon the water have no pores 
on the under surface ; the upper surface performing the func- 
tions usually belonging to the under side. 

84. The parenchyma appears to the unassisted eye a mass 
of irregularly arranged cells ; but by careful examination, aided 
by the microscope, Ave find a remarkable regularity in the 
arrangement of the cells. It^we take a thin slice, made by a 
vertical section, of the leaf of an Apple or Peach, and observe 
it by a good magnifier, w T e shall find imme- Fig 39 
diately beneath the cuticle, which consists of a 
single row of cells, two or three layers of cylin- 
drical cells arranged perpendicularly to the sur- 
face, with very small intercellular cavities. Be- 
tween them and the under surface are four or five 
rows of similar cells, but differently arranged, 
touching each other by their ends, and lying in- 
clined to the surface of the leaf, forming com- 
paratively large cavities, particularly immediately 
beneath the stomata. Fig. 39 exhibits a type of 
the arrangement of dicotyledons ; that side of 
the leaf which is furnished with stomata being 
cavernous, and the opposite side more compact. 
Those leaves which have the stomata equally 
distributed on both surfaces, and those also which 
have no stomata, have cells of the parenchyma 
of the two surfaces similarly arranged. 

85. The veins of the leaf, which ramify in every direction 
through the parenchyma, are composed of vessels inclosed by a 
sheath of woody fiber. These veins serve two purposes, that of 
giving form and support to the parenchyma, and affording 
channels for the circulation of the sap to the various parts of 
the leaf, and returning it to the stem. The veins are largest 
where they enter the leaf, and decrease as they proceed and 
ramify, till they are lost to our observation in the cellular tissue. 
There are two separate venous systems in the leaf, one over the 
other, connected by the extremities of the veins ; the upper one 
being the system through which the sap passes into the leaf, 
while the lower conveys it after elaboration back into the stem. 
It is generally difficult, and often impossible, to distinguish these 




Internal structure of 
a leaf. 



With those that lie on water ? — 84. What is the arrangement of the cel- 
lular tissue in the section of an apple-leaf? How is that side of the leaf 
containing stomata? — 85. What two purposes do the veins of leaves ac- 
complish I How many systems ? How arranged ? 



4:8 LEAVES. 

two systems ; but by maceration some leaves will separate into 
two laminae. It is recorded of an East India plant, that the 
cohesion of the two plates is so slight that the laminae may be 
easily separated, and the hand inserted between the surfaces, as 
in a glove. 

86. The leaves of trees have a general position, nearly par- 
allel with the earth. The upper side, exposed to the direct -ac- 
tion of the sun's rays, lest evaporation should take place too 
rapidly under such circumstances, has few or no pores, and the 
cells being of a cylindrical form, are arranged with their ends 
toward the surface, thus presenting the least surface of each cell 
to the influence of the solar rays, by this arrangement limiting 
their influence. Here we observe three precautions taken, 
evidently to prevent excessive evaporation. Again, those leaves 
whose sides are equally exposed to the action of the sun's rays, 
are equally furnished with these evaporating pores ; the num- 
ber in this case determining the evaporation. In leaves float- 
ing upon the surface of the water, it is evident that pores on the 
under surface would avail nothing in evaporation, and perhaps 
be destructive to the organ ; but the upper surface, in this case, 
is furnished with numerous exceedingly minute pores connected 
with deep narrow cavities next the surface, and these are con- 
nected with larger ones in the interior ; so that by this arrange- 
ment evaporation can take place but slowly ; Nature using these 
precautions where she seems obliged to use the upper surface to 
perform an indispensable function, which without such precau- 
tion would endanger the safety of the plant. Leaves developed 
under water have no stomata, and no fibro-vascular system, 
but consist entirely of cells, forming cavities in their interior 
which are filled with air to float the leaf. 

87* Forms of Leaves. — By the arrangement and develop- 
ment of the veins and parenchymous system of leaves, every 
variety of form which leaves assume may be reduced to three 
varieties. 

(1.) Fork-veined leaves are those in which the primary 
veins divide into two nearly equal secondary veins, forming a 
fork, and these subdivided in the same manner. The veins 
always proceed directly from their origin to the margin of the 
leaf, without forming any meshes or network, as is exhibited 



May they be separated? In what plant especially?— 86. "What is the 
position of the leaves of trees ? What prevents excessive evaporation 
from the upper surfaces ? How with perpendicular leaves ? Those float- 
ing in water ? Leaves under water ? — 87. How many varieties of forma 
of leaves ? What are fork- veined leaves ? 



LEAVES. 



49 



by a leaflet of the Aspidiuin (Fig. 40). This variety of venation 
belongs to the ferns, and is a distinguishing characteristic of 
this class of plants. 



Fig. 40. 





Fig. 41. 




Fork-veined leaf. 



Parallel-veined leaves. 



(2.) Parallel-veined leaves are those in which the veins pro- 
ceed from their origin to their termination without any subdi- 
vision ; the veins being connected by minute, parallel, straight 
veinlets, passing perpendicularly from one to the other. The 
veins of this variety either run from the base of the leaf to the 
apex, as in Corn, the Lily, Grains, and as seen in Fig. 41, a ; or 
from the midrib to the margin, as in the Canna and Arum 
Walteri. &c. (Fig. 41, b). Of this latter variety there are com- 
paratively few specimens in temperate climates, but they be- 
come more abundant as we approach the equatorial regions. 
Parallel-veined leaves are characteristic of monocotyledons. 

(3.) Reticulated or net-veined leaves are those the veins of 
which branch and ramify in all directions, forming a complete 
network. (Fig. 42.) This variety of leaves is characteristic of 
dicotyledonous plants, and they are the most varied in their 
forms, and comprise the greater proportion of leaves of tem- 
perate climates. 

88. There are two varieties of venation in the reticulated 
leaves, occasioned by the origin of the primary veins. If the 
veins take their rise along the midrib and proceed to the margin, 
giving the leaf, in structure, a resemblance to a feather, it is called 
the Feather-veined. When the veins that originate at the base 



To what class of plants do they belong ? "What are parallel-veined leaves ? 
Examples? What are reticulated veined leaves ? "What class of plants do 
they characterize ? — 88. How many varieties in reticulated veined leaves ? 
What are feather-veined leaves ? 

3 



50 



LEAVES. 



of the midrib are nearly or quite as Fig. 42. 

large as the midrib itself, they are 
called ribbed leaves. When the pe- 
tiole expands from its summit at 
nearly right angles, and in all direc- 
tions, it constitutes the radiated form 
of leaves. The end of the leaf, 
toward the stem, is called the base, 
the opposite end the apex or summit. 

89. The figure or outline of leaves 
is produced by the development of 
the veins and the cellular tissue. 

The more common forms are the 
following :— When a leaf is bounded 
by a regular curve, and is three or 
more times as long as it is broad, it 
is called oval or oblong. (Fig. 43.) 

It is said to be ovate when it has 
the outline of the longitudinal section 
of an egg. (Fig. 44.) 

Lanceolate, when it is three or more 
times as long as it is broad, and 
rounded at the base, and tapering at the apex. (Fig. 45.) 




Reticulated veined leaf. 



Fig. 44. 



Fig. 45. 



Fig. 4a 



Oblong leaf. 




Ovate leaf. 



Lanceolate leaf. 



Ensiform, when it is sword-shaped, being very long com- 
pared with its width, as in the Iris and Flag. 
Reniform, when it is kidney-shaped. (Fig. 46.) 
Spathulate, broad at the apex, and gradually tapering into 
the petiole. (Fig. 47.) 



What are ribbed leaves ? What are radiated leaves ? What is the base 
of a leaf? The apex ? — 89. How is the form of a leaf produced ? What is 
an oval leaf? Ovate ? Lanceolate ? Ensiform ? Keniform ? Spath nlate ? 



Fig. 4fl. 



LEAVES. 

Fig. 47. 



51 



Fig. 48. 






Reniform leaf. Spathulate leaf. Cordate leaf. 

Cordate, having the base rounded in the shape of a heart. 
(Fig. 48.) 

Orbicular, nearly circular (Fig. 49) — Radiate venation. 

Peltate, with the petiole inserted in the lamina, but not in 
the center of it. (Fig. 50.) 

Fig. 50. Fig. 51. 






Orbicular leaf. 



Peltate leaf. 



Subulate leaf. 



Subulate, in the shape of an awl. (Fig. 51.) 
Sagittate, shape of an arrow-head. (Fig. 52.) 
Hastate, shape of a spear-head. (Fig. 53.) 
Cuneate, wedge-shaped, tapering gradually to the base. 
(Fig. 54.) 

Fig. 52 Fig. 53. Fig. 54. 






Sagittate 



Linear, narrow and long, and near- 
ly of the same width in all its parts. 
(Fig. 55.) 



Cuneate leaf. 
Fig. 55. 



Cordate? Orbicular? Peltate? Subulate? Sagittate' 
Cuneate ? Linear ? 



Hastate ? 



52 



LEAVES. 



Perfoliate, when the stem appears to pass through the leaf, 
sometimes occasioned by opposite leaves united at their base, 

Fig. 56. Fig. 57. 




Perfoliate leaf, caused by the union 
of two opposite leaves. 



Perfoliate leaf, caused by the 
union of the lobes of the leaf. 



as Fig. 56 ; at others, by the lobes of the leaf uniting on the 
opposite side of the stem. (Fig. 57.) The term lobed applies 
to divisions that extend about half way through the leaves. 

Auriculate, having lobes at the base of the leaf. (Fig. 58.) 

Pedate, in shape like a foot. (Fig. 59.) 

Fig. 58. 




Fig. 59. 




Fig. 00. 




Hatchet-shaped leaf. 



Auriculate leaf. 



Dolabriform, axe or hatchet shaped. (Fig. 60.) 

Acinaciform, scimitar-shaped. (Fig. 61.) 

Lyrate, with the terminal lobe much the largest. (Fig. 62.) 



Fig. 61. 



Fig. 62. 



Fig. 63 






Acinaciform leaf. 



Lyrate leaf. 



Digitate leaf. 



Perfoliate ? What is meant by lobed leaves ? Auriculate ? Pedate 
Dolabriform ? Acinaciform ? Lyrate ? 



LEAVES. 



53 



Digitate, spreading like the fingers of the hand. (Fig. 63.) 

90. The above are the simple forms. It is very frequently 
the case that two of the forms will combine, and then the 
leaf receives a compound name. 

Ovate-lanceolate, when it is too long to be strictly ovate, and 
gradually tapers to the extremity, resembling an ovate leaf in 
some respects and a lanceolate one in others. 

Ob-cordate, heart-shaped, with the small end towards the 
stem. 

Ob-ovate, egg-shaped, with the small end towards the stem. 

91. The edges of leaves are variously formed by irregulari- 
ties, and receive specific names, of which the following are most 
common. If the edge is uniform, it is said to be entire. 

Serrate, having teeth like a saw, the points directed toward 
the apex. (Fig. 64.) 

Dentate, when the teeth are perpendicular to the edge, with 
the sides equal. (Fig. 65.) 

Bidentate, large teeth with small ones on them. Biserrate, 
with similar application. 



Fig. 64. 



Fig. 65. 



Fig. 66. 



Fig. 67. 







Serrate leaf. 



Dentate leaf. 



Crenate leaf. 



Eepand leaf. 



Orenate, when the te th are rounded at their points. (Fig. 
66.) 

Repand-toothed, when it is hollowed out between the teeth, 
but the teeth are sharp. (Fig. 67.) 

Sinuate-toothed, when the teeth and intermediate angles are 
rounded. (Fig. 68.) 




Fig. 69. 



Fig. 70. 





Sinuate leaf. 



Ciliate leaf. 



Erose leaf. 



Digitate? — 90. What is an ovate-lanceolate leaf? Ob-cordate? Ob- 
ovate ? — 91. What is an entire leaf? Serrate ? Dentate ? Bi-dentate ? Cre- 
nate ? Eepand-toothed ? Sinuate-toothed ? 



u 



LEAVES. 



Ciliate, when the teeth and angles are very acute. (Fig. 69.) 
■ Erose, when the edges of the leaf look as though they were 

bitten or gnawed. (Fig. 70.) 

Palmate, when divided so as to resemble a hand. (Fig. 7l.) 
Sinuate-lobed, when the depressions are broad at the bottom. 

(Fig. 72.) 



Fig. 72. 



Fig. 73. 



Fig. 71. 




Palmate leaf. 





Sinuate-lobed. 



Pinnatifid leaf. 



Pinnatifid, when the lobes go near to the middle. (Fig. 73.) 
Puncinate, when the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are more 

or less triangular, and pointing downwards. (Fig. 74.) 

Panduriform, when there is a concavity on each side of a 

leaf, so as to make the leaf resemble a violin. (Fig. 75.) 



Fig. 74. 




Fig. 75. 



Panduriform 
leaf. 



Runcinate leaf. 



Fan-shaped or Flabellate, as in the Palmetto. (Fig. 76.) 
Pectinate, comb-shaped. (Fig. 77.) 

92. The extremities of leaves are acute when they terminate 
in a sharp point. (Fig. 78.) 

Obtuse, when the extremity is blunt. (Fig. 79.) 



Ciliate ? Erose ? Palmate \ 
Panduriform ? Fan-shaped ? 
acute ? When obtuse ? 



Sinuate-lobed? Pinnatifid? Eunciuate ? 
Pectinate ? — 92. When is a leaf said to be 



LEAVES. 



55 



Fig. 77. 



Fig. 76. 




Fan-shaped leaf. 




Pectinate leaf. 



Fig. 78. 




Acuminate, when the extremity is elongated beyond what 
would form the regular figure of the leaf. (Fig. 80.) 
Emarginate, having a notch at the end. (Fig- 81.) 



Fig. 79. 




Obtuse apex. 



Fig. 80. 



Acuminate. 



Fig. 81. 



n 



Emarginate. 



Mucronate, terminating by a spine. (Fig. 82.) 

Truncate, when it has the appearance of having been cut off. 

(Fig. 83.) 

Retuse, slightly depressed at the apex with a waved margin. 

(Fig. 84.) 

Fig. 84. 
Fig. 82. Fig. 83. 




Mucronate. 



n 



Truncate. 




Eetuse apex. 



In the earliest stages of growth all leaves are simple, the 
articulations being the result of growth. 

98 • Compound leaves are those which have the laminae artic- 
ulated to a common petiole. This fact must be borne in mind 
as the real distinction between simple and compound leaves. 



Acuminate ? Emarginate ? Mucronate ? Truncate ? Eetuse ? — 93. 
How are all leaves in their earliest stage ? What are compound leaves ? 



56 



LEAVES. 



No matter how much the lamina may be divided, if the divi- 
sions are not articulated to a common petiole, the leaf is simple ; 
and if the lamina is not divided at all, but articulated to the 
petiole, the leaf is compound, as in the Orange. The principle 
of formation of this class of leaves will be readily understood by 
the above explanation of simple leaves. 

94 • All compound leaves may be reduced to two varieties, 
corresponding to the feather- veined and radiated forms of retic- 
ulated leaves. If we recur to the feather-veined leaf given above, 
and conceive each of the primary veins with the secondary 
veins belonging to it, to form a distinct lamina, we should have 
a true type of the Pinnate leaf, as exhibited in the Vicia, Pea, 
&c, and by the continuation of the petiole we have the ten- 
dril (Fig. 85) ; and by continuing our supposed dissection of the 
Chestnut, and conceiving not only each primary vein as being 



Fig. 85. 



Fig. 86. 





Pinnate leaf. 



Bipinnate leaf. 



independent of the others, but each secondary one forming a 
lamina, and the primary vein becoming a common petiole for 
them, we then shall have the type of the bipinnate leaf, as ex- 
hibited in Fig. 86. We may conceive this division to go on 



Fig. 87. 



Fig. 88. 





Tripinnate leaf. 



Unequally pinnate leaf. 



94. To what varieties may all compound leaves be reduced ? What is a 
pinnate leaf? When said to be unequally pinnate ? When bipinnate? 



LEAVES. 57 

still further and form the tripinnate leaf, as in the Thalictrum 
(Fig. 87), and it even exceeds this subdivision when the term 
supra-decompound is applied to them, no matter how far the 
divisions may extend. When the midrib is terminated by a 
leaflet, the leaf is said to be unequally pinnate. (Fig. 88.) 

95. The radiated form of reticulated leaves often assumes the 
compound structure, as in the iEsculus, Lupinus, Clover, &c. 
(Fig. 63), and are then called digitate. If there are three leaf- 
Fig. 90. 




lets, it is called a ternate leaf. (Fig. 90.) If subdivided by 
three, they are bi-temate, tri-ternate, &c. (Fig. 91.) 

96. Besides the preceding varieties of leaves, which may be 
considered their common forms, they often assume a variety of 
modifications which deserve a special attention. These varia- 
tions arise from a variety of causes, which will be noticed under 
the several examples which we shall adduce. A cohesion of 

Fig. 91. 




Biternate leaf. 

parts not unfrequently creates a variation from the usual form. 
When two leaves unite by their bases, they are connate. "When 
leaves adhere to the stem, forming a kind of wing beneath, 
then they are said to be decurrent. The bases of the upper 
leaves of the Caprifolium sempervirens are brought in contact 
from the unusual development of both systems of the leaf, and 
they grow together, forming a perfoliate leaf. The same takes 

"When tripinnate? If farther divided, what are they called? — 95. "What 
is an unequally pinnate leaf? What is a digitate leaf? When called 
ternate ? Bi-ternate ? Tri-ternate ? — 96. When are leaves said to be con- 
nate ? When decurrent ? When perfoliate ? 

3* 



58 LEAVES. 

place in many other plants, and the occurrence differs in no 
respect from what happens in the production of twin apples 
and other similar formations, except in its uniformity, which 
De Candolle denominated constant accidents. Why it should 
uniformly occur, and only in the upper leaves, we are unable to 
explain by any secondary cause with which we are acquainted ; 
but by examination of the leaves, we are irresistibly led to the 
conclusion, that the slight variation in the direction of the 
veins and the great development of the parenchyma are the 
causes of the phenomenon. The other leaves are of the oval 
lanceolate form, with the veins forming acute angles with the 
midrib ; but in the perfoliate leaves the veins pass off at nearly 
right angles, with a much more abundant production of the 
parenchyma, thus uniformly accomplishing in this case what 
occasionally happens in other vegetables. Perfoliate leaves 
occur, from the same cause, in the alternate varieties, by the 
union of the lobes, of what would otherwise form a cordate 
leaf, as in the Uvularia perfoliata. But the most singular 
variations produced by the operation of this cause, occur in the 
pitcher-like leaves. Our common Sarracenia (Side-saddle flower) 
is produced by the cohesion of the edges of the leaf, or, as it is 
most generally supposed, of the petiole only, and the expansion 
at the top of the cup is thought to be the real lamina, which is 
probably the case. The Nepenthes or Pitcher-plant of India, 
presents a still more striking instance of variation, and partly 
from the cause under consideration. This singular leaf, ex- 
hibited in Fig. 92, rises from the stem with a round com- 

Fig. 92. 




Leaf of the pitcher-plant. 



mon petiole, like most other leaves, which soon expands into 
a lamina, and afterwards becomes round, long, and slender, 
resembling a tendril. At the extremity of this tendril is de- 
veloped the pitcher, with a lid closely fitting its orifice. The 
whole of this curious production, except the lid, is supposed 



How in alternate leaves ? How is the leaf of the Sarracenia constructed 1 
How the Pitcher-plant ? 






LEAVES. 59 

to be the petiole, which at first assumes the common form, and 
afterwards becomes a Phyllodium (as a leafclike expansion of 
the petiole is called), and is succeeded by the tendril, and 
finally, by the cohering of its edges, forms the pitcher, whose 
lid is the lamina of the leaf. 

97. An unusual development of certain parts often produces 
great variations from the regular form. The petiole is the part 
of the leaf that experiences most frequent changes from this 
cause. In the Dioncea muscipula, we find the petiole expanded 
into a phyllodium, and terminated by the lamina, bearing much 
less the appearance of this part of the organ than the petiole. 
The Orange, also, has an expanded petiole, with the lamina 
articulated to its extremity. We have described, by authors, 
foreign plants exhibiting remarkable variations from any regu- 
lar type, in some of which the petiole is developed apparently 
at the expense of the lamina, which is either entirely wanting 
or but imperfectly developed. The leaves of the Onion are sup- 
posed to be a development of the petiole with no lamina, and 
many of the leaves of the monocotyledons are supposed to be 
of the same nature, as the Iris, Calamus, &c. The excessive 
development of the cellular substance in leaves often causes 
great diversity in appearance, as in the various species of the 
Mesembryanthemums (Ice-plant). This cause operates to pro- 
duce the singular forms observed in the different species of this 
genus. In the Begonia, the parenchymous development on one 
side of the midrib is much greater than on the other, thus pro- 
ducing the oblique or one-sided leaf. 

98. AAvant of development and hardening of the parts often 
produces deviations from the usual forms. The existence of 
spines at the extremities of the lobes of the Holly is owing to 
these causes, and in some radiated leaves the veins seem to be 
converted into spines, and in a species of the Prosopis " one 
half of the leaflets contract into a spine, while the other half 
remain leafy. But the most singular instance of this kind of 
deviation occurs in a palm called the Desmoncus, in which the 
upper leaflets of its pinnated leaves contract and curve into 
scythe-shaped hooks, by which the Desmoncus climbs, while 
the lower leaflets retain the usual appearance of leaves." 

99. The petiole is sometimes entirely wanting, but at others 
excessively developed. In sessile leaves it is absent, but in the 
Nymphoea odorata, a Water-lily, it is even six or eight feet 

"What is a phyllodium ? — 97. Explain the Dionsea : the leaves of the 
Onion. What various forms by parenchymous development? — 98. What 
from want of development in the Holly ? What in Desmoncus ? — 99. What 
different states of the petiole ? How in sessile leaves ? How in the Water- 
lily? 



60 STIPULES AND TENDRILS. 

long. In the Palm, Palmetto, and other tropical plants, it is 
much longer, and assumes more the appearance of a branch 
than a petiole. The lamina varies, also, from the size of the 
minute scale-like leaves of the Moss to the prodigious dimen- 
sions of some tropical leaves. These organs, in general, bear 
no proportion in size to the plants on which they are found. 
On some species of the Oak, of the most sturdy kind, the leaves 
are small, but feebly corresponding with the gigantic tree itself, 
while the leaves of the Rheum rtiaponticum (Pie-plant) are ex- 
ceedingly large. The plant itself, divested of its leaves, is com- 
paratively insignificant in size. 

100. The duration of leaves is various. Some fall almost 
as soon as developed, and are then said to be caducous ; 
others remain till the end of the summer, and fall with 
the cessation of vegetation, when they are called deciduous ; 
while others remain during the winter, and are denominated 
persistent, producing the various evergreens of our forest. 
Various hypotheses have been formed to account for the fall 
of the leaf, but the most satisfactory one, to our mind, is that 
given by Professor Lindley, which is, that while the stem and 
leaf are both increasing in size, there is an exact adaptation of 
the base of the leaf to the stem, and no interruption takes 
place ; but when the leaf becomes perfectly developed, and is 
susceptible of no further increase, the stem continues to enlarge 
by the deposition of new matter from the leaves above, which 
breaks the joining vessels, and the leaf of course falls. The 
breaking of the vessels may be easily observed in the leaves of 
the Magnolia heterophylla ; hence the reason for the fall of 
leaves on the lower part of a stem first. It would seem from 
the above, that the duration of leaves depends upon the time 
that they are capable of adapting themselves to the stem on 
which they grow. Some can exist only for a few days, others 
through the summer, while the evergreens are so constructed 
as not to be dislodged but by the growth of the wood of the 
succeeding year. 

Section 7. — Stipules and Tendrils. 

101. At the base of many leaves we meet with two leaf-like 
organs, separated by the substance of the base of the petiole, 



Palm ? Palmetto ? How does the lamina vary ? Are the leaves propor- 
tional to the size of the plant on which they are found ? Illustrate it by 
examples. — 100. "What is said of the duration of leaves ? When cadu- 
cous ? Deciduous ? Persistent? What causes the fall of the leaf? 



STIPULES AND TENDRILS. 61 

which are called stipules. (Fig. 93.) Stipules frequently fall 
off upon the development of the leaf, when they are called cadu- 
cous ; at other times they remain as long as the leaf, and are 
called persistent. In the former case they are attached only by 
their base to the stem ; in the latter, they are connected with 
the petiole and fell only with it. In opposite leaved plants, 
the stipules corresponding to the two leaves are generally 
united, forming but two stipules instead of four. The Hop 
affords an example of this kind. The stipules are in many 
respects analogous to leaves, and even have buds in their axils, 
as in the Peach, and in some instances are very much like 
them in appearance, as in the Pea. In others, they bear no 
resemblance to the leaves, but are simple membranous append- 
ages, as in the Hickory, or fine bristles, as in the Cherry. 
They assume a great variety of appearances, by various modifi- 
cations of structure and attachment. In the Rose, they are 
attached to the petiole, forming a leaf-like margin to that 
organ. In the Polygonum and Rhubarb, they form a sheath 
round the stem by the union of their edges, and are then called 
ochre^e. In some plants, they become hardened and conical, 
and form spines. In climbing plants, they often lengthen into 
a slender thread-like appendage, and become the organ by 
which the plant attaches itself to objects over which it climbs ; 
thus forming for the plant the means of support. But, how- 
ever various may be their appearances, and however unlike in 
structure, yet if they originate from the base of a leaf, they are 
stipules. 

Fig. 93. 



Fig. 94. 





Stipules. 



101. What are stipules? How are they in opposite leaved plants ? How 
in different plants mentioned ? What is an ochrese ? How in climbing: 
plants ? 



62 ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION CALYX. 

102. Tendrils (Fig. 94) are thread-like organs, by which the 
plant attaches itself to neighboring objects. Whatever may be 
their origin, if they correspond to the above definition, they 
are denominated tendrils. In some plants, they are modifica- 
tions of branches, as in the Vine ; in others, they are the exten- 
sion of the midrib of the leaf, as in the Vicia and Pea ; in 
others, modifications of the stipule, as above noticed. It is said 
that the petals sometimes become tendrils, and support the 
plant, as in the genus Strophanthes, an African plant. 



CHAPTER, in. 

103. The Organs of Reproduction compose the flower, 
which consists generally of the calyx, corolla, stamens, and 
pistils. Although all of these organs enter into the composi- 
tion of most flowers, yet it is by no means necessary that they 
should all be present. A flower consists of one or more whorls 
of modified leaves, arising from an axis whose internodes are 
not developed. All the organs of reproduction are simply 
modified leaves. A perfect flower is one that has stamens and 
pistils, without reference to the presence of the calyx or corolla. 
When these latter organs are wanting, and the stamens and 
pistils have no envelopes, the flowers are said to be achlamy- 
deous, or destitute of covering, as the word signifies. They 
have sometimes a single envelope, and are said to be mono- 
chlaraydeous, or having a single covering, and this envelope is 
called the calyx. At other times, they have a double envelope, 
and are called dichlamydeous, or having a double covering. In 
this last case, the outer envelope is called the calyx, and the 
inner the corolla. By strictly adhering to the above definitions, 
all flowers which do not have a double envelope have no corol- 
las, whatever may be the appearance of the envelope which is 
present. The Lily, Anemone, and many other showy flowers, 
have, correctly speaking, no corolla. It is not unfrequently the 
case, that there are several rows of envelopes, and so nearly of 
the same constitution and appearance, as to be undistinguish- 
able from each other. In such cases, the calyx and corolla are 
said to be confounded ; that is, they cannot be distinguished, 

102. What are tendrils? — 103. What are the organs of reproduction? 
What is a perfect flower ? When achlamydeous ? When monochlamy- 
deous ? What called ? When dichlamydeous ? What called ? When 
are the envelopes said to be confounded ? What is it called ? 



COROLLA. 63 

as in the Calycanthus, and the whole is called in such cases a 
perianth. 

104 « The word calyx is derived from a Greek word {calux) y 
which signifies a covering, and is a generic term applied to 
designate every form of the external envelope which surrounds 
the stamens and pistils. The general distinguishing charac- 
teristics of the calyx are — that it is the outer covering of the 
flower, green, smaller than the corolla, more firmly attached to 
the plant, and having more the appearance of leaves. Although 
the above may be considered as designating this organ in most 
plants, yet there are numerous exceptions to it. The first part 
of the definition, that it is the outer covering, is the only charac- 
teristic that never varies. It is sometimes even more brilliant 
in its colors and larger than the corolla itself, and instead of 
being more permanent, in some species of plant it falls even 
before the corolla expands ; but these are exceptions to a general 
fact. 

105. When the calyx consists of a single piece, it is said 
to be monosepalous, or gamosepalous — the latter a term invented 
to indicate the union of several sepals in forming the calyx. 
Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal. When it is composed 
of several distinct leaves, it is called pohjsepalous. In the 
gamosepalous calyx, that portion formed by the union of the 
sepals is called the tube ; the expansion at the top is called the 
limb. If the calyx takes its rise below the ovary or seed-ves- 
sel, it is said to be inferior ; if from the summit of the ovary, 
it is said to be superior. The origin of the calyx, in both cases, 
is undoubtedly the same — that is, from beneath the ovary ; but 
in the superior calyx it becomes firmly united to the ovary, and 
forms a part of it, as in the Apple. The Rose and a few other 
plants form exceptions to the above, as what appears to be the 
cup-like calyx of the Rose is considered an expansion, or hollow- 
ing out, of the summit of the pedicel in which the calyx is 
situated. 

106. Corolla. — As we above remarked, when there are two 
floral envelopes, the interior is called the Corolla. A corolla 
is said to be regular when the parts are equally and uniformly 
developed on all sides of the center of the flower. The divi- 
sions of the corolla are always alternate with those of the calyx. 



104. What is the calyx ? What are its characteristics? Which never 
varies? How with the others?— 105. What is each leaf of the calyx 
called? When the sepals are united into one piece, how is the calyx 
said to be ? When composed of several pieces ? When inferior ? Supe- 
rior ? How in the Rose ?— 106. What is the corolla ? When is it regular ? 
How are the divisions of the corolla and calyx in relation to each other ?^ 



64: 



COROLLA. 



The individual leaves of which the corolla is composed aTe 
called petals, and if the petals are united by their margins, 
forming a tube, the corolla is said to be monopetalous or gam<h 
petalous ; if they are distinct, it is called polypetalous. The 
orifice of the tube is called the throat. 

The forms assumed by gamopetalous corollas are various, 
and have received characteristic names, the principal of which 
are the following : 

1. Rotate, having a very short tube, with a spreading limb, 
as exhibited in Fig. 95. 

Fig. 97. 
Fig. 96. 



Fig. 95. 






V 
Rotate corolla. 



Funnel-shaped corolla. 

2. Hypocrateriform, salver-shaped, with a border like the 
preceding, but with a long tube. (Fig. 96.) 

3. Infundibuliform (Fig. 97), or funnel-shaped, having a 
regularly expanding tube, as in the Convolvulus. 

4. Campanulate (Fig. 98), with the tube swelling at the 
base, and then gradually expanding into a limb. 

5. Labiate. When the corolla is separated into two unequal 
divisions, called the anterior, or lower, and posterior, or upper 



Fig. 98. 



Fig. 99. 



Fig. 100. 






Campanulated corolla. 



Ringent corolla. 



Personate corolla. 



What is each leaf of the corolla called ? When called monopetalous ? 
When polypetalous ? What is a rotate corolla ? Hypocrateriform ? Fun- 
nel-shaped ? Campanulate? Labiate? 



COROLLA. 



65 



lips (Fig. 99), as in the Mint. When the throat is open, it is 
said to be ringent. (Fig. 99.) The personate corolla differs 
from the ringent in having the throat closed by a projection 
of the lower lip. (Fig. 100.) 

6. Urccolate or pitcher-shaped, the same as campanulate, but 
with the orifice contracted and an erect limb. (Fig. 101). 

107. In polypetalous corollas each petal consists of a limb or 
lamina, and an unguis or claw. The claw is the narrow part of 
the petal by which it is attached to its support, and corres- 
ponds to that part in the monopetalous corolla which forms the 
tube, and is the petiole of the leaf. The limb is the dilated 
portion of the petal supported by the claw, and is the lamina 
of the leaf. The claw is not always present : when it is pres- 
ent, the petal is said to be unguiculate. 



Fig. 101 



Urceolate 
corolla. 



Fig. 102. 



Liliaceous corolla. 



Fig. 103. 




Rosaceous corolla. 



108. The terms applied to the different forms of the poly- 
petalous corolla are : 

1. Rosaceous, when there are several spreading petals with- 
out claws, as in the Rose or Apple. (Fig. 103.) 

2. Liliaceous, when the petals stand side by side with the 
claw, gradually expanding into a limb. (Fig. 102.) 

3. Caryophijllous, with long slender claws protected by a 
tubular calyx with an expanding limb, as in the Pink. (Fig. 
104.) When the claws are short, the flowers are called alsi- 
naceous. 

4. Cruciform are such as consist of four petals arranged op- 
posite, or at right angles to each other, as the Turnip, Cabbage, 
<fcc. (Fig. 105.) 

5. Papilionaceous consist of five petals, of which the upper 
is erect, more dilated than the others, and is called the vexillum 
(Fig. 106, a) ; the two lateral are at right angles with the vex- 



Personate? Urceolate? — 107. Of -what does each petal consist? 
What is the claw? Limb? — 10S. What is a rosaceous corolla? Lilia- 
ceous? Caryophyllous ? Alsinaceous? Cruciform? Papilionaceous? 



66 



Fig. 104. 






Caryophyllaceous corolla. 



Cruciform corolla. 



Papilionaceous corolla. 



ilhirn, and of course parallel with each other, and are called the 
wings or alee (Fig. 106, b) ; the two lower are shaped like the 
wings, and parallel with them, and cohere by their lower mar- 
gin and form the keel or Jearina. (Fig. 106, c.) 

This form of the corolla is peculiar to the order Legumino- 
sae, including the Pea, Bean, <fec. 

109. It very frequently happens that we find, in examining 
flowers, parts which we can refer to no organ with which we 
have become acquainted. They appear to be distinct from the 
calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistils, and can be comprehended 
under none of these organs, although situated among them, 
and attached, perhaps, to them. All such parts are called ap- 
pendages, and, from the variety of form they assume, much 
confusion has been created in their description, from the want 
of uniform terms applied to them. 

They have their origin either from the corolla or stamens. 
Every appendage arising from the corolla is called a paracorolla, 
and if consisting of several pieces, lamella?. When one arises 
from the stamen, it is called a parastemon. 

The small appendage at the base of the petals of the Ranun- 
culus, Professor Lindley thinks, is " a barren stamen united to 
the base of the petal." 

The spur, calcar or nectarotheca, is a hollow horn-like ap- 
pendage, developed on the back and near the base of the petal, 
opening on the anterior face. Raspail considers this append- 
age as later in its formation than the petal, and hence con- 
cludes that it is rather an accidental organ, and that in cases 
where it is not developed, the petal is in its normal con- 
dition, as sometimes happens in the Aquilegia. 

Most of the above forms were considered by the earlier 
botanists as nectaries, but with manifest impropriety, since but 
few, if any of them, secrete honey. 



BRACTS. 67 



Brads. 



110. There are often to be found organs situated between 
the true leaves and the calyx, varying from them in outline, 
color, and size, which are called bracts. Many varieties of 
bracts have been, till very recently, classed as varieties of the 
calyx ; and some botanists, even at the present day, adopt this 
arrangement. The bract seems to occupy a space between the 
leaf and calyx, not only by collocation on the plant, but in 
constitution and functions. They appear to perform the same 
office in many cases as the calyx, and in others seem not to 
differ from the true leaves. 

111. Their position and form have given them various 
names, of which the following are the most common : 

When they appear as simple scales on the peduncle, or at 
its base, they take only the general term bract, as in the 
Heart's-ease and Veronica agrestis. 

When they are verticillate and surround several flowers, they 
constitute an involucre, as in the TJmbelliferw. In Composite, 
the involucre assumes the appearance of a calyx, inclosing 
many flowers, but each floret has a calyx more or less devel- 
oped, inclosing the seed and appearing on its summit in the 
form of egret, scales, or an elevated margin. At the base of 
this involucre there are often bracts, not constituting a part of 
it. These are called bractlets, and the involucre is said to be 
bracteolate. In the Cupuliferce, the involucre assumes a more 
singular appearance, forming in the Oaks the hard cup-shaped 
organ inclosing the base of the acorn, and in the Chestnut con- 
stituting what is well known by the name of bur. The real 
calyx, in these cases, exists in a rudimentary form imme- 
diately surrounding the pistils, as may be readily observed in 
the pistillate flower of the Chestnut. In the Cornus or Dog- 
wood, the involucre consists of the four large, white, showy 
leaves which one, not a botanist, would take for the corolla. 
In the Euphorbia, the involucre is composed of two rows of 
united leaves, forming what might be easily mistaken for a 
calyx and corolla, as the outer part is green, while the inner is 
colored. In the Beech it resembles a pericarp. 

The bracts of the Catkin are usually called squamae, or scales — - 
a term usually applied to any scaly appearance ; and the organ 
on which such scales appear is said to he squamose. 

110. What are bracts ? — 111. When called an involucre ? How in Com- 
posite ? In Cupuliferae '{ Chestnut ? Cornus ? Euphorbia ? Beech % 



08 BRACTS. 

The chaff on the receptacle of the composite is another 
form of the bract, and they are called palece. 

The Spathe is a bract which incloses the aggregated florets 
of a spadix, as in the Arums. 

The bracts which demand the most careful attention of the 
student, if he expects to encounter with success the large family 
of plants to which they belong, are those of the grasses. 

Let the student take the Crab-grass, Panicum sanguinalis, 
as a specimen for examination. It may be found in all places, 
and in bloom through the summer, and is known by everybody. 
We find it consisting of three or more spikes of flowers. The 
flowers of each of these spikes we find arranged on one side of a 
common support, called rachis, in two rows. If we take one of 
these spikes and bend it, we see the flowers, which before lay 
so closely to the stem, separate from it, and exhibit themselves 
as little spikelets of about half an inch long. By examina- 
tion, we find that each of these spikelets is composed of two 
flowers. Instead of commencing with the outer envelopes, as 
is common with other flowers, we will commence at the center. 
We find at the center the ovary, stamens, and pistils ; and im- 
mediately surrounding the ovary we find two nearly opposite 
membranous bracts, which we shall call palece. Elliott calls 
them the corolla, and by different authors they have the names 
of calyx, perianthium, gluma interior, perigonium. and gluma. 
Within the palese of some grasses, as the Bromus, there are 
two small hypogynous, fleshy, colorless scales, which are called 
squamulw. Elliott calls them nectaries ; and in other cases, 
instead of the squamulse, are found bristles, as in the Cyperacew, 
called hypogynous setce. Without the paleae of our specimen 
we find two bracts inclosing the others, which are called 
glumes — the calyx, gluma exterior, and tegmen of authors. 
The glumes do not always inclose a single flower, but most 
generally are at the base of the spikelet, and inclose many 
flowers ; as in some of the Panicums there are two, and in the 
Bromus several. In some instances there are many glumes 
with no flowers, as in the Schcenus, the lower ones being- 
empty. It may be adopted by the student as a general rule, 
that those bracts immediately surrounding the stamens and 
pistils are palew, and all others glumes. 

What is spathe 1 What are palese in grasses ? What are squamul* ? 
Setse ? What are glumes ? 



INFLORESCENCE. 



Inflorescence. 

112. The manner in which flowers are arranged on the 
flower-bearing stem, or branch, is termed Inflorescence, or An- 
thotaxis (antkos, a flower, and taxis, order). From the fact 
that all floral organs are modifications of leaves, and have the 
same origin, it follows, of course, that primarily they have the 
same arrangement, however modified this arrangement may 
become in the course of development. The small branch which 
bears a single flower or bunch of flowers is called the peduncle. 
When the peduncle bears many flowers, the little organ that 
supports each flower is called a pedicel. Sometimes the pe- 
duncle is itself divided, and its divisions are called branches. 

When the peduncle rises from the earth and bears the flower, 
it is called a scape. A rachis is a peduncle that proceeds 
through the center of the inflorescence from the base to the 

o 

apex. It is also called the axis. 

When the part that bears the flower, instead of being 
lengthened into a rachis, forms an enlarged and flattened sur- 
face at its extremity, on which the flowers are arranged, it is 
called a receptacle. 

113. We may easily reduce all the various forms of inflo- 
rescence to two primitive types, the determinate and indeter- 
minate arrangements. 

By determinate arrangement is meant that kind of inflores- 
cence which occurs when the primary axis of the plant is ter- 
minated by a flower (meaning by the primary axis the stem 
arising from the root). 

The most simple case of this kind is when the stem bears a 
single flower, there being no secondary axes. 

114. The following are the most common Fig. 107. 
forms of determinate inflorescence : 

Corymb is when the flower-bearing branch- 
es arise from different points of elevation on 
the stem, but rise to the same height. (Fig. 
107.) It is simple when each secondary axis 
bears a single flower, and compound when 
their axes are divided and each division bears 

- Corymb. 

a nower. 

Capitulum or Head is produced when the flowers stand 




112. What is an inflorescence? What is a peduncle ? Pedicel? What 
is a scape? Eachis? What is a receptacle ?— 113. What is meant by 
determinate inflorescence ? — 114. What is a corymb ? When simple ? 
When compound ? What is a capitulum ? 



TO 



INFLORESCENCE. 



upon an expanded receptacle on the summit of the stem. 
(Fig. 108.) 

Each little flower comprising a capitulum is called a floret. 
The florets are often very different in appearance, some consist- 
Fig. 108. 




a. Ray florets, b. Disk florets. 

ing of a ligulate or flattened limb, arranged around the circum- 
ference like the petals of other flowers, and are called ray 
florets, as are seen in the Sun-flower (Fig. 109), while the 
central are usually tubular and unconspicuous, and are called 

Fig. 109.— Disk Floret. Fig. 110.— Ray Floret. 





a. Limb. b. Style, c. Stamen tube. 
d. Egret or pappus, e. Acbenicm 
or seed. 



a. Corolla, b. Style, c. Stamen tube. 
d. Pappus, e. Achenium. 



What is a floret ? What are ray florets ' 



INFLORESCENCE. 



71 



disk florets. (Fig. 110.) The ray and disk florets often differ 
in respect to the organs they contain. Sometimes they are 
both perfect — that is, both containing stamens and pistils — 
when they are said to be homogamous ; at other times, the ray 
florets may be destitute of either stamens or pistils, or contain 



Fig. 111.— Umbel. 




a. Universal umbel, b. Partial umbel. 

pistils only, and the disk contain only stamens ; in any of 
these cases, the capitulum is said to be heterogamous. 

Umbel (Fig. Ill) is formed when the secondary axes origi- 
nate from the same point on the stem, and rise to nearly the 
same height. The whole is 
called a universal umbel. If 
the secondary axes develop ter- 
tiary ones in the same manner, 
each is called a partial umbel. 

115. The preceding varieties 
follow the centripetal order of 
flowering — that is, the flowers 
farthest from the center expand 
first. 

But there are others of the 
determinate form which follow 
the centrifugal order — that is, 
the central or upper ones ex- 
pand first, and the external or 
lower ones last. 




What are disk florets ? When homogamous ? When heterogamous ? 
What is an umbel? A universal umbel? A partial umbel ? — 115. What 
is the centripetal order of inflorescence ? The centrifugal? 



72 



INFLORESCENCE. 



Cyme is produced when a single flower at the top of the 
stem has two branches, one on each side, which in turn sub- 
divides in the same way. (Fig. 112.) 

Fascicle differs from the cyme only in shortening the pe- 
duncles, which brings the flowers into a more compact form, as 
in the Pink. 

116. Indeterminate inflorescence is characterized by the con- 
tinued growth of the primary axis, while the secondary and 
tertiary axes are arrested. 

The spike is of this form, and is supposed to be produced by 
the continued elongation of the primary axis, while the second- 
ary, having no power of elongation, produces sessile flowers 
along a common axis, which constitutes the spike (Fig. 113), 
as in the Plantains. 



Fig. 113. 



Fig. 114. 



Fig. 115. 





Spike. 



Spadix. 



When sessile flowers are arranged on a filiform rachis, which 
falls off after flowering, it is called an ament or catkin, as in the 
Willow, Hazel, <fcc. (Fig. 114.) When a fleshy axis is densely 
covered with flowers, inclosed in a spathe, it is called a spadix, 
as in the Arum. (Fig. 115.) 

If the secondary axes are equally developed around the pri- 
mary, as in the Currant and Hyacinth, we have the raceme, 
(Fig. 116) ; the raceme differing in no respect from the spike, 
but in having pedicellate flowers. 



What is a cyme? A fascicle? — 116. What is indeterminate inflores- 
cence ? What is a spike ? An ament ? A spadix ? A raceme ? 



STAMENS. 



73 



Fig. 116. 



Fig. 117. 





If the secondary axes develop tertiary ones, a panicle is 
formed (Fig. 117), as in the Poa. The term deliquescent 
panicle is applied to that variety of the panicle, when the 
rachis is lost in its irregular divisions, and does not continue 
direct through the inflorescence. The ramification of the axes 
may proceed further, forming compound panicles. A very 
dense panicle, with the lower branches shorter than the middle 
ones, is called a thyrsus, as in the Lilac. 



Stamens. 

117. Immediately within the corolla are situated a row of 
organs called stamens. The stamens, like the calyx and corolla, 
are modifications of leaves. They usually consist of three 
parts — filament, anther, and pollen. The filament is the 
thread-like organ which supports the anther. (Fig. 118, b.) 
This is not necessary to the functions of the sta- Fig . us. 
mens any more than a petiole is necessary to a 
leaf. The anther is the knob, usually yellow or 
brown, situated on the summit of the filament 
(Fig. 118, a) ; or if the filament be absent, it sits 
upon the receptacle. The pollen is the yellow 
dust-like substance contained within the anther, 
and is necessary in the vegetable economy to the 
perfection of the seed. 

118. The arrangement of the stamens is usually alternate 
with the petals or their segments, and of course opposite those 




..-CI 



...* 



A panicle ? A deliquescent panicle ? A thyrsus ? — 117. Where are the 
stamens situated? Of how many parts does each consist? What is the 
filament? What is the anther ? The pollen ? — 118. What is the arrange- 
ment of stamens ? 



74 



STAMENS. 



of the calyx. It was on this circumstance that Linnaeus founded 
his test for the distinction of calyx and corolla. If the stamens 
were opposite the segments of the floral envelope, he called it a 
calyx ; if alternate, it was to be called a corolla. When but 
one row of each is developed, this is no doubt an undeviating 
criterion ; but it may happen, supposing the real corolla to be 
present, that the whorl of stamens next above it is suppressed 
and the second whorl only developed. In such cases, the 
stamens would necessarily be opposite the segment ; but by 
the application of Linneeus' criterion, the inner envelope would 
be a calyx and the outer the corolla, as m the whole order of 
Primulacece, in which the regular calyx is present. This ar- 
rangement may easily be accounted for upon the above suppo- 
sition ; and it receives confirmation from the fact, that some 
plants having twice as many stamens as petals, and having the 
appearance of being in a single row, yet half of them are alter- 
nately longer than the other half. This occurs in the Oxalis, 
giving probability to the supposition that the five short stamens 
of the Oxalis were prevented from being developed as perfectly 
as the other five; and had they been entirely prevented, we should 
thus have had an arrangement similar to the Lysimachia with 
the opposite stamens. 

The number of stamens -is generally the same as the petals or 
lobes of the corolla, or a multiple of the number. 

119. Whatever may be the apparent origin of the stamen, 
its real origin is always the same, that is, between the base of 



Fig. 119. 



Fig. 120. 





Fig. 121. 




Stamen perigynous. 



Stamen epigynous. 



Stamen hypogynous. 



the petals and that of the ovarium. Their apparent origin 
varies remarkably, sometimes appearing to rise from the calyx 
or corolla (Fig. 119), when they are said to be perigynous ; at 
others they rise from the pistil itself (Fig. 120), and are said* to 



How in the order Primulacese ? How accounted for? What is usually 
the number of stamens? — 119. What is always the origin of stamens? 
When perigynous ? 



FILAMENT. 



75 



be epigynous, or from under the pistil, their true origin, and 
called hypogynous. (Fig. 121.) 



Fig. 123. 





Fig. 124. 




Monadelphous 
stamens. 



Diadelphous stamens. 



Polydelphous stamens. 



120. Stamens are often united by their filaments, forming a 
tube, as in the Malva, when they are said to be monadelphous 
(Fig. 122), or in one brotherhood. In other cases they are united 
into two sets, when they are said to be diadelphous (Fig. 123), 
as in the Pea : if into several sets, the term polydelphous is ap- 
plied (Fig. 124), as in some Hyperica. 

If the stamens project beyond the corolla, they are said to be 
exserted, and included when shorter than the corolla. 

When the stamens all turn to one side of the corolla, they 
are said to be decimate. When a flower has four stamens, two 
of which are longer than the other two, they are didynamous 
(Fig. 125). If there are six, with, four the longest, then they 
are tetrad ynamous. (Fig. 126.) 



Fig. 125. 




121 . The filament is generally, as its 
name implies, a slender thread-like or- 
gan, having a bundle of vessels in its 
center composed of w T oody fiber and 
spiral vessels, and corresponds undoubt- 
edly to the petiole of the leaf. It as- 
sumes a variety of forms. Its normal 
form is found in the Rose, Apple, and 
Lily. In the Canna the filament re- 
sembles so much a petal that it would 



Fig. 126. 




Didynamous 
stamens. 



Stamens 
tetradynamous. 



Epigynous? Hypogynous? — 120. "When monadelphous? Polydelphous? 
"When are stamens exserted ? When included ? Declinate ? Didynamous ? 
Tetradynamous ? — 121. "What is the filament ? "What does it resemble in 
the Canna ? 



76 ANTHEE. 

be undistinguishable from one, but for its bearing an anther. 
In the Water-lily it is found in every degree of development, 
from its common form to a petal, showing the true nature of the 
stamen, that it is a modification of leaves. In the Campanula 
the lower part of the filament assumes the form of a fleshy scale. 
Although generally smooth, still in some plants, as in the 
Tradescemtia, it becomes in some parts covered with hairs. In 
the Thalictrum it is thickest at its summit, and is said to be 
clavate. Sometimes the filaments are united together with the 
style into a solid column, under the name of columna or gyno- 
stegium, as in the Asclepiadw. 

122. The anther is generally composed entirely of cellular 
tissue, and consists of two lobes, united by a connectivum, and 
filled with pollen. The connectivum corresponds to the midrib 
of the leaf, while the lobes are formed by its lamina, folded so as 
to form its cells. The variations in the form of the anther are very 
numerous. The true type of the anther, then, is two lengthened 
parallel cells (connected together), opening by a longitudinal 
suture corresponding to the margin of the leaf of which the an- 
ther is composed. It sometimes happens that the septum is 
absorbed or not developed, when it is one-celled ; at other times 
one half of the lamina seems not to be developed, and a one- 
celled anther is the result, as in the Camia. Sometimes the con- 
nectivum spreads out at its summit, and the lobes, instead of being 
parallel, assume every degree of inclination. In the Monarda 
they are at right angles, and should the points of the lobes grow 
together we have a one-celled anther from this cause. In the 
Sage but one side of the connectivum bears an anther, the other 
side being very differently developed. 

It sometimes happens that the anther is more than two-celled. 
This is occasioned, in some cases, by the folding inwards of the su- 
tures, so as to form a union with the back of the cell, as in the Ash. 

The Cucurbitacew present a curious modification of the an- 
ther, in which they are long, narrow, and sinuous, and folded 
back upon themselves. 

123. When the anthers are attached by their base to the 
summit of the style, they are said to be innate ; when by their 
back, adnate. When they seem to be balanced on the top of the 
style, they are said to be versatile. The anthers of grasses are 
versatile. When the anthers are turned inward, they are said 
to be introrse. and when turned outward, extrorse. 



In the water-lily ? — 122. Describe the anther. What is the true type of 
the anther ? When one-celled ? How in the sage ? — 123. When are an- 
thers innate ? When adnate ? When versatile ? When introrse ? When 
extrorse ? 



POLLEN. 77 

The connectivum often appears under modified forms. Some 
of these we have already noticed, as in the Sage. In the As- 
clepias, also, the little horns observed in the flowers of these 
plants are developments of the connectivun. In some cases it 
is veiy much enlarged, in others forked, in others it forms a crest, 
and again it forms a cup-like body articulated with the apex. 
The position it occupies in these and other cases, will enable the 
observer to determine to what organ it is to be referred. 

124 • The pollen consists of exceedingly minute grains, which, 
under the microscope, appear of various forms. In some they 
are smooth and spherical, as in the Marvel of Peru ; in others 
with conical papillae, as in the Hibiscus grandiflorus ; in others 
angular, some nearly square and of every variety of geometrical 
figure. It would be useless to specify the great variety of forms 
under which this substance appears, as it has, as yet, been made 
of little practical importance in arranging plants, although so far 
as we have made observations on this subject, we believe it might 
in some cases be made a good specific character, and in others 
a generic one of much importance. We have never found a 
variation of form in the same species ; and in some extensive 
genera, so far as we have examined them, the form is inva- 
riable. 

The student can scarcely find a field for more curious obser- 
vation, if he has a good microscope, than is presented by the 
pollen. The variety of beautiful forms it assumes, in different 
species, and the curious structure of the pollen grain itself, present 
subjects of much interest. 

125. The pollen grains inclose a fluid of molecular matter 
essential to the production of the seed. The molecular forma- 
tion may be beautifully observed by sprinkling some pollen on 
the port-object of the microscope, and dropping on it some dilu- 
ted sulphuric acid. The coats of some of the grains immediately 
burst, and the contents of the grain are projected into the fluid, 
and the molecules may be distinctly seen. The pollen has been 
determined, by the most accurate observers, to consist of two 
coats, at least ; the outer and thicker one called the extine, the 
inner the intine, which is very extensible and exceedingly thin. 
This may be exhibited by placing some pollen in very dilute 
sulphuric acid ; instead of bursting, as in the case mentioned 
in the preceding paragraph, projections will be seen to arise from 
the surface of the grain and extend into the fluid. These lengthen 
till the contents of the granule are exhausted, and consist of the 

124. Of what does the pollen consist? What of the form and surface of 
pollen grains ? — 125. What do the pollen grains inclose ? How may it be 
seen ? What is the extine ? The intine ? 



78 PISTIL. 

intine projecting through the coat of the extine. By the sul- 
phuric acid many tubes are projected from the same grain, 
naturally only one or two. 

Raspail asserts that the pollen is a production of the internal 
surface of cells within the theca, to which the grains are attached 
by a funicle. This is denied by other botanists. 

126* The color of pollen is generally yellow ; but it assumes 
in different plants almost every color except green. The matter 
contained within the pollen cells is called fovilla, which we be- 
fore remarked consists of minute molecules, measuring, accord- 
ing to Lindley, from the 4000th to the 30,000th of an inch in 
length, and are of two kinds, one larger than the other. 



Pistil. 

127. The pistil is the center of the flower, and forms the 
summit of the axis of growth. It is, like the other floral organs, 
a modification of the leaves. Each leaf of the pistil is called a 
carpel. The pistil is divided into three parts, the germ (which 
becomes the ovary), style, and stigma. 

The stigma (Fig. 127, c) is the summit of the 
pistil, and is the extremity of the midrib of the leaf 
which composes the pistil. It is the only part, ex- 
cept the spon gioles, that is not covered with the 
epidermis. It is generally glutinous and moist, -> 

thus causing the pollen grains to adhere to it, and 
at the same time yielding enough moisture to make 
them put forth the pollen tubes. It is covered with 
papillse, which are undoubtedly the cells of the 
parenchymous substance of which it is composed, 
and is the channel through which, in all cases, the 
fecundating matter is transmitted to the ovule. It 
varies much in form ; or if, with some botanists, we consider the 
stigma only a surface fitted for the reception of the pollen and 
transmission of the fertilizing substance, the variety of forms of 
stigma usually described by botanists would properly come under 
the style. Lindley remarks that nothing, properly speaking, is 
a stigma except the secreting surface of the style. This surface 
is usually on the expanded summit of the style, but it frequently 
occupies other situations. In the Iris it is a line on the back of 
the trifid petal-like style ; in some it occupies the side of the 

126. What is the color of the pollen grains ? What is the fovilla ?— 127. 
What is the pistil ? Into how many parts divided ? What is each leaf that 
composes it called ? What is the stigma ? With what is it covered ? 




PISTIL. 



79 



pistil ; in others no point can be detected, by observation, that 
corresponds in appearance to the stigmatic surface. The central 
part of the stigma consists of a more lax tissue which leads di- 
rectly to the ovary, and is called the conducting tissue. 

128. The style (Fig. 127, 6) is a vascular organ, varying in 
length, supported by the ovary, and supporting the stigma. It 
is generally considered an unessential organ ; but Raspail says 
that the style penetrates the ovary and becomes the placenta, 
which would render its presence always necessary ; but this is 
in opposition to all other botanists, so far as we know, the pla- 
centa being considered the union of the edges of the folded 
leaves composing the ovary. The style is sometimes articulated 
to the summit of the ovary, and sometimes forms a continuation 
of it. Although the style usually rises from the summit of the 
ovary, yet in some cases it does not. In the Labiatce it comes 
from the base, and in others from the side. These apparent 
variations are produced by the unequal development of the parts 
of the ovary ; one side being extended more than the other, 
would, of course, turn the summit to the least developed side. 

129. The ovary (Fig. 127, a) is the thickened base of the 
pistil, and is that part of the organ containing the ovules, and 
becomes the fruit in maturity, whatever may be its form. The 
ovary, when the pistil is composed of a single leaf, is formed by 
the folding of the leaf with the upper surface inward and united 
by its edges, the lamina of the leaf forming the ovary. This 
arrangement is well exhibited by the Peach. The furrow, which 
is always seen running from the apex to the base of this fruit, 
on one side, is the united margins. The midrib on the opposite 
side is undistinguishable on the surface, but by dissection the 
vessels will be found larger on that side, and running more di- 
rectly from the base to the apex. 

130. The placenta is the union of the two margins Fig - 
of the carpels, and bears the ovules, which in maturity 
become the seed. By carefully breaking the stone of 
the Peach, we shall find the kernel attached to that 
side of the cavity which corresponds to the depressed 
line on the surface, showing that the kernel or nucleus 
derived its origin and support from that side which is 
formed by the margin of the leaf. The Cherry is an- 
other example of a monocarpelous pistil. (Fig. 128.) 

131. Although some plants, like those above noticed, „ 

i i • • ■ i /» i p • i Monocarpe- 

nave their pistils ot one leat, yet in most cases they louspistu. 

What is the conducting tissue?— 128. What is the style ?— 129. What 
is the ovary ? How is it formed when the pistil is composed of a single 
leaf? When exhibited ? Explain the peach.— 1 80. What is the placenta 2 



80 



PISTIL. 



Fig. 129. 



consist of several carpels, assuming a great variety of forms. It 
is of the first importance that the student study carefully all 
thak relates to the fruit, as it is from it that the most important 
distinctions in classification are derived. It will be the most 
difficult as well as the most important subject to which his at- 
tention will be called. By perseveringly applying the principles 
laid down, he will soon acquire a facility in examining one of 
the most beautiful fields of nature, which will abundantly reward 
him for all his toil. 

132. When the ovary is composed of several carpels, the 
carpels are arranged with the midrib placed outwardly, aad the 
margins turned inward toward the center, as 
seen in the transverse section of the Hibiscus 
(Fig. 129), which is composed of five carpels, 
with their margins meeting in the center, 
forming a central placenta, to which thcseeds 
are attached. The divisions, which form the 
cells of the ovary, are called dissepiments, and 
are of course, from what we have before re- 
marked, the inflected laminae of the leaves ; 
and as each carpel is naturally independent 
of the others, which compose the ovary, it fol- 
lows that the dissepiments, however thin and 
membranous they may be, in some cases, are in reality double. 
All true dissepiments are necessarily vertical, and never hori- 
zontal, since the inflected margins of leaves could not unite in 
such a manner. The number of dissepiments is always equal to 
the number of carpels of which the ovary is composed, and the 
dissepiments are always alternate with the stigmas. A simple 
ovary can have no dissepiment. Should any fruit be observed 
with dissepiments not reconcilable to the above principles, they are 
called spurious dissepiments. The only common one of this 
character with which students will meet, 
is that occurring in cruciferous plants, as 
the Cabbage, Turnip, &c, in which the 
expansion of the placenta forms a spu- 
rious dissepiment, stretching from one 
side of the ovary to the other. In some 
cases in which the ovary is composed of 
several carpels, there exists no dissepi- 
ment. This arises from one of two 
causes. In one case the edges of the 




Section of Hibiscus. 



Fig. 130. 




Parietal placenta. 



132. When the ovary is composed of several carpels how are theyar^ 
ranged ? Explain the hibiscus. What are dissepiments ? How many car. 
there be ? What are spurious dissepiments ? 



PISTIL. 



81 



Fig. 131. 



carpels are united without being inflected much, if at all, as in 
the Corydalis and Viola (Fig. 130), where the placenta is said 
to be parietal. In the other case the dissepiments exist in the 
very early stage of the ovary, but by the enlargement oT the 
ovary without the corresponding development of the dissepi- 
ments, they become torn and obliterated, with the placenta re- 
maining alone, as in the Cerastium. In this case it is called a 
free central placenta. (Fig. 131.) 

It is frequently the case that there are 
numerous carpels, but they contract no 
union with each other, as in the Straw- 
berry, Ranunculus, and Anemone. 

When the carpels are united, as in the 
Poppy, Hibiscus, &c, they are said to be 
syncarpous. When they are free, as in 
the Ranunculus, Strawberry, &c, they are 
called apocarpous. 

133i From the fact that the pistil consists of a whorl of leaves 
immediately superior to those composing the stamens, it follows 
that the leaves of the whorls should be alternate with each other ; 
and this is their position in cases in which we are able to de- 
termine in regard to it. 




Central placenta. 




Fig. 133. 



© 

Arrangement of stamens and carpels. 




Two whorls of carpels. 



If in Fig. 132, a, a, a, a, a, represent five stamens, and 6, b, 
as many carpels, it will be observed that the stamens occupy 
alternate positions in respect to the carpels. This is undoubtedly 
the fact in all cases which are not altered by non-development 
or unusual modifications. When the carpels consist of several 
whorls on the same plane, the individuals of contiguous whorls 



What is a parietal placenta ? A free central placenta ? What is a syn- 
carpous fruit ? What apocarpous ? — 133. How are the carpels arranged? 



4* 



82 



OVULE. 



follow the same law of alternation, as is exhibited in Fig. 133, 
in which a represents the axis, b b the whorl contiguous to it, 
and c c the exterior whorl. 

134. In some cases the receptacle is either convex as in the 
Strawberry (Fig. 134), or concave as in the Rose (Fig. 135). 



Fig. 134. 




Strawberry. 



Fig. 135. 




In the former case the outer series, a a, will be the lowermost 
whorl, and in the latter, the upper whorl will be in reality the 
lowermost in point of development, becoming the most elevated 
contrary to its true position by the peculiar development of the 
receptacle. 

135. The extremity of the axis, which supports the carpels 
is called the receptacle. In some cases it is merely the end of 
the flower-bearing branch without having undergone any modi- 
fication ; at others, it is an expanded disk, and is called a torus. 
When it rises from the basis of the calyx, bearing the stamens 
as in the Magnolia, it is called Gynophore. When it is succu- 
lent, bearing many ovaries as in the Strawberry, it is called 
Polyphore. We have the Gynobase when a fleshy receptacle 
has but a single row of carpels inclined towards the center. 

Ovule. 

136. The Ovule is the young grain, not having received the 
influence of the pollen. If we take a flower-bud of the Poly- 
gonum, and take the ovary and dissect it carefully, we find 
situated in the bottom of the cavity a small conical body (Fig. 
136, 1, n), which is called the nucleus. It is a homogeneous 



134. Explain the strawberry- 
Torus ? Gynophore ? Polyphore 
Describe it. 



The rose. — 135. What is the receptacle? 
136. What is the ovule ? Nucleus ? 



OVULE. 



cellular substance, nearly transparent, with its base forming a 
part of the wall of the ovary. If we examine a bud a little 
later, we shall find a ring swelling out from the base of the 
nucleus, expanding and rising round it, and forming a partial 
covering to it. (Fig. 136, 2, a.) This first integument is 

Fig. 136. 

—n 

art a 

n, the nucleus ; a, the secundine ; b, the primine ; /, the funiculus ; h, the hilum. 





Fig. 137 



,Ch 



called the secundine by Mirbel, and is scarcely formed when a 
second makes its appearance in the same manner, which is 
called the primine, and both increase until they present the ap- 
pearance represented in Fig. 136, 3, in which n represents the 
nucleus, a the secundine, or internal membrane of Brown, the 
inner envelope, and b the primine, or external membrane of 
Brown, which is the outer one. These continue to increase 
until they inclose the nucleus entirely, leaving only a micro- 
scopic orifice, called the foramen, in the ovule, and micropyle in 
the seed. 

137. This is the mode of development 
of all ovules that have integuments around 
the nucleus. The ovule is attached to 
the ovary by a bundle of vessels, of greater 
or less length, which is called the funicu- 
lus. (Fig. 136, 1,/.) The point of at- 
tachment to the ovule is called the hi- 
lum. (Fig. 136, 2, h.) The hilum is 
always the base, and the foramen the 
apex of the ovule. 

138. When the parts are developed 
as above described, that is, when the nu- 
cleus remains in its original position, with 
its base next the placenta, and its apex in the opposite direc- 
tion, the ovule is said to be orthotropous (ortkos, straight, 




r, the raphe. 
ch, the chalaza 
o, foramen. 
n, nucleus. 

a, secundine. 

b, primine. 
/, funiculus. 
h. hilum. 



What do we find later? "What did Mirbel call it? What next makes 
its appearance ? What is it called ? What is the foramen ? What is it 
called in the seed ? — 137. How is the ovule attached ? What is it called ? 
What is the Hilum ? What is the base of the ovule ? What is the apex ? 
138. When is the ovule orthotropous ? 



84: OVULE. 

and tropos, form). This is the case in comparatively few 
plants. The Polygonums, Nettles, Walnuts, and a few others, 
are in this manner, but scarcely ever the Monopetalae. Oftener 
than otherwise the ovule undergoes changes during its develop- 
ment, so that the various parts bear very different relations. 
The most frequent change is where the ovule is completely re- 
versed ; that is, the apex of the nucleus is in contact with the 
placenta, and the base of it in the opposite direction. In this 
case the bundle of vessels that we called the funiculus becomes 
extended between the primine and secundine to the base of the 
nucleus, and is called a raphe {raphe, a line). (Fig. 137, r.) 

139. The place of attachment of the raphe to the base of 
the nucleus is called the chalaza. (Fig. 137, ch.) An ovule 
thus inverted is said to be anatropous {a privative, and 
tropos, implying the opposite of the former). This is the 
most common form in the vegetable kingdom. Almost all 
Monopetalae, the greater number of Monocotyledons, and 
many of the Polypetalae, have anatropous ovules. There is 
another variety which is quite common in Polypetalae, in which 
the base of the ovule remains fixed, 

but by an enlargement of one side Fi *- 138 - 

of the ovule more than the other, it ^ r s 5^= :: ^^^_«. 

is bent or doubled on itself, so as to A-av 55 ^. \\ 

bring the foramen in close proxim- c7i„.'7j ^M$J\ _\\y n 

ity to the funiculus. (Fig. 138.) [\i <J jjj 

This form is called the campylotro- \\ JJJ 

pous (kampulos, curved, and tropos, x ^=r^ ^ 

form.) Leguminosae, Solame, Cru- ^ nucleus . a> secuildine . 6> prj . 
ciferae afford examples of this form. ^j lu f; ch f oSe ; n ?h hilum; f ' 
Other forms are pointed out by bot- 
anists, but we have found them of no practical importance. 
The same letters in the preceding figures point out the same 
things. 

140. The ovule usually has two distinct coverings, as above 
described, but this is not universal. Sometimes it has none. 
The nuclei of some Dipsaceae, Asclepiadae, and Cuscutacese are 
naked. The nuclei of the Compositae, Labiatae, Scrophulari- 
aceae, and Campanulaceae, and some others, have but one in- 
tegument. 

141. Some time before the expansion of the flower, the apex 
of the nucleus is hollowed out by a greater or less cavity, 



Is this form common? How do the vessels run? "What is the bundle 
called? — 139. What is the chalaza? What is a campylotropous ovule? 
140. Is the nucleus always covered? 




FRUIT. 85 

much exceeding in any case the cells of which the nucleus is 

composed. (Fig. 139.) This is called the embryo 

sac, and it is in this that the embryo appears 

after the perfection of the flower. The embryo is 

always found at the apex of the nucleus, and of 

course immediately within the foramen, through 

which the pollen tubes enter. It is suspended in 

the embryo sac by a thread called a suspensor. 

The radicle, or root part of the embryo, is always 

toward the foramen, and the plumula toward the 

chalaza or hilum. Embryos of orthotropous seeds 

are, of course, inverted. 

142. The contents of the ovule are variously changed after 
impregnation. Sometimes the embryo consumes the whole 
contents of the nucleus, when the seed is said to have no albu- 
men ; at other times the embryo remains very small, and the 
nucleus becomes filled with starch, or oils, or other materials 
of various consistence and forms, which is called albumen. 

143. When the ovule rises from the base of the ovary, it is 
called erect; when from a little above the base, ascending; when 
it hangs from the summit of the cavity it is pendulous ; and 
when from a little below the summit, it is suspended. 

Fruit. 

144. The fruit is defined, in botany, to be the pistil or ovary 
arrived at maturity, including sometimes accessory parts. 
This definition plainly gives greater extension to the term than 
it has in common language, as it includes every kind of pro- 
duct which has the mature ovary as a component. 

The normal form of fruit, and the type to which all varieties 
should be reduced, would seem to be that in which the seeds 
are contaiued in a pericarp, with the carpels leaf-like in their 
constitution and appearance, as the Hibiscus, Bean, Cabbage, 
&c. In these cases it requires no great stretch of the imagina- 
tion to conceive the ovary composed of leaves slightly modified ; 
but from this type there are remarkable variations, caused by 
one or more of the following causes. The suppression or hard- 
ening of parts in some, their unusual development in others, 
and the union of other organs with the ovary, are the prin- 
cipal causes of variation. By carefully noticing these occa- 

141. What is the embryo sac? How is the embryo suspended? — 142. 
When has the seed no albumen ? What takes place at other times ? — 143. 
When is- the ovule erect ? When ascending? Pendulous? Suspended? 
—144. What is the fruit ? What is the normal form of fruit ? 



86 FRUIT. 

sional modifications, every variety of fruit may be reduced to 
these simple principles. 

145. The pericarp is the covering of the seed, whatever 
may be its form or dimensions. It includes the ovary, and 
whatever may be attached to it, which goes to make up the 
seed-vessel. It varies in dimensions from the covering of the 
minute seeds of grasses to the large fleshy pericarps of the 
Cucurbitaceae, which sometimes attain to several feet in diame- 
ter. Its composition is not less various, from the finest and 
most delicate membranes to the coarsest and roughest of veget- 
able productions — from the softest pulp to the hard bony cover- 
ing of the kernel of the peach. 

146. The pericarp consists of three parts — the epicarp, which 
is the outer covering, and corresponds to the skin ; the sarco- 
carp, the middle portion, which constitutes the flesh ; and the 
endocarp or putamen, the inner coat or shell. By the various 
modifications which these several parts undergo in the course 
of development, most of the fruits, however widely they may 
differ in appearance, may be easily conceived to originate from 
a common type. 

147. In the Peach, for example, the skin, which in many 
cases may be easily removed, is the epicarp in its natural state ; 
the fleshy portion, which is eaten, is the sarcocarp, which is the 
parenchymous portion of the leaf excessively developed ; the 
stone of the peach is the endocarp remarkably condensed and 
hardened. The Cherry and similar fruits are reducible on the 
same principles. The Apple is a little differently constructed ; 
the epicarp is in its natural state, but the sarcocarp consists of 
the parenchymous portion of the calyx and ovary united. By 
making a transverse section of an apple, the outlines of the 
ovary may be seen, distinguished by points, which are the 
cords formed by the vessels and woody fiber of the midrib of 
the leaves which compose the carpels. The hard layer, which 
immediately surrounds the seed, is the endocarp. 

148. The fruit being the perfected ovary, it of course ought 
to bear the mark of the style or stigma ; and it is of import- 
ance that the student bear this in mind, as it will often enable 
him to distinguish seed from fruit, as there are many exam- 
ples which the common observer would call seeds, but which in 
reality are fruits, consisting of a pericarp, and a seed within it, as 
in the Umbelliferae and Compositse. 

145. What is the pericarp? How does it vary? — 146. Of how many 
parts does it consist ? What is the epicarp ? Sarcocarp ? Endocarp ? — ■ 
147. Explain the terms from the peach. The cherry. The apple. — 148. 
What ought the fruit to bear ? What fruit do we call seeds ? 



FRUIT. 



87 



149. There are cases in which suppression of ovules causes a 
variation in the fruit, from what might be expected from an 
examination of the ovary in its early stage. If an ovary of the 
Chestnut be examined before or soon after impregnation, it will 
be found to contain fourteen ovules in seven cells ; but in the 
progress of development it becomes one-celled, and thirteen of 
the ovules are obliterated. The ovary of the Oak is originally 
three-celled, with six ovules; but when perfected it is one- 
celled and one-seeded. There are many cases of this kind. 
The reverse of this takes place in some cases, which would be 
inexplicable were not the ovaries examined in their earliest 
state. A one-celled ovary becomes a two or more celled fruit : 
in the Cruciferse by the enlargement of the placenta ; in the 
Astragalus by the expansion of the suture ; in other cases by 
the filiations of the lining of the pericarps, which form horizon- 
tal dissepiments. The Pomegranate presents a remarkable 
variation from the true type. 

150. When the fruit arrives at maturity, the pericarp either 
bursts or it remains closed ; if the latter, it is said to be inde- 
kiscent, as in the apple, hazel-nut, &c. If it bursts, it is said to 
be dehiscent, and it follows invariably the same course in the 
same species ; hence it is important to notice the varieties. In 
some cases the dehiscence takes place by dividing the dissepi- 
ments, that is, the carpels separate into their original leaves, as 
in the Delphinium, and this is called septicidal dehiscence. Fig. 
140 represents this kind, in which a represents the axis, d the 




dissepiment, and v the valves. In other cases the dissepiments 
are attached to the middle of the valves, and the dehiscence in 
such cases, no doubt, takes place at the midrib of the leaves 
that form the carpels. This is called loculicidal dehiscence, as 



149. How many ovules in the chestnut ? How many perfected ? How 
in the oak? When does the reverse take place?— 150. When is the fruit 
said to be indehiscent ? When dehiscent % When is the dehiscence sep- 
ticidal? When loculicidal? 



05 FRUIT. 

in the Lilac, Gladiolus, &c. (Fig. 141.) Septif vagal dehiscence 
is when the dissepiments separate from the valves, but adhere 
to the axis, as in the Convolvulus. (Fig. 142.) In sutural de- 
hiscence there is but one carpel, and of course no true dissepi- 
ments, as in the Pea and Bean. The circumscissile dehiscence 
occurs by a transverse separation of the valves half round the 
pericarp, as in the Anagallis. This is an uncommon mode. 
The Plantago has a transverse dehiscence. 

Besides the above modes of opening, the pericarp is often 
ruptured, produced by a contraction of a portion of it, and 
holes thus formed for the emission of the seed, as in Campan- 
ula. An aril is an enlargement of the placenta, occurring after 
the impregnation of the ovule, and forming, in some cases, an 
additional envelope for the seed, as in the Euonymus. Mace is 
an aril surrounding the Nutmeg. When the two sutures sepa- 
rate from the valves, they form a kind of frame called replum. 

151 ■ Fruits are formed by one flower, or they may be formed 
by the combination of several flowers. Apocarpous fruits, pro- 
duced by a single flower, may be either dry or succulent. The 
dry fruits of this division are either dehiscent or indehiscent. 

An Achenium (a, privative, and chaino, I open) is an inde- 
hiscent, one-seeded fruit, the pericarp of which is closely ap- 
plied to the seed, but may be separated from it. (Fig. 143.) 
The true achenia are found in the Ranunculus, forming a dry 
Fi s- 1«. Fig . 145 . 

Fig. 143. 






Achenium. 

Head of Ranunculus. Samara. 

head (Fig. 144) ; in the Strawberry, arranged on a fleshy re- 
ceptacle ; in the Rose they are found in a concave receptacle ; 
in the Fig, in a hollow peduncle, which ultimately becomes the 
fruit. All the fruits mentioned, which are commonly called 
seeds, may be distinguished from the seeds by bearing the 
marks of the stigma or style. In compositce, the seeds are 
called Cypselw (kupsele, a box) ; but they are achenia with the 
calyx attached to them. 

When the achenium is winged, it is called a Samara. (Fig. 

Septifra^al ? Sutural ? Circumscissile ? Euptured ? What is an aril ? 
A replum ? — 151. How may fruits be formed? "What is an achenium? 
Where are they found ? What is a cypsela ? A samara ? 



FRUIT. 



89 



145.) In the fruit of Corn, Wheat, <fcc, the pericarp is insep- 
arable from the seed, and the achenium is called a Caryopsis 
(karua, a nut, and opsis, an appearance). 

The fruit of Umbelliferae is composed of two achenia united 
to a common axis, or carpophore (Fig. 146 — karpos, fruit, and 
pkero, I bear), from which they are suspended, and which is 
called a Cremocarp (kremao, I suspend). (Fig. 146, 6.) 



Fig. 146. 



Fig. 148. 




Fig. 147. 




Nut or Glans. 




Fruit of Umbelliferae. 
a, carpophore. 
&/>, cremocarp. 



Drupe. 
ep, epicarp ; ms, mesocarp : 
endocarp. 



Fig. 149. 



Fig. 150. 



The Nut or Glans is a one-celled fruit, with a hardened peri- 
carp, surrounded by bracts. (Fig. 147.) The Chestnut is the 
nut, and the bur is composed of bracts. The Acorn is the nut : 
the cup is composed of bracts. So of the Hazelnut, Beach, &c. 
152. The Drupe is a 
succulent fruit, covered by 
a pericarp, composed of an 
epicarp, mesocarp, and en- 
docarp. (Fig. 148.) The 
Peach is an example. The 
skin of the Peach is the 
epicarp, the flesh the meso- 
carp, and the stone the en- 
docarp. The fruit of the 
Cherry, Plum, Walnut, Nut- 
meg, Date, and Almond are 
all of this character. 

1~e* t\ 7 • . Lomentum. 

od. Dehiscent, apocar- 
pous fruits are found in the Magnolia (Fig. 
149), Asclepiadse, &c. It consists of a 
single carpel, containing one or several seeds, 
and dehiscing by its ventral -suture. 

The Legume or Pod is a solitary carpel, 
dehiscing by both sutures, but bearing seeds 
only on the ventral suture. The Pea, Bean, 





Cone of the Magnolia. 



What is a caryopsis ? A cremocarp ' 
-153. What is a legume? 



Glans ? — 152. What is a drupe ? 



90 



fkuit. 



&c, are examples, and the legume characterizes the order 
Leguniinosge. When the legume is contracted between the 
seeds, and instead of opening at the sutures, the pods break 
up into pieces, each piece containing a seed, it is called a Lo- 
mentum. (Fig. 150.) 

154. Syncarpous fruits are composed of several carpels 
united, and are either dry or succulent ; the former being de- 
hiscent, the latter indehiscent. 

The Berry (Fig. 151) is a succulent, syncarpous fruit, in 
which the seeds are immersed in a pulpy mass, formed by the 



Fig. 151. 



Fig. 152. 







Berry. 



Gooseberry. 



placentas. The Gooseberry (Fig. 152), Currant, Tomato, and 
Grape are usually included under this variety. The Pome- 
granate consists of two rows of carpels, one above the other, 
but in other respects would fall under this division. It is called 
a Balausta. Fig. 153 is a longitudinal section. The Pepo 



Fig. 153. 




Fig. 154. 




A section of the Pepo. 



Pomegranate. 



(Fig. 154) is an inferior fruit, with a thick and fleshy rind, 
with two or more fleshy parietal placentas, projecting more or 



Lomenturn ?— 154. What is a berry ? Pepo i 



FRUIT. 



91 



less inward. The Cucumber, Melon, Gourd, and Papaw are 
examples. 

155. The Hesperidium (Fig. 155) is a fleshy fruit, in which 
the epicarp and mesocarp form a thick rind, and the endocarp 
projects inward, forming triangular divisions, in which pulpy 
cells are developed, which surround the seeds. Oranges, 
Lemons, &c, are examples. 



Fig. 155. 




Fig. 156. 




Pome. 



Hesperidium. 



The Pome (Fig. 156) is an inferior fleshy fruit, of which the 
epicarp, mesocarp, and fleshy calyx form the greater part, 
which is eatable. The endocarp is tough and horny, and forms 
the cells of the seeds. The Apple, Quince, and Pear are ex- 
amples. 

Fig. 157. 



Fig. 158. 





Silicula. 
r, replum ; vv, valves. 



Silique. 
r. replum ; act, valves. 



156. The Capsule is a dehiscent, syncarpous fruit, which 
is dry, and opens commonly by regular dehiscence or pores. 



155. Hesperidium ? Pome ? — 156. Capsule i 



92 



SEED. 



Hibiscus, Poppy, &c, are examples. It is the most common 
form of seed-vessel. 

The Siliqua or Silique (Fig. 157) is a variety of the capsule, 
composed of two carpels opening from the base upward, and 
having a framework called the replum, which forms a spurious 
dissepiment. When the silique is shut, it is called a silicula 
or silicle (Fig. 158, r.) Cruciferous plants afford examples in 
the Turnip, Cabbage, Peppergrass, &c. 

157a When two or more flowers are united to form a single 
fruit, it is called a multiple fruit. 

The Sorosis is a multiple fruit, formed by a spike of flowers, 
which becomes succulent. The Pineapple and Mulberry are 
examples. (Fig. 159.) The Fig is, taken as a whole, a multi- 



Fig. 159. 




Fig. 160. 




A Syconus. 



Pineapple. 



pie fruit, formed by numerous flowers situated within the 
hollowed-out peduncle. It is called a Syconus. (Fig. 160.) 

The Strobilus is a fruit-bearing spike, covered with scales, 
each of which contains a flower, and which has two naked 
seeds at its base. The Pine, Fir, Cedar, Hop, Cypress, and 
Juniper are examples. 

Seed. 

158. The seed is a perfected ovule. JSTo sooner has the influ- 
ence of the pollen been felt by the ovule, than various changes 
commence ; the foramen closes up, the integuments harden, and 
the heretofore pulpy substance becomes consolidated or assimi- 
lated. The most material change that takes place, however, is 
the appearance of a new body, called the embryo. 



Silique ? What is tlie replurn ? "What is a silicula ? — 157. What is a 
multiple fruit ? What is a sorosis ? Syconus ? Strobilus ? — 15S. What 
is a seed ? What changes occur when the pollen acts on the pistil ? What 
the most material ? 



SEED. 93 

The face of a seed is that part of it parallel with the placenta ; 
or when the raphe is present, this organ, with only few ex- 
ceptions, runs over the face. The opposite surface is the back. 

159. The parts of the seed demanding our attention are the 
covering, hilum, raphe, chalaza, embryo, and albumen. 

The integuments or coverings of the seed are subjects of much 
discussion, both as to their number and constitution. The di- 
versity of opinion on the subject, originates, no doubt, in a great 
measure, from the change they undergo, from the transforma- 
tion of the ovule into a seed. One would naturally suppose 
that the integuments of the seed would be the same as those of 
the ovules. But this is not the case in many instances. Three 
have been named by different writers, corresponding to the three 
layers of the ovule ; but the coats of the seed are not always the 
same as those that covered the ovule. The outer covering is 
called by De Candolle the testa, the second the sarcoclermis, the 
inner the endopleura. The testa consists of cellular tissue, and 
presents a great variety of appearances of form and color in 
different plants. In some the cells are spiral without any mem- 
brane ; and when moistened, uncoil in a beautiful manner, as in 
those of the Salvia. In some cases it is smooth and polished, 
in others rough and irregular, marked by dots and projecting 
points; in some it is covered with hair, as in the cotton and 
epilobium, which is called coma; in others it is furnished with 
wings, as in the Gladiolus and Bignonia. In some it is ribbed, 
in others it is pitted and marked by irregular depressed lines. 

1(50. The hilum is the point by which the seed is attached to 
the placenta ; it is frequently distinguishable by being of a dif- 
ferent color, and having the appearance of a scar. The hilum 
always marks the base of the seed, as the micropyle (mikros, 
small, and pule, gate) does its apex, toward which the root of 
the embryo is directed. 

161. The terms raphe and chalaza have the same application 
in the seed as in the ovule. In orthotropous and campylotro- 
pous seeds these parts are not observable, since the chalaza is co- 
incident with the hilum ; and as the raphe is the bundle of ves- 
sels conveying nourishment from the hilum to the chalaza, the 
necessity of its development is superseded by the contact of these 
parts. The raphe is easily observed on the seeds of the Apple 
and Orange, running between the outer and inner integuments, 
being an elevated ridge on one side; and in the orange the situa- 

Which is the face of the seed?— 159. What did De Candolle call the dif- 
ferent coverings of the seed? Of what does the testa consist? What of 
its different appearances ? — 180. What is the hilum ? How is thp position 
of the embryo known? — 161. When i3 the raphe easLV observed? 



94 



SEED. 



tion of the chalaza is distinctly marked by a small dark-colored 
spot. The raphe does not always consist of a single bundle of 
vessels, but ramifies on the surface of the seed, as may be seen 
by the veins on the surface of the Almond, which are ramifica- 
tions of the raphe. 

163* The embryo is the product of the action of the pollen. 
If the ovule be dissected soon after impregnation, there will be 
found within the nucleus and contiguous to the foramen a 
minute speck, opake and yellowish, which enlarges by the ab- 
sorption of the surrounding fluid : this fluid is the amnios. The 
minute speck becomes in its enlargement a distinctly organized 
body, and assumes in time the form of an embryo plant. The 
embryo consists of three parts, the radicle, plumula, and cotyle- 
don ; some add a fourth, a cauliculus or neck. The radicle be- 
comes by development the root or descending axis of the plant, 
and the plumula the ascending axis or stem. The cotyledons 
are to be the earliest leaves of the plant. The cauliculus or neck 
is the imaginary point of separation of the plumula from the 
radicle. Fig. 161 represents a young dicotyledonous plant — 
a the plumula, r the radicle, c c the cotyledons, t the cauliculus 
or neck. 



Fig. 161. 




Fig. 162. 




«— - 



Young Dicotyledon. 
a, plumula ; cc, cotyledons ; t, cauliculus , 
r, radicle. 



Young Monocotyledon. 

co, cotyledon ; col, coleorhiza ; 

rad, radicle. 



164. The radicle of the monocotyledon is inclosed within a 
sheath which it perforates in its elongation, and issues from be- 
tween its lips, as seen in Fig. 162 — rad being the radicle, col 
the coleorhiza, co the cotyledon. This sheath Mirbel called a 
coleorhiza, and Richard proposed to substitute Endorhizce for 
monocotyledons, and Exorhizce for dicotyledons, thus founding 



163. What is the embryo? Of how many parts does it consist? What 
do these parts become? — 164. How is the radicle in monocotyledons'? 
What did Kichard call monocotyledons ? What dicotyledons ? 



SEED. 95 

the distinction of the two great classes of flowering plants, on the 
fact that the radicles of one were inclosed within a sheath, while 
the radicles of the others were destitute of such a covering. 

165. The embryo of the Pine, although reckoned among the 
dicotyledons, has several cotyledons ; but these are opposite, 
forming a whorl. (Fig. 163.) The distinction made by this 
arrangement of the cotyledons, being alternate in Endogens, and 
opposite or verticillate in Exogens, will always be a guide in de- 
termining to which an individual should belong. An equally 
sure mark of distinction is the mode of germination, whether of 
the endorhizal or exorhizal manner. 

Fig. 163. 

Fig. 164. 
cot 





A Seed with Albumen. 
5, embryo ; al, albumen. 



Embryo of the Pine. 



166. The albumen, when present, is a substance surrounding 
the embryo, and is supposed by some to be the solidified amnios. 
(Fig. 164, al.) It varies remarkably in consistence and appearance ; 
sometimes it is farinaceous, consisting of cells filled with starch, 
as in our common grains, wheat, oats, corn, &c. Sometimes 
abundant and fleshy, as in the cocoanut, and often contains oil, 
as in the castor-oil plant. At other times it is hard and bony, 
as in coffee and the vegetable ivory-nut, which is the albumen 
of the seed of the Phytelephas. The albumen is the store of 
food laid up for the nourishment of the embryo, which it con- 
sumes in the early development of the plant. In size it varies 
from an exceedingly small quantity, as in the grasses, to the 
amount of several ounces in the cocoanut. It is sometimes 
perforated by dry cellular tissue, in which state it is said to be 
ruminated. 

167. To determine the several parts of the seed which we 
have above defined, and the position they occupy in reference to 

165. How is the embryo of the pine? How are the cotyledons ar- 
ranged in the two great classes of plants ? — 166. What is the albumen ? 
What are some of its varieties ? What is vegetable ivory ? What is the al- 
bumen for ? What of its size ? — 167. What is of great practical importance ? 



96 SEED. 

each other, is of great practical importance in descriptive botany, 
and constitutes one of the most important subjects of the stu- 
dent's attention. 

168. We have above remarked that the base of the seed was 
its point of attachment to the placenta, or that the hilum was 
always the base. One would naturally suppose that the oppo- 
site point would be the apex ; but this is not generally the case. 
In orthotropous seeds, only, does the real apex correspond with 
the geometrical apex. In campylotropous seeds the apex of the 
seed is nearly in contact with the base, the axis of the ovule 
having been doubled on itself, thus bringing the real apex in 
close proximity to the base. It is very common for the surfaces 
of seeds, particularly of minute ones, to be marked by lines of 
various kinds, sometimes barely lines of different color, at others 
by ridges or depressions, and in others by dots, and in some by 
regularly arranged tubercles. In all these cases the point of 
their divergence is the hilum or base, and the point of their con- 
vergence the apex, so that by this means the base and apex of 
the seed is often determined, when it would be difficult to do it 
by any other. Having determined the foramen, base, and 
chalaza of a seed, which may generally be done by simple inspec- 
tion, the position of the interior parts is, with certainty, known. 
It has been demonstrated, that in nearly every case the radicle 
points toward the foramen, and the plumula toward the chalaza. 
In orthotropous seeds, therefore, the embryo is inverted, that is, 
the radical points upward ; in campylotropous the embryo is 
curved ; in anatropous the embryo is erect ; and so in all cases, 
the mycropyle being taken for the radicle and the chalaza, when 
present, and the hilum, when the chalaza is not found, for the 
plumula, the true position of the embryo is always determined. 

169. The embryo answers most important purposes in classi- 
fication, since the whole vegetable kingdom has been divided 
into three great classes founded on the varieties in structure of 
the embryo. There have been found three varieties of embryo, 
Monocotyiedonous, Dicotyledonous, and Acotyledonous ; and it 
has been observed that the vegetables arising from these differ- 
ently constituted embryos, are distinct and peculiar in their con- 
stitution and mode of growth. 

170. Fig. 161 exhibits the dicotyledonous embryo,, the dif- 
ferent parts of which have been already pointed out. The 
growth of this kind of embryo produces our forest trees, and all 



168. Is the apex of a seed opposite its base? Explain it. What often 
determine the base and apex? How is the position of the radicle and 
plumula determined?— 169. What three varieties of embryo ? 



SEED. 97 

vegetables having a distinct bark and pith. But, as above re- 
marked, it has been discovered, that there are vegetables with 
the above characteristics, whose embryos are unlike the one 
above described, some having numerous cotyledons, others but 
one, and others none. These apparent variations have been 
sufficient to induce some botanists to reject entirely this classi- 
fication, but we believe on very insufficient grounds, since by 
careful observation nearly all these apparent discrepancies may 
be reduced to a common principle; and even if they could not 
be explained at all, the foundation of the system would be 
broader and firmer than any other proposed by the objectors to 
this. Could we expect that the many thousand different species 
of vegetables varying almost infinitely in their various parts, 
could be reduced to three actual, invariable types ? It would 
be requiring of this system, what has never been attained in 
any other. 

171 • Orders, in which more than two cotyledons are found, 
are the Coniferse, in which they vary in number from two to 
more than twelve ; in Boraginese and Brassicaceae, and some 
other orders, there are four. In all these cases the cotyledons 
are opposite. In the Horse-chestnut, there is apparently but 
one cotyledon. Prof. Lindley says, that, by dissection, there is 
a slit which indicates the division between the two bases of a pair 
of opposite confluent cotyledons. Some such modification doubt- 
less is the cause of all the variations from the common type. 

There are other cases in which no cotyledons exist. The 
Cuscuta is an example of this kind ; but if the cotyledons are 
leaves, we should not expect to find cotyledons in this genus, 
since it has no leaves. There are other cases in which it is said 
no cotyledons are discernible, but by more accurate observation 
the cotyledons are found to exist in a rudimentary state, the 
radicle seeming to be developed at their expense. 

The monocotyledonous embryo is very different in its structure 
from the preceding. It is a homogeneous, cylindrical body, 
tapering at both ends, with no distinction of radicle, plumula, or 
cotyledon. 

What variations in cotyledons ? — 171. In what family more than two coty- 
ledons ? In what species one or more ? How is the monocotyledonous 
embryo ? 

5 



CHAPTER IV. 

FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT AND LEAVES ORIGIN OF WOOD. 

172. In the preceding chapters we have described the various 
organs, which compose the vegetable in its most perfect state ; 
but we have considered them, with few exceptions, simply as 
they present themselves to the eye, without supposing them pos- 
sessed of life, or considering them in their combined action in 
performing the various operations peculiar to organized beings. 
We have seen, that the whole vegetable kingdom, however va- 
rious in form and constitution, had its origin, at least, in minute 
vesicles. We have also seen that all the organs of reproduction 
and nutrition, are simple modifications of leaves. Who can fail 
to admire the wisdom of that Being, who could construct with 
materials so simple, the endless variety of vegetable organs, and 
make them yield products of every variety, from the blandness 
of water to the most powerful agents ; and to afford nutriment 
to men and animals, and deposit contemporaneously and con- 
tiguously the most virulent poisons ! 

Our next object is to consider plants as living beings, and so 
far as possible to explain the various phenomena connected 
with them as such. 

Section 1. — The Root. 

178. The first organ that appears in the germination of a 
seed is the root. It bends downward, and soon commences 
the proper functions for which it is intended, that of absorbing 
nourishment from the medium which it penetrates, and giving 
support to the plant. These seem to *be the only functions 
which the root performs. It lengthens by additions to its ex- 
tremity, which always consists of cellular tissue, before de- 
scribed under the name of spongiole. Through this extremity 
the nourishment of the plant w T hich is absorbed from the soil 
passes. 

174. It has been thought that the root not only had the 
power of selecting appropriate food for the plant, but also of 

178. What is the first organ that appears in germination ? What are its 
functions ] "Where does the sap enter ? — 174. What power has the root 
been supposed to have ? 



THE ROOT. 99 

searching for it. The experiment of planting a Strawberry in 
a sandy soil, surrounded by rich earth, but not corning in con- 
tact with it, when it was found that the roots immediately 
souo-ht the rich earth, was considered conclusive on this point. 
But the explanation of this phenomenon is easy without having 
recourse to any power or instinct on the part of the root for 
seeking nourishment. The influence of the rich soil was felt 
by the roots, although not in contact, and they became stimu- 
lated by its action. There are other cases in which roots seem 
to be endowed with the power of seeking nourishment. An 
example is mentioned by Lord Kaimes of a Plane-tree stand- 
ing upon a ruined wall in Ireland ; and when its nourishment 
was exhausted, it sent down roots to the earth, a distance of 
ten feet, and continued its existence by this act, prompted, ap- 
parently, by self-preservation. We have seen vines growing in 
very rich moist soil send down roots four and five feet long to 
the earth ; but in those cases it was at a curve downward of 
the stem, so that the descending fluid must rise to reach the 
roots. In all these cases we believe that it is the effect of grav- 
ity rather than of any voluntary or determining power of the 
plant. In the corn, roots put forth from the lower nodes of the 
stalk, and particularly in those that are luxuriant, and in seasons 
of abundant moisture, — proving from their origin, and the cir- 
cumstances under which they occur, that it is the accumulation 
of descending sap that causes their development. All this is 
purely the result of physical causes. It has been thought that 
plants had the power of returning to the soil matters injurious 
to them ; but this has been proved to be a simple result of 
exosmosis, and that rotation of crops was not demanded to 
avoid poisons eliminated by the plant, but from the fact of 
certain necessary elements being exhausted from the soil. 

175. We have mentioned before that the root always de- 
scends in its course of development, unless obstructed by phys- 
ical impediments. Numerous experiments have been made 
wdiich strikingly exhibit this vital impulse. To Dutrochet, 
more than to any other man, is the world indebted for placing 
this subject in its present interesting position. In several 
memoirs he has discussed the subject in its various connections, 
and from his numerous experiments we arrive at the conclusion, 
that quantity of matter seems to exercise the most powerful in- 
fluence in controlling the direction of the root. When the root 

What experiment with a strawberry ? How explained ? "What case 
mentioned by Lord Kaimes ? How explained? How do vines and corn 
illustrate it? Have plants the power of returning to the soil useless or in- 
jurious materials? — 175. What controls the direction of the root? 



100 THE ROOT. 

has its situation naturally in the earth, it descends perpendicu- 
larly to its surface. Previous to his investigations, various 
hypotheses were abroad to account for the uniform direction of 
the root and stem ; but all were unsatisfactory. If seeds are 
permitted to sprout in a box, and after the plumula and radicle 
are developed in their common directions, the box be inverted, 
the root will change its direction downward, and the plumula 
upward; and if they are permitted to sprout in a tube in 
which they cannot turn after inversion, they will assume a 
spiral form. The cause in these cases is made plain by a curi- 
ous experiment contrived by Dutrochet It was found that the 
Mistletoe had the same impulse toward the center of the 
branch of a tree on which it grows that most other plants have 
to the center of the earth ; and it was also found that the Mis- 
tletoe might be made to germinate on a thread so small that it 
would exercise no influence over the direction of the root. This 
he did, and then fixed it to a fine needle, and had it accurately 
balanced, so as to turn like a compass-needle with the slightest 
force. He then placed near the radicle a piece of wood, and 
covered the whole with a glass, and in process of time the radi- 
cle was seen to turn directly toward the wood, and that too 
without moving the needle; showing that the quantity of mat- 
ter controlled the direction of the radicle, but by the exercise of 
no power with which we are acquainted. It could not have 
been by attraction, for then it would have produced a movement 
of the needle. It seems to be an exercise of power over the 
vital energies in producing the turning of the radicle in that 
direction. The earth no doubt exercises its influence in the 
same manner. This influence, however, has been counteracted 
by the application of agents in an unusual manner. Professor 
Schultz is said to have succeeded in reversing the growth of 
plants by planting them in moss, and so arranged that the 
light which they received was the solar rays reflected from a 
mirror from below upward. Under such circumstances, it is 
said, the roots take their directions upward, and the stems 
downward. Similar experiments have not succeeded in the 
hands of others. 

Notwithstanding such experiments may succeed, we may, 
nevertheless, draw the conclusion, that all roots direct them- 
selves perpendicularly to the surface of the body on which they 
naturally germinate ; if they are parasites, they will be perpen- 
dicular to the surface on which they grow. 



How with seeds in a box ? "What the experiment with mistletoe ? How 
did Shultz reverse the growth of plants ? 



FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES. 101 

Color seems to exercise an important influence in the direc- 
tion of organs. If they are of deep color, they ascend ; if color- 
less, or of a pale color, they take a descending direction. Roots, 
if they become green, will then ascend, or turn toward the 
light, if placed in circumstances to have the light come to them 
in only one direction. 

Section 2. — Functions of Leaves. 

176. From the structure of leaves, we should be led to sup- 
pose that they perform an important part in vegetation. They 
have been compared to the lungs of animals, but they perform 
much more for the plant than this comparison would indicate. 
They are not only the organs of respiration, but also of diges- 
tion and nutrition. They perform in every respect for veget- 
ables what is performed by the lungs and stomach and the 
whole digestive apparatus in animals. They receive the crude 
sap from the roots through the stem, and elaborate it by expos- 
ing it to the action of the atmosphere, throwing off the super- 
fluous moisture, decomposing water and carbonic acid. They 
send immediately downward the materials of the alburnum and 
liber, and nourish with this elaborated food the contiguous 
parts. 

177. That the nutrition of a plant depends upon its leaves is 
abundantly proved by depriving a plant of these organs through 
a season, and it withers and dies. It does not die immediately, 
since it possesses the power of putting forth new leaves, which 
soon come into action, and supply imperfectly the places of 
those removed ; but if it is deprived of its leaves through the 
season, its power of putting them forth becomes exhausted, and 
all functions cease. 

The presence of cotyledons also shows the necessity of leaves 
to prepare food for the embryo. If the cotyledons be removed, 
the seed seldom germinates, and if it does germinate, it is in a 
sickly state. The structure of the leaf shows its adaptation to 
the purposes of respiration. 

178. By what we have called crude sap, we do not mean 
that it is not changed at all in its ascent through the root and 
stem, but that it is unfit for assimilation until it has passed 
through the leaves. 

It would be an important point to determine the real state of 

What exerts an important influence on the direction? — 176. To what 
have leaves been compared ? Do they do more ? and what ? — 177. What 
proves that nutrition depends on leaves ? How with the cotyledons ? — 178. 
Is the sap changed before it arrives at the leaves? 



102 FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES. 

the sap as it enters the leaves. That it is changed in its ascent 
is certain. Of this we have often convinced ourselves by 
making an incision in the spring of the year near the root of a 
Birch, and sap, with very little taste, will be obtained ; but by 
making the incision several feet high, the sap is bitter, and the 
bitterness increases with the elevation of the incision. 

The sap in this partially altered state, which is owing to 
chemical changes, enters the leaves. 

179. The first action of the leaves is to get rid of the super- 
fluous water, in which its food is dissolved. Whether this is 
any thing more than simple evaporation, we are not prepared 
to say, yet we believe the plant has partial control, at least, 
over the quantity. The construction of the stomata plainly in- 
dicates this. It is influenced by the same causes which govern 
common evaporation. Under the direct influence of the sun's 
rays it is most rapid ; in the diffused light of day it is less ; 
and in the dark it almost ceases. 

180. The quantity of fluid given out by plants is in some 
cases very great. We may convince ourselves of this by hold- 
ing a glass near the under surface of a vigorous leaf of the vine, 
and it will soon be covered with moisture, and in a little while 
it will accumulate in drops, and run off the plate. Hales found 
the evaporation of a Sunflower to be one pound and four 
ounces, and a Cabbage one pound and three ounces in a single 
day, and estimates the evaporation of plants to be seventeen 
times greater than that of animals. 

181. The next and most important function of leaves is the 
decomposition of carbonic acid. It is only by the performance 
of this function by the leaves that the solid parts of vegetables 
are deposited. Any cause which arrests this operation imme- 
diately renders the plant sickly, and its peculiar secretions cease 
to be deposited. Light is absolutely essential to the perform- 
ance of this function of the leaves. In the dark no carbon is 
deposited, and no oxygen is liberated. 

De Candolle says: "If two plants are" exposed, the one to 
darkness, and the other to the sun's rays, in a close vessel, and 
in an atmosphere containing a known quantity of carbonic 
acid, and are removed at the end of twelve hours, we shall find 
that the first has diminished neither the quantity of oxygen or 
carbonic acid, and that in the second, on the contrary, the 
quantity of carbonic acid has diminished, while the quantity of 

What proves it ? — 179. What is the first action of the leaves ? What 
partially controls it ? When most rapid? — 180. What of the quantity of 
fluid given out? How proved? — 181. The next function ? What does De 
Candolle say? 

4* 



FLECTIONS OF LEAVES. 103 

free oxygen has increased in the same proportion." This ex- 
periment shows beyond doubt the function of the leaves in de- 
composing carbonic acid, and that the light of the sun is neces- 
sary for its operation. 

182. The same author instituted another ingenious experi- 
ment, to show the absorption of carbonic acid by the roots, and 
its subsequent decomposition. He filled a cistern and an in- 
verted bell-glass with distilled water, the glass having a sprig 
of mint floating in it ; in the same cistern was placed another 
bell-glass containing carbonic acid. The surface of the water 
was covered with a stratum of oil, to prevent the access of at- 
mospheric air. The whole was then exposed to the direct 
action of the sun. The carbonic acid diminished daily, while 
the glass containing the mint had' acquired a quantity of oxy- 
gen exactly equal to the loss of carbonic acid. A similar plant 
placed under similar circumstances, with the exception of the 
jar of carbonic acid, disengaged no oxygen, and at the end of 
twelve days, the time the experiment continued, commenced to 
decay, while the other one was in good health. No further 
proof certainly could be required to establish any fact, than 
these afford in establishing the function of the leaves in decom- 
posing carbonic acid by the aid of the sun's light. 

It is a singular fact that such experiments will not succeed 
unless exposed to the direct action of the sun's rays. Although 
these operations take place in some degree in plants growing 
in shaded places, yet when placed under circumstances for ex- 
periment, they require the direct action of the sun to perform 
this function. 

183. That the carbon has been deposited in the plant is also 
proved by exposing plants to the action of an atmosphere that 
contains carbonic acid, and similar ones to an atmosphere that 
contains none : the former will increase in carbon, while the 
latter will not. The two principles established by these experi- 
ments are of much practical importance. They teach us that 
the presence of carbonic acid is absolutely necessary for the 
growth of vegetables, and that if we expect the full and perfect 
development of plants, they must have the direct action of the 
sun's light. To secrete all the peculiar products in perfection, 
these circumstances must conspire. The gardener is well aware 
of these facts in practice. To prevent the deposition of unpleas- 
ant products, which are natural to the plant, he covers the stem 
of the celery, and it deposits little except the simplest tissue, 

182. What other experiment ? When only will such experiments suc- 
ceed?— 183. What other proof? What do these facts teach us? How 
does the gardener prevent unpleasant products ? 



104: FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES. 

and becomes loaded with nearly insipid fluids; the sterner 
juices of the plant previously deposited becoming diluted, so 
that it is a healthful and agreeable food. This plant, unculti- 
vated in the manner it is, yields substances exceedingly rough 
and acrid, and but little corresponding to the mild sweetish 
stems produced by the gardener's care. This, however, it must 
be observed, is an immature state of the plant ; and the princi- 
ple of the deposition of carbon by light is used, although empi- 
rically, in converting an otherwise useless weed to an article of 
delicacy. We might multiply examples, but one is sufficient to 
illustrate the principle ; and we may make the remark, which 
the cultivator would do well to bear in mind, that when plants 
yield naturally agreeable products, the more light they receive 
the better they will be ; but when the products, in a state of too 
great concentration, become acrid, shade will make them more 
palatable. Of the latter of these is the Radish, and of the for- 
mer the Potatoe. Hence the Potatoes are much drier, and 
contain more nutritive matter, which have been grown on open 
land, exposed to the sun, than those grown in orchards. The 
truth of these principles is strikingly illustrated also in the geo- 
graphical distribution of plants. Those of high latitudes, grow- 
ing through a summer of a few weeks or months, possess few 
decided properties. They yield the simplest vegetable products, 
possessing but few properties not common to all vegetables. 
But as we approach the Equator, the properties become more 
decided, odors more varied and pungent, fruits more delicious, 
medicines more powerful and efficient, poisons of the most fetal 
character, till we arrive at the equatorial regions, where all 
these products, in all their variety, arrive at perfection. 

184. Forest trees are affected very much by the same prin- 
ciples. The wood of dense forests is known not to be as firm 
or as durable as that of trees growing in open grounds. We 
see also the effect of these principles in the turning of plants 
toward the light when it comes to them in only one direction. 
The side next the light deposits its carbon, and becomes firmer, 
harder, and of course contracted, while the other side remains 
turgid with unassimilated fluid. The plant of course bends to- 
ward the light, not from any attraction it has for it, but from 
the influence the light exerts upon it. We see the same exem- 
plified in the growth of forest trees. When the forest is dense, 
light being received entirely on their tops, trees stretch upward, 

When should light, and when should shade be used ? How with plants 
in high latitudes? How in the tropics? — 184. How with forest trees? 
Why do plants turn toward the light ? Why do trees grow tall in dense 
forests ? 



FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES. 105 

the lower branches decay, and thus forming tall, straight, cylin- 
drical trunks, with the branches near their summits. Trees in 
open fields never grow as tall as in forests, but they have a 
greater number of branches, and nearer to the earth, and the 
reason is plain from the foregoing remarks. They receive the 
direct rays of the sun at every different position it assumes 
through the day, thus having no propensity to development in 
any particular direction by the action of the light. 

185. We are unable to account for the constitution of vari- 
ous vegetable products, without supposing the decomposition of 
water, from which the vegetable derives the hydrogen used in 
the formation of those substances. Oil, for instance, is com- 
posed of 1 atom of oxygen, 11 of hydrogen, and 10 of carbon. 
No substance that enters as food into the plant can yield this 
great amount of hydrogen but water. This decomposition of 
water, no doubt, in a great measure, takes place in the leaves, 
for volatile oils are very commonly found in these organs, and 
when they are not found in the leaves, they often exist in cavi- 
ties, with apparently no secreting bodies for their formation, in 
the situations in which we find them. In many cases, at least, 
it seems probable, from these considerations, that they are 
generated in the leaves, or in parts performing the same func- 
tions. The bark, in certain states, is capable of performing the 
same operations as the leaves. 

186. The absorption of oxygen takes place in the night. 
We may convince ourselves of this by confining a plant during 
night in atmospheric air, and the oxygen will be perceptibly 
diminished. This oxygen unites chemically with substances 
contained within the leaves, and probably with carbonaceous 
food not in the form of carbonic acid, and it would seem that 
only in this state is it fitted for assimilation. The oxygen is 
immediately given back to the atmosphere on the return of 
day. The quantity of oxygen absorbed by plants is too small 
to have any effect on the health of animals by its abstraction. 

187. Besides absorbing and giving off oxygen, plants con- 
stantly, in healthy action, give off a small quantity of carbonic 
acid, both day and night. It has been supposed that this was 
the true and only effect of vegetable respiration on the atmos- 
phere, and that the absorbing and giving off oxygen and de- 
composing carbonic acid and water belonged to digestion. 
From this it would result that the respiration of vegetables 
vitiates the atmosphere as does that of animals ; but the effects 

Why expanding in the open fields ? — 185. What proves that water is de- 
composed <— 186." What takes place at night? — 187. What other function 
have leaves ? What have some supposed ? 

5* 



106 ORIGIN OF THE WOOD. 

of their digestion abundantly compensates not only for the car- 
bonic acid which they yield to the atmosphere, but also for the 
vast amount constantly given out by animals, and that pro- 
duced by combustion. They not only yield oxygen, but they 
take the noxious gas and decompose it, and retain the carbon, 
and return to animals the vital air. Thus the two great king- 
doms of animated nature mutually yield to each other its vital 
fluid. Were it not for this compensative arrangement, we see 
no other result, constituted as the beings of this globe now are, 
that could happen, but that the atmosphere would become so 
vitiated as to be unfit for the support of animal existence. How 
beautifully they now operate ! The expelled carbonic acid, 
which is poisonous to the animals, which throw it off in vast 
quantities, is taken up by the vegetation as the most healthful 
and appropriate food for them, and the oxygen, which they do 
not require by their constitution, gives life to man. 

That very important operations take place in the leaves, is 
conclusively proved by many observations on the leaves of 
different plants at different periods of the day. Hayne found 
the Bryophyllum calcynum to be acid in the morning, tasteless 
at noon, and bitter in the evening. The same is true of many 
other leaves, and some will even redden litmus paper in the 
morning, but produce no effect upon it at any other part of the 
day. 

Section 3. — Origin of the Wood. 

188. We might occupy pages in the various discussions 
which have been carried on concerning the origin of the wood. 
From the time of Linnaeus to the present, various theories have 
been formed and advocated with spirit ; but the discovery of 
new facts has compelled, in some cases, the authors to yield 
their favorite opinions, and fall in with views more in accord- 
ance with what, at least, appears to be nature's operation. 

189. There are now two systems which divide botanists as to 
the origin of wood. One of these theories supposes two dis- 
tinct simultaneous systems of growth — the cellular and fibro- 
vascular, of which the former is horizontal, and the latter verti- 
cal. The cellular gives rise to the pith, medullary rays, and the 
remaining cellular substance of the wood and bark. The fibro- 
vascular system gives rise to the vascular portion of the plant. 
All the woody portion of the trunk are the roots of leaves im- 
bedded in the cellular system by which they are confined. The 

What relation have animal and vegetable respiration to each other? — > 
188. What is said in relation to the origin of wood ? — 189. How many 
systems ? What does one of these suppose ? 



ORIGIN OF THE WOOD. 107 

buds differ from the seed in no important respect. They send 
up the ascending axis in the form of a branch, and the descend- 
ing axis in the form of fibers, which united form the stem, and 
terminate in the earth, modified in some respect by the cellular 
system, forming what, taken as a whole, is called the wood. 
The various varieties of wood are produced by the action of the 
cellular system. Of this we may be convinced by removing a 
ring of bark of one tree, and supplying the place of the removed 
portion by a ring from a different tree of the same family, and 
the wood formed under the strange portion will be of the same 
kind as the tree from which it was taken, but the wood above 
and below will remain unaltered. The same is the case with 
grafts. The graft will always remain uualtered, while the wood 
of the stock remains unaffected by the graft. 

190. Some uncommon examples are upon record, which go 
to confirm the position. In the Pandanus, the stem near the 
ground is extremely slender ; higher up it is thicker, and gives 
out aerial roots, which act as props to the plant by entering the 
earth obliquely. The aerial roots are what would have com- 
posed a part of the stem, had they remained bound by the cel- 
lular substance into one cylinder, but from some cause they 
separate and subtract so much from the mass of the stem near 
the root. Professor Lindley describes another instructive case 
on this subject in the Barbacenia from Rio Janeiro, recently 
discovered. 

It consists of a central portion similar to common monoco- 
tyledonous stem, but this column is surrounded by bundles of 
vascular fibers, the bundles having no connection with each 
other, corresponding, in the opinion of the professor, to the. 
aerial roots of the Pandanus. The putting forth of roots from 
buds when planted, as in the case of the Multicaulis, appears 
easily explicable on this principle. These will put forth roots 
immediately from the bud, and in all essential points agree ex- 
actly with the germination of the seed. A complete bud of a 
Multicaulis will germinate, when all the substance of wood and 
bark is removed, which does not enter into the composition of 
the bud. The vitality of most buds seems to be much less, and 
in some cases cannot be made to germinate at all when re- 
moved from the parent stock. Whence come the roots from a 
bud, if they are not the direct production of the bud ? When 
the bud is removed from the parent, the fibers it would other- 
wise have sent through the trunk become proper roots at once. 



What of buds ?— 190. What of the Pandanus ? Barbacenia ? What of 
the buds of the multicaulis ? What does it prove ? 



108 ORIGIN OF THE WOOD. 

From the above theory, we are cautioned against excessive 
pruning, where we wish to obtain substantial stocks ; for all 
other things being equal, the growth of the body of a tree will 
be in direct proportion to the leaves, which, of course, will be 
in proportion to the branches. If these are removed to a great 
extent, the growth of the tree is retarded, if not otherwise in- 
jured. 

191. Opposed to the above theory are some of the most dis- 
tinguished philosophers. They suppose the vascular bundles 
proceed from below upward, originating in the cambium cells 
in dicotyledons, and in monocotyledons from the terminal buds. 

192. The duration of vegetables is exceedingly various. 
Some come forth during the darkness of a single night, and 
wither and die on the approach of day ; others go through 
their different stages of growth to perfection in a few days, and 
disappear. Some require the length of several months for the 
same operation, and others of two years, while others still come 
to perfection only after several years, and then are continued in 
existence for indefinite periods. The latter is the case with 
forest trees. We see nothing, theoretically considered, opposed 
to the unlimited duration of dicotyledonous trees. Each years 
growth may be considered a distinct individual, having in itself 
all the elements for the production of a similar individual, 
which, when produced, has no necessary dependence upon its 
progenitor ; since each layer of any tree has been endowed 
during its time with all the productive functions of the individ- 
ual. But to this unlimited duration of vegetables, nature 
offers impassable barriers. The action of the elements, the 
attacks of insects and larger animals, the exhaustion of the soil 
by other vegetables, the constant lengthening of the roots, 
making the circulation too extensive, are all causes constantly 
operating to prevent the duration of the most of forest trees 
beyond one or two centuries. But there are cases in which 
favorable circumstances have conspired to lengthen out the 
lives of particular individuals to as many thousands. Some 
trees of great age have become subjects of history. The cele- 
brated Chestnut of Mount Etna has a circumference of 160 
feet. This tree has been said to be several trees united ; but 
more recent and accurate observations have proved it to have 
but a single root, and of course it is a single tree. Its age, by 
any calculation, must be that of many centuries. Some of the 
oldest Cedars of Lebanon are supposed to have an age of three 

191. What is the opposing theory? — 192. What of the duration of veg- 
etables ? What is each year's growth of a dicotyledonous tree ? What 
limits its duration ? How old are some trees ? 



FERTILIZATION. 109 

thousand years. The Baobab trees of Africa, and the Dragon 
tree of Orotava, are said to be even six thousand years old. 
Pliny believes there were trees in his time as old as the world, 
as he says they were " intacta cevis et congenita mundo, un- 
touched by age and brought forth with the world." 

Means "have been devised for the determining the ages of 
trees by the diameters, but they are so liable to error, that they 
are unworthy of repetition. 



CHAPTER V. 
Section 1. — Fertilization. 

193. The subject of fertilization is one of much interest, 
from the singularity of the operations by which it is in some 
cases carried on, and the beautiful adaptation of the means .to 
bring about this indispensable end. 

All plants possess some apparatus for the production of seed, 
or of bodies which, independent of the parent, will vegetate and 
produce the species ; from the most simple Confervae, with stems 
scarcely larger than films of silk, to the most perfect plants. 
The fact that some plants possessed two systems by whose con- 
joined action the fruit and seed were perfected, has been long 
known. The ancients were acquainted with this fact in refer- 
ence to the Date Palm. They discerned that in the blossom of 
one tree, rudiments of fruit existed, while in that of others no 
such rudimentary fruit was produced, but that the powder pro- 
duced by the flower of the latter must be sprinkled in the 
flowers of the other, in order to the perfection of the fruit. The 
above and similar facts constituted all the knowledge of the 
ancients on the subject of fertilization ; and it was not till the 
latter part of the seventeenth century that any thing like proper 
notions began to prevail. Ray, in England, and Malpighi, in 
Italy, were among the first who placed the subject in its true 
light. Their investigations led them to the conclusion that the 
" pollen was endowed with prolific power, and served to fertilize 
the seeds." 

Within the last few years this subject has received the partic- 
ular attention of the most distinguished philosophers, and the 

193. What do all plants possess ? What has been long known ? What 
conclusion did Ray and Malpighi come to ? 



110 FERTILIZATION. 

important facts which they have disclosed constitute a proud 
triumph of their skill and sagacity over the most hidden opera- 
tions of nature. 

194. The anther, in its early stage, together with the pollen, 
forms a compact and moist body. After the flower expands, 
the anther matures ; the pollen absorbs the fluid from the cells 
lining the anthers. These cells were proved by Purkinje to 
consist of the fibrous cellular tissue, and this tissue, when de- 
prived of moisture, becomes exceedingly elastic, and the fibres 
then act as springs in bursting the anther. Mirbel has demon- 
strated that, during the perfection of the pollen, the fluid of 
this tissue is drawn by the endosmose of the pollen from it. 
The presence of this fluid is necessary to the perfection of the 
pollen, and it is equally necessary, that it should be drawn from 
the fibrous tissue, that it may perform its appropriate and neces- 
sary function of bursting the anther. What a beautiful provi- 
sion for insuring the due preparation of all parts, so that none 
might be prematurely or tardily performed ! Under this or- 
ganization, the anther cannot burst till the pollen has drawn 
its perfecting nourishment. On the other hand, the pollen can- 
not mature only by a means which insures its immediate escape 
when perfected. 

195. During this preparation of the pollen, the pistil is 
undergoing important changes. The stigmatic surface assumes 
an irregular, granular appearance, becoming more lax in its 
texture, and secreting a viscid fluid, all of which is accomplished 
by the time the pollen is perfected. The pollen then falls upon 
the stigma, is made to cohere by this viscidity, and moistened 
by the secreted fluid. 

196. After the grains of pollen have remained upon the 
moist stigmatic surface for several hours, the extine bursts at 
one or more points, and through the apertures the intine is pro- 
truded containing the contents of the pollen grain. These pol- 
len tubes penetrate the lax tissue of the stigma, and make their 
way through the whole length of the style to the ovule, and 
reach, and probably in all cases enter, the foramen. The re- 
markable exhibitions of design for accomplishing this object 
are unsurpassed by any phenomena in nature, and the researches 
of Brown, Amici, Schleiden, and Brogniart have laid open a 
field which cannot be viewed by a lover of nature with any 

other feelings than those of unmingled delight. 

* 

194. How is the pollen perfected? "What relation to the opening of the 
anther ? — 195. What change is the pistil undergoing in the mean time ?•— 
196. What takes place with the pollen grains ? What course do the pollen 
tubes take ? 



FERTILIZATION. Ill 

197. There are three points involved in one theory which is 
extensively adopted. First, that the tubes come in contact 
with the sac of the amnios ; second, that the tubes do not per- 
forate the membrane ; and third, that by the action of the con- 
tents of the tubes, an embryo is formed within the sac. These, 
in substance, were the opinions of the first observers of the 
action of the pollen tubes, and are still those of the English and 
some continental botanists. But there are those who present 
the phenomena in an entirely different light, and endow the 
different parts with as different functions. The German botan- 
ists, Schleiden and Endleicher, are the most prominent advo- 
cates of the following theory, which is an abridgment of Schlei- 
den's views. The pollen tubes enter the ovule, and pass 
through the intercellular passages of the nucleus, and reach the 
embryo sac, which, being forced forward, is pressed, indented, 
and becomes the cylindrical bag which contains the embryo in 
this first stage of its development, and which consequently con- 
sists solely of a cell of parenchyma, supported upon the summit 
of the axis. This bag is therefore composed of a double mem- 
brane (except the open radicular end), viz., the indented em- 
bryo sac, and the membrane of the pollen tube itself. In Taxus, 
and especially in Orchis, he has succeeded in drawing out that 
part of the pollen tube from the embryo sac which contains the 
embryo, and that too at a considerably advanced stage. 

198.. The student will observe from the above, that in Schlei- 
den's view of the subject, the pollen tube becomes itself the 
vessel that contains the embryo, instead of the embryo being 
formed in the sac of the amnios ; and it will also result from 
this view, that so far from this impregnation of the embryo sac 
coming from the pollen tube, the pollen tubes become them- 
selves the subjects of this influence. This reverses entirely the 
order of things, as they have been considered in all past times. 

199. After the discovery of pollen tubes, and the necessity of 
the pollen coming in contact with the moist surface of the stig- 
ma, in order to put them forth, it was thought that the impreg- 
nation of the Asclepiadse and Orchideas formed exceptions to 
the general manner of producing impregnation by their emis- 
sion, since nature seemed to have prevented the possibility of 
any such operation ; but more recent discoveries show these 
plants to exhibit most beautiful examples of this arrangement. 

In the Asclepiadse, the stigma is a fleshy, five-cornered disk, 

197. How many points involved in one of the theories of fertilization? 
What are they? What is Schleiden'B theory?— 198. What are the chief 
points of this theory ? — 199. What arrangement for fertilization in Ascle- 
piadae ? Orchidese ? 



112 FRUITING. 

having a gland on each angle. To each gland there is attached 
a pair of yellow bags containing the pollen, and called pollen 
masses. These do not open, and the stigma has no secreting 
surface. In these circumstances, the impregnation of these 
plants offered an important problem for solution. Ehrenberg 
found that through one side, that next the stigma of these pol- 
len manes, pollen tubes were emitted, and directly entered the 
stigma, and made their way to the ovary, as in other cases, thus 
showing the perfect agreement, in this case at least, with other 
phanerogamous plants. It has also been proved more than 
probable that similar arrangements accomplish the same end in 
Orchidese. In orthotropous plants, threads in some cases hang 
down in the cavity of the ovary, through which the pollen can 
pass into the foramen. In other cases, the conducting tissue 
elongates so as to reach the foramen during the time of fertiliza- 
tion. In Euphorbia, the apex of the nucleus is protruded far 
beyond the foramen, so as to lie within a kind of hood-like ex- 
pansion of the placenta. 

Section 2. — Fruiting. 

200 1 By fruiting we understand the changes the ovarium 
and its connected parts undergo in arriving at maturity. "We 
have already noticed the changes which take place in the con- 
tents of the ovary. The changes of the other floral organs, in 
many cases, are no less prompt and distinct. The floral en- 
velopes soon wither, unless connected with the ovary ; the stamen 
falls off, the pistil dries up or hardens when composed in part 
of the axis of the plant, and all the energies of the plant seem 
to be directed to the perfection of the fruit or ovary. That 
these changes are effected by the act of fertilization, may be 
made manifest by preventing the access of the pollen to the 
pistil, and the parts will for a much longer time remain un- 
changed. There seem to be two different courses taken in the 
perfection of different fruits. In one, the *ovary becomes dry, 
hard, membraneous or woody, as in the Poppy, Cantua, &c. 
In others, the ovary becomes fleshy, affording various agreeable 
articles of food, as Apples, Pears, Peaches, Melons, &c. This 
has been supposed to depend upon the number of stomata on 
the surface of the ovary. In the dry one, the stomata were 
sufficient to permit the evaporation of all the moisture, while in 
the fleshy comparatively little evaporation took place, from the 

200. What is fruiting ? How are the floral envelopes affected by fertil- 
ization ? How made manifest ? What two courses taken in the perfec- 
tion of fruit ? 



FRUITING. 113 

small number of stomata on its surface. The effects of fruits, 
when green, on the atmosphere are the same as those of the 
leaves, but generally of a more limited extent. In the night 
they absorb oxygen like the leaves, and return most of it during 
the day. 

201. The constitution of the fruit differs materially in its 
ripe from what it was in the green state. Water and lignine 
diminish, and sugar increases. Water diminishes from two to 
ten per cent, in different kinds ; lignine generally in a greater 
proportion. Sugar increases in currants from 0.52 to 6.25, it 
being twelve times the quantity in a ripe from what they pos- 
sessed in a green state. This the remarkable changes in taste 
would lead us to suppose without analysis. In many cases we 
know that sugar is produced at the expense of starch, but no 
starch can be discovered in those fruits which generate the 
greatest amount of sugar, such as Currants, Apples, Peaches, 
&c. That it takes place at the expense of the other proximate 
principles, aided by water, is certain, since it goes on without 
any increase of weight, and even when separated from . the 
parent stock, and also in the process of cooking. It is a well 
known fact in chemistry, that the action of various vegetable 
substances on each other, aided by moderate heat, will produce 
the saccharine principle. The vegetable acids, with gum and 
mucilage, will produce this effect. These principles are con- 
tained in all succulent fruits, tartaric acid, malic acid, gum, and 
various other substances peculiar to each fruit. The act of 
ripening, therefore, is a chemical process, which consists in con- 
verting the various unpleasant and injurious principles of the 
green fruit into the most nourishing and healthy of vegetable 
products. 

202. Although the above conveys the general principles on 
which, we believe, the ripening of fruit proceeds, yet in some 
cases these substances from which we suppose the sugar to be 
formed increase at the same time ; yet we believe that in all 
cases either the acid or the other principles diminish, and never 
both increase or remain stationary in the same fruit. If the 
acid increases, the other principles diminish. If the other 
principles increase, the acid diminishes. 

For these processes to go on, an atmosphere containing oxy- 
gen is necessary ; showing that this active agent is required in 
these operations, and performs some necessary office in the con- 

201. How does the constitution of ripe fruit differ from unripe ? What 
is well known in chemistry? Is the act of ripening a chemical process? 
—202. What seeming variation from the above ? What necessary for these 
processes to be good ? 



114 GERMINATION. 

version of the crude material of green fruit into the palatable 
ones of the ripe. For additional remarks on this topic, see 
" vegetable products," pectose and its variations. 

Section 3. — Germination. 

208. By germination we understand the commencement of 
the vital action, which produces a development of the embryo 
of the seed. The necessary conditions of germination are the 
presence of water, heat, and oxygen gas. 

201. Germination cannot take place in the absence of any 
one of these agents ; and in the absence of water, no effect is pro- 
duced toward germination by the exposure to both of the other 
agents. With it they act promptly. The water enters the seed 
by the hilum, and passes to the perisperm by the chalaza, from 
the perisperm to the embryo through its point of attachment. 
This is the direct course of the fluid through appropriate vessels ; 
but in some cases, as in the Beans and Peas, it will penetrate 
the testa and enter the embryo directly through its substance, 
when the vessels of the hilum are obstructed, by being covered 
with wax or other substances impermeable to water, but germi- 
nation goes on much more tardily. 

205. Seeds will not germinate in a vacuum, nor in any gas 
except oxygen ; nor in distilled or recently boiled water; but by 
the presence of 0.3 of oxygen in any of these cases, germination 
will commence. The action of the oxygen seems to be in com- 
bining with the carbon of the seed, and forming carbonic acid ; 
producing, as Raspail says, fermentation : a part of the acid is 
thrown off, and a part no doubt elaborated by the increasing 
embryo. It has been proved by Edwards and Collin, that the 
oxygen which the plant uses does not all come from the air, but 
that the embryo possesses the power of decomposing water, and 
using the oxygen and hydrogen for different operations in de- 
veloping the plant. It would seem, however, that a small 
quantity of oxygen was necessary to produce a commencement 
of the vital action, to give the first impulse to vitality. By nu- 
merous experiments it has been proved, that the best proportion 
of oxygen with other gases is as one to four, the ratio found in 
nature in the constitution of the atmosphere. Seeds may be ex- 
posed to other agents, and not germinate or lose their vitality. 



203. What do we understand by germination ? What are the necessary 
conditions? — 204. How does the water enter the seed? — 205. What gas is 
necessary to germination ? What is the best proportion of oxygen ? May 
seeds retain their vitality and be exposed to other agents ? 



GERMINATION. 



115 



Seeds buried deep in the soil will not germinate, but on ex- 
posure to the air immediately spring up. Turnip-seeds have 
been eight years in the soil. Seeds taken from a pit, in which 
condition they had lain hundreds of years, germinated readily. 
This fact probably explains the springing up of different trees 
when a forest is cut down and the ground broken up. A weak 
solution of chlorine hastens germination, probably by aiding the 
decomposition of water. 

206. Heat is another necessary condition on which germina- 
tion depends. Germination cannot take place in a temperature, 
unless some degrees above freezing, and it may take place in a 
temperature which would be entirely inadequate to the per- 
fection of its growth. If the temperature is too high, the 
seeds may germinate, but unhealthy action is produced, and 
the plant perishes by over-action, produced by this powerful 
agent. 

It has been found that Wheat, Barley, and Rye would ger- 
minate at 44 degrees Fahr., which is about the lowest point it 
would take place. These grains being composed in a great de- 
gree of starch, and at the expense of which germination pro- 
ceeds, it was thought that these seeds would sustain any 
temperature as high as starch would, without bursting their in- 
teguments. Under ordinary circumstances this takes place at a 
little above 167°, but this temperature was found sufficient to 
destroy the vitality of the various grains, Beans, Peas, and like 
seeds. Many lost their vitality at 125° and some as low as 
113°, temperatures which the surface of our soil often exceeds. 
These facts teach us the necessity of shading, or of planting our 
flower and delicate garden seeds in cool places, when it is done 
after the warm days of our spring come on. Much of the vitu- 
peration against seedmen would be saved by this course. Dark- 
ness is favorable to germination ordinarily. The yellow rays are 
most injurious, while the blue accelerate the process, containing 
as they do the actinic or chemical rays. 

207. When the three agents above noticed are brought to 
act upon the seed in due proportion it begins to swell, bursts its 
integuments, generally by the protrusion of a radicle, which 
takes its direction downward, and soon after the plumula or stem 
makes its appearance and takes its course upward. During 
germination considerable heat is generated, no doubt the effect 

Examples. "What fact does it explain ? — 206. How is germination affected 
by temperature ? At how high or how low temperature will seeds ger- 
minate ? At what temperature do many seeds lose their vitality ? What 
do these facts teach us ? How does darkness affect germination ? — 207. 
How does germination proceed < What is generated during the process ? 



116 GERMINATION. 

of the action of the oxygen on the carbon of the seed. This may 
be witnessed in the germination of large masses of Barley. 

208. The most important change produced in germination on 
the contents of the seed is the conversion of the amylaceous 
portion into sugar. This is through the action of Diastase. 
This substance is produced at the commencement of germina- 
tion, and the sole object of its production seems to be the con- 
version of starch into sugar for the use of the embryo plant. It 
does this with the greatest promptness ; even when artificially 
obtained it will convert two thousand times its own weight of 
starch into sugar. It is perfectly inert in relation to any other 
vegetable product. Its situation in the grain would lead us to 
suppose that its operation was of the character above assigned 
to it. It does not exist in the radicle, or in the cotyledons of 
the seed, but immediately in the passage from the cotyledons to 
the germ. It also exists in tubers, as the potato, and in them 
it is not distributed throughout the substance, but only at the 
very origin of the eyes, precisely at the place where one would 
conceive it to be placed to dissolve the amylaceous substance for 
the nourishment of the growing organs. This is an exceedingly 
important discovery in relation to vegetation, as it carries us one 
step further into the mysterious operations of nature, as exhibited 
in the nourishment and growth of vegetables. 

209. The time required for germination is very different in 
different species of plants, and even of the same species. Much 
influence also is exercised over this operation by soil, climate, 
and localities as to moisture and exposure. 

Under favorable circumstances, Wheat, Oats, Rye, and Millet, 
will germinate in one day; Spinage, Bean, Turnip, Radish, 
Mustard, in three days ; Lettuce in four days ; Melon, Cucum- 
ber, &c, in five days ; Horse-radish in six — Barley in seven — 
Purslain in nine — Cabbage and Hyssop in ten — Parsley in 
fourteen or fifteen ; Almond, Peach, Peony, in a year ; Rose, 
Hawthorn, two years. These results will vary from the age of 
the seed before exposure to the agents that produce germination, 
and the influences to which it has been exposed, whether its 
vitality may have been injured by moisture, heat, or light, all of 
which exercise a deleterious influence on seeds. 

210. The time through which seeds will retain their vitality 
is very different in different species, when exposed to the same 

208. What is the most important change ? Through the action of what ? 
When produced ? How much starch will it convert into sugar ? When 
produced ?— 209. What is said of the time required for germination? 
Mention some examples. — 210. What of the time seeds will retain their 
vitality ? 



FOOD OF PLANTS. 117 

influence. We believe, however, more depends on the action of 
elements of the atmosphere and light than upon the necessarily 
limited time of suspension of vitality in the seed itself. We have 
known seeds, which are generally considered as losing their 
vitality at the end of one year, readily germinate after being 
kept for several years in a dry atmosphere, and of nearly uni- 
form temperature, and protected from the light. Seeds which 
are generally considered as retaining their vitality only one year, 
have been known to germinate at the end of one hundred years, 
and cases are often recorded of seeds germinating after lying 
buried in the earth beyond the reach of the atmosphere for at 
least seventeen hundred years. Any table on this subject, there- 
fore, is necessarily a very imperfect guide, unless it should be 
based on some specified manner of keeping the seeds. The best 
course to follow in the preservation of seeds, is to keep them as 
much as possible in a temperate and dry atmosphere, protected 
from the action of the light. The coffee-seed has never been 
made to germinate, unless planted immediately on its ripening. 
Oily seeds soonest lose their vitality. In the purchase of seeds, 
kept in the usual manner, fresh ones should always be required. 

Section 4. — Food of Plants. 

211. The principal food of plants is water and carbonic acid 
and ammonia, which are received through the roots in a liquid 
state, and through the leaves in a gaseous form. Besides these, 
various salts enter in a greater or less degree into the composi- 
tion of vegetables. 

To determine the food of plants, it is an important element in 
the investigation to know of what the plant is composed. This 
has been determined by various philosophers with great accu- 
racy. The following is the constitution of some of the most 
common plants, taking 1000 parts of the dry vegetable : 

Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen. Ashes. 

Wheat 455 57 430 35 23 

Oats 507 64 367 22 40 

Peas 465 61 401 42 31 

Turnips 429 58 422 17 76 

Potatoes 441 58 439 12 50 

Quite a uniformity will be observed in these elements ; about 
one half being carbon, less than half oxygen ; about one- 
twentieth hydrogen, less than one-twentieth nitrogen, with a 

The best conditions of keeping them ? — 211. The principal food of plants ? 
What is important to know to determine the food of plants ? Mention the 
constitution of some plants. 



118 FOOD OF PLANTS. 

much greater variation in the ashes, which consist mostly of 
potash, silex, lime, sulphur, phosphorus, and some other elements 
in minute quantities. 

21 2 1 The first four elements are called organic demerits, or 
organogens ; the materials of the ashes, inorganic elements. The 
most abundant element is carbon, and no organic product exists 
without it, although either of the others may be absent. 

213. The plant derives its carbon from carbonic acid, C0 2 . 
It cannot take up carbon in an uncombined state, as it is solid, 
and it can obtain it from no other compound of carbon, as no 
other exists in sufficient quantities. The carbonic acid in the 
air, the result of respiration of animals, the combustion of wood 
and coal, and the decay of carbonaceous substances, and that 
contained in the soil from the action of manure, affords the plant 
its carbon. It is chiefly derived from the air. Numerous facts 
prove this position. Originally, before there was any vegeta- 
tion, there could have been carbonic acid nowhere else. Plants 
grow in the air and deposit carbon. The growth of plants in- 
creases the carbonaceous matter in the soil where they grow. 
Plants will grow and increase in carbon in distilled water. 
These well-known facts prove that carbonic acid in the atmos- 
phere supplies most of the carbon to plants. 

214. The oxygen and hydrogen in plants are principally de- 
rived from water, OH ; hydrogen, perhaps, partly from ammonia. 

215. Nitrogen is obtained by the plant mostly by the decom- 
position of Ammonia, NH 3 . Ammonia is generated wherever 
organic substances are decaying, especially animal substances. 
The ammonia is dissolved in water, and absorbed by porous 
substances in the soil, and from either condition is furnished to 
the roots of the plants. During thunder-storms small quantities 
of nitric acid, N0 5 , are produced, which is brought down by the 
rains, and in a very diluted state furnishes food for the plant in 
the form of N and O. Volcanoes and springs probably throw* 
out immense quantities of the gases that afford food to plants, 
especially Carbonic Acid and Ammonia. 

216. Although the above four elements are the organic ele- 
ments of plants, yet, for the perfection of any plant, except of the 
very lowest character, inorganic elements are essentially neces- 
sary. Sulphur and Phosphorus are essential to the production 



212. What are the first four elements called? Elements in the ashes 1 
Which element is universal? — 213. Whence does the plant derive its 
carbon? Whence comes the carbonic acid ? What facts prove this posi- 
tion? — 214. Whence oxygen and hydrogen? — 215. Whence the nitrogen? 
— 216. What other elements are necessary? For what are sulphur and 
phosphorus essential ? 



FOOD OF PLANTS. 



119 



of the most important elements of vegetation, the proteine com- 
pounds. The analysis of the ash of one of our common plants 
will convey an idea of the constitution of ashes generally as to 
the number of elements : their proportion will vary very much in 
different plants. The wheat, in 1000 lbs., gave 11 J lbs. of 
ashes, with the following composition : 



Potash 2.25 

Soda 2.40 

Lime 96 

Magnesia .90 

Alumina 26 



Silica 4.00 

Sulphuric acid 50 

Phosphoric acid 40 

Chlorine 10 

Iron a trace. 



217. When plants of the same species perfect their seed the 
analysis will give the same proportion, although growing in 
very different soils ; and in different species of plants, although 
growing in the same soil, the elements will be in very different 
proportions, showing that plants require definite quantities of 
the inorganic elements in order to perfect growth, and in the 
soil that does not yield these elements a deficient growth only 
can be obtained. 

These facts lie at the foundation of the rotation of crops and 
manuring. When any given plant has exhausted the soil of the 
soluble elements requisite for its growth, another plant requiring 
other elements, or the same in different proportions, may grow 
with luxuriance and in perfection in the same soil. Generally 
the grasses, such as wheat, oats, <fec, require larger quantities of 
silica. Peas, clover, and tobacco, much lime ; turnips, beets, 
corn, and sweet potatoes, potash and soda. The stalk and fruit 
often require the different elements in different proportion : both, 
of course, must be supplied. These elements might exist in the 
soil, but not in a soluble condition, and of course yield no benefit 
to the plant. 

218. Silica is soluble in the alkalies, and by them it is ren- 
dered fit for the absorption of the plant. 

Phosphorus and Sulphur are acidified by oxygen, and com- 
bined with some base, forming appropriate food for plants. 

The soluble salts of lime and iron are formed spontaneously 
in the soil. These changes, from an insoluble to a soluble state, 
are continually going on in the soil ; and for a continuation of 



What is the constitution of the ashes of the wheat? — 217. When plants 
perfect their seed, how will the constitution of the ashes be ? What is said 
of these facts? How explained ? What do grains require? Peas, clover, 
&e. ? Turnips, beans? What of the stalk and fruit ? In what condition 
must their elements be ? How is silica rendered soluble ? Phosphorus and 
sulphur ? Lime and iron 2 



120 FOOD OF PLANTS. 

the same crop, which requires a large amount of a given mate- 
rial, it may require it faster than the circumstances of the case 
can supply, and a crop that requires little or none of that mate- 
rial may flourish. 

The supplying of the requisite materials in greater quantity 
than nature furnishes them, is called manuring. This ordina- 
rily is accomplished by applying refuse vegetable or animal 
matter. Either or both of these, of course, would, by their de- 
cay, afford the appropriate nourishment, as it is of the same, 
composition. Decaying vegetables of the same kind would, of 
course, be the most appropriate food. 

219* To perfect the seed requires other elements than the 
growth of the stalk. Nitrogenized substances are required for 
this purpose, and these are especially afforded by animal ma- 
nures ; hence these are the most highly esteemed for the raising 
of grain. Wheat or other grains raised by nitrogenized sub- 
stances are much richer in the nutritive elements for animals. 
Guano supplies large quantities of ammonia ; hence its impor- 
tance in agriculture. Phosphates are also required to perfect 
the seed ; hence pounded bones, which are phosphate of lime, 
are highly esteemed. To render them soluble, however, sul- 
phuric acid must be applied to them. Nitrogenized substances 
are calculated especially to give vigor to vegetable growth ; 
hence the gardener, when he wishes to produce double flowers, 
supplies the plant abundantly with this kind of food, and the 
stamens are converted into petals. But when the fruit is to be 
forced into excessive development, the phosphates also must be 
present. An abundant supply of both these materials produces 
the most perfect development. Many articles are beneficially 
applied to crops which do not act directly themselves. 

Gypsum acts by fixing the ammonia ; lime by liberating 
other substances, and perhaps by stimulating the plant ; and 
so of many others. 

Fallowing, that is, raising green crops, and ploughing them 
wholly or partially in, is a most excellent mode of furnishing 
food for crops. 

220t Boussingault takes the following view of the subject. 
He supposes a farm devoted to the cultivation of grain, possess- 
ing, of course, a sufficient amount of stock. One knows by ex- 
perience what quantity of manure is indispensable, therefore the 

What is manuring ? How usually accomplished ? — 219. To perfect the 
seed, what is required ? How is wheat affected by the soil ? Why is 
guano valuable? What of phosphates ? The combination of what mate- 
rials produces the most perfect development? How does gypsum act! 
How lime? What is fallowing? — 220. Give Boussingault's illustration. 



FOOD OF PLANTS. 121 

relation which ought to exist between the surface cultivated in 
forage, and that devoted to the cultivation of merchantable pro- 
duce. Each year they will export grain, cheese, and some ani- 
mals. Thus there will be a constant export of azotic products, 
without any importation of similar matter, and during all this 
time the fertility of the soil is not impaired. The organic ma- 
terial constantly exported will be replaced by the culture of 
ameliorating plants or by fallowing; and the art of agriculture 
consists in adopting the rotation which best favors the most 
prompt transition of the elements of the atmosphere into the 
soil. 

221. The above is a true representation of the course pur- 
sued on numerous farms, where there is a constant exportation 
of products, but no importation of manure, and yet the farms 
are increasing in richness ; but it is a lamentable fact that the 
soil of many other farms which export no more, by carelessness 
and mismanagement, is becoming exhausted. The latter class 
of farmers are inflicting serious injury on posterity, as it will re- 
quire a long series of years to bring back an exhausted planta- 
tion to a state of fertility, although it requires but little proper 
management to keep a good plantation good for ages. 

222. Raspail remarks that, "for the reason that a plant 
would die in a vacuum, for the same reason would it die in a 
soil destitute of the bases which were necessary for its organic 
constitution. This would be asphyxia for want of soil, as the 
other is asphyxia for want of air ; for to live is to combine, and 
without elements no combination would be possible." But in 
most soils all the necessary elements are found in a greater or 
less degree. To these facts the eye of the agriculturist should 
be open, and the constitution of his soil should be known, that 
he may be enabled, as much as is in his power, to supply the 
deficient element necessary for the crop he wishes to produce. 
It is a common complaint in almost every section of country 
that some plants uniformly degenerate. In some places it will 
be one kind, in others another. Raspail has shown that al- 
though a soil might be rich in every other respect, but not con- 
taining the necessary salt for the particular species, the plant 
uniformly degenerates, and finally ceases to produce seed. The 
gardener, being aware of this fact, should make such application 
as the general nature of his soil seems to indicate. 

221. What is a lamentable fact?— 222. "What does Kaspail say ? How is 
it in most soils ? What should the agriculturist know f What is said in 
regard to some plants and their seed ? 

6 



122 CIRCULATION OF THE SAP. 

Section 5. — Circulation of the Sap. 

223. There are three kinds of circulation recognized by most 
Botanists. 1. A general circulation from the roots to the leaves 
and back again. 2. Cyclosis, or the circulation in the lactifer- 
ous tissue. 3. Circulation of rotation in the individual cells. 

That there is a general circulation from the roots to the 
leaves, is plainly indicated by the rapid evaporation which is 
constantly going on from the surface of those organs. How 
soon does a vigorous plant wither and diminish sensibly in 
weight when cut in the mid-day sun ! and plainly for no other 
reason than that the source of its supply of fluid is cut off. 
Hales, many years ago, made some interesting experiments, not 
only proving this general circulation, but determining the force 
with which the fluid moved forward. 

224. By the aid of a glass tube, containing mercury, at- 
tached to the stalk of a vine cut or! two feet and nine inches 
from the ground, the force of the sap at its maximum raised 
the mercury 32j inches, which was on the twelfth day after the 
experiment commenced, April 18, at 7 A. M., which force was 
sufficient to raise water thirty-six feet. 

" In another like mercurial gauge, fixed near the bottom of a 
vine which ran 20 feet high, the mercury was raised by the 
force of the sap 38 inches, equal to 43 feet 3 inches of water ; 
which force is more than five times greater than the force of 
the blood in the great crural artery of the horse, seven times 
greater than the force of the blood in the like artery of the dog, 
and eight times greater than the blood's force in the same ar- 
tery of a fallow doe." 

225. These experiments show not only circulation, but that 
it is carried on with great force. The force with which the 
sap moves in vegetables varies with the seasons and the hours 
of the day. It is most powerful in the spring, and in the morn- 
ing of the day, and under the direct action of the sun after a 
rain. The course which the sap takes in its general circulation 
is from the roots through the alburnum to the leaves, and down- 
ward through the bark, and laterally by the medullary pro- 
cesses. These facts may be shown by cutting in early spring 
into the sugar-maple, and we shall find the sap running from 
the alburnum only, and mostly from the lower surface of the 
wound, showing the upward course of the sap is through this 

223. How many kinds of circulation ? What are they ? What proves 
the general circulation ? — 224. What was Hales' first experiment ? Second ? 
— 225. What do these experiments show ? How does the force vary ? 
What is the course of the sap ? What proofs ? 



CIRCULATION OF THE SAP. 123 

part of the stem. If the same tree be cut in mid-summer, there 
will be little or no issue from the alburnum, but the bark will 
now give out a fluid from the upper edge of the wound, prov- 
ing that the downward current is through the bark. The 
reason that has been assigned for little or no sap issuing from 
the cut alburnum in summer is, that the draft made upon it 
by the evaporation prevents the vessels from holding enough 
sap to issue from the cut ends. 

226. That the sap, before elaboration, ascends within the 
wood, and that most of it, after this process, descends within 
the bark, is proved by tying a ligature very tight round a 
branch in spring, and the branch will greatly increase above 
the ligature, and but very little below it, thus showing that the 
sap was not obstructed in its ascent, but was obstructed in its 
descent. This operation will very much increase the size of 
fruit on any branch for a single year, but it injures the tree for 
succeeding years, since the proper amount of alburnum is not 
deposited in the trunk, and from the hardening of the previous 
alburnum, the sap for the succeeding year is obstructed in its 
course. 

22 7 • The cause of the ascent of the sap has been attributed 
to the evaporation of the leaves, to capillary attraction, aided 
by the motion of the stem produced by the wind, to endosmose, 
and to vital action. We believe it is generally not due to any 
one of these, but to all of them, and we believe more is due to 
vital action than to any other cause. That it was wholly 
owing to vital action in the first experiment quoted from Hales, 
is evident from the fact that none of the other alleged causes 
could act. Evaporation from the leaves could not have pro- 
duced it, for he states that there were no branches on the stem 
subjected to experiment. Evaporation or Endosmose cannot 
produce a force exterior to the body in which they act. To 
vital action alone, then, we must ascribe the principal force 
with which the sap is propelled. It seems remarkable that so 
much pains should be taken to explain phenomena on mechani- 
cal principles, which are wholly impotent when applied to the 
circumstances under consideration. We are gravely told, and 
I quote high authority, that " when a young bud is first excited 
to growth in the spring, the fluids it contains are increased in 
density by evaporation ; endosmose immediately takes place 
between it and the tissue below it, which latter parts with the 
thinnest portion of its contents, and then acts by endosmose 

Why does not the sap flow in summer ? — 226. How is the direction of 
the sap proved ? What effect on the fruit ? — 227. To what causes has the 
ascent of the sap been attributed ? What do Hales' experiments prove ? 



124 CIRCULATION OF THE SAP. 

upon the tissue below, and thus the whole cord of vegetation is 
set in vibration. It may be supposed that the mere effect of 
gravitation will carry downward the sap, in its densest state, 
after it has ceased to obey the attraction of the leaves, and that 
it will descend by simple filtration till it reaches the roots ; but 
how we are to account for its lateral transmission through the 
medullary rays is still unknown." 

228. The first phenomenon quoted is, that by evaporation 
the fluids in the leaves are made more dense, which puts in ac- 
tion endosmose, or capillary attraction. Now, we are acquainted 
with no experiment on the action of these forces, where they 
ever separate the fluids under their influence. We have no 
particular objection to resorting to these new agents in putting 
the sap in motion, but we should like to know how this dense 
fluid, in the cell into which the lighter fluid is entering by this 
power, is to be discharged from the cell ? We have been un- 
able, either from our own experiments or those recorded by 
others, to devise any method. Endosmose, or Exosmose, will 
not do it, for if we resort to exosmose, it can only pass out 
into the ascending current, and by becoming lighter by dilu- 
tion, is drawn by Endosmose immediately back again. But 
our author solves the difficulty, by saying that gravity will 
carry the denser sap downward ! True, but how comes the 
denser sap separated from the lighter ? and why does it not 
return in the same vessels in which it ascends ? 

229. How does gravity operate in carrying the denser fluid 
upward, as in many cases in which the extremities of branches 
are lower than the point of insertion ? We know of no solution 
to these questions, and we are compelled to say that they are 
facts, which we can only refer to the action of that mysterious 
principle which we call life. The action of this principle is, of 
course, modified by circumstances. It requires the action of ex- 
ternal agents to call it into operation, and its force is increased 
or retarded by the same. Heat and moisture exercise great in- 
fluence over it in circulation. In the cold of winter it is nearly 
suspended, but the warmth of spring calls it into action. After 
its action has commenced with some vigor, a cold night seems 
to retard or suspend its operations for the succeeding day. This 
is seen in the Sugar-maple. The sap commences to flow from 
the incisions, when the warm days and cold nights of spring 
come on. But if several successive nights are so warm that it 
does not freeze, the sap ceases to flow, and for the same reason 

228. What is the first phenomenon ? — 229. What difficulties in the way 
of gravitation being the cause of the descent of sap? What is the cause? 
How illustrated in the sugar-maple ? 



CYCLOSIS. 125 

that it does not flow in the summer, viz., vital action commences 
in the buds, and the sap is directed to them ; but when it freezes 
again at night, the sap will flow the next day, as the vitality of 
the buds is checked or suspended in its action by the cold. 

Section 6. — Cyclosis. 

230. In the cinenchyma there has been discovered a circula- 
tion called cyclosis ; the term, we presume, is derived from 
kuklos, a circle. The cinenchyma, as we have before described 
it, has its arrangements in no regular order, but lies imbedded 
in the other tissues, running in every direction. In this tissue 
the cyclosis takes place ; the circulating fluid being generally, 
though not always, a milky substance, and is called latex. The 
latex, which conveys granular matter, circulates through a plexus 
of reticulated vessels in all directions ; when the vessels are 
parallel, and near each other, the currents rise in some and fall 
in others ; but, in connecting or lateral vessels, the currents are 
directed from right to left, or the reverse, according to no ap- 
parent rule. The contiguous rows of vessels anastomose from 
place to place, which produces a permanent interruption of the 
rising and falling currents. In order to enable the circulating 
motion to take place, it is necessary that the system of vessels 
should be reticulated. It often happens, that when strong cur- 
rents are formed, weak ones disappear. In cases when the 
cyclosis cannot be actually seen in the vessels, it may be inferred 
from the following fact : When the two ends of a stem contain- 
ing milk are cut through, the latex is seen to run out at both 
ends of the fragment, which proves that there must be both an 
ascending and a descending current : the same phenomenon is 
visible in plants having a colorless latex, therefore there must be 
a motion of ascent and descent in them also. 

231. In the cells of some, at least, of the lower orders of 
plants, there is a circulation in the individual cells called the 
circulation of rotation, which has excited much interest. The 
Chara fragilis has long been a subject of notice. As early as 
IV 74, Corti, an Italian physician of Lucca, discovered the circu- 
lation in the tube of the Chara. 

The Chara is an aquatic plant, consisting of slender stems 
with a central tube surrounded by numerous small cortical 
tubes, all of which are filled with a fluid having minute globules 

230. What is cyclosis ? "What is the fluid called ? How do the currents 
move? — 231. When does the circulation of rotation take place? What 
plant has been long noticed ? Who discovered the circulation ? Describe 
the Chara. 



126 CTCLOSIS. 

floating in it. The roots of the plant also are of the same con- 
struction, and contain the same kind of fluid, suspending like 
globules. The tubes of the stem are lined on their inside with 
innumerable green elliptical globules placed end to end. By re- 
moving the cortical tubes with care and applying the micro- 
scope, we observe the floating globules following with perfect 
regularity the direction of the spirally arranged globules attached 
to the tube. The ascending current, when it arrives near the 
node, turns and forms a descending current on the opposite side, 
following with equal regularity the green globules. Between 
these two currents there is a line destitute of green globules, and 
under which the fluid does not circulate, and which is called the 
line of repose. If the green globules make accidentally any 
sinuosities, the floating globules follow these sinuosities. If the 
green globules are removed in any part, the current is arrested 
at this point, and the floating globules accumulate there, until 
finally they are deflected from their course and return by the 
opposite current. These phenomena occur in perfection only in 
the young internodes. As the parts become old, the globules 
become detached in spots, and the current becomes irregular in 
proportion. In more advanced age they often become entirely 
removed from the surface of the cell and float in the contained 
fluid, which ceases to circulate. At other times they entirely 
disappear. 

232. Any cause which will accelerate or retard vegetation, 
accelerates or retards this circulation. Within certain limits 
heat will accelerate the movement, and cold retard it. Excess 
of either will destroy it entirely, as it does the life of the plant. 
Light and atmospheric air are necessary for its continued mo- 
tion. Poisons act variously on the circulation, and the motion 
of the intercellular fluid is a true index of its effect, as its change 
is the first indication of their influence. This plant has been 
made the means of determining what substances are poisonous 
and their mode of action, and is said to be the most delicate test 
for a poisonous substance, and is called by Raspail a Tozicometer. 

233 • The power which plants possess of accumulating sap, 
and drawing on this store, as food for future use, is a subject of 
much interest, and of much practical importance. Striking ex- 
amples of this kind we see exhibited in the Radish, Turnip, Beet, 
&c. In these cases the energies of the plant are spent, in the 
first period of their existence, in laying in stores of food in the 



How does the current move? — 232. Effect of external agents? How dc 
poisons affect it? What does Easpail call it? — 233. What is said of the 
accumulation of sap ? Examples. Explain them. 



IRRITABILITY. 



127 



form of large succulent roots, which is to be used when the plant 
requires large supplies of nourishment in the perfection of its 
seed. But plants which do not so obviously provide this accu- 
mulation of food, nevertheless, require a fit state of development 
before they can perfect their fruit. The gardener is well ac- 
quainted with thjs fact, since he knows that Melons and like 
fruits, which set early, either uniformly fall off, or are diminutive 
and useless ; but if they are not permitted to set till the vine is 
well developed and rilled with sap, they then grow rapidly and 
come to perfection, having a full supply of food laid in store for 
their use. It is a well-known fact, also, that when a fruit-tree 
is prevented from bearing one year, the fruit for the next 
year is much better than the ordinary fruit of the tree ; the tree 
having accumulated food during the year of rest, which con- 
tributes to the abundance and perfection of the fruit. Trees 
also sometimes cease to bear only every other year, either from 
age or from want of sufficient nourishment in the soil in which 
they grow ; they cannot bear the exhaustion attendant on the 
perfection of a yearly crop of fruit. 

234* The fleshy receptacles also of many plants afford nour- 
ishment during the perfection of the seed. In some of the 
grasses, when they grow in moist soils, they become tuberous, 
laying up food in the tubers for times of drought. 

Section 7. — Irritability. 

235. The vitality of plants is often exhibited by various 
spontaneous motions ; by the sensible effects produced by the 
actions of external agents ; all of which phenomena are attribu- 
ted to irritability. 

Of the former of these phenomena the most common is what 
is generally called the sleep of plants. In plants with compound 
leaves the leaflets often close on the approach of darkness, and 
expand again on the return of day. Many flowers also undergo 
the same changes. Some flowers, however, are unable to sustain 
the light for the whole day, and close their flowers under the di- 
rect rays of the sun. In some cases, also, the calyx and floral 
leaves embrace the flower, seemingly for the purpose of protect- 
ing it from the action of the cold and moisture of the night. 
Most of the preceding phenomena are, no doubt, due to the 
action of the light, since they may be made to take place by 



How with early fruits ? With fruit trees ?— 234. What is said of the 
roots of some grasses ?— £35. What is meant by irritability ? What of the 
sleep of plants ? 



128 IRRITABILITY. 

artificial arrangements for the production of light and darkness. 
Lamp-light will make some plants unfold their petals, which 
have been closed for the night. 

236 1 In some cases there are constant movements of leaves 
or petals. "We have upon record remarkable examples of this 
kind. In the Megaclinium falcatum the labellum is in constant 
motion. In the Pterostylis there is a kind of convulsive action 
of the labellum. The filaments of the Oscillatorias are con- 
tinually writhing like worms in pain. The Hedysarum gyrans 
is the most remarkable instance of this character. This plant 
has ternate leaves : the terminal leaflet, which is larger than those 
at the side, does not move, except to sleep ; but the lateral, 
especially in warm weather, are in continual motion, both day 
and night, even when the terminal leaflet is asleep. External 
stimuli produce no effect. The motions are very irregular, the 
leaflets rise or fall more or less quickly, and retain their position 
for uncertain periods. Cold water poured upon it stops the 
motion, but it is immediately renewed by warm vapor. 

237. The spores of some cryptogamic plants exhibit motions, 
which are said to depend on hair-like processes or cilia. In 
certain cells, also, of the same class of plants, bodies are met 
w T ith, called Phytozoa — plant-animals, which exhibit movements. 

In the higher orders, also, movements have been observed in 
the fovilla, or contents of the pollen grains, when moistened with 
water. These have been considered the result of irritability, but 
they are now generally regarded as mere mechanical movements, 
which may be exhibited by many forms of matter, as minute 
grains of Gamboge and other substances. 

238 • Movements produced by the action of external agents 
are various. The common sensitive plant offers a familiar ex- 
ample ; by touching one of the leaflets the whole closes, and the 
petiole bends downward to the stem. The touching the base 
of the stamens of the Cassia causes it to fly up against the pistil. 
The Dionea muscipula is a case very much in point, but not very 
common. The lamina of the leaf is surrounded by long stiff 
bristles, and if the upper surface of the leaf is touched, the sides 
collapse, the bristles passing each other like the teeth of a steel- 
trap, thus effectually holding any insect that may light upon its 
surface, and the more the insect struggles for liberty, the more 
closely the leaf contracts. 

239. The effect of poison on plants is exhibited by move- 
ments indicating their action. 

236. What cases of constant movement? — 237. What of some spores? 
What of the contents of pollen grains ?— 238. What example of movements 
occasioned by external agents ? — 239. What effect of poisons ? 



H 



COLOK. 129 

A solution of the oxyde of arsenic killed Beans, Eoses, Lilacs, 
&c, after an action of a few hours in the former case, and in 
some days in the latter cases. Corrosive sublimate and various 
other mineral poisons produced similar effects ; but salts that are 
harmless to animals are so to vegetables. Vegetable poisons, 
such as Alcohol, Prussic acid, Belladonna, Laurelwater, and the 
like, destroy the life of vegetables, as they do that of animals. 

240. From numerous experiments of the most distinguished 
physiologists, it is thought that the action of poisons operates 
on vegetables through a system similar in its organization to 
that of animals. Any one, seeing the effect of vegetable poi- 
sons on various plants, throwing them into apparent convulsions, 
and producing immediate death, without any disorganization of 
the tissue, must confess that there is an endowment of plants, 
which the physiologist has as yet been unable satisfactorily to 
attach to any appropriate apparatus. 

Section 8. — Colm\ 

241. The products of no department of nature have been more 
admired for the beauty of their colorings, and the variety of 
their tints, than those of vegetables. Flowers have ever been 
the noted examples of nature's penciling, and from their beauty 
in this respect they have been the subjects of the poet's strains. 

"Who can paint 
Like nature ? Can imagination boast, 
Amid her gay creation, hues like hers? 
Or can she mix them with that matchless skill. 
And lose them in each other, as appears 
In every bud that blows ?" 

Our Saviour with unequalled beauty, in his allusion to the 
Lilies of the field, yields his assent to the same sentiment. 

The various colors are supposed to have their origin in a 
substance called Chromule, and that the great variety of hues 
presented in the vegetable kingdom are produced by the action 
of acids and alkalies on the chromule. 

Chromule in its natural state is green, and by maceration 
may be readily separated from the tissue, to which it gives 
coloring. The grains of chromule are of an irregular shape, 
rather approaching the sphere, but somewhat angular, and con- 
sist of a semi-fluid, gelatinous mass, not inclosed in a sac. It is 
affirmed by some to contain iron and manganese, to which the 



240. How is it thought poisons act ? — 241. To what do the various colors 
owe tLeir origin ? The natural state of chromule ? Shape of the grains ? 

6* 



130 COLOR. 

varieties of color are owing, produced by the accession of these 
different substances, as it is well-known that almost every hue 
may be produced by these two metals. But the quantity of 
chromule which exists in plants is exceedingly small ; Berzelius 
estimated the quantity in the leaves of a large tree not to exceed 
three and a half ounces. 

242. To enable plants to deposite chromule, light, in most 
cases, is absolutely necessary. This is abundantly shown by the 
fact, that plants growing in the dark become blanched ; not that 
the chromule already deposited becomes less, but that it is sur- 
rounded by the deposition of substances containing no chromule, 
and of course becomes less observable. There are examples, 
however, of plants growing in deep mines, having never enjoyed 
the light of day, which, nevertheless, are green. 

243. Green is considered the natural color of vegetation, and 
when it is not of this hue, in the language of Botany, it is said 
to be colored. 

244. The change of color produced on chromule has been 
referred to different causes. The two most deserving of notice 
are the one of Schubler and Funck of Tubingen, and the other 
of Macquart. 

Both theories consider green as the original color, but the 
means by which the variations are produced are accounted for 
on very different principles by the supporters of the two theories. 
Schubler and Funck maintain that all variations from green are 
produced by acid or alkaline secretions. The green chromule, 
acted on by these substances, assumes every variety of hue. 
The hues assumed by the flowers are determined by the different 
agents by which they are produced, with the exception of red ; 
this is common to both. Those produced by the action of the 
alkaline secretions, from green, are — 

Greenish-blue, Violet-blue, Violet-red, 

Blue, Violet, Red. 

This is called the Blue, Cyanic, or Deoxidized series, and any 
variation of color from one of these hues will always be by 
passing into some other of the same series. 

Those colors produced by the acid secretions are — 

Yellow-green, Orange-yellow, Orange-red, 

Yellow, Orange, Red. 



242. What agent is necessary for the production of chromule ? How 
shown? — 243. The natural color of vegetation? — 244. The theory of Schu- 
bler and Funck ? Give the blue Beries. The yellow. 



COLOR. 131 

These constitute what is called the yellow, xanthic, or oxydized 
series. 

This theory has been attacked by the most able physiolo- 
gists, and they have considered themselves successful in point- 
ing out errors in experiments and observations which are suffi- 
cient to invalidate this extensively received theory. Mohl, in 
a memoir in the Annales des Sciences JVaturelles, vol. ix., p. 
212, examines various theories on this subject with apparent 
impartiality, and gives his decided preference to the following 
theory of Macquart, although it does not receive his unqualified 
approbation. 

245. Macquart admits that the various colors are owing to 
the various modifications of Chlorophyll, but denies that it is 
owing to its being oxydized by acids, or deoxydized by alkalies, 
but that it is converted into two distinct substances by the ad- 
dition and abstraction of water. By the loss of water it is con- 
verted into a blue substance, called anthocyane, which is soluble 
in water, but not in alcohol. By the addition of water, the 
chlorophyll is converted into a yellow substance, called antho- 
xanthine, which is partly soluble in alcohol, and partly in water. 
These two substances form the basis of the two series of colors 
above given. They both sometimes exist in the same flower, 
but occupy different cells ; the anthoxanthine being situated in 
the inferior cells, while the anthocyane occupies the superficial 
ones. This gives a great variety of tints, according as the colors 
of the inferior cells are more or less distinctly exhibited through 
the superior layers. By the action of acid and alkaline secre- 
tions, these substances assume every variety of hue ascribed to 
the action of the same agents on chromule. 

246. The outward circumstances which tend to change the 
color of vegetable organs are various. The action of light is 
one of the most efficient agents in the production and change 
of colors, and it is not a little singular that the power which is 
absolutely necessary to the production of color, in the great 
majority of cases, should be the most powerful agent in de- 
stroying it. We are all acquainted with the influence of light 
in blanching vegetable substances when dead. 

247. The change of the color of leaves in autumn, of fruit 
when ripening, of some evergreen leaves during the winter, are 
phenomena whose explanation has as yet baffled the most acute 
observers. The memoir of Mohl, above quoted, leads us one 



245. What is Macquart's theory? How converted into anthocyane? 
How into anthoxanthine? How are these arranged? — 246. The most effi- 
cient agent in changing colors ? What singular about it ? 



132 ODOES. 

step further than had before been taken in the explanation of 
these common phenomena. 

We can only give in few words the results to which his ex- 
tended observations have led him. He concludes that these 
various changes are owing to a derangement or suspension of 
functions of the organs of nutrition. This point he strengthens 
by the consideration that the puncture of an insect will cause an 
organ to pass through all the steps to maturity, giving all the 
hues belonging to its species, whether of fruit or leaves. Also, the 
cold of autumn and winter produces a similar derangement : 
although the agent is different, yet the result is the same. 
Many evergreen leaves become tinged with red in winter from 
the influence of cold, but, with the return of summer, assume 
their accustomed greenness ; also, the leaves of the extremities 
of the branches being most exposed to atmospheric influences 
are changed to red, while those nearer the trunk continue green. 
If one half of a leaf be protected from the cold it will remain 
green, while the other half will change to red. But in the case 
of fruit, heat is the agent in producing similar effects to those 
above ascribed to mechanical injury and cold. 

Section 9. — Odors. 

248 1 Much of the importance attached to flowers by people 
generally, is owing to the odors they exhale. The rose has long 
been cultivated by amateurs, no less for its grateful fragrance, 
than for its beauties of form and color ; and those which com- 
bine these properties, are the most favored objects of the Florist's 
care. The cause of the odors of plants is, no doubt, the dis- 
engagement of a volatile oil, which, in some cases, is easily ob- 
tained, and made subservient to the use of man ; in others it 
entirely eludes every effort to confine or preserve it, being as 
evanescent as the light, which is the agent of its production. 

249i Odors are distinguished into permanent, fugitive, and 
intermittent. Permanent odors are such' as are inclosed in the 
tissues of the wood and bark of plants in a concentrated form ; 
and either from being but slightly volatile, or contained in close 
vesicles which prevent exhalation, they remain for a long time, 
giving to the organs in which they are contained their peculiar 
odor. There is probably no part of a vegetable absolutely desti- 
tute of permanent odor. Every variety of wood, under certain 



247. How does Mohl explain the change of color in ripening fruit? 
Autumn leaves and evergreens in winter ? — 248. What is the cause of odor 
in plants ?— 249. How are odors distinguished ? What are permanent 
odors ? Give examples. 



ODORS. 133 

circumstances, exhibits it. Some, nearly scentless otherwise, 
become strongly odorous when rubbed or heated. The Pine, 
Oak, and Beach, are examples of this kind. Others are odorous 
for a long time after being cut, under ordinary circumstances ; 
of this kind are the Rosewood of Teneriffe, the Cedar and Sandal- 
wood (Santalum album) of India, so highly esteemed in Eastern 
Asia for its fragrance. The slight volatility of the oil, to which 
these species owe their odors, and the compactness of the wood, 
enable them constantly to yield their fragrance for an indefinite 
length of time. 

250. Others are fragrant when first cut, but lose this property 
in a very short time, as is the case with the Cinnamon and 
Cassia, the fragrant substances being volatile, and the wood 
porous, both causes concurring to render the wood in a short 
time scentless. 

251. Fugitive odors are such as belong to organs of short 
duration, as the leaves and flowers, and we meet with them in 
the greatest abundance, and most frequently in the latter. All 
are aware that the flower is the source whence flows the delight- 
ful fragrance of the flower garden ; and during the season of 
bloom of our Magnolias, the woods and swamps are perfumed 
by the odor of their flowers. It must have been remarked also, 
by the most heedless observer, that the odor of the garden, or 
forest of Magnolias, is much more pungent at some parts of 
the day than at others. During the direct action of the mid- 
day sun, little or no perfume is perceptible from either ; but as 
the sun sinks to the horizon, and the dews begin to settle on the 
leaves, the evening air becomes scented with their fragrance. 
The odor accumulates during the night, and as the dew begins 
to exhale with the rising sun, it is borne on the air in much 
greater abundance than at any other hour. Thus these silent 
worshipers pour forth their incense in a morning sacrifice to Him 
who extends to them, as to all, his kind regards. 

A shoiver produces similar effects. Who has not enjoyed the 
grateful odor exhaled from the flowers of the field or garden 
after a summer's shower \ 

252. The causes of these apparently great emissions of odor, 
under the circumstances mentioned, and the apparent suspension 
of their emission, have not been satisfactorily determined. It 
has been supposed that the heat of mid-day, under the direct 
action of the sun's rays, produces so much evaporation as to 



250. How with cinnamon and cassia? — 251. What are fugitive odors? 
When is the odor the strongest? What effect has a shower?— 252. How 
are the above phenomena explained ? 



134 ODORS. 

empty, in a great measure, the cells, and that the stomatas close 
and prevent the emission of the odorous substance ; again, it is 
thought that the excessive evaporation would carry off more of 
the odors than the plant could generate, and thus the supply 
becomes exhausted during these hours of heat, and it requires 
the coolness of evenings, when aqueous evaporation is nearly 
suspended, for the plant to regain its supply ; but a more prob- 
able reason (were we disposed to attribute it to any one alone) we 
conceive to be, that the excessive heat of mid-day, producing up- 
ward currents of vapor, the odorous emissions are carried with them 
beyond our notice ; but, as night comes on, the currents cease, and 
the fragrant exhalations accumulate near the earth. A shower 
plainly would produce the same effect, cooling the surface of the 
earth, and reversing, in some degree, the atmospheric currents. 

253. In the production of odors the direct light of the sun is 
necessary ; hence, after long rains, flowers become comparatively 
scentless ; and this circumstance adds weight to the reason given 
above, and show r s that the emission, so far from depending on 
the absence of light, as would seem at first view, from the fact 
of their becoming more sensible at the approach of night, and 
ceasing as the light becomes more intense ; a long continuance 
of even cloudy weather prevents the emission entirely, showing 
that the generation of the fragrant fluid is dependent, as above 
observed, on the direct action of the sun's rays. And it is well- 
known, that most of the secretions of Phanerogamous vegetables 
require the same action, and the more volatile products espe- 
cially. From the extreme volatility of the substances producing 
fugitive smells, and the necessity of the direct solar rays for their 
secretion, we could not be led to suppose that any loss of the 
secretions could take place under the influence of the mid-day 
sun, or that they could be detained in tissues which were con- 
tinually emitting watery exhalations. 

254* Intermittent odors are such as are given off at particular 
times, and the plants which yield them are entirely destitute of 
such odors at other times. Many Orchidaceae are perfectly 
scentless during the day, but during the night are fragrant. A 
remarkable example of this class of odors is exhibited by the 
Cacalia septentrionalis, which, when exposed to the direct rays 
of the sun, emits a strong aromatic odor, but by merely inter- 
posing a screen between it and the sun, its fragrance vanishes. 
The Cereus gives out flashes or puffs of perfume, as its inter- 
mittent odors are called. "Morren observed in one case of a 

253. What is necessary for the production of odors ? How do long raina 
affect odors ? — 254. What are intermittent odors ? What of the Cacalia ? 
Cereus ! 



ODORS. 135 

cut-flower, that it gave off puffs of odor every half hour, from 
8 to 12 P. M., when it faded, and the smell became very slight. 
On another occasion, when the flower was left on the plant, it 
began to expand at 6 P. M., when the first fragrance was per- 
ceptible in the green-house. A quarter of an hour afterward 
the first puff of odor took place, after a rapid motion of the 
calyx ; in rather less than a second quarter of an hour, another 
powerful emanation of fragrance took place; by 35 minutes 
past 6 the flower was completely open ; and at a quarter to 7 
the odor of the calyx was the strongest, but modified by the 
petals ; after this time the emanations of odor took place at the 
same periods as before. 1 ' 

Many other cases might be cited of singular phenomena, 
properly coming under this head. The odors in these cases are 
certainly developed or emitted on different principles, in the dif- 
ferent cases under this variety. The explanations are entirely 
beyond our reach. There seems to be a specific action of the 
organs for the production of the odors, as there can be no glands 
discovered by which the odorous fluid is secreted. That the 
odorous fluid is emitted as it is generated, which of course must 
be periodically, is rendered probable by the fact, that emission 
of carbonic acid took place in the same manner from the flower 
of the Cereus. 

255 1 Odors have also been classed, from their similarity of 
effect on the human system, into aromatic, stimulating, penetra- 
ting, and sweet, but the difficulty of fixing definite limits to the 
application of these terms renders the classification of little use. 

256i Schubler and Kohler have made many interesting ob- 
servations on odors as well as colors. They found that, of the 
various colors of flowers, some are more commonly odoriferous 
than others, and that some colors are more commonly agreeable 
than others. 

Color. No. of species. Odoriferous. Agreeable. Disagreeable. 

White 1193 187 175 12 

Yellow 951 75 61 14 

Red 923 85 76 9 

Blue 594 31 23 7 

Violet 307 23 17 6 

Green 153 12 10 2 

Orange 50 3 12 

Brown 18 10 1 

The white most odoriferous and agreeable, the yellow and brown 
most disagreeable. 

255. How have odors been classed ? — 256. What did Schubler and Kohler 
find with regard to the relation of color to odor? What color most odor- 
iferous ? Which most disagreeable ? 



CHAPTER VI. 

INFLUENCE OP EXTERNAL AGENTS ON VEGETATION. 

257. The agents which exercise a decided influence on vege- 
tation are light, heat, water, and earth. 

The concurrent influence of all these agents, in a greater or 
less degree, is absolutely required for the perfection of vege- 
table products ; and according as some of them exist in excess, 
or in diminished quantity, is the functional operation of the 
vegetable organs injured or destroyed. Different plants require 
these agents in very different degrees, and hence the distribution 
of plants over the face of the globe; some flourishing near the 
snow-line of the mountains, or near the limits of perpetual snow, 
north or south, while others can exist only under the influence 
of tropical heat. Some grow amidst the sandy deserts, others 
only immersed in water. Some grow in the caverns of the earth, 
while others must have the direct rays of the sun. Some re- 
quire a rich soil, others grow suspended in the air. From this 
adaptation of vegetation to every variety of influence, the earth 
is covered with verdure ; from the perpetual snows of the 
mountains or the arctics to the equator, each position giving 
existence to its appropriate flora. 

Section 1. — Light. 

258# The most obvious effect of light on vegetation is the 
production of colors, and this it affects by decomposing carbonic 
acid, and depositing the carbonaceous matter. In most cases, 
certainly, light is absolutely necessary for the deposition of the 
green coloring matter, since most plants become perfectly color- 
less by growing in situations in which they are deprived of light. 
There are cases, however, in which plants deposit the green chro- 
mule, when excluded from the light. Green vegetables have 
been found in caves of the earth, from which the light of day was 
excluded, and we have seen the cotyledons of the Mustard and 
the Impatiens balsamina green, when the seeds have germinated 



257. What agents most affect vegetation ? Are they all necessary in some 
degree? Do they require them in different degrees ? Illustrate" it. — 258. 
What is the most obvious effect of light on vegetation ? Is it universally 
necessary ? What examples ? 



LIGHT. 137 

within the perfectly closed pericarp ; and I have now before me 
a large onion in which several of the central layers are as green 
as the leaves, while the parts above and around them are per- 
fectly white. That these are exceptions to a general rule is 
manifest from innumerable examples to the contrary, constantly 
occurring within the observation of every one. If a board lies 
upon the grass for a short time, the grass becomes blanched ; 
plants growing in a dark cellar are colorless ; the interior of the 
cabbage is white, while the other leaves are green, and if these 
are removed, those that are exposed soon become green. Plants, 
which in their natural situation are white, by accidental ex- 
posure become green ; the side of a potato from which the soil 
has been by chance removed, soon changes its color from white 
to green. It may then be laid down as a general principle, that 
light is the great agent in the production of vegetable colors. 
All parts of the solar spectrum are not equally efficient in the pro- 
duction of vegetable colors. The yellow rays, according to Dra- 
per and Hunt, are the most powerful in the production of colors. 

259. Light, Raspail says, influences plants to produce vascu- 
lar tissue, and to make them combine with earthy bases ; while 
in darkness they produce the cellular tissue, and combine with 
ammoniacal bases. That light exercises an important agency 
over the growth of vegetables and their secretions, cannot be 
doubted. An equal amount of light and darkness seems to be 
the proportion in which the greatest amount of vegetable vigor 
is attained. This is seen exhibited in the equatorial regions, 
where the days are uniformly twelve hours long, and the nights 
of equal length, and there we find the most luxuriant vegetation. 

260* If, according to the hypothesis, light acts in producing 
the firmer and more compact parts of vegetables, and in its ab- 
sence the more yielding and succulent parts are generated, we 
should be led to suppose, that where these periods were equal, 
the perfection of vegetable products would be found ; and if the 
light is in much greater proportion than that of equality, just in 
the same proportion should we expect to find the products of 
such regions harder, smaller, and less symmetrical. This is the 
exact state of vegetable products in high latitudes. Trees be- 
come harder, smaller, and less luxuriant the higher the latitude, 
for during the period of their growth, the sun is a great part of 
the time above the horizon. That this is owing to the action 
of light, is proved by the fact, that by transporting vegetables 



Are all parts of the solar spectrum equally active ? Which most ? — 259. 
What does Easpail say? What seems the best proportion? When ex- 
hibited ? — 260. What should we be led to conclude from these facts ? 



138 LIGHT. 

into higher latitudes, from equatorial regions, and keeping them 
in an atmosphere, at the temperature of their natural situations, 
by means of the hot-house, they flourish during the summer; 
but during the short days, and long nights of winter, they droop, 
exhibiting their suffering from the due influence of the solar rays. 

261. Raspail's theory above noticed receives confirmation 
from the fact, that those vegetables which consist entirely of cel- 
lular substance, are produced only in the absence of the light of 
the sun, such as mushrooms, &c, their growth ceasing at the 
coming of light. And it is a common notion among gardeners 
that melons, cucumbers, and like pulpy fruits, increase much 
more at night than during the day. Although Fungi grow only 
in darkness, they will never produce spores capable of germina- 
tion, without the action of the sun's light, and in cases where 
the light of day never enters, there may be Fungi, but they 
never increase or perpetuate themselves by the production of 
spores. 

262. It is during the direct action of the sun's rays, and by 
their agency, that the most important vegetable products are 
generated. It is by their influence that water and carbonic 
acid are decomposed, the oxygen being mostly liberated, and 
the elements combining in other proportions, for the formation 
of the various oils, resins, &c, including the most important and 
abundant of the vegetable products. What is generally termed 
the sleep of plants, that is, the folding up of compound leaves, 
and the closing of flowers, is, no doubt, in most instances, occa- 
sioned by the want of the stimulating action of the solar rays ; 
for we see leaves and flowers, that were folded up during the 
night, expand with the first rays of the morning sun. 

263. We have upon record many instances of the singular 
phenomena of flowers during twilight emitting flashes of light. 
It is said the daughter of Linnaeus first observed this emission, 
exhibited by the Tropceolum Majus or Garden Nasturtium. The 
flashes occur only during twilight, in the morning or evening ; 
those of the evening being much the most brilliant. The plants, 
from whose flowers these flashes have been observed to issue 
most frequently, are the Marigold, Calendula officinalis, Orange 
lily, Lilium bulbiferum, African marigold, Tagetes patula, and 
Sunflower, Helianthus annuus ; but Mr. Trimmer, in an article 
in the 2d vol. of "Paxton's Magazine of Botany," p. 193, ob- 
serves that he had observed it in many other flowers. 



How is it in high latitudes ? — 261. What confirms Easpail's theory ? How 
with Fungi ? — 262. What is accomplished "by the direct action of the, sun's 
rays? — 263. What examples of flowers' light? 



HEAT. 



139 



264 # The cause is supposed to be electrical, as the flashes are 
more brilliant, when the atmosphere is most highly charged 
with electricity. " In walking in my garden," says Mr. Trimmer, 
"in which was a considerable quantity of Nasturtium in bloom, 
not at all thinking of the flashing of plants, I Avas struck with 
the very vivid flashes that proceeded from them ; the scintilla- 
tions were the most brilliant that I had ever observed, at the 
same time the sky was overcast with a thunder-cloud ;" and he 
further remarks, that he always found them most brilliant under 
such circumstances. The lower orders of plants, as the fungi, 
have long been noticed as giving light under particular circum- 
stances. Some in New Holland, species of Agaric, are said to 
produce light enough to read by. In the mines of Germany 
certain fungi have been long celebrated for the light they emit. 

Section 2. — Heat. 

265. Heat is the most obviously necessary, of any external 
agent, to the existence and growth of vegetables ; without a 
considerable degree of it no vegetation takes place. We observe 
amid the colds of winter vegetable life is suspended, and as 
the warmth of spring comes on, vegetation commences, and as 
the heat increases, plants become more vigorous, in the same 
proportion. 

266. The beautiful arrangement in the vegetable economy, 
for the adaptation of vegetables to this season of repose, can but 
afford matter for the most agreeable contemplation. In equa- 
torial regions, where heat is constant, a great proportion of the 
vegetables are of a peculiar organization, not yielding their 
leaves, not covered with bark, and producing no coverings to the 
buds ; while in higher latitudes we find our forest trees expressly 
adapted to a season of repose, or a ldnd of hybernation. The 
leaves at the approach of summer come forth in immense pro- 
fusion, perform with energy their functions during the heat of 
summer, and at the approach of autumn disengage themselves, 
by their own depositions, from the parent stock. We find also 
our forest trees covered with a thick bark, composed of mate- 
rials possessing the least power for conducting caloric; and the 
buds, the rudiments for the perfection of which the succeeding 
year's energies are to be devoted, inclosed in scales, nicely fitted 
for the protection and preservation of their important contents. 



264. Supposed cause ? What examples among the lower order of plants? 
— 265. What is said of heat? — 266. What arrangement does nature make 
in reference to this agent at the equator and in high latitudes ? 



14:0 HEAT. 

The equatorial regions are emphatically the regions of monoco- 
tyledons, destitute of bark, and always in verdure. The tem- 
perate regions, with the year distinctly marked by the four 
seasons, is as emphatically the region of the dicotyledons, clothed 
with transient verdure, and covered by thick non-conducting 
bark. 

267 ♦ Herbaceous annual plants seem in their economy to 
have been constituted in reference to their preservation during 
a season in which they could not flourish. The annuals of tem- 
perate regions produce seed fitted to withstand the various in- 
fluences of a period entirely unsuited to vegetable growth. 
They are composed of materials the least affected by atmospheric 
influences, being capable of resisting, uninjured, the utmost in- 
tensity of cold ; and it is a remarkable fact, that the seeds of 
tropical annuals, which are peculiar to that region, are much 
less able to resist the changes of temperature, and retain their 
vitality, generally, but for a very short time. In the former case, 
the very continuance of the species depends on their producing 
seeds that will retain their vitality through considerable periods, 
and at the same time resist the influence of rigorous climates ; 
while in the latter there is not the same necessity for the same 
provisions, and in many instances, at least, these provisions are 
not made, while they are uniformly provided in the other. 

268. Plants, like animals, seem to possess the power in some 
degree of preserving a uniform temperature ; whether this is 
owing in part to the action of vital power, or entirely to physical 
causes, is doubtful. The uniform temperature of the earth, from 
which they derive their food, the non-conducting power of the 
covering, which, in a great measure, excludes both the heat of 
summer and cold of winter, and the evaporation in hot weather, 
and its suspension in cold, are causes, perhaps, sufficient to ac- 
count for their uniform temperature. Cases, however, are men- 
tioned of plants growing in soil, in the vicinity of hot springs, 
receiving their food through a medium but little less than boil- 
ing water, and at the same time their temperature was but little 
affected by these circumstances. 

269. Although plants may preserve their temperature to a 
certain extent, yet it is well known that excess of heat or cold 
will destroy them. The temperature they will bear without in- 
jury is very different in different species. While our forest trees 
will bear uninjured the most intense cold of our winters, others 

"What class of vegetables prevail in equatorial regions ? What in tem- 
perate regions? — 267. How with annual plants? — 268. How is the uniform 
temperature produced ? — 269. Can they resist equally well great degrees of 
heat and cold ? 



HEAT. 141 

will perish in an atmosphere of thirty-two degrees, and annuals 
are destroyed by the first frost of autumn. The manner in 
which cold operates in the destruction of vegetables has of late 
excited considerable interest. The long prevalent opinion has 
been, that the well-known phenomenon, that water at the mo- 
ment of its conversion into ice expands, was the cause of their 
destruction. The tissues being filled with sap, it was supposed 
that when this was frozen the consequent expansion ruptured 
the tissues, and unfitted them for any longer performing their 
functions. This very plausible theory, it seems, has been entirely 
set aside by some, but by others it is still considered a concur- 
rent cause in the destruction of some vegetables at least. 

The following is compiled from an article in the 39th vol. of 
Silliman's American Journal of Science, from the pen of Prof. 
Lindley. 

270. " Mr. Gceppert denies that the laceration of tissue takes 
place in freezing, and asserts that cold operates in destroying 
the vitality of plants, which is followed by a change in the 
chemical constitution of their juices." 

Prof. Morren has given the following conclusions as the result 
of his inquiries : 

1. "That no organ whatever is torn by the action of frost, 
except in very rare cases when the vesicles of cellular tissue give 
way, but that the vesicles of plants are separated from each 
other without laceration. 2. That neither the chlorophyll, the 
nucleus of cells, elementary fiber, amylaceous matter, raphides, 
nor the various crystals contained in vegetable tissue, undergo 
any alteration, unless perhaps in the case of amylaceous sub- 
stances, which, in some cases, are converted into sugar, no doubt 
in consequence of the action of some acid, formed by the de- 
composition of the organic parts. 3. That the action of frost 
operates separately upon each individual elementary organ, so 
that a frozen plant contains as many icicles as there are cavities 
containing fluid ; the dilatation thus produced not being suffi- 
cient to burst the sides of the cavities. 4. That such dilatation 
is principally owing to the separation of the air contained in the 
water. 5. That this disengagement of air from water, during 
the act of congelation, is the most injurious of all the phenomena 
attendant upon freezing ; introducing gaseous matter into organs 
not intended to elaborate it, and bringing about the first stage 
in a decomposition of the sap and the matter it precipitates ; so 
that with a thaw commences a new chemical action destructive 



How is it supposed frost acted? — 270. What is the opinion of Gceppert? 
What are the positions of Morren ? 



14:2 HEAT. 

of vegetable life. 6. That the expansion of the cells and aqui- 
ferous organs drives a great quantity of water into the air-cells 
and air-vessels, so that the apparatus intended to convey liquid 
only, contains water and air, while that which is naturally a 
vehicle for air conveys water. Such an inversion of functions 
must necessarily be destructive to vegetable life, even if death 
were not produced in frozen plants by the decomposition of their 
juices, the loss of their excitability, and the chemical disturbance 
of all their contents." 

271. Prof. Lindley's conclusions, on this subject, coincide in 
many respects with the conclusions of Prof. Morren, but in some 
important points they differ. Prof. Lindley remarks, that in the 
most succulent species of plants, he did not find the vesicles of 
the cellular tissue separable from each other ; and that in several 
instances he found them lacerated, as if by the distension of the 
fluid they had contained. He also gives as one of his con- 
clusions, " A chemical decomposition of the tissue and its con- 
tents, especially the chlorophyll," which is at variance with the 
second conclusion of Prof. M. above. 

The displacement of the fluids by freezing is one of the most 
curious and interesting phenomena connected with this subject ; 
and it would appear one of the most important. Prof. L. sup- 
poses that the difference in the effect produced by freezing, when 
frozen plants are thawed suddenly, or by degrees, is owing to 
the gradual return of the fluids to their appropriate vessels when 
gradually thawed, and that when heat is suddenly applied, the 
air is expanded and increases the disturbance already produced 
by its expulsion from the air-cavities. We are all well aware 
of the fact, that it makes a great difference in the effects of a 
frost on vegetables, whether they are suddenly or gradually 
thawed. The gardener often preserves plants, which would 
otherwise inevitably perish, though perhaps not completely 
frozen in such cases, by watering them some time before sunrise 
on a frosty morning with well or spring water ; by the applica- 
tion of a temperature but a few degrees above freezing, the plant 
thaws gradually, and permits the air " to retract by degrees from 
its new situation, without producing additional derangement of 
the tissue." But if permitted to remain till the rays of the sun 
come upon them, destruction is inevitable. Apples and Pota- 
toes also, if immersed in well-water while frozen, are injured less 
by the frost than they would be if permitted to be thawed by a 
more elevated temperature. 

272. The effect of frost in converting starch into sugar is well 

271. What are Lindley's views?— 272. What effect on starch? 



HEAT. 143 

exhibited in the potato. This tuber when frozen is decidedly 
sweet, and the starch, which it before possessed in great quan- 
tities, lias, in a great measure, disappeared. 

" Finally, 1 ' says Prof. L., " it appears that frost exercises a 
specific action upon the latex, destroying the power of motion. 
If, as Prof. Shultz supposes, this is the vital fluid of plants, such 
a fact alone would account for the fatal effects of a low tem- 
perature. In all the cases I have observed, frost coagulates this 
fluid, collecting it into amorphous masses." 

273. It has been observed, that the most succulent plants 
suffer most readily and most severely by frost. This is thought 
to be owing to the conducting power of the tissue, saturated 
with sap. Hence plants that remain uninjured in dry soils are 
very liable to be destroyed by frosts, if raised in damp and shaded 
situations. It may be adopted by the cultivator as a fact, that 
whatever tends to render tissue moist will increase its power of 
conducting heat, and consequently augment the susceptibility 
of plants to the influence of frost ; and whatever tends to di- 
minish their humidity will also diminish their conducting power, 
and with it their susceptibility. 

274. The disengagement of caloric during the flowering of 
plants is a subject of considerable interest, and might, perhaps, 
with equal propriety, have been noticed under fertilization ; but 
as the phenomenon is as yet of doubtful origin, we thought it 
proper to notice it here. 

The rise of the thermometer, when applied to the spadix of 
the Arums at the time of flowering, has long been known. 
Senebier found the temperature 7° higher than the surrounding 
atmosphere. Hubert, in experiments on the Arum cordifolium, 
in the Isle of France, found the thermometer rise from 66°, the 
temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, to 111° when placed 
in the center of the spadix, and in others to 121°, thus indica- 
ting a difference in one case of 45°, and in others of 55°. The 
greatest difference was observed to be in the morning. The ac- 
curate experiments of Brongniart have rendered it more than 
probable that in all cases of flowering heat is liberated, although 
from the structure, or size of the flower, it may be impossible to 
detect it by instruments. 

275. It is w T ell known that during the flowering of plants 
oxygen is absorbed, and in some cases this absorption has 
amounted to thirty times the volume of the subject of experi- 



273. "What kind of plants suffer most by frost ? — 274. What takes place 
in the flowering of plants ? Give the experiments with the Arum. — 275. 
What well-known phenomena during flowering ? 



144 WATER. 

ment in twenty-four hours ; during this time carbonic acid is 
given off. These phenomena plainly indicate the cause of the 
heat during the period of fertilization. An inquiry of interest 
suggests itself from these facts as to the changes effected on the 
flower by these operations. The disk and petals are now sup- 
posed to act an important part in the process of fertilization, and 
that the process of fertilization is the same as that of germina- 
tion. The following conclusion confirms this hypothesis. In 
both cases oxygen is absorbed, and an equal quantity of carbonic 
acid given off. In both cases amylaceous substances disappear, 
and a saccharine substance is generated. Heat also is alike 
generated in both cases. The constitutions of the disk and 
petals have been found to be similar to the nourishing parts of 
the seed. From these facts it has been concluded that the most 
important function of the disk and petals is to afford nourish- 
ment to the pollen and ovule, and the greatest vigor of these 
organs is exhibited during the process of fertilization. After this 
effect has been accomplished, these organs wither. The honey 
which is found in such abundance in flowers is the excess of the 
saccharine production over what was required for the perfection 
of the pollen, and the nourishment of the ovule. This excess 
serves for the support of numerous insects, and yields the store 
laid up by the Bee, which is gathered without injury to the plant. 

Section 3. — Water. 

276. We have already had occasion to remark on the im- 
portance of water in vegetation, it being the only vehicle by 
which the plant receives its nourishment, and by its decomposi- 
tion and solidification constituting a considerable part of vege- 
table products. It only remains for us to notice a few other 
points connected with the operations of this agent. This ele- 
ment, as it exists in the earth, holds in solution various earths 
and alkalies, and vegetable and animal substances, and on this 
account determines in a great measure the habitat of particular 
families of plants. Those waters which contain much vegetable 
substance nourish those vegetables whose tissues abound in 
carbon, as our forest trees. The cruciferous plants, into whose 
composition nitrogen enters as an element, seek localities in 
which the waters may be more or less impregnated with animal 
substances. Some families of monocotyledons, which contain 
more or less of silex, flourish best in those situations where the 



What supposed action of the floral agents ? What substance is genera- 
ted ? — 276. What office does water perform in vegetation ? 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 145 

water by which they are nourished passes through silicious soils. 
Leguminous plants are decidedly partial to those waters which 
contain lime in greater or less abundance. But the most decided 
influence exerted on vegetables is that of salt-water. Many 
species of vegetables cannot flourish when supplied with water 
which does not hold salt in solution. These plants are such as 
have soda as a necessary ingredient in their composition. 

277. Water also varies very much the texture of plants ac- 
cording to the quantity which enters into the tissues. Those 
vegetables which have leaves with few pores are succulent, with 
loose distended cellular tissue, as in the Mesembryanthemum, 
while in those furnished with abundant pores the tissues are 
more compact and rigid. 

Some plants will live only in moist situations, while others 
will avoid such localities, and flourish in dry sandy situations. 
The Fungi requiring moisture are sent forth in profusion under 
circumstances in which the Arenarias would perish from the 
abundance of moisture. 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

For the benefit of those who may not have studied Chemistry, 
we give the following brief explanations : 

278. An elementary body is one that has never been decom- 
posed or reduced to a simple form, as Oxygen, Sulphur, Iron, 
<fec. Each elementary body has a symbol, which is generally 
the first letter, or first two letters of its English or Latin name. 
The following are the symbols of the elements that enter into 
the constitution of organic products, except some others in very 
minute quantities. = Oxygen, H= Hydrogen, C= Carbon, 
Ch = Chlorine, N= Nitrogen, S= Sulphur, P= Phosphorus, K 
= Potassium, Na= Sodium, Si = Silicon, Fe=Iron. Each of 
these elements combines with any other element in a different 
quantity, which is called its atomic weight. = 8, H=l, C = 
6, Cl=35.45, N=14, S = 16, P=32, K = 40, Na=23, Si = 21, 
Fe = 28. 

279. When any two or more combine we express their com- 

277. What effect on the tissue of plants ? What influences this ?— 278. 
What is an elementary body ? Name the symbols of the elements that 
enter into the constitution of vegetable products ? Their atomic weights ? 
—279. Express by symbols some compound bodies. 

1 



146 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

position by symbols: thus HO means that Hydrogen and 
Oxygen combine one of each and form water ; but the weights 
are 1 of Hydrogen and 8 of Oxygen. If 1 of Nitrogen unites 
with 5 of Oxygen, we express it thus : NO s , which is Nitric 
acid, which means that one atom of Nitrogen, which weighs 14, 
is united with 5 atoms of Oxygen, which weighs 5 X 8 = 40. So 
Starch is C 12 , H 10 , O 10 , meaning that 12 atoms of Carbon, united 
with 10 each of Hydrogen and Oxygen, form Starch. 

280. Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Nitrogen, are called 
the organic elements, because they are essential to the constitu- 
tion of every living being. The other elements are called in- 
organic. Oxygen (0) is a gas or air, and forms one fifth of the 
atmosphere f of water. It supports combustion, and respira- 
tion. No animal can live without it. 

Hydrogen (H) is a gas also, and forms one ninth of water. It is 
the lightest body in nature and inflammable, and produces, by its 
combustion, the highest heat known resulting from combustion. 

Nitrogen (N) is a gas, and forms four fifths of the atmosphere, 
and is neither a supporter of combustion nor combustible. It 
has no decided properties by itself. 

Carbon (C) is a solid, and is nearly pure in charcoal, and quite 
so in the diamond. No organic substance exists without it. 
Organic substances may want one or more of the other elements, 
but never this. 

Phosphorus and Sulphur are well-known solids. Potassium 
and Sodium are metals, and, when united with Oxygen, form 
Potash, KO, and Soda, NaO. Silica, or sand, which enters in 
large quantities in grains and grasses, is an acid, Si0 3 . When 
oxygen unites with another element, and does not form an acid, 
it is called an oxide. 

Carbonic Acid, C0 2 , is a gas, and is the principal food of 
plants, and is yielded in great quantities from the respiration of 
animals and combustion and decay of organic substances. 

Ammonia, NH 3 , is a pungent gas, and yields most of the 
Nitrogen in plants. It is formed spontaneously in the decay of 
organic substances. 

280. "What are the organic elements? Describe oxygen. Hydrogen. 
Nitrogen. Carbon. What element must all organic products have ? De- 
scribe Potassium and Sodium. When do they form Potash and Soda ? 
What is carbonic acid ? Ammonia? 



CHAPTER VII. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

281. The vegetable is the laboratory in which the materials 
of all organic products are, in the first place, prepared. The 
animal has no power to convert inorganic elements into organic. 
All come through the agency of plants. 

Vegetable products are naturally divided into two great classes. 
1st, Those into whose composition Nitrogen enters; and 2d, 
Those which contain no Nitrogen. 

282. The substances that compose the second class make up 
the great mass of vegetation. 

This class may be conveniently studied under the following 
divisions : 1st, Such as contain Oxygen and Hydrogen, in pro- 
portions to form water, as Starch, Gum, Sugar, &c. ; 2d, Acids, 
containing usually more Oxygen than Hydrogen, by atoms ; 3d, 
Oils, containing more Hydrogen than Oxygen. 

283. Cellulose (Lignin, vegetable fiber), C 12 , Hi , Oi , is the 
most abundant vegetable product. It forms the basis of all 
vegetable structures. It is the original membrane that forms 
all the vessels of the plant. Other materials may be deposited 
on it which greatly modify the various tissues, especially the 
cellular. 

It is insoluble in alcohol, water, ether, dilute acids or alkalies. 
It is soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Bleached paper, 
linen, and cotton are nearly or quite pure cellulose. It is made 
to resist the action of external agents when it constitutes wood, 
by soaking the wood in various saline solutions, or by charring. 
Charred wood has been known to last thousands of years. Per- 
fect dryness and exclusion from the air prevent the decay of 
wood. Low temperature has also great effect in the preservation 
of wood, when the other agents are present. Poplar, in the 
Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, at a uniform temperature of 5*7°, 
is undecayed after nearly 50 years, when the same wood, exposed 
on the surface, will decay in three years. 

The different kinds of wood vary remarkably in the time they 



2S1. "What is the vegetable ? What two classes of vegetable products? 
— 282. What subdivision of the second class ? — 283. What is cellulose ? 
What does it form ? What are its properties ? What are nearly pure cel- 
lulose ? How made to resist the action of external agents ? Why does sap- 
wood decay sooner than heart-wood ? 



148 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

will resist ordinary atmospheric agents. This is undoubtedly- 
owing to the constitution of the materials contained in the wood, 
or to products formed after the tree is dead. The reason that 
heart-wood will last longer than sap-wood is principally owing 
to the fact that the nitrogenized materials, which rapidly decay, 
are all removed from the old wood, and are abundant in the sap 
of the new. The hardness of wood is very various, owing, in a 
great measure, to the compactness of the woody layers and the 
amount of sclerogen deposited in the woody fibers. 

284. By replacing three atoms of the Hydrogen in Cellulose, 
by three atoms of Nitric acid, we have gun-cotton (Xyloidine, 
Pyroxiline), C 12 , H 7 3 (N0 5 ), 8 . This is accomplished by mix- 
ing two parts of Nitrate of Potash and three parts of Sulphuric 
acid ; and into the solution put some perfectly clean and loose 
cotton, and after a few minutes the change is effected. The 
cotton being thoroughly washed and dried, at a very moderate 
heat, is gun-cotton. 

It is soluble in Sulphuric Ether, and the solution is called 
Collodion. A thin coat of it forms immediately a cuticular 
membrane, which is often formed over sores or abraded surfaces 
when collodion is applied to them. It is also used in Photogra- 
phy, furnishing, with other materials, a sensitive coating on glass. 
It explodes violently, leaving no residuum, being resolved into 
C0 2 , CO, N0 2 , and HO. 

285. Starch, C 12 , H, , O 10 . Next to cellulose, starch is un- 
doubtedly the most abundant and universal product of vegeta- 
tion. It exists in the cells of plants, sometimes nearly filling 
them. Fig. 167 exhibits a cell with starch grains in it. 

Fig. 108. 



Fig. 167. 





4%k 



The grains are regularly formed, being composed of concen- 
tric layers with an insoluble external covering, and each grain 
having one or more points on its surface, resembling the hilum 
of a seed. (Fig. 168, a, potato grains; Fig. 168,6, wheat 
grains; Fig. 168, c, rice grains.) It is an interesting employ- 



284. What is gun-cotton ? What is collodion ? For what used ?— 285. 
What is the constitution of starch ? Where does it exist ? Describe the 
grains. Where found ? What are the properties of starch ? 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 149 

ment for the student to examine the form of grains in different 
plants with a magnifying power of at least 100 linear. By rub- 
bing up any cellular substance in water, and washing the mass 
in a linen cloth in a vessel of water, the starch grains will pass 
through the cloth and settle in the water. The starch grains in 
hot water swell up thirty times their volume and spread out, 
forming the paste used for stiffening clothes. At the tempera- 
ture of 150° it is converted into dextrin, or British gum, which 
is soluble in cold water. 

286. The Potato contains little else than starch and water. 
The bursting of the potato in cooking is owing to the swelling 
of the starch grains. The starch diminishes as the potato grows 
old. In combination with nitrogenized compounds it forms our 
flour and meal. It exists in the cotyledons of the Pea and 
Bean. Arrowroot is pure starch. Tapioca, from the poisonous 
root of the Janipha manihot, is starch, partially altered by 
heating. Sulphuric acid, or diastase, converts it into sugar. 
Other agents do the same. Frost seems to produce the same 
effect. It is the stored-up food of the plant. Iodine detects the 
minutest portion, turning it blue. Iodine, diluted a million 
times, can be detected by starch. The presence of starch has 
been revealed in many places by Iodine, where it was not sup- 
posed to exist, as in the latex and fovilla. 

287. There are several substances found in plants closely re- 
sembling starch, but not formed into grains. Inulin, in many 
roots of the Compositse, is a white tasteless powder. Lichenin, 
in the Iceland moss, resembles starch in composition and prop- 
erties. 

288. Gum, C 12 , H 10 , O 10 , abounds in certain genera of plants, 
existing in seeds, and exuding from stems when wounded. It 
has been supposed by some to be the form which all elaborated 
sap assumes before assimilation. The gum which exudes from 
trees, and is perfectly soluble in water, is called Arabin. It is 
insoluble in alcohol, and is precipitated from its solution by it. 
It seems to differ in some respects from dextrin, but in what is 
not easily pointed out. Some chemists have given character- 
istics which, with us, have not proved true, so far as we have 
determined. Gum Arabic is the type of gums. Various species 
of Acacia afford it. It is produced in Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, 
and Senegambia. The cherry and plum yield it. Mucilage, a 

"What is dextrin ?— 286. Give some of the sources of starch. What effect 
has sulphuric acid on it? What is the test of starch?— 287. What sub- 
stances resemble starch?— 288. Constitution of Gum? Where found? 
What is arabin? Its properties? What is the source of Gum Arabic? 
What is mucilage ? 



150 VEGETABLE PEODTJCTS. 

closely allied substance, is afforded by the Malvaceae and from 
Flax-seed, &c. JBassorin, an insoluble gum, exists in the Gum 
Tragacanth, which exudes from species of the Astragalus. This 
insoluble substance is called by some vegetable gluten, and differs 
from Arabin in containing phosphate of lime. By digesting it 
in muriatic acid it becomes completely soluble, and pure gum is 
precipitated by alcohol. 

289. Gum enters largely into our food, in the form especially 
of dextrine, into which starch is converted by cooking. It is 
employed largely in the arts, especially in manufactories of cloth 
and calico printing. In medicine it is extensively employed as 
a medium for the administration of medicines, and as a de- 
mulcent for covering inflamed surfaces, and blunting the action 
of acrid secretions. Lozenges, Pastiles, and Gum Pastes, are 
frequently formed mostly of gum and sugar. 

290 » Pectin, C 64 , H 40 , 56 + 8 HO, is a substance undergoing 
various changes, and possessing various properties. The char- 
acteristic property is, that it will form jelly with water. It occurs 
in almost all plants, especially in the fruits of the Pomacese, in 
oranges, lemons, tamarinds, &c. 

The material first formed in the plant is an insoluble sub- 
stance, pectose, so closely connected with cellulose as not to be 
separated from it without change. It exists only in quite un- 
ripe fruits, together with a substance called pectase, which acts 
upon it, converting it into pectin as the fruit ripens. Pectin is 
soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. The still continued 
action of pectase forms pectosic acid, which is slightly soluble in 
cold water, but soluble in boiling water. Boiling converts this 
acid into Pectic acid, which is insoluble in water, and forms our 
vegetable jellies : alkalies, or pectosic acid, does the same. Too 
long boiling converts pectic acid into parapectic or metapectic, 
neither of which form jellies. These are the substances formed 
when the housewife does not succeed in making jellies. 

291. Sugar. There are several varieties of saccharine sub- 
stances found in plants, which differ more or less in properties, 
and even in their chemical constitution. 

Cane-sugar, C I2 , H l0 , O, . This variety is found especially in 
the Sugar-cane, Sugar-maple, and Beet. From these plants it is 
obtained for commercial purposes. It is in solution in the cells 



What is bassorin ? How does it differ from arabin ? — 289. How employed 
in the arts? How in medicine ? — 290. Constitution of pectine? Its char- 
acteristic property ? Where mostly occur ? What is pectose ? Where only 
exist? How converted into pectin? Properties of pectin? What next 
converted into ? What does boiling do ? What does it form ? What effect 
of too long boiling ? — 291. Constitution of cane-sugar ? Whence obtained ? 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 151 

of plants with more or less of the nitrogenous compounds and 
mineral salts. That obtained from the sugar-cane is the most 
highly esteemed. The juice is pressed out between cylinders, 
and must soon be boiled with a small quantity of lime to destroy 
the effect of the nitrogen compounds, which would otherwise 
produce fermentation. It is then evaporated, and crystallized, 
and then called Muscovado sugar. It is afterward more or less 
purified, forming various kinds of white sugar. The plants are 
said to require, for their perfect maturation, a year or fourteen 
months. 

Fruit-sugar, C, 2 , H 12 , 12 . An uncrystallizable sugar, found 
in sweet fruits, in connection with grape-sugar. 

292. Grape-sugar, C 12 , H 12 , 12 -f 2 OH (Starch-sugar, Glu- 
cose). It occurs in the juices of many plants, and in the product 
of the action of diastase or sub-acid on starch. It gives sweet- 
ness to most fruits that contain acids. It gives sweetness to all 
fermented liquors. It is this sugar alone that undergoes fer- 
mentation, and when materials containing sugar ferment, the 
sugar is first converted into grape-sugar by the action of the 
ferment. 

293. Oils. There is a variety of substances that come under 
this head that are yielded by vegetables, which agree in certain 
important particulars. 

Fixed Oils. The fixed oils occur mostly in the seeds, espe- 
cially in the cotyledons of the embryo : sometimes, however, 
in the pericarp, as in the olive. Oils are generally divided into 
greasy oils, or those that will not dry, and dry oils such as will 
form a hard varnish. 

This difference in their character is owing to the acids which 
enter into their constitution. The acid in the non-drying oils is 
called oleinic, and the drying olinic. These acids have a great 
tendency to absorb more oxygen, and this is sometimes so great 
as to set fire to the materials with which they are in contact ; 
hence manufactories have been burned. 

The common drying oils are linseed-oil, hemp-oil, poppy-oil, 
nut-oil, &c. 

The greasy oils are olive-oil, almond-oil, rape-seed oil, &c. 

294. These oils occupy cells with a greater or less amount of 
mucilaginous substance, which in the drying oils prevents the 



What is Muscovado sugar ? What is fruit-sugar? — 292. Constitution of 
grape-sugar? Where does it exist? To what does it give sweetness? 
When is cane-sugar converted into grape-sugar? — 293. Where do fixed 
oils occur mostly ? How are fixed oils divided ? To what is the difference 
owing? What is the acid in greasy oils ? In drying oils?— 294. Where 
are the oils found ? 



152 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

absorption of oxygen, and of course impedes their drying, and 
which is removed by boiling with oxide of lead (litharge.) 

Sometimes they are lodged in intercellular spaces or cysts. 
There are numerous hard or semi-fluid fats that occur in various 
plants that differ in some respects from the general class. Palm- 
oil, with the consistence of butter, comes from the Elais Gui- 
niensis, and is imported mostly from Liberia. It is extensively em- 
ployed in the manufacture of toilet soaps, and has palmitic acid 
instead of stearic. The butter of Cacao is from the chocolate- 
nuts of the Theobroma cacao, as also the butter oi Nutmeg, Shea, 
Galam; and vegetable tallow is from the Stillingia Sibifera. 

295. All these oils are composed of two or more salts which 
have a common base, Oxide of glycyl : C 6 , H 3 , O. The acids 
vary ; Stearic, Margaric, Oleinic, and Olinic, are the most com- 
mon. The first two form solids with oxide of glycyl, the two 
latter liquids. The relative quantities of the solid and liquid 
salts give the consistence of the oil or fat. 

296. Volatile Oils. These occur in the leaves, stem, flowers, 
seed, &c, of the plant. They occur in cavities formed especially 
for their use, as in the vittae of the seed of the Umbelliferse ; 
the sacs in the rind of the Lemon and Orange ; or in other cases 
diffused through the cellular portions of the plant. Some of 
these are simply hydro-carbons, as Oil of Turpentiue from the 
Pinus and Abies ; Oil of Juniper from the Juniperus comnnrais ; 
Oil of Lemon and Oranges. Some contain oxygen, as Oil of 
Cinnamon, Peppermint, Rose, &c. Some contain Sulphur, as 
Oil of Mustard, Asafoetida, from Narthex asafcetida, and the 
volatile oil of onions. Camphor is a solid volatile oil, from the 
Camphora officinarum of India, called stearoptene. 

These oils are usually obtained by distillation. Although the 
boiling point of the oils is higher than that of water, yet from 
their volatility they rise more rapidly than the water. 

297. Balsams and Resins. A balsam is a volatile oil with a 
resin dissolved in it. Common turpentine, from the Pinus palus- 
tris, is a balsam. By distillation we get Spirits of Turpentine ; 
and we have left, in the still common rosin, colophony. 

Rosin, C 40 , H 30 , 4 , is an acid, or a combination of two acids, 
under different circumstances. When obtained by distillation 
it is Silvia acid ; when by spontaneous evaporation it is Silvic 



What is with them? How removed from the drying oils? Mention 
some other substances. — 295. Of what are all oils composed ? — Which form 
solids? — 296. Where do volatile oils occur? What are some of them? 
Which contain oxygen ? Which sulphur ? What is camphor ? How 
usually obtained ? — 297. What is a balsam ? What is a rosin ? Mention 
some other balsams. 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 153 

and Pinic acids. Canada balsam is from the Abies balsamea, 
and is the clearest variety of balsams ; and on this account is 
employed in putting up microscopic objects. Venice turpentine 
from the Larix Europea ; Copaiva balsam, from the Copaifera 
officinalis of Brazil and Antilles, consists of an oil and resin ; the 
latter consists of Copaivic acid and an indifferent resin. San- 
darach, from the Juniperus communis, consists of three acid 
resins. Olibanum, from the Boswellia serrata, the frankincense 
of the ancients, used for burning in churches and cathedrals. 
Mastic, from the Pistacia lentiscus, comes from the island of 
Chios ; consists of two acid resins ; soluble in alcohol, and makes 
the finest varnish. Copal flows from the Hymenaia verrucosa, 
and is imported from Calcutta, Bombay, and Madagascar. It 
is a mixture of several acid resins, which are soluble in alcohol 
and spirits of turpentine ; hence its use in making varnishes. 
Gum Lac, from species of Ficus of India. It exudes from punc- 
tures of insects. It is an acid resin with various other sub- 
stances : soluble in alcohol and acetic acid. The best non -electric 
is Benzoin, from the Styrax benzoin, in the island of Sumatra. 

298. Gum resins are mixtures of various materials, a part 
soluble and a part insoluble in water. The chief are Ammonia 
Gum, which flows from the root of the Heracleum gummiferum, 
or, according to others, from the Dorema ammoniacum. It 
consists of 72 per cent, of resin, and the balance is gum, vola- 
tile oil, &c. One of the ancient medicines ; not much used 
now. Galbanum, supposed to come from the Berbose galba- 
num : not of much importance. Asafoetida, from the root of 
the Ferula or Narthex asafoetida, growing in Persia, consists of 
resin, gum, sulphurous oil, <fec. It is one of the most powerful 
antispasmodics. Myrrh, from the Balsamodendron myrrha, a 
tree of Arabia and Abyssinia, consists of resin, gum, and vola- 
tile oil. The resin is neutral. Used as a tonic extensively in 
medicine. Gamboge is from the Stalagmitis gambogioides ; 
consists of gum 19 per cent., and 80 per cent, of acid resin. 
Used extensively as a yellow color. 

299. Closely allied to the preceding substances are Caout- 
chouc (India-rubber) and Gutta Percha. Several families of 
plants yield more or less caoutchouc from their juices. To ob- 
tain the pure caoutchouc, the juice is washed with water, and 
the caoutchouc rises like cream on the surface of the water. 
The other materials of the juice remain in the water, or sink to 
the bottom. When once it becomes thick, it can never be 

Whence Copal? Lac?— 298. What are gum resins? Mention some. 
Of what does asafoetida consist? What gamboge ?— 299. What is India- 
rubber ? How obtained ? What are its properties ? 

1* 



154: VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

mingled with water again. Is soluble in Ether, Oil of Tur- 
pentine, and especially in its own empyreumatic oil. The fami- 
lies of Urticaceae, Euphorbiacese, and Apocynese yield it. Its 
uses and importance are too well known to be pointed out. 

Gutta Percha, C 8 , H 7 , is a nearly allied substance to India- 
rubber, being the hardened juice of the Isonandra gutta, and 
is imported from Borneo and Singapore. It is harder than 
caoutchouc when cold, but becomes soft and coheres to itself 
at a temperature less than boiling water, but it will stick to 
nothing else. Its most appropriate solvent is Turpentine Oil. 
Its constitution is the same as India-rubber, and is thought to 
be only a modified form of that substance. 

300. Vegetable Acids. The acids are numerous, and exist in 
the juices of the plant in combination with some base, organic 
or inorganic. They are variously constituted, sometimes con- 
taining only carbon and oxygen, at other times O, C, and H in 
various proportions. 

Oxalic Acid, C 2 , 3 , is extensively diffused in the vegetable 
kingdom, occurring in the Rhubarb, Oxalis, and many Lichens, 
usually in combination with lime, though sometimes free. 
Easily formed by the action of nitric acid on sugar. 

Malic Acid, C 4 , H 2 , 4 , occurs in nearly all the sour juices 
of plants, in connection with other acids. Apple, Plum, Cur- 
rant, "Whortleberry, <fec, owe their acidity mostly to this acid. 

Tartaric Acid, with the preceding, is found in most sour 
fruits. Tamarind, Pineapple, and unripe Grapes derive their 
sourness mostly from this acid. 

Citric Acid, C 6l H 3 , 6 , is the predominating acid in 
Lemons and Oranges, and, together with the two preceding, 
forms the acids of most edible fruits. 

Gallic Acid, C 14 , H 6 , O, , is found in some plants. Tannin 
is readily converted into it. 

Tannic Acid, C 18 , H 8 , !2 , is a weak acid, found in most 
plants. It is characterized by its astringent taste, turning solu- 
ble salts of iron blue or black, and precipitates gelatine. Exists 
abundantly in Nutgalls, Oak bark, and Chestnut-wood. Con- 
verts skins into leather. 

Meconic Acid is one of the acids in opium. Kinic Acid in 
the Cinchona bark, with Quinine. 

801 » Vegetable products containing Nitrogen. — These 
are in much smaller quantities than many of the preceding, but 
no less important. Those that make part of our food are 

What is gutta percha ? Whence obtained ? Its properties ? — 300. How 
do vegetable acids exist ? What is said of oxalic acid ? Malic ? Tartaric ? 
Citric? Gallic? Tannic? 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 155 

called Protein compounds, and exist, in greater or less quanti- 
ties, in nearly or quite all the vegetable products that come to 
our table. 

Protein, C 48 , H^, N 6 , O l4 , (from proteuo, I have the first 
place), is a compound obtained by certain agencies on flesh, 
white of an egg, milk curd, and hence has been made the basis 
of Fibrin, Albumen, and Casein, which are found not only in 
flesh, egg, and milk, but are diffused, under some slight modifi- 
cations, throughout the vegetable kingdom. 

302. The nitrogenized substance of flour is obtained by 
washing a piece of dough inclosed in a thin linen cloth in much 
water. We get a mass of gray elastic substance, consisting of 
coagulated albumen and what has been called gluten. The 
gluten is soluble in boiling alcohol, and precipitates on cooling, 
and this has been called fibrin. The albumen does not differ 
from the white of an egg. Legumin, or vegetable casein, is 
found with starch in the Leguminous plants. The three varie- 
ties may be derived from the same juice in the following man- 
ner : Take some Turnip juice, and when first pressed out it is 
clear. By standing it becomes turbid by the deposition of the 
fibrin, which coagulates spontaneously. Boil a portion of the 
liquid, and the albumen coagulates. Add a small quantity of 
vinegar to another portion, and it will coagulate the casein. 
The nitrogenized compound of corn is called zeine. 

The Formula for these compounds is : 

20 Proteine-f-Sa-r-P for albumen. 
S +P for fibrin. 
*' -f-S for casein. 

These form the nutritious portions of the plants we eat, being 
most abundant in flour and beans. 

303. Another class of vegetable nitrogenized products are 
the organic bases or alkalies. The most common are the fol- 
lowing : 

Daturin is a base found in the Datura stramonium, James- 
town weed, very poisonous, and is the active principle in that 
powerful plant. 

Morphin, NC 36 , H 20 , 6 , is one of the active ingredients in 
Opium, the one whose action is supposed to occasion sleep. 



301. "What the nitrogenized compounds called? Constitution of pro- 
tein ? Forms the basis of what ? — 302. How is the nitrogenized materials 
of flour obtained? What portion called fibrin ? Where is casein found? 
How may albumen, casein, and fibrin be obtained from the same juice ? 
What are the formula for these compounds ? Mention some of them. — 
303. What other class of nitrogenized compounds? Mention some of 
them. 



156 VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 

Narcotin is another element of Opium, and is said to be nearly 
inert, medicinally. 

Codein is a third compound in Opium ; resembles morphin 
in its effects, and is a strong base. 

Ernetin, from Ipecacuanha, is the active portion of the Ipecac, 
producing vomiting in very small doses. 

Cinchonin, N 2 , C 40 , H 24 , 2 , is found with Quinine in the 
Cinchona bark. Quinine is produced from the Cinchona jlava, 
brought from the west coast of South America. It is the active 
principle in the cinchona bark, and is used most extensively as 
a tonic when such an effect is to be produced promptly. 

Piperin is the active principle of pepper, and is sometimes 
used in medicine. 

304. Coloring matters. These exist in great varieties in 
plants, and are very different in character and constitution. 

Indigo. NC 16 , H 5 , 2 . This is one of the most durable 
vegetable colors. It is yielded by several plants. It occurs in 
the cells in a colorless state, and is converted into blue Indigo 
by absorbing oxygen from the air. Several species of the 
Indigofera, Galega tinctoria, Nerium tinctorium, Polygonum 
tinctorium, Asclepias tingeus, and several species of Orchis, 
yield Indigo. By allowing the full flowering plant to lie in a 
tub or vat covered with water till it ferments, we obtain a 
yellowish solution ; by adding a little limewater, and exposing 
it to the air, the Indigo is deposited. Fuming sulphuric acid 
dissolves Indigo, and this solution is used by the manufac- 
turers. 

Chlorophyl. NC 18 , H 9 , 8 . All the green parts of plants 
owe their color to chlorophyl. Digest fresh leaves with ether, 
evaporate and dissolve the residue by absolute alcohol, evapo- 
rate again, and digest the residue in concentrated hydrochloric 
acid. By diluting this solution, the chlorophyl is deposited in 
a deep-green powder. Soluble in sulphuric acid, yielding a 
beautiful green color. 

Xantliophyl is the yellow coloring matter in the leaves of 
autumn. It is a dark yellow fat. Insoluble in water. Soluble 
in ether and pure alkalies. 

Erythrophyl. This is the coloring matter of red leaves and 
red fruit. Soluble in water. Alkalies give it a grass-green 
color, which acids turn again to red. 

Coloring matter of flowers we have treated of in color of 
flowers. The substance of the blue series is soluble in water 

804. What is said of coloring matter ? Constitution of indigo ? How 
does it occur? How obtained? What is chlorophyl? How obtained! 
What is xanthophyl ? Ery throphyl ? 



VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. 157 

and alcohol. The coloring matter of the yellow series is rather 
resinous, and is colored blue by sulphuric acid. They are un- 
doubtedly modifications of chlorophyl. 

Alizarin and Purpurin, C 20 , H, , O 10 , are the coloring matter 
of Madder, from the root of the Rubia tinctoria. Alizarin is 
soluble in boiling water. Takes various colors in varied cir- 
cumstances, but is used in dyeing red. The Turkey-red pro- 
duced on cotton is produced by alizarin. With alumina it 
forms Madder-lake. Animals with madder taken in their food 
have their bones colored red. 

Anchusin, a red, resinous coloring matter, is from the An- 
chusa tinctoria. It assumes a great variety of colors, under 
different circumstances. 

Carthamin, from the Carthamus tinctorius. A red and yellow 
coloring matter is obtained from it. 

Hematoxylin is the coloring matter of Logwood. The ex- 
tract by ether is yellow. Ammonia changes it to a dark red ; 
Potassa, to a violet ; Hydrates of the earths, oxides of zinc, and 
Bismuth, to purple ; Iron, to black. 

Cucurmin, turmeric, is from the root of the Cucurma longa ; 
Dragon's-blood, from the Dracaena draco. Various lichens give 
peculiar coloring matters, from one of which our Litmus comes. 

Whence alizarin and purpurin ? Anchusin ? Carthanin ? Hematoxy- 
lin? Turmeric? Dragon's-blood? Litmus? 



PART II. 

TAXONOMY; 

OB THH 

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS, 



305. To classify requires knowledge of the objects to be class- 
ed; and the more extensive the knowledge, the more valuable the 
classification. We might have before us any number of bodies, 
and class them readily by their color. We might put gold, 
sulphur, and turmeric in the same class, because they are yellow. 
Any one, however, acquainted with these substances, would read 
our ignorance in our classification. Any classification that throws 
together bodies that are entirely unlike in all important partic- 
ulars, can have no claim to a scientific or philosophical classifi- 
cation, however useful it may be in some respects. 

To arrange the individuals which nature presents us, in such 
a manner, that those, most nearly related in fact, may be con- 
tiguous in our system, is the true object of scientific classifica- 
tion. To throw the unnumbered species of plants in groups, 
and place these groups in the positions with regard to each 
other that their real nature demands, is the aim of botanical 
classification. 

306. Nature presents us only with species. All the groups 
we make are more or less artificial. 

A species includes all those individuals that may be consid- 
ered as originating from a common parent. Plants arising from 
seeds, cuttings, grafts, buds, bulbs, or layers, are of the same 
species as the plant from which they originated. These plants 
may differ in many respects, more or less, from the parent plant, 
owing to the different circumstances under which they are pro- 
duced, thus forming varieties. 

Races are produced by the long-continued application of the 
causes that produce varieties, so that the variation becomes com- 
paratively permanent. Races are produced and kept up and 
varied by the skill of the gardener ; as is exhibited in our 
grains, cabbages, turnips, peas, beets, <fec. Hybrids are pro- 



160 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 

duced by the application of the pollen of one species to the 
stigma of a nearly allied species. Nature perhaps often exhib- 
its the products of this operation to the perplexity of the bot- 
anist. The seeds of hybrids rarely germinate, although they 
may appear perfect. 

307. A genus is a group of nearly related species. Many of 
the genera are made up of species so nearly and obviously re- 
lated, that the most common observer would at once adopt the 
same grouping. The oaks, pines, lilies, &c, are natural genera. 
Sometimes some of the species are more nearly related to each 
other than to the other members of the genus. These are 
grouped as sub-genera. 

308. Genera are founded entirely on the character of the 
floral organs : the species, on the whole plant. To be of the 
same genus, the plants must have a general agreement as to 
the floral organs : to be of the same species, they must agree 
throughout, from root to fruit. 

In naming a plant we give it two names : the name of the 
genus and the name of the species. Thus the common maple 
is Acer rubrum. Acer is the genus including all maples, ru- 
brum is this particular kind of maple : the former is called the 
generic, the latter the specific or trivial name. 

309. Generic names are variously derived. Sometimes in 
honor of some man ; as Kalmia, in honor of a Swedish botanist, 
Kalm. At other times, from the general locality of the species ; 
as Ranunculus, from growing in marshy places, which frogs in- 
habit. Sometimes from some quality or structure of the plants ; 
as Sanguinaria, blood-root, &c. The generic name is always 
considered to be a Latin noun, in the nominative case singular, 
and takes its gender according to the laws of that language. 
The specific name is an adjective generally, and must agree in 
gender with the generic name, with the termination of Latin 
adjectives. If the specific name is derived from a proper name, 
or from an old genus, it must retain its capital initial letter. If 
the name is given in honor of the discoverer of the plant, or 
its describer, it must be put as a noun in the genitive case : thus 
Aster Curtisii shows that Mr. Curtis presented this plant to the 
world as a discoverer, or that he pointed out its peculiar char- 
acters, that made it a new species. If simply in honor of an 
individual, it is formed into a Latin adjective, and must agree 
in gender with the genus ; thus Aster Lindleyanus is an Aster 
named in honor of Dr. Lindley, with which perhaps he had no 
acquaintance. 

310. Orders are formed by grouping together several genera 
agreeing in some general characters. Thus Composite in- 



CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 161 

eludes all compound flowers ; Labiatce, the labiate flowers ; 
UmbettifercB, flowers growing in umbels. Sub-orders include 
genera that stand nearly related. Tribes are genera under sub- 
orders. The names of orders are adjectives, and in the nomi- 
native plural, feminine gender, to agree with plantce, and gener- 
ally end in acece. The sub-orders and tribes generally end in ce. 

311. Classes are still more general divisions, depending on 
some very general characteristic. Sub-classes are formed on 
the same principles as sub-genera. Alliances are still less gen- 
eral divisions, being groups of nearly allied orders. 

There are but two classes in the following Flora. If the seed 
has two or more cotyledons, it belongs to the first class, Dico- 
tyledonce ; if but one cotyledon, it belongs to the second class, 
Monocotyledonw. These two classes include all flowering plants. 
The flowerless plants are not described. 

312. In describing plants it is important, that a regular or- 
der should be followed. 

In giving the characters of an order or genus, we observe the 
following order : first the calyx is described ; then the corolla ; 
next the stamens, including anther, filament, and pollen ; then 
the disk, if any ; then the ovary, with the pistil and its parts 
and ovules ; next the fruit and seed. In describing a species, 
we commence at the root and pass through the stem, branches, 
leaves, inflorescence, and flowers, and describe them in the 
order as given for genera. Color of the flower, duration of 
plant, station, habitat, time of flowering, height, may succeed. 

313. The portion of country especially included in the follow- 
ing Flora is from lat. 30° to 35° north, long. 80° to 90° west 
from London, including South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and 
parts of North Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi. It will an- 
swer as a text-book equally well for all the Southern States. It 
includes four great botanical regions : the mountainous region 
on the north, the coast region on the east, the partially tropical 
and gulf region on the south, and the upland or plane region of 
the middle portion. This middle region is very distinctly marked 
by a peculiar Flora into two regions — the primitive and tertiary. 
We might point out other sections of the territory included, 
corresponding with the geological character. 

314. Lindley makes 275 orders of flowering plants in the 
world ; we have 142. He makes 3336 genera ; we have 754. 
He makes 70, 073 species ; we have 2231. We have a little 
more than one-half the orders, less than one-fourth the genera, 
and ^y of the species of all flowering plants. 

According to a table constructed by Ad. de Jussieu (see 
d'Hist. Naturelles, vol. vi. p. 102), in which the relative number 



162 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 

of species in the principal orders is given for tropical, temper- 
ate, and arctic regions), there is considerable discrepancy found 
by comparing our orders in the same way. Cyperaceae, which 
in our Flora contains T y of all the species, would place us above 
lat. 50° north ; Gramineae, TT , would do the same ; Compositae, 
i Leguminosae, y 1 ^-, would give us a latitude between 45° and 
52° ; Ericaceae, y T , and Euphorbiaceae, y 1 ^, would place us be- 
low 45°, or about in our true position ; Labiatae, y 1 ^-, Umbel- 
liferae, -g-'g-, give about the same. 

In comparing our Flora with that of New York (see Nat. Hist. 
N. Y. Bot. vol. ii. p. 523), we find a general correspondence 
with the principles of Jussieu. The relative number of Cype- 
raceae, T y with us, -J in New York, shows the general decrease 
of this order from the north toward the south. Labiatse, Eri- 
caceae, Umbelliferse, Leguminosae, and Euphorbiaceae, confirm 
the principles laid down— that the species of some orders, which 
are extensively distributed, increase in number from the equator 
toward the poles ; that others increase from toward the poles 
to the equator ; and that others decrease from the temperate 
regions both ways. 

315. From the limits of a text-book, including so many spe- 
cies, we have been compelled to make the descriptions short. We 
have aimed to make them correct, and as far as possible character- 
istic. The greater number of the species we have examined 
in their places of growth, during the last twenty years, from 
the mountains to Florida, along the coast and through the inte- 
rior, and at different seasons of the year. In those genera with 
numerous species, it is impossible, in a limited description, to 
enable the student to determine unerringly every species. We 
would recommend to students who intend to pursue practical 
botany to any extent beyond class duties in connection with our 
book, the invaluable work of Torrey and Gray, The Flora of 
North America. 

316. We have adhered as much as possible to the old gen- 
era. The disposition in botanists to increase the number of 
genera by subdividing old ones, we conceive to be a great evil. 
There may be good grounds, theoretically, in most cases, for the 
subdivision, but practically it is increasing the difficulties, which 
are already numerous enough, to the pursuit of this subject. 
Andromeda, for example, a very natural genus, is divided into 
Zenobia, Lyoni, Oxydendrum, Leucothoe, and Cassandra, and a 
pupil, even by knowing one species, would hardly fail to recog- 
nize any other species of the genus. Other genera are treated 
with as little respect. 

317. We have given the Linnaean Analysis, and the Dichot* 



CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 163 

omous Analysis. Let the student take any plant, after having 
studied the First Part, and he can find no difficulty in using 
either. In many cases we have appended to terms, not in com- 
mon use, the number of the paragraph where the explanation 
of the term will be found. After the name of each genus we 
have put the number indicating the Linnaean Class and Order. 

318. In the practical part of Botany, there are certain arti- 
cles necessary to the student. The most important are the fol- 
lowing : a pocket microscope, with forceps, a sharp knife, and 
several sharp pins or needles. He wants his knife to cut and 
dissect objects of observation, and his needle to raise up, separ- 
ate, and fix portions for examination : his forceps to hold small 
objects steady for observation, and with freedom of motion, that 
they may be viewed in every position. For the analysis of 
plants the above will be all that is essential. If the elementary 
tissues are to be examined, or the contents of the pollen, or the 
circulation in the cells, or the starch grains, a good compound 
microscope must be at command. 

319. To collect plants, the student wants a tin box, cylindrical 
or flattened, as may be desired, 18 inches long, and from 5 to 8 
inches in diameter. If it is large, it is better to be flattened, 
the ends being oval — five inches in their shortest diameter and 
eight inches for the longest. There should be a large opening 
on the side least curved, extending nearly the whole length of 
the box, and the lid be made to fit as closely as possible. 
Two rings should be attached to the ends, or on one side, to 
receive a strap, by which it may be carried, putting the strap 
over the shoulder. Plants will remain in such a box or vascu- 
lum many hours without wilting, and even days by sprinkling 
a very little water on them. 

In collecting plants, the whole of a plant should be gath- 
ered when it can be. When the plant is too large for this, 
leaves should be taken from the bottom, middle, and top of the 
stem. The root and ripe fruit should always be gathered when 
possible, and if too large to be otherwise preserved, should be 
labeled and placed on shelves. 

A stiff-covered blank-book, with a strap round it, with a buckle, 
is always convenient to put up delicate plants in, and those flow- 
ers which might be injured in the box, or which fall off as soon 
as expanded. 

320. To preserve the plants after they are collected, requires 
no little labor and care. This the student must meet promptly 
and fully, if he expects to accomplish any thing useful. A little 
perseverance accomplishes all, and no labor is better rewarded. 

Take two pieces of stiff plank, of the size of the paper to be used, 



164 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 

with cleats on one side of each to keep them from warping, and a 
supply of unsized paper (newspapers will do), folded to a proper 
size — 10 by 18 inches is large enough. If it is larger or smaller, 
it will do. Lay one of the boards on the floor, cleats down, and 
spread on this a dozen thicknesses of paper. Then place a plant 
in a separate sheet, laying out the leaves and parts of the flower 
in as natural a manner as possible, aiming always so to arrange 
the specimens that every organ may be distinctly seen after the 
plants are dry. Several specimens, if small, may be put in one 
sheet. Lay this sheet with the specimens in it on the sheets on 
the board. Lay several empty sheets on this, and then one filled 
with specimens, till all are made up. Then lay as many sheets 
on the top of all as were at the bottom. On all place the other 
board, with the cleats up, and on it place weights to the amount 
of one hundred pounds, taking care that the weight presses 
equally on all sides. They may remain in this state not longer 
than a day, when the specimens must be changed to dry sheets, 
and the sheets from which they were taken placed to dry. If 
all the sheets are exposed to dry, and an entirely new set put 
in, it is better. This changing must be continued until the 
thickest parts of the specimens are thoroughly dry. This dry- 
ing of plants is the most troublesome part of the pursuit, but 
when well done, the value and beauty of the specimens fully 
compensate for all. Several specimens of a kind should be put 
up, and if the plant is peculiar to the region in which the col- 
lection is made, a great number should be put up for exchange. 

When the specimens are perfectly dry, they may be put up 
in the herbarium. The mode of putting up herbaria is various. 
All that is requisite is to have sheets of paper, either single or 
double, with the specimens attached to them, in any convenient 
manner. 

321. There should always be attached to each plant its name, 
order, locality, time of flowering, and any points of interest 
that may be observed. Plants will be attacked by insects unless 
great care is taken to keep them out. A tight can or box, with 
camphor kept in it, is the most effectual mode we have ever tried. 
They may lie on dry shelves in portfolios with camphor among 
the leaves, if examined occasionally to remove any insects that 
may get in. The most convenient mode of attaching specimens 
is to have narrow slips of paper and a vial of gum tragacanth, 
or thick paste, and stick the two ends of the paper on each side 
of the main part of the specimen, or several may be put on dif- 
ferent parts. Those intended for exchange should be kept by 
themselves. 



TABLE OF LINN^AN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS 



A. Stamens and pistils in the same flower. 

* Stamens free and equal. 

Cl. 1. Monandria, with 1 stamen. 6. Hexandria, with 6 stamens. 

2. Diandria, 2 stamens. 7. Heptandria, 7 stamens. 

3. Triandria, 3 stamens. 8. Octandria, 8 stamens. 

4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 9. Enneandria, 9 stamens. 

5. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 10. Decandria, 10 stamens. 

11. Icosandria, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the 

calyx. 

12. Polyandria, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the 

receptacle. 
Orders. — In the first 12 classes the orders depend solely on the num- 
ber of pistils, and they are named — Monogynia, 1 pistil. Digynia 2. Tri- 
gynia 3. Tetragynia 4. Pentagynia 5. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 7. 
Octagynia 8. Enneagynia 9. Becagynia 10. Polygynia more than 10. 

** Stamens free, unequal. 

13. Didtnamia, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others. 

Two orders. 1. Gymnosperma, the seeds naked. 2. Angiosperma, 
the seeds inclosed in a pericarp. 

14. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others. 

Two orders. 1. Siliculosa, fruit a silicle or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, 
fruit a long pod or silique. 

*** Filaments united. 

15. Monadelphia, filaments forming 1 set. 

16. Diadelphia, filaments forming 2 sets. 

Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same 
names as the first 12 classes. 

*«•** Anthers united. 

17. Syngenesia, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flowers). 
Five orders. 1. Polygamia ^Eqiialis, florets all perfect. 2. P. Su- 

perfhia, disk florets perfect, rays pistilliferous. 3. P. Frustranea, disk 
perfect, rays neutral. 4. P. Neeessaria^ disk with stamens, rays with 
a pistil. 5. P. Segregata, with a perianth to each floret. 

***** Anthers united to the pistil. 

18. Gynandria. 

Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandria, <fec 

B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers. 

19. Moncecia, stamens and pistils on the same individuals. 

20. Diozcia, stamens and pistils on different individuals. 

Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where 
there is a union of the filaments ; then named Monadelphia. 



166 LESNiEAN CLASS I., H. 



GENERA ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINN JEAN ARTI- 
FICIAL SYSTEM. 



CLASS L— MONANDRIA. 

Oedee L— MONOGYNIA. 

Salicornia. Perianth ventricose, fleshy, free from the ovary. Cheno- 
podiacece, 100. 

Canna. Calyx 3-leaved, permanent. Corolla 6-parted, 3 exterior 
segments reflexed. Capsule 3-eelled, many-seeded. Marantacece, 123. 

Thalia. Sepals 3, concave, small. Corolla tubular, 6-parted. Cap- 
sule 2-celled. Marantacece, 123. 

Oedee II— DIGYNIA. 
Callitriche. Flowers polygamous, with 2 colored bracts. Fruit 4- 
lobed, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Callitrichacece, 113. 

Grasses that may fall in this class are referred to the Analysis of 
Graminaceae, Order 142. 

CLASS IL— DIANDRIA. 

Oedee I.— MONOGYNIA. 
A. Corolla \-petaled, inferior. 

Chionanthus. Calyx minute, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, with long, lin- 
ear segments. (Fringe-tree.) Oleacece, 78. 

Jasminum. Calyx 5-cleft. Segments subulate. Corolla 4 — 5-parted. 
Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed. (White Jasmine.) Jasminacece, 77. 

Syringa. Calyx usually 4-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-cleft. Cap- 
sule 2-celled. (Lilac.) Oleacece, 78. 

Olea. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla with a short tube, 4-cleft. 
Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded by abortion. (American Olive.) Oleacece, 78. 

JElytraria. Calyx 4 — 5-parted, with the front segment bifid. Corolla 
3-cleft. Stamens with 2 barren filaments. Capsule 2-celled. Acan- 
thacece, 93. 

B. Corolla 1-petaled, inferior, irregular. 

Veronica. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, lower division smaller. 
Capsule obcordate, 2-celled. (Speedwell.) Scrophulariacece, 90. 

Gratiola. Macranthera. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted. Corolla irregu- 
lar, sometimes with 2 sterile stamens. Capsule 2-celled. (Hedge-hy?- 
sop.) Scrophulariacece, 90. 

Ilysanthes. Lindernia. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate ; 
upper lip short, erect, bifid ; lower lip larger, trifid. Capsule ovate or 
oblong. (Herbaceous plants.) Scrophulariacece, 90. 

Lindernia. Calyx 5-parted, pubescent. Corolla ringent ; upper lip 
very short, retuse ; lower lip unequally 3-cleft, 2-keeled at the base. 



LINN^EAN CLASS m. 167 

The two longest stamens barren. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Scrophu- 
lariacect, 90. 

Pinguicula. Calyx bilabiate, 5-cleft. Corolla ringent, spurred at 
the base ; upper lip 3-lobed, lower one 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 
many-seeded. Lentibidariacece, 94. 

Catalpa. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with the base of 
the tube swollen. Stamens 2, fertile, with 2 or 3 sterile. Pod long, 
slender, 2-valved, 2-celled. Trees. (Catalpa.) Bignoniacece, 83. 

Justicia. Rhytiglossa. Dicliptera. Calyx o-parted. Corolla bilabi- 
ate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower one 3-cleft. Capsule 2-cleft. Cap- 
sule 2-celled. (Herbaceous plants.) Acanthacece, 93. 

Utricularia. Calyx bilabiate, lips undivided. Corolla ringent, the 
lower lips spurred at the base. Capsule 1-celled. Plants growing in 
water or wet places. (Water-plants.) Lentibulariacece, 94. 

Micranthemum. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-cleft, segments unequal. 
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. (Small, herbaceous plants.) Scrophtdari- 
acece, 90. 

C. Fruit with 1 — 4 nut-like seeds inclosed in the calyx. 

Lycopus. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft ; segments 
nearly equal, one broader than the others. Nuts 4. (Water-hore- 
hound.) Labiates, 91. 

Monarda. Calyx elongated, 15-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent ; 
tube long, cylindric ; upper lip linear, entire ; lower lip reflexed, 3- 
lobed. Nuts 4. (Mountain Mint.) Labiatce, 91. 

Salvia. Calyx ovate, or campanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ; 
lower lip bifid. Corolla ringent, bilabiate ; upper lip straight or 
curved, entire or notched ; the lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe largest. 
Connectivum elongated, bearing a half anther on each end. (Sage.) 
Labiatce, 91. 

Collinsonia. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 
one bifid. Corolla funnel-form ; under lip many-cleft, segments capil- 
lary. Nut one. (Horse-balm.) Labiatce, 91. 

Rosmarinus. Calyx ovate, campanulate, bilabiate. Corolla bilabi- 
ate ; lips nearly equal ; upper one erect, emarginate ; lower one trifid. 
(Rosemary.) Labiatce, 91. 

Grasses that would properly fall here are referred to the Analysis of 
Graminacece, No. 142. 

CLASS III.— TRIANDRIA. 
Order I— MONOGYNIA. 
A. Flowers superior. 
Fedia. Calyx obsolete, or a border, 3 — i-toothed. Corolla some- 
what irregular, with the border 5-parted, inserted on the top of the 
ovary, slightly spurred at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with two empty 
cells, 1-seeded. (Corn Salad.) (Lamb Lettuce.) Valerianacece, 67. 

Iris. Perianth 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions large and reflexed ; the 
inner smaller and erect. Style none. Stigmas 3, petal-like, covering 
the stamens. (Flower de Luce.) Iridaceai, 124. 

Lacnanthes. Perianth 6-parted, wooly. Style thread-like, declining. 
Capsule 3-celled, globular. Iridacece, 124. 



168 linn^ean class hi. 

Oxybaphus. Involucre 3 — 5-cleft, 1 — 3-flowered. Perigonium tabu- 
lar, limb plicate, campanulate. Stamens 3 — 4. Fruit ovate, ribbed. 
(Herbaceous plants.) Nyctaginacecc, 98. 

Boerhaavia. Perianth on a minute, glandular ring, white and 
tinged with purple. Stamens varying in number. Fruit angled, ob- 
conic. Nyctaginacece, 98. 

Burmannia. Perianth tubular, winged, 6-parted. Alternate seg- 
ments small, connivent. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
Burmanniacece, 125. 

Ixia. Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Spathe ovate, short, 2 — 3- 
valved. Iridacece, 124. 

B. Flowers inferior. 

Gommelyna. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, unequal. Stamens un- 
equal. Style simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. (Day-flower.) Com- 
melynacece, 136. 

Xyris. Flowers in dense heads ; bracts coriaceous, each inclosing a 
single flower. Sepals 3, unlike. Petals 3, with long claws, more or 
less cohering. Style 3-cleft. (Yellow-eyed grass.) Xyridacece, 133. 

Heteranthera. Perianth salver-form, equally 6-parted. Stamens un- 
equal. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. (Mud-plantain.) Pontederia- 
cece, 132. 

Syena. May ma. Sepals 3, or calyx deeply 3-parted, persistent. 
Petals 3, roundish. Anthers 2-celled. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 
3-valved. Pontederiacea, 132. 

Stipulicida. Sepak 5, or calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong. 
Style short. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Illecebracece, 20. 

Any grasses that might come in this place are referred to the Analysis 
of Cyperaceas, No. 141. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA. 

This order embraces a large portion of the grasses which are referred 
for analysis to the order Graminacece, ISTo. 142. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Mollugo. Sepals 5. Petals usually wanting. Stamens varying 
from 3 — 5. Styles short. Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
(Chick-weed.) Caryophyllacew, 21. 

Lechea. Sepals 3. Petals 3, narrow, lanceolate. Stamens varying 
from 3 — 12. Style short. Stigmas fringed. (Pin-weed.) Cistaceoi, 18. 

Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted. Tube 3-sided. Petals none. Stigmas 
papillose, fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. (Mermaid-weed.) 
Onagracece, 50. 

Polycarpon. Calyx 5-leaved. Petals 5, linear, very short, ernargi- 
nate. Stamens longer than the corolla. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 3- 
valved, Illecebraceai, 20. 

Triglochin. Perianth 4 — 6-leaved, lanceolate, membranous. Anthers 
sessile. Style none. Carpels 3 — 4-seeded, 1 in each cell. Alismacece, 
137. 



LINN^AN CLASS IV. 169 

CLASS IV.— TETRANDRIA. 

Order I.— MONOGYMA. 

A. Flowers superior. a. I-petaled. 

Ccphalanthus. Flowers in a dense globose head. Calyx 4-toothed. 
Corolla 4-toothed. Style exserted. (Button-bush.) Rubiacece, 66. 

Galium. Calyx teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft. Styles 2. 
Fruit twin-carpeled, each 1-seeded. (Bed-straw, cleavers.) Rubiacece, 
66. 

Spermacoce. Calyx 4-leaved, or 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted. Cap- 
sule 2-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. Rubiacece, 66. 

Diodia. Calyx 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule 2 
celled, 1 seed in each cell. (Button-weed.) Rubiacece, 66. 

Redyotis. Hountonia. Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, 
shorter than the calyx. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
(Venus' pride.) (Dwarf-pink.) (Bluets.) Rubiacece, 66. 

Mitchella. Flowers in pairs. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed, 
funnel-form, bearded inside. Stigmas 4. Fruit a double drupe. 
(Partridge-berry.) Rubiacece, 66. 

Polypremum. Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, rotate, 
throat hairy, capsule compressed, many-seeded. Rubiacece, 82. 

Allionia. Involucre oblong, simple, 3-flowered. Perianth longer 
than the involucre, irregular. Nyctaginacece, 98. 

Rubia. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4 — 5-cleft, bell-form. Berries 2, 
one-seeded. (Madder.) Rubiacece, 66. 

b. 4-petaled. 

Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed, minute. Petals 4, distinct. Fruit a 
drupe, berry-like. (Dog- wood.) Cornacece, 63. 

Ludwigia. Calyx 4-parted, united to the ovary. Ovary quadrangu- 
lar, 4-celled, many-seeded. (False Loose-strife.) Onagracece, 50. 

B. Flowers inferior. a. l-petaled. 

Plantago. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft. Pod 2-celled, 2-several- 
seeded. (Rib-grass.) (Plantain.) Plantaginacece, 97. 

Centaurella. Burtonia. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, glabrous. Co- 
rolla 4-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentiomacece, 
82. 

Sanguisorba. Calyx tubular, quadrangular. Limb 4-parted. Petals 
none. Carpels 1 — 2. Fruit an achenium, included in the calyx. (Her- 
baceous.) Rosacece, 44. 

Frasera. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parted, segments with bearded 
glands. Capsule oval, flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved, few-seeded. (Wild 
Colombo.) Gentianacece, 82. 

Scoparia. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft, pilose in 
the throat. Stamens 4. Anthers sub-sagittate. Seeds numerous, 
angular, minutely reticulated. (Herbaceous.) Bcrophulariaceoe, 90. 

Lyeium. Calyx 4-toothed, short. Corolla tubular. Stamens some- 
times 5. Fruit 2-celled, many-seeded. (Matrimony.) Solanacece, 88. 

8 



170 UNMAN CLASS Y. 

Centunculus. Calyx 4-cleft, with lanceolate segments. Corolla 4- 
lobed, persistent, with acute segments. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 
Primulacece, 95. 

Oallicarpa. Calyx small, persistent, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, 4- 
cleft. Fruit baccate, 4-celled, juicy. Purple or white. (French Mul- 
berry.) Verbenacece, 92. 

Hypobrichia. Calyx 4-lobed, campanulate. Petals none. Stamens 
2 — 4. Ovary globose, 2-celled, many-seeded. (Aquatic plants.) Ly- 
thracecB, 47. 

Ammania. Calyx 4-lobed, with 4 intermediate appendages. Co- 
rolla wanting, or 4-petaled. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. (Tooth- 
cup.) Lythracece, 47. 

Ptelea. Calyx 4-sepaled, united at the base. Petals 4, spreading. 
Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit a samara, 2-celled. Zanthoxy- 
lacece, 28. 

Croomia. Sepals 4, broadly oval. Petals none. Stamens 4, oppo- 
site the sepals. Fruit ovate, compressed. Seeds 1 — 2. Peduncles 
axillary, 2 — 3 flowered. Berberidacece, 6. 

Krameria. Sepals 5, more or less irregular, spreading, colored. 
Petals 4 — 5, smaller than the sepals, unequal. Stamens more or less 
unequal. Fruit globose, 1 — 2 seeded. Polygalacece, 15. 

Order II— DIGYNIA. 
Hamamelis. Involucre 3-leaved. Petals 4, long. (Witch-hazel) Ha- 
mamelacece, 60. 

Order IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 
Ilex. Calyx minute. Corolla rotate. Stigmas 4- Capsule 4-celled, 
each cell 1-seeded. (Holly.) Aguifoliacece, 75. 

Sagina. Calyx 4-sepaled. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. Gary- 
ophyllacece, 21. 

Potamogeton. Calyx 4-sepaled. Petals 0, seeds 4. Flowers in a 
lix. (Pond-weed.) Naiadacece, 139. 

Ruppia. Perianth wanting. Flowers on a spadix. Fruit pediceled. 
Naiadacece, 139. 

CLASS V.— PENTANDRIA. 

Order I.— MONOGYNIA. 
A. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Fruit achenia. 
Plants of this division form the Natural Order Boraginece. 

B. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. Fruit a capsule or berry. 
1. Capsule 1-celled. 
Anagallis. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, dehiscent trans- 
versely. Primulacece, 95. 

Lysimachia. Calyx 5 — 6-parted. Corolla 5 — 6-parted. Capsule 
globose, 5 — 10-valved. Primulacece, 95. 

JDodccatheon. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, lobes re 
flexed. Capsule ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. Primulacece, 95. 

Hottonia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 
on the tube of the corolla. Capsule globose. Primulacece, 95. 



LLNN^EAN CLASS V. 171 

Villarsia. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla rotate. Capsule 1 -celled, 2- 
valved, many-seeded. Gentianacece, 82. 

Samolus. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with 5 sterile filaments. 
Capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded. Prhmdacece, 95. 

Sabbatia. Calyx 5 — 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 — 12-parted. Stig- 
mas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-eelled, 2-valved. Gentianacece, 82. 

Hydrophyllum. Calyx 5-parted, lobes subulate. Corolla campanu- 
late, filaments bearded in the middle. Hydrophyllacece, 85. 

Nemophila. Calyx 10-parted, alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla cam- 
panulate, 5-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. Small succu- 
lent plants. Hydrophyllacece, 85. 

Ellisia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, campanulate, about equal 
to the calyx ; tube with 10 minute appendages within. Limb 5-lobed. 
Ovary conical, 2-seeded. Annual herbs. Hydrophyllacece, 85. 

2. Capsule 1-celled, rarely 3- celled. 

Phacelia. Cosmanthus. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat campan- 
ulate, with 10 plaits on the inside. Capsule 2-valved. Hydrophylla- 
cea, 85. 

Spigelia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, long tube. 
Loganiaceaz, 81. 

Verbascum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, somewhat irregular. 
Stamens declined, hairy. (Mullein.) Scrophulariacece, 90. 

Batatas. Convolvulus. Sepals 5. Corolla campanulate. Stamens 
included. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled, or by abortion 
2 — 3-celled. Herbaceous vines. Gonvolvulaceai, 86. 

Convolvulus. Calystegia. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts at 
the base. Corolla funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Capsule 
few-seeded. Convolvulacew, 86. 

Ipomea. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, or campanulate. Cap- 
sule many-seeded. Convolvulacece, 86. 

Quamoclit. Ipomea. Sepals 5. Corolla tubular, cylindrical. Sta- 
mens exsert. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Cells 1 -seed- 
ed. Vines. Convolvulacece, 86. 

Nicottiana. Calyx urceolate or campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla fun- 
nel-form, the limb 5-lobed and plaited. (Tobacco.) Solanacea, 88. 

Ophiorhiza. Mitreola. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-cleft, funnel-form. 
Stigmas 2. Capsule many-seeded. Gentianacea, 82. 

Bumelia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, deeply 5-parted. 
Corona 5-leaved. Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded by abortion. Sapotacece, *76. 

3. Capsule, 3 — ^-celled. 

Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, with 
the tube slightly curved. Polemoniacece, 84. 

Polemonium. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla rotate. Stamens 
bearded at the base. Polemoniacece, 84. 

Diapensia. Calyx 5-sepaled, with 3 bracts at the base. Corolla sal- 
ver-form. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Hydrophylla- 
cca, 85. 



172 LINNJ3AN CLASS V. 

Datura. Calyx tubular, angled. Corolla plaited. Capsule thorny. 
Solanacece, 88. 

Azalea. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, oblique. Stamens de- 
clined. Ericacece, *72. 

Collomia. Calyx expanding, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form. Tube 
straight, long, slender. Capsule 3-cornered. Polemoniacece, 84. 

Cantua. Gilia. Calyx 3 — 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form. Long cap- 
sule, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Polemoniacece, 84. 

Seed in a berry. 

Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft, becoming ventricose. Corolla campanu- 
late, rotate. Limb plaited. Tube short. Berry 2-celled. Solanacece^ 88. 

Solanum. Calyx 5 — 10-parted. Corolla rotate or sub-campanulate, 
limb plaited, 5 — 10-cleft. Anthers opening by pores. Berry 2 — 6- 
celled. Solanacece, 88. 

Atropa. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled. Segments sagittate. Corolla 
campanulate. Berry 3 — 5-celled. Solanacece, 88. 

Capsicum. Corolla rotate. Calyx angular. Fruit inflated, juiceless. 
(Pepper.) Solanacece, 88. 

Corolla monopetalous. Calyx superior. Fruit a capsule. 
Campanula. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate. Capsule 3 — 5- 
celled, opening by lateral pores. Campanulacece, 70. 

Lobelia. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla irregular. Anthers cohering. Xo- 
beliacece, 69. 

Diervilla. Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla funnel- 
form, 5-cleft, much larger than the calyx. Capsule 4-celled, many 
seeded. Caprifoliacece, 65. 

PincTcneya. Calyx 5-parted, 1 or 2 of the divisions large, showy. 
Corolla long, tubular, border recurved. Rubiacece, 66. 

Chiococca. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form. Berry compress- 
ed, 2-seeded. Rubiacece, 66. 

Psychotria. Calyx ovate, crowned. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. 
Berry drupe-like. Rubiacece, 66. 

Seed in a berry. 

Symphoricarpus. Calyx globose, limb small, 4 — 5-toothed. Co- 
rolla funnel-form, 4 — 5-lobed. Berry 4-celled, crowned with the calyx. 
Caprifoliacece, 65. 

Triosteum. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla 5-cleft, as long as the 
calyx, gibbous at the base. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded. Caprifoliacece, 65. 

Caprifolium. Lonicera. Calyx tube sub-globose. Limb short, 5- 
toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate, limb 5-cleft, often gibbous at 
the base. Stems more or less twining. Caprifoliacece, 65. 

Flowers 5-petaled, inferior. 

Itea. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, teeth subulate. Petals 5, lance- 
linear. Capsule 2-celled. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Impatiens. Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petaled, ir- 
regular. Stigmas 5, united. Capsule 5-valved. (Touch-me-not.) Bal- 
saminacece, 25. 



LINK^EAN CLASS V. 173 

Viola, Calyx 5-sepaled. Corolla irregular, with a horn behind. 
Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved. (Violet.) Violacece, 16. 

Solea, Sepals 5, nearly equal. Flowers irregular, the lower petal 
2-lobed. Stamens cohering. Capsule S-sided. Seeds large, 6 — 8. 
Flowers greenish. Violacece, 16. 

Claytonia. Sepals 2 or calyx 2-parted. Corolla 6-petaled, emargi- 
nate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Portulacacece, 22. 

Ceanothus. Calyx cup-form. Petals scale-like, vaulted, claws long. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3 -seeded. (New Jersey Tea.) Rhamnacece, 42. 

Evonymus. Calyx 5-parted, flat. Corolla flat. Capsule 5-angled. 
5-celled, 5-valved, colored. Celastracece, 41. 

Cyrilla. Calyx minute, 5-parted. Petals 5, stellate. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2-seeded. Ericaceae, 72. 

Galax. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-petaled. Anther tube 10-cleft. 
Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Crassulacece, 58. 

Sageretia. Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Petals convolute or cucullate. 
Fruit baccate, 3-celled. Rhamnacece, 42. 

Fruit a berry or drupe. 

Rhamnus. Calyx urceolate, 4 — 5-cleft. Petal minute or wanting. 
Fruit drupaceous, 2 — 4 nuts. Rhamnacece, 42. 

Berchemia. Flowers minute. Calyx tubular, 5-parted. Segments 
erect. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous, with a long 
2-celled nut. Climbing, woody. Rhamnacece, 42. 

Vitis. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals cohering at the apex. Ber- 
ry 2-celled, 1 — 4-seeded. (Grape.) Vitacece, 3*7. 

Ampelopsis. Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Berry 2 — 4-seeded. 
Vitacece, 37. 

Flowers 5-petaled, superior. Petals sometimes wanting. 

Ribes. Calyx campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 4 — 5, minute, insert- 
ed on the * calyx. Berry 1-celled. (Currant, Gooseberry.) Grossula- 
cece, 55. 

Theseum. Comandra. Perianth urceolate, campanulate. Stamens 
villous. Fruit dry, 1-celled. Santalacece, 105. 

Anychia. Sepals 5, united at the base, sub-saccate at the apex. 
Petals none. Styles short. Fruit 1-seeded. Illecebracece, 20. 

Paronychia. Sepals 5, linear. Petals minute or wanting. Fruit 
1-seeded, inclosed in the calyx. Rlecebracece, 20. 

Siphonychia. Sepals 5, linear, petaloid above, cohering into a tube 
below. Style filiform. Nectaries 5. Fruit 1-seeded. Illecebracece, 20. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA. 
1. Corolla 1-petaled, inferior. 
Gentiana. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla bell-form. Stigmas 2, sub- 
sessile. Capsule 1-celled, elongated ; placentae 2, longitudinal. Floral 
parts sometimes 4. Gentianacece, 82. 

Cuscuta. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla 4 — 5-cleft, sub-campanulate. 
Capsule 2-celled. Stamens sometimes 4. (Love-vine.) Convolvulacece, 
86. 



174 LINN^AN CLASS V. 

Apocynum. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla campatmlate, 5-cleft, with 
scales at the base, alternating with the lobes. Anthers sagittate. 
Follicles long, slender. (Dog-bane.) (Indian Hemp.) Apocynacece } 
80. 



Gelseminum. Sepals 5, small. Corolla funnel-form, border 5-lobed. 
Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. (Yellow Jessamine.) Loganiacece, 81. 

Asclepias. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla 5-parted ; lobes lanceo- 
late, reflexed. Staminal crown 5 -leaved ; leaflets opposite the anthers, 
each usually with a subulate process. Follicles smooth or muricate, 
ventricose. (Milk- weed, Silk-weed.) Asclepiadacece, 79. 

Amsonia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with the throat 
closed. ^Estivation twisted. Follicles 2, erect. Apocynacece, 80. 

Echites. Calyx 5-parted, with acute segments. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, 5-parted, throat naked. Follicles 2, distinct, long, slender. 
Apocynacece, 80. 

Qonolobus. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Staminal 
crown shield-form, 5-parted. Follicles 2, ventricose. Asclepiadacece, 79. 

Hydrolea. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate. Anthers cordate. 
Styles long, diverging. Capsule 2-celled. Seeds numerous. Hydro- 
phyllacece, 85. 

Dichondra. Calyx 5-parted. Segments spatulate. Corolla short, 
bell-form, 5-parted. Capsule 2-celled, 1 seed in each cell. Convolvu- 
lacece, 86. 

Stylisma. Convolvulus. Sepals 5, equal. Corolla campanulate. 
Styles 2, rarely 3, stamens included. Convolvulacece, 86. 

Corolla 5-petaled. 

Reuchera. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft. Petals small. Capsule 2-celled, 
many-seeded. (Alum-root.) Saxifragacece, 59. 

Panax. Polygamous, or dioecious. Flowers in umbels. Styles 2 — 
3. Involucre many-leaved. Fruit somewhat globular, 2— 3-seeded. 
(Ginseng.) Araliaceoz, 62. 

Boykinia. Calyx turbinate, or urceolate, cohering to the ovary; 
limb 5-cleft. Petals entire. Styles 2 — 3. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, many- 
seeded. Herbaceous, perennial plants. Flowers small in corymbose 
cymes. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Corolla wanting. 

Atriplex. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-sepaled in the perfect 
flower, 2-sepaled in the pistillate. Fruit depressed, 1-seeded. Cheno- 
podiacece, 100. 

Chenopodium. Calyx 5-parted, inclosing the fruit. Style 2-cleft. 
Seed 1, lens-like. Chenopodiacece, 100. 

Salsola. Perianth 5-cleft, investing the fruit. Styles 2. Embryo 
spiral. Chenopodiacece, 100. 

TJlmus. Calyx campanulate. 4 — 5-cleft. Seed 6, inclosed in a sa- 
mara. Stamens 4 — 8. (Elm.) Uhnacece, 110. 

Cdtis. Polygamous. Perfect flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Styles 
spreading. Drupe 1-celled. Staminate flowers, with the calyx 6- 
parted. Stamens usually 6. Small tree. Ulmacea, 110. 



LINN-ffiAN CLASS V. 175. 

Beta. Sepals 5. Seed inclosed in the hardened calyx. (Beet.) 
Chenopodiacece, 100. 

Planera. Polygamous. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, campanulate. Capsule 
globose, membranaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Ulmacece, 110. 

Flowers in umbels, petals 5, superior, carpels 2, order Umbelliferae, 
No. 61. 

Order III— TFJGYNIA. 

Flowers superior. 

Viburnum. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. 
Stigma almost sessile. Drupe 1-seeded. Caprifoliacece, 65. 

Sambucus. Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla sub-urceolate or rotate, 
5-cleft. Stigmas minute, sessile. Berry globose, 1-celled, 3-seeded. 
(Elder.) Caprifoliacece, 65. 

Flowers inferior. 

Rhus. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Fruit 1-seeded, small, nearly 
globular. (Sumac.) (Poison-vine.) Anacardiacece, 29. 

Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals 5. Capsules inflated, 
2 — 3-celled. Seeds globular, compressed, generally 2 in each cell. 
(Bladder-nut.) Celastracece, 41. 

Turnera. Calyx 5-cleft, funnel-forra. Petals 5. Ovary 1-celled, 
with 3 parietal placentae. Seeds numerous. Turneracece, 52. 

Lepuropetalon. Calyx 5-parted, with ovate obtuse lobes. Petals 5, 
minute, spatulate. Capsule 1-celled, many -seeded. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Order IV.— TETBAGYMA. 

Parnassia. Sepals 5, more or less united. Corolla 5-petaled. 
Stamens perigynous. 5 phalanges of sterile stamens opposite the 
petals. Capsule 4-valved, 1 — 2-celled. Droseraceaz, 17. 

Order V.— PENTAGYNIA. 

Aralia. Flowers in umbels, or panicles. Calyx 5-toothed, superior. 
Petals 5, spreading. Fruit 5-lobed, 5-celled, 1 seed in each cell. Ara- 
liacece, 62. 

Statice. Calyx tubular, plaited, entire. Petals 5, regular. Fruit 1- 
seeded, indehiscent. Plumbaginacece, 96. 

Linum. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, unguiculate. 
Capsule globose, sometimes 10-celled. (Flax.) Linacece, 23. 

Suriana. Sepals 5, persistent ; eestivation twisted. Petals 5. Car- 
pels 5, coriaceous, 1-seeded. (Sea-side shrubs.) Sitrianacece, 57. 

Order VI— HEXAGYNIA. 

Drosera. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous. Capsule 1 — 3-celled, 
many -seeded. (Sun-dew.) JDroseracece, 17. 

Order XII— POLYGYNIA. 

Myosurus. Sepals 5, produced downward, at the base. Petals 5, 
claw filiform and tubular. Stamens 5 — 20. (Mouse-tail.) Ranuncu- 
lacece, 1. 

Zanthorhiza. Sepals 5. Petals 5, on pedicels. Capsule 1-seeded. 
Ranunculacece, 1. 



176 linn^an class vi. 



CLASS VL— HEXANDRIA. 
Okder I— MONOGYMA. 

a. Flowers having both Calyx and Corolla. 

Tradescantia. Sepals 3, inferior. Petals 3. Filaments with jointed 
beard. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. (Spider-wort) Commelyna- 
cece, 136. 

Leontice. Caulophyllum. Sepals 6, inferior. Petals 6, bearing a reni- 
form fleshy scale. Carpels stipitate, 2 — 4-seeded. Berberidacece, 6. 

Berberis. Sepals 6, bracteolate, inferior. Petals 6, "with 2 glands at 
the base of each. Stamens irritable. Fruit a berry, 1 — 9-seeded. (Bar- 
berry.) Berberidacece, 6. 

Prinos. Calyx 4 — 8-cleft. Corolla 4 — 8-parted, rotate. Stamens 
4 — 8, often dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4 — 8-seeded. Aquifoliacece, 75. 

Gynandropsis. Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4. 1 stamen, 
usually abortive. Receptacle elongated, forming a long stipe. Pod 
linear, oblong. Gapparidacem, 14. 

Cleomella. Sepals 4, minute, spreading. Petals 4, sub-spatulate. 
Pod obovate, 4 — 6-seeded. Flowers in terminal racemes. Cappari- 
dacece, 14. 

Tillandsia. Calyx 3-parted, persistent. Petals 3. Fruit capsular, 
3-celled. Seeds comose. (Hanging Moss.) Bromeliacece, 129. 

Biphyllia. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6, opposite the calyx. 
Ovary ovate. Fruit baccate, 1 -celled, 2 — 3-seeded. Berberidacece, 6. 

b. Flowers having a spathe or glume. 

Amaryllis. Perianth 6-parted, petaloid, filaments unequal, inserted 
into the throat of the tube. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
(Atamasco Lily.) Amaryllidacece, 127. 

Allium, Nothoscordum. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, many flowers 
in the spathe, umbellate. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 
(Onion.) Liliacece, 130. 

Hypozis. Flowers in a 2-valved spathe. Perianth 6-parted. Cap- 
sule elongated, 3-celled, many-seeded. Flowers yellow. (Star-grass.) 
Hypoxidacece, 128. 

Pontederia. Perianth 6-parted, bilabiate ; the under side perforated. 
Capsule 3-celled, fleshy, many-seeded. Flowers blue. Pontederiacece, 
132. 

Narcissus. Corolla campanulate, 6-parted. Corona campanulate, 
shorter usually than the corolla. (Jonquil.) Amaryllidacece, 127. 

Pancratium. Tube of the perianth long, with the border 6-parted, 
bearing a 12-cleft paracorolla, which bears the stamens. Amaryllida- 
cece, 127. 

Conostylis. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, with branching hairs. 
Style conic, 3-parted. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Hcemodoracece, 
126. 

c. Flowers not having a spathe. 

Aletris. Perianth tubular, ovate, 6-cleft, rugose. Style triquetrous 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Hcemodoracece, 126. 



LINN^AN CLASS VI. 177 

Agave. Perianth 6-parted, erect, tubular, furrowed. Style spotted. 
Capsule triangular, many-seeded. Amaryllidacece, 127. 

Ornithogalum. Perianth 6-leaved, erect, persistent. Filaments di- 
lated at the base. Capsule angled, 3 -celled. Liliacece, 130. 

Lilium. Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Segments nearly 
straight, or refiexed, with a line below the middle. (Lily.) Liliacece, 
130. 

Erythronium. Perianth 6-leaved ; leaves refiexed, campanulate. 
Style 3-angled. Capsule somewhat stiped. Flowers yellow. Lilia- 
cece, 130. 

Uvularia. Perianth six-leaved ; leaves erect, with a nectariferous 
cavity at the base. Stigmas 3, refiexed Capsule 3-celled, with trans- 
verse partitions, many-seeded. Flowers yellow. Melanthacece, 131. 

Streptopus. Prosartes. Hekorima. Perianth 6-parted, revolute, cam- 
panulate, with nectariferous pores at the base. Fruit baccate. Me- 
lanthacece, 131. 

Convallaria. Perianth 6-cleft, campanulate. Fruit globose, 3-celled, 
1 — 2 seeds in each cell. Flowers white. Liliacece, 130. 

Srnilacina. Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Fruit baccate, 3-celled. 
Flowers pale yellow or white. Liliacece, 130. 

Polygonatum. Perianth cylindrical, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted near 
the summit of the tube. Fruit baccate, 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell 
Liliacea>, 130. 

Asparagus. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft or 6-parted, erect; the 3 inner 
divisions refiexed at the apex. Style very short. Stigmas 3. Berry 
3 celled, cells 2-seeded. Liliacea?, 130. 

Polyanthus. Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Stamens inserted 
into the throat. Stigma 3-cleft. (Tuberose.) Liliacece, 130. 

Uyacinthus. Corolla urceolate or campanulate. Border refiexed, 
6-cleft. Stamens inserted into the middle of the corolla. (Hyacinth.) 
Liliacew, 130. 

Tulipa. Perianth 6-leaved, liliaceous. Style none. Stigma thick. 
Capsule 3-sided, oblong. (Tulip.) Liliacece, 130. 

Yucca. Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Segments refiexed. 
Flowers in large panicles. (Dwarf Palmetto.) Liliacece, 130. 

d. Flowers incomplete. 

Orontium. Spadix cylindrical, crowded with flowers, all compact. 
Stigma sessile. Fruit 1-seeded. Yellow. Araceai, 138. 

Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth glu- 
maceous, 6-leaved. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. (Sweet Flag.) 
Aracece, 138. 

Juncus. Perianth 6-parted, with 2 bracts at the base, glumaceous. 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. (Bulrush.) Juncacece, 134. 

Luzula. D. C, Juncus. Perianth 6-leaved, regular, glumaceous, 
spreading. Stamens 6. Anthers linear. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 
3-seeded. (Grass-like.) Juncacece, 134. 



178 LINN^AN CLASS VI. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA. 

Oryza. Glumes 2, 1-fiowered. Palese 2, adhering to the seeds. 
(Rice.) Graminacece, 142. 

Cabomba. Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens as long as the 
calyx. Carpels numerous, 1 — 8-seeded, somewhat fleshy. Cabomba- 
cece, 7. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Melanthium. Amiantanthus. Perianth 6-parted, expanding rotate, 
with 2 glands at the base. Capsule sub-ovate, 3-celled, partly trifid. 
Seeds numerous, winged. Melanthacece, 131. 

Zigadenus. Perianth 6-leaved, spreading, with 2 glands at the base. 
Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. Melanthacece, 131. 

Helonias. Perianth 6-leaved ; leaves flat, sessile, without glands. 
Capsule 3-celled, few-seeded, horned. Melanthacece, 131. 

Veratrum. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spreading, persis- 
tent, without glands. Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; seeds 
numerous. Melanthacece, 131. 

Schcenocaulon. Perianth 6-leaved, persistent ; leaves linear, oblong, 
slightly 3 — 5-nerved. Stamens 6. Anthers reniform. Carpels 3, uni- 
ted by their interior angles. Ovules 6 — 8 in each carpel. (Herbace- 
ous, with bulbous roots.) Melanthacece, 131. 

Tofielda. Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Cap- 
sule 3 — 6-celled ; cells united at the base, many-seeded. Melanthacece, 
131. 

Stenanthium. Perianth 6-leaved, colored ; leaves lanceolate, spread- 
ing. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. (Herba- 
ceous, with grass-like leaves.) Melanthacece, 131. 

Medeola. Gyromia. Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, revolute. Stamens 
inserted into the base of the perianth. Berry 3-celled, 1 — 3-seeded. 
Trilliacece, 120. 

Trillium. Perianth deeply 6-parted; 3 outer segments sepaloid, 
spreading ; 3 inner petaloid. Fruit ovoid, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
Trilliacece, 120. 

Rumex. Perianth 6-leaved, 3 inner leaves somewhat colored. Stig- 
mas many-cleft. Nut triquetrous. (Sorrel.) Polygonacece, 102. 

Sabal. Flowers perfect. Spathes partial. Filaments thickened at 
the base. Fruit dry, cartilaginous, bony. Palmacece, 135. 

Chatnerops. Flowers polygamous. Spathe compressed. Spadix 
branching. Fruit 3-celled, 1 cell only containing a seed. Palmacece, 
135. 

Nolina. Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, 
3-seeded. Liliacece, 130. 

Triglochin. Perianth 6-leaved. Anthers 3 or 6, sessile. Stigmas 
sessile. Carpels 3 — 6, each 1-seeded. Alismacece, 137. 

Order VI— HEXAGYOTA. 

Coccidus. Wendlandia. Sepals 6, in a double series. Petals 6, fleshy 
auricled. Menispermacece, 5. 



179 



Order XII— POLYGYNIA. 



Alisma. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3. Ovaries numerous. Cap- 
sules numerous, distinct, 1-seeded. Alismacece, 137. 

CLASS VIL— HEPTANDRIA. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA. 

jEsculus. Sepals united, forming a 4 — 5-toothed tubular calyx. 
Petals 4 — 5, more or less unequal. Stamens 6 — 8, usually 1. (Buck- 
eye.) Hippocastanacece, 39. 

Order IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 

Saururus. Flowers naked, seated on a scale. Anthers cuneate. 
Fruit consisting of 4 indehiscent nuts. Saururacece, 114. 

CLASS VIII.— OCTANDRIA. 
Order I— MONOGYNIA. 

a. Flowers superior. 

Rhexia. Calyx, with the tube ventricose — ovate at the base, nar- 
rowed at the apex. Limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Capsule 4-celled. 
Melastomacece, 46. 

(Enothera. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft, 4-sided. Petals 4, obovate. 
Stigmas 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Onagraceaz, 50. 

Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 
4, ungniculate. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded by abortion, somewhat ligne- 
ous. Onagracece, 50. 

Epilobium. Calyx campanulate. Segments 4, spreading. Petals 
4. Stamens 8, alternate ones largest. Stigma clavate. Capsule 4- 
angled, 4-celled. Onagracece, 50. 

Oxycoccus. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla with 4 linear segments. Anthers 
tubular, 2-parted. Fruit a berry, many-seeded. (Cranberry.) Vac- 
ciniacece, 71. 

b. Flowers inferior. 

Menziesia. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla globose, 4 — 5-cleft. Capsule 4- 
eelled. Seeds numerous, oblong. (Shrubs.) Ericaceae, 12. 

Acer. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens varying from 6 — 10. Fruit a sa- 
mara, by abortion, 1-seeded. (Trees.) Aceracece,%8. 

Dirca. Perianth tubular, colored, campanulate. Stamens unequal. 
Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded. (Shrubs with tough bark.) Thymeliacece, 104. 

Jeffersonia. Sepals 4 — 5, fugaceous, colored. Petals 8, linear, ob- 
long. Capsule 1 -eel led, opening by a slit near the summit ; many- 
seeded. Berberidacece, 6. 

Elliottia. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla deeply 4-parted. Filaments 
glandular. Anthers sagittate. Ovary 4-celled, many-seeded. Erica- 
ceae, "72. 

Amyris. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Petals 4, cuneate, having 
claws. Stamens shorter than the petals. Fruit 1-seeded. Amyrida- 
cece, 31. 



180 LINN.EAN CLASS IX., X. 

Bodonea. Sepals 4. Petals none. Style 3 -cleft at the apex. Cap- 
sule winged. Seeds 2 in each cell. Sapindacem, 40. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA. 

Chrysosplenium. Calyx 4-cleft, colored within. Petals none. 
Stamens 8 — 10, filaments short, subulate. Capsule 1-celled, many- 
seeded. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Polygonum. Perianth 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 5 — 9. 
Fruit 1-seeded, mostly triangular. Polygonacece, 102. 

Gardiospermum. Calyx 4-leaved, leaves concave, two exterior ones 
smallest. Corolla 4-petaled. Capsule membranous, 3-valved. Seeds 
globose, solitary. Sapindacece, 40. 

Sapindus. Sepals 4 — 5, two exterior ones largest. Petals 4 — 5, 
lanceolate. Stamens 8 — 10. Stigmas 2 — 3. Fruit of 1 carpel s 2 sup- 
pressed. Sapindacece. 40. 

Order IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 

Diamorpha. Sepals 4. Petals 4, concave. Stamens 8, with purple 
anthers. Carpels 4. (Succulent herbs.) Crassulacece, 58. 

CLASS IX.— ENNEANDRIA. 

Order I.— MONOGYOTA. 

Laurus. Perianth 4 — 6-cleft, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. 
Petals none. 3 inner stamens usually sterile. Fruit. 1-seeded, drupe. 
(Sassafras.) Lauracem, 103. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA. 

Eriogonum. Involucre campanulate, many-flowered. Perianth 6- 
cleft. Stigmas 3. Seed 3-angled. Polygonacece, 102. 

Order III— TRIGYNIA. 

Pleea. Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Styles 3. Capsule 3-angled, 
3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. Melo.nthacece, 131. 

Rheum. Perianth 6-cleft, permanent. Nut 1, 3-sided. Polygona- 
cece, 102 

CLASS X.— DECANDRIA. 

Order I— MONOGYNIA. 

a. Flowers polypetalous, irregular. 

For Cassia, Baptisia, Cercis, Sophora, Cladrastris, see order Legu- 
minosce, 43. 

b. Flowers polypetalous, regular. 

Pyrola. Calyx minute, 5-parted. Anthers opening by 2 pores. 
Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled. Ericacece, 72. 

Decodon. Calyx short, campanulate, with 10 teeth, unlike. Petals 
5. Capsule globose, 3-celled, many-seeded. Lyihraceai, 47. 

Chimaphila. Calyx and corolla as in the preceding. Stigma ses- 
sile. Anthers beaked. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscing at the angles. 
Ericacece, 72. 



LINN^AN CLASS X. 181 

Leiophyllum. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals 5, scarcely united. 
Stamens exserted. Capsule 5-celled, opening at the summit. (Small 
shrub.) Ericacece, 72. 

Clethra. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Style 1 — 3-cleft at 
the summit. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, inclosed by the calyx. Eri- 
cacece, 72. 

Mylocarium. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stigma capitate, 3-cornered. 
Capsule 3-celled, angular. Ericacece, 72. 

Mclia. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, often cohering at the base. 
Stamens united by their filaments. Fruit globose, 5-celled, 5-seeded. 
(China Tree.) Meliacece, 35. 

Swietenia. Calyx short, 5 cleft. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens alter- 
nately shortened. Ovary 5-celled, on a torus. Fruit a woody 3 — 5- 
celled capsule. (Mahogany.) Cedrelacece, 36. 

Dionea. Calyx parted. Petals 5. Stigma fringed. Capsule round- 
ish, gibbous, 2-celled, many-seeded. (Venus' Fly-trap.) Droceracece, 17. 

Jussicta. Calyx 4 — 5-parted, superior, permanent. Petals 4 — 5, 
ovate. Capsule 4 — 5-celled, oblong, ribbed. Seeds numerous. Ona- 
gracece, 50. 

Limonia. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals 4 — 5. Anthers cor- 
date. Fruit 4 — 5-celled, or by abortion fewer. Aurantacece, 30. 

Kallstrozmia. Sepals 5. Petals 5, obovate. Ovary 5-carpeled, 10- 
celled, 10-seeded. Zygophyllacece, 27. 

c. Flowers monopetalous. 

Epigcea. Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corolla hypo- 
crateriform, border 5-parted, tube villous within. Carpels 5-celled. 
Ericacece, 72. 

Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla ovate. 
Filaments hairy. Capsule 5 celled, baccate. Ericacece, 72. 

Vaccinium. Calyx superior, 4 — 5-cleft. Fruit globose, 4 — 5-celled, 
many-seeded. Vaccinacece, 7 1 . 

Andromeda, Zenobia, Lyoni, Oxydendrum, Leucothoz, Cassandra. 
Calyx inferior, small, 5-parted. Corolla ovate, roundish, a sub-cylin- 
dric border, 5-cleft. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. Stamens sometimes 
8. Ericacece, 72. 

Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, continuing at the 
base into 10 cornute protuberances, in the cavities of which the anthers 
are concealed. Capsule 5-celled. Ericacece, 72. 

Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, funnel-shaped, 
with an irregular border. Stamens declined. Capsule 5-celled. Sta- 
mens varying from 5 — 10. Ericacece, 72. 

d. Flowers without green herbage. 
Schweinitzia. Sepals 5, erect, unguiculate, gibbous. Corolla cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Nectary 5-cleft, in the base of the corolla. Ovary 
sub-globose, 4 — 5-angled. Flowers in terminal spikes, emitting the odor 
of violets. Ericacece, 72. 

Monotropa. Calyx 5-parted, cucullate at the base. Corolla 5- 
petaled. Capsule 5-valved, 5-celled, many-seeded. (Parasite.) 
(Indian Pipe.) Ericacece, 72. 



182 LINN.EAN CLASS X. 

Hypopitys. Calyx none. Petals erect, oblong. Stamens shorter 
than the petals. Ovary sub-globose, 4 — 5-angled, many-seeded. 
Flowers in a terminal raceme. (Parasite.) Ericaceae, 12. 

Order II.—DIGYNIA. 

Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers futile or sterile. Calyx of 
the sterile flowers membranaceous, colored, flat, dilated. Petals 5, 
ovate, sessile. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. (Shrubs.) Saxifra- 
gacece, 59. 

Saxifraga. Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2-beaked, opening by a hole between the beaks. Saxifragacece, 
59. 

Saponaria. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Cap- 
sule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved. Caryophyllacece, 21. 

Dianthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, with several bracts at the 
base. Petals 5, with claws. Capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscing at 
the top. Caryophyllacece, 21. 

Astilbe. Tiarella. Calyx campanulate, 5-parted. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens exserted. Anthers cordate. Capsule 2-celled. Flowers in 
panicles. Leaves compound. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Silene. Sepals usually 5, inserted into a tube. Petals 5, unguicu- 
late, with long claws, crowned at the summit of the claw. Limb 2- 
cleft. Capsule 3-celled, opening at the apex with 6 teeth. Caryo- 
phyllacece, 21. 

Stellaria. Sepals 5, expanding. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 3- 
valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Caryophyllacece, 21. 

Arenaria. Sepals 5, expanding. Petals 5, entire. Carpels 3-valved, 
1-celled, many-seeded. Caryophyllacece, 21. 

Order V— PENTAGYNIA. 

Spergula. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 3 — 5-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular, or reniform. lllecebracem, 20. 

Cerastium. Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate. Capsule 1- 
celled, 5-valved, dehiscing at the apex, with 5 or 10 teeth. Caryo- 
phyllacece, 21. 

Lychnis, Agrostema, or Githago. Calyx tubular, 5-sided. Petals 5, 
unguiculate ; limb entire. Capsule 1-celled, or partly 5-celled. Caryo- 
phyllacece, 21. 

Oxalis. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Alternate stamens longest. Capsule 
5-angled. Seeds few, rugose. Oxaliclacece, 26. 

Penthorum. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, or none. Carpels 5, united 
into a 5-angled, 5-celled capsule, with 5 diverging beaks. Seeds nume- 
rous, minute. Crassulacece, 58. 

Sedum. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior. Petals 4 — 5. Pods many-seeded ; 
a little scale at the base of each. Crassulacece, 58. 

Order X.— DECAGYMA. 

Phytolacca. Perianth 5-parted, petaloid. Ovary 10-celled, 1 ovule 
in each cell. Fruit indehiscent. (Pokeweed,) Phytolaccacece, 101. 



LLNSLEAN CLASS XI., XII. 183 



CLASS XL— ICOSANDRIA. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA 

Cactus or Opuntia. Sepals numerous, adhering to the ovary. Petals 
numerous, obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous. Fruit 1-celled, 
many-seeded. Cactacece, 56. 

Lythrum. Calyx cylindrical, with 4 — 6 short teeth, generally with 
as many intermediate processes. Petals 4 — 6. Capsule 2-celled, 
many-seeded. Lythracece, 47. 

Cuphea. Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6-toothed, generally with as 
many intermediate processes. Petals 6, unequal. Capsules membra- 
nous, 1 — 2-celled. Lythracece, 4*7. 

Decumara. Calyx 8 — 12-cleft, tube campanulate. Petals 8 — 12, 
narrow, oblong. Capsule 5 — 10-celled, ribbed, opening between the 
ribs. Saxifragacece, 59. 

Philadelphus. Calyx 4 — 5-parted, persistent. Petals 4 — 5, broadly 
obovate. Styles more or less united. Capsules 4 — 5-celled. Seeds 
numerous. Saxifragacece, 59. 

For Prunus, Cerasus, Amygdalos, Chrysobalanus, see Natural Order, 
44. 

Mentzelia. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, sometimes 10, the inner ones 
usually smaller. Stamens numerous, the outer ones often petaloid. 
Ovary inferior, 1-celled, about 6-seeded. (Herbaceous.) Loasacece, 51. 

Order II. to Order V.— DI-PENTAGYNIA. 

Fothergilla. Calyx 5 — T-toothed, or truncate, campanulate. Petals 
none. Styles 2, filiform, distinct. Capsule 2-lobed. Seeds one in 
each cell. Hamamelacece, 60. 

For the other genera of this order, viz., Agrimonia, Orategus, Ame- 
lanchier, Pyrus, Spirea, and Gillenia, see Natural Order, 44. 

Order XII.— POLYGYRIA. 

Calycanthus. Sepals and petals confounded. Segments colored, pe- 
taloid, seeds numerous, contained in an enlarged, ventricose calyx. 
(Sweet shrub.) Calycanthacece, 45. 

For the other genera of this order, viz., Rosa, Rubus, Waldsteinia, 
Geum, Potentilla, Fragaria, see Natural Order, 44. 

CLASS XII.— POLYANDRIA. 

Stamens numerous, perigynous. 

Tilia. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5. Ovary 5-celled, with 
2 ovules in each cell. Fruit ligneous, sometimes only 1-celled, 1 — 2- 
seeded. Trees. Tiliacece, 34. 

Corchorus. Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous. Capsule 2 — 5- 
celled, pod-like, seeds numerous. Nearly herbaceous. Tiliacece, 34. 

Helianthemum. Sepals 5, unequal, the 2 exterior small, bract-like, 
sometimes wanting. Petals 5, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 3. Cap- 
sule 3-angled. Cistacece, 18. 

Portulacca. Calyx superior, 2-parted. Petals 4 — 6, equal, inserted 



184 LINN^EAN CLASS XII. 

on the calyx. Styles 3 — 6-cleft. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. For- 
tulacatece, 22. 

Talinum. Sepals 2. Petals 5, distinct. Style filiform, cleft at the 
apex. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Porhdacacece, 22. 

Chelidonium. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule 2-valved, 
1-celled, many-seeded, linear, dehiscing from the base upward. Papa- 
veracece, 11. 

Polanisia. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, entire, nearly 
orbicular. Pod linear, sessile or nearly so. Capparidacece, 14. 

Glaucium. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule linear, 2-valved» 
2-celled, many-seeded, seeds reniform. Papaveracece, 11. 

Argemone. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6. Stigmas 4 — V. Capsule 
opening by valves, separating from the placenta. Papaveracece, 11. 

Sanguinaria. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8 — 12. Stigmas 2. Cap- 
sule oblong-ovate. Seeds numerous. Papaveracece, 11. 

Papaver. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 — 20, sessile, radiating. 
Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath the lobes of the stigma. 
Papaveracece, 11. 

Podophyllum. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 — 9, obovate. Stigma 
large, sessile. Fruit fleshy. Seeds numerous, on a lateral placenta, 
Berberidacece, 6. 

Aetata. Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 8 or none, spatulate, oblong, short- 
er than the stamens. Fruit baccate, solitary, many-seeded. Rammcu- 
lacece, 1. 

Sarracenia. Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5, ungui- 
eulate. Stigma very large, 5-angled, petaloid, covering the stamens. 
Capsule o-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Sarraceniacece, 10. 

Nuphar. Sepals 5 — 6. Petals numerous, small, inserted on the re- 
ceptacle. Fruit berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded. Nymphceacece, 9. 

Nymphcea. Sepals 4. Corolla many-petaled. Stigma a broad disk. 
Fruit berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded. Nymphceacece, 9. 

Bejaria. Calyx 7-cleft. Corolla 7-petaled. Style 1. Capsule many- 
seeded, 7-celled. Ericaceae, 72. 

Rhizophora. Calyx superior, limbs 4, many-lobed. Petals oblong, 
emarginate, coriaceous. Fruit ovate, 1-celled, indehiscent. Trees. 
Rhizophoracece, 48. 

Citrus. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, dilated at the base. Fruit 
9 — 18-celled. Aurantacece, 30. 

Order II. to Order V.— DI-PENTAGYNIA. 
The genera belonging to these orders will be found under the Nat- 
ural Orders 1 and 19. Delphinium, Aconitum, Aquilegia, Cimicifuga, 
under the 1st ; Ascyrum, Hypericum, and Elodea, under the 19th. 

Order XII.— POLYGYRIA. 

Magnolia. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 — 12. Carpels arranged in 
a cone, 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Magnoliacece, 2. 

Liriodendron. Sepals 3, concave. Petals 6, in two series, obovate, 
lanceolate, campanulate. Carpels imbricated in a dense cone, 1 — 2- 
seeded. (Tulip-tree.) Magnoliacece, 2. 



LINN^EAN CLASS XIII. 185 

Illicium. Sepals 3 — 6, petaloid. Petals numerous, interior ones 
smallest. Carpels numerous, arranged in a circle, follicular. Magno- 
liacece, 2. 

Asimina. Sepals 3. Petals 6, the 3 outer ones larger. Carpels 
oblong, pulpy within, several-seeded. (Papaw.) Anonacece, 3. 

Brasenia. Sepals 3 — 4, persistent, petaloid. Petals 3 — 4, longer 
than the sepals. Carpels numerous, 1 — 2-seeded. Cabombacecc, 7. 

Nelumbium. Sepals 4 — 6, petaloid. Petals numerous. Filaments 
petaloid. Disk remarkably developed. Ovaries lodged in separate 
cavities. Fruit a nut. Nelumbiacece, 8. 

The remaining genera of this order, viz., Hepatica, Ranunculus, Ado- 
nis, Hydrastis, Clematis, Thalictrum, Anemone, Caltha, Isopyrum, and 
Trautvetteria, will be found under the Natural Order Ranunculacece, 1. 

CLASS XIIL— DIDYNAMIA. 
Order I.— GYMNOSPERMA. 

Plants with bi-labiate corolla, 4 nuts in the bottom of the calyx, form 
the first order of this class. It is a part of the Natural Order Labiatce, 
No. 91, to which the student is referred. Verbena is referred to Verbe- 
nacece, Order 92. 

Order II.— ANGIOSPERMA. 

Obolaria. Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanu- 
late, 4-cleft, segments equal, entire, or crenulate. Carpels 1-celled, 
2-valved, many-seeded. Gentianacece, 82. 

Lantana. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla with the limb 4-cleft. Stamens 
4, didynamous. Flowers in heads. Fruit a drupe, 2-celled. Verbe- 
nacece, 92. 

Zapania. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous. Flowers in heads. Seeds 2, the membranous pericarp disap- 
pearing. Verbenaceai, 92. 

Orobanche. Conopholis. Anoplanthus. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Segments 
unequal. Corolla ringent. Capsule ovate, 1-eelled, many-seeded. 
Orobanchacece, 89. 

Epiphegus. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Flowers polygamous, upper ones 
sterile, lower ones fertile. Capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled. Oro- 
banchacece. 89. 

Bignonia, Tecoma. Calyx obscurely 5-cleft, cup-shaped. Corolla 
campanulate, 5-lobed, ventricose beneath. Stamens 4, didynamous. 
Pod 2-celled, seeds with membranaceous wings. Bignonacem, 83. 

Ruellia. Hygrophyla. Oalophanes. Diptericanthus. Cryphiacanthus. 
Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts. Corolla campanulate, with a 
5-lobed border. Stamens 4 — 5. Capsule tapering, seeds few. Acan- 
thacece, 93. 

Martynia. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate. Limb 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4, didynamous. Ovary spuriously 4-celled. Fruit ligneous, ter- 
minated by a hooked beak. Bignonacece, 83. 

The remaining genera of this order belong to the Natural Order 
Scrophulariacece, No. 90. 



186 LINN^AN CLASS XIV. — XVII. 

CLASS XIV.— TETRAD Y1S T AMIA. 
Ordek I— SILICULOSA. Pod short. 
Order II— SILIQUOSA. Pod long. 
The genera of this class make the Natural Order Cruciferce, 13. 

CLASS XV.— MONADELPHIA. 
Order III.— TRIANDRIA. 

Sisyrinchium. Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 3, usually monadelphous, 
Capsule triangular. Small plant with grass-like leaves. Iridacece, 124, 

Order V.— PENTANDRIA 

Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, with a campanulate tube. A filamen 
tous crown inserted in the throat. Stigmas 3, clavate. Passifloracece, 53 

Achyranthes. Telanthera. Perianth double, exterior one 3-leaved 
the interior 5-leaved. Stamens 5. Style 1. Capsule 1-celled, 1-seed 
ed. Amaranthacece, 99. t 

Oplotheca. Frodichia. Perianth double, the exterior 2-leaved, trun 
cate, the interior 5-cleft, tomentose. Stamens 5. Capsule 1-seeded 
Amaranthacece, 99. 

Order VIII— OCTANDRIA. 

Pistia. Perianth a spathe, tubular, strap-shaped, hooded. Stamens 
3 — 8. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. An aquatic plant. Aracece, 138. 

Order X.— DECANDRIA. 

Geranium. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, regular. Stamens 10 ; alter- 
nate ones largest, with a scale at the base. Carpels with long awns. 
Geraniaceai, 24. 

Acacia, Mimosa, Darlingtonia, and Schrankia will be found in Legu- 
minosce, order 43. 

Order XII.— POLYANDRIA. 

The genera of this order will be found forming the three Natural 
Orders Malvaceae, No. 33, Ternstrcemiacea?, No. 32, and Styraccce, No. 73. 

CLASS XVI.— DIADELPHIA. 
Order V. to Order VIII.— PENTOCTANDRIA. 

Polygala. Sepals 5, permanent, unequal, 2 of them wing-like, large, 
colored. Corolla irregular. Capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. 
Polygalacem, 15. 

The remaining genera of these orders form the Natural Order Fuma- 
riaceai, No. 12. 

Order X.— DECANDRIA. 

The genera of this order belong to the Natural Order Zeguminosce, 
No. 43. 

CLASS XVIL— SYNGENESIA. 

This class forms the Natural Order Composite, No. 68, where it will 
be found explained and analyzed. 






UNNM&N CLASS XVIIL, XIX. 187 

CLASS XVIIL— GYNANDRIA. 
Orders I. and II.— MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA. 

The genera of these orders form the Natural Order Orchidacece, No. 
122. 

Order V.— PENTANDRIA. 

Asclepias. Sepals small, 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, reflexed. Sta- 
minal crown 5-leaved, each with a subulated, averte process. Pollen 
in 10 masses, arranged in pairs. Follicles 2. Seeds comose. Asclepi- 
adacece, 79. I 

Gonolobus. Calyx small. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Staminal crown 
shield-form, lobed. Pollen masses in 5 pairs. Follicles 2. Asclepiada- 
cece, 79. 

Apocynum. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed, regular. 
^Estivation twisted. Stamens 5. Anthers sagittate. Follicles long, 
linear. Apocynacece, 80. 

Amsonia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, with the throat 
closed. Follicles 2, erect. Seed terete. Apocynacece, 80. 

Echites. Calyx 5-parted, with acute segments. Corolla funnel- 
shaped. Throat naked. Anthers adhering to the stigma. Follicles 2, 
long, slender. Apocynacece, 80. 

Orders VI. and X.— HEXANDRIA and DECANDRIA. 
These orders form the Natural Order Aristolochia, No. 106. 

CLASS XIX.— MONCECIA. 
Order I.— MONANDRIA. 

Zostera. Perianth none. Stamens and pistils separated in two rows 
upon one side of the spadix. Drupe 1-seeded. Naiadacece, 139. 

Caulina. Najas. Perianth none. Anther 1, sessile. Style filiform. 
Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule 1-seeded. Naiadacece, 139. 

Euphorbia. Involucre campanulate, 8 — 10-toothed, the inner seg- 
ments erect. Stamens attached to the inside of the involucre. Fila- 
ments articulated. Pistil central. Fruit stiped, 3-angled, 3-celled. 
Euphorbiacece, 108. 

Order II. 

Podostemum. Flowers naked, bursting through an irregularly lacer- 
ated spathe. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary 2-celled, capsular. 
Seeds numerous. Podostemacece, 112. 

Lemna. Spirodela. Sterile and fertile flowers collateral. Perianth 
1-leaved. Stigma funnel-form. Capsule 1-celled, 1 — 5-seeded. Ara- 
cece, 138. 

Order III— TRIANDRIA. 

Typha. Flowers collected into a long, dense, cylindric spike. Sta- 
minate florets above. Pistillate florets below, on the same axis. Fruit 
very small, oblong, stipitate. Aracece, 138. 

Sparganum. Flowers in dense, spherical heads, the sterile ones 
above. Perianth 3-leaved. Fruit dry, 1-seeded. Aracea?, 138. 



188 LINN^EAK CLASS XIX. 

Carex. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. Stamens usually 3, 
rarely 1 — 2. Fertile Fl. Perigynium membranaceous, 2-toothed, emar- 
ginate or truncate. Stigmas 2 — 3. Achenium lenticular. Cyptracecv, 
141. 

Scleria. Staminate flowers. Glumes 2 — 6, many-flowered. Palese 
without awns. Fertile flowers. Glumes 2 — 6, 1 -flowered. Palese 
none. Seeds sub-globose. Cyperacece, 141. 

Tripsacum. Sterile spikelets in pairs, on each joint of the rachis 
collateral, 2-flowered ; each with 2 paleae. Fertile spikelets solitary, 
2-flowered. Flowers with 2 paleae; the lower one neutral, upper one 
fertile. Graminacece, 142. 

Comptonia. Sterile florets in cylindrical aments. Scales 1-flowered. 
Perianth 2-parted. Stamens 3-forked. Fertile florets in globose heads. 
Amentacece, 115. 

Zea. Staminate flowers in a terminal panicle. Glume 2-flowered, 
awnless. Pistillate flowers in a lateral compact spike. Style 1, long, 
filiform. Seed solitary. Graminacece, 142. 

Tragia. Flowers in spikes. Staminal ones with perianth 3-parted. 
Pistillate flowers perianth 5-parted. Capsules 3-celled, 3-seeded. Eu- 
phorbiacece, 108. 

Order IV.— TETRANDRIA. 

Eriocaulon. Lachnocaulon. Pcepalanthus. Flowers in dense heads, 
sterile florets occupying the center. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile florets 
in the circumference. Perianth 4-parted. Restiacece, 140. 

Alnus. Sterile flowers in a long, cylindrical ament. Scales 3-lobed, 
3-flowered. Fertile flowers in an ovate ament. Scales 2-flowered. 
Styles 2. Amentacece, 115. 

Bcehmeria. Sterile flowers with a 4-parted perianth. Fertile flowers 
with no perianth. Style 1. Nut compressed. Urticacece, 109. 

Urtica. Sterile flowers with a 4-leaved perianth. Stamens 4. Fer- 
tile flowers with a 2-leaved perianth. Seed 1, shining. Urticacece, 109. 

Parietaria. Flowers surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. Peri- 
anth 4-cleft. Seed 1, inclosed by the perianth. Urticacece, 109. 

Morus. Flowers in aments or heads. Perianth usually divided. 
Fruit a fleshy receptacle covered by numerous achenia. Artocarpa- 
cece, 111. 

Pachysandra. Flowers in spikes, the upper sterile, the lower fertile. 
Perianth 4-leaved. Styles 3. Capsule 3-horned, 3-celled, 2 seeds in 
each cell. Euphorbiacece, 108. 

Order V.— PENTANDFJA. 

Crotonopsis. Flowers in spikes. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 petaloid 
scales. Stigmas 3, bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded, indehiscent. Euphor- 
biacece, 108. 

Amaranthus. Euxolus. Perianth 2 — 5-leaved. Styles 3. Ovary 1- 
celled, superior, 1 -seeded. Amaranthacece, 99. 

Schizandra. Sepals and petals confounded, roundish, concave. An- 
thers connate. Ovaries numerous, on a conical torus, which elongates 
in maturity. Carpels baccate, 1-seeded, forming a loose spike. Schi- 
zandracece, 4. 



LINN^EAN CLASS XX. 189 

Order VI.— HEXAXDRIA. 
Zizania. See Graminacecv, 142. 

Order XII— POLYAXDRIA. 

a. Stems not woody. 

Myriophyllum. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4 — 8. 
Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 indehiscent carpels. (Aquatic plants.) 
Onagracece, 50. 

Sagittaria. Flowers in whorls ; the upper sterile, the lower fertile 
Petals 3. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, indehiscent, each 1- 
seeded. Alismacece, 137. 

Arum. Peltandra. Ariscema. Flowers on a spadix, naked at the 
summit ; staminal flowers in the middle ; fertile ones at the base. 
Perianth none. Fruit 1-celled, many-seeded. Aracece, 138. 

Caladium. Flowers on a spadix; staminate ones at the summit; 
fertile ones at the base. Perianth none. Stamens numerous. Fruit 1- 
celled, many-seeded. Aracece, 138. 

b. Stems woody. 
The genera under this division are included in the Natural Order 
Amentacece, Xo. 115, and Juglandacece, 116. 

Order XV.— MOXADELPHIA. 

The running plants of this order belong to the Xatural Order Gucur- 
bitacece, Xo. 54. 

The erect, herbaceous plants of the order belong to Euphorbiacece, 
Xo. 108. 

The woody plants of the order belong to Conifer ce, Xo. 117. 

CLASS XX.— DIOECIA. 

Order II— DIAXDRIA. 

Vallisneria. Flowers on a spadix. Spathe 2 — 4-parted. Sepals 3. 
Stamens 2. Fertile flowers, with a spiral scape. Spathe 2-cleft. Sepals 
3. Elongated petals 3. Capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
Hydrocharidacece, 121. 

Salix. Sterile flowers, in a cylindrical ament. Scales 1 -flowered, 
imbricate. Perianth none. Stamens 1 — 5. Fertile flowers in an 
ament. Scales 1-flowered. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds 
comose. Amentacece, 115. 

Fraxinus. Calyx small, 3 — 4-cleft, or none. Corolla 4-petaled, or 
none. Samara 2-celled, compressed, winged at the apex ; by abortion 
1-seeded. Oleacece, 78. 

Borya. Flowers in spikes. Perianth 4-leaved. Stigma capitate. 
Fruit 1-seeded. Euphorbiacece, 108. 

Geratiola. Flowers in the axils of the leaves. Perianth consisting 
of imbricated scales. Fruit a berry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Empetracece, 
107. 

Order III— TRIAXDRIA. 

Ficus. Receptacle fleshy, spherical, inclosing the florets ; calyx ad- 
hering to the ovary, 3 — 5-parted. Artocarpacece, 111. 



190 LINN^EAH CLASS XX. 

Order IV.— TETRANDRIA. 

Myrica. Flowers in aments. Scales crescent-shaped. Anthers 4- 
valved. Fertile flowers. Stigmas 2. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
Amentaccaz, 115. 

Viscum. Sterile florets, with calyx 3 — 4-parted. Segments trian- 
gular, erect. Anthers many -celled, opening by pores. Fertile flowers. 
Calyx obsolete. Petals 3 — 4, coriaceous. Fruit baccate, 1-celled, 1- 
seeded. Loranthacew, 64. 

Madura. Calyx and corolla none. Style 1, filiform, villous. Car- 
pels numerous, uniting iuto a dense globose head, fleshy. Seeds ovate, 
compressed. (Osage Orange.) Artocarpacece, 111. 

Order V.— PENTANDRIA. 

JVyssa. Staminate flowers. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5 — 10. 
Pistillate flowers. Perianth 5-parted. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1- 
seeded. (Trees.) Santalacece, 105. 

Hamiltonia. Perianth turbinate, campanulate, 5 -cleft. Stamens 5. 
Stigmas 2 — 3. Drupe inferior, 1-seeded. (Shrub.) Santalacece, 105. 

Zanthoxylum. Staminate flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla none. 
Stamens 3 — 8. Pistillate flowers. Styles 2 — 5. Carpels crustaceous, 
2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. Zanthoxylacece, 28. 

Cannabis. Staminate flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5. Fertile 
flowers. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute ; the base ventricose, in- 
cluding the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. Nut 2-valved. (Hemp.) 
Urticacew, 109. 

Acnida. Sterile florets, with the perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. 
Fertile florets, with the perianth 3-parted. Stigmas 3 — 5, sessile. 
Fruit 1-seeded. Chenopodiacew, 100. 

Humulus. Sterile florets, with the perianth 5-parted. Anthers 
with 2 pores. Fertile florets in aments, with large scales. Perianth 
none. Urticacece, 109. 

Irisine. Sterile florets, with a double perianth, exterior ones 2 — 3- 
leaved ; the interior 5-leaved, petaloid. Fertile florets, with the inner 
perianth surrounded by long hair. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
Amaranthacew, 99. 

Negundo. Calyx minute, unequally 4 — 5-toothed. Petals none. 
Anthers 4 — 5, linear, sessile. (Ash-leaved Maple.) Aceracece, 38. 

Darby a. Perianth simple, turbinate, 4— 5-cleft to the middle. 
Lobes ovate, spreading. Stamens 4 — 5, arising from the disk, opposite 
the lobes of the perianth. (Small shrub.) Santalacece, 105. 

Order VI.— HEXANDRIA. 

Smilax. Perianth campanulate, spreading, 6-parted, petaloid ; 3 
styles. Fruit baccate, globose, 3-celled. (Mostly twining plants.) 
Smilacece, 119. 

Dioscorea. Perianth superior, 6-cleft. Ovary 3-celled, 1 — 2 ovules 
in each cell. Fruit a thin compressed capsule. (Twining plants.) 
Dioscoreaceaz, 118. 

Gleditschia. Calyx consisting of 3 — 8 sepals, united at the base. 
Petals equal in number to the sepals. Legume large, compressed. 
(Trees.) Leguminosce, 43. 



LINNiEAN CLASS XX. 191 

Order VIII— OCTANDRIA. 
Populus. Anient cylindrical. Scales lacerate. Perianth turbinate. 
Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. 
Amentacece, 115. 

Diospyros. Calyx 4 — 6-cleft, persistent. Corolla urceolate, regular, 
4 — 6-cleft. Fruit fleshy, globular, 8 — 12-seeded. (Persimmon.) Ebe- 
nacece, *74. 

Order IX— ENNEANDRIA. 

Hydrocharis. Sepals 3, oval, membranaceous. Petals 3, narrower 
than the sepals. Spathe 2-leaved. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. 
Hydrocharidacece, 121. 

Order XII.— POLYANDRIA. 

Menispermum. Sepals 4 — 8, in a double series. Petals 4 — 8, or 
none. Fruit a drupe, solitary. Nut woody, globose, reniform. Me- 
nispermacece, 5. 

Order XV.— MONADELPHLA. 

Juniperus. Sterile florets, in an ovate ament. Calyx a scale, pel 
tate. Fertile flowers are in a globose ament. Scales 3, concave. 
Fruit a berry; 3 long 1-seeded nuts. (Cedar.) Coniferce, 117. 



DICHOTOMOUS ANALYSIS. 



Any term that the student may not understand, he will find it explained by turn- 
ing to the Index at the end of the volume, or he will find a number referring to the 
paragraph in the First Part, where it is explained. 

1. Plants having distinct bark and pith, reticulately-veined leaves. Floral 

organs, usually 4 — 5 in a whorl 2 

Plants with no distinct bark and pith, parallel-veined leaves. Floral organs, 
usually 3—6 in a whorl 188 

DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

2. Flowers having calyx and corolla 3 

Flowers having no corolla 91 

Dichlamydece. 

3. Petals distinct 4 

Petals united, forming a tube 143 

Polypetalaz. 

4. Stamens numerous, generally more than 20 5 

Stamens few, less than 20 25 

5. Ovary inferior 6 

Ovary superior 10 

6. Leaves with stipules Sub-order Pomece— Order Rosacea, 44 

Leaves without stipules T 

7. Aquatic plants Nymphaacea, 9 

Not aquatic plants 8 

8. Shrubs or vines Saxifragacea, 59 

Herbaceous plants '. 9 

9. Fleshy plants Cactacea, 56 

Not fleshy plants Loasacea, 51 

10. Leaves with stipules 11 

Leaves without stipules 18 

11. Carpels more or less distinct 12 

Carpels united 13 

12. Stamens hypogynous Magnoliacea, 2 

Stamens perigynous Rosacea, 44 

13. Flowers monoecious EwpTiorbiacea, 103 

Flowers perfect 14 

14. Herbaceous plants 15 

More or less woody plants IT 

15. Stamens Monadelphous Malvaceae, 33 

Stamens not Monadelphous 16 

16. Sepals 2 Portulacacea, 22 

Sepals more than 2 Cistacea, 18 

17. A small shrub, with 1 — 2 ovules Rosacea, 44 

A tree, or with more than 2 ovules Tiliacea, 34 

18. Carpels more or less distinct 19 

Carpels united 23 

19. Stamens perigynous Rosacea, 44 

Stamens hypogynous 20 



DICHOTOMOUS ANALYSIS. 193 

20. Herbaceous plants 21 

Trees or shrubs MagnoliacecB, 2 

21. Leaves peltate 22 

Leaves not peltate Ranunculaeeaz, 1 

22. Ovaries imbedded in a fleshy disk Nelumbiacea, S 

Ovaries not imbedded in a fleshy disk CabombaeecB, 7 

23. Fruit 1-celled Papqveracece, 11 

Fruit more than 1-celled 24 

24. Herbaceous plants Sarraceniacece, 10 

Trees or shrubs Ternstro&miacece, 32 

25. Ovary more or less inferior 26 

Ovary superior 38 

26. Leaves with stipules 27 

Leaves without stipules 29 

27. Leaves opposite Rhizophoraceai, 48 

Leaves alternate 28 

28. Fruit 3-celled, or drupaceous Rkamnaeece, 42 

Fruit a ligneous, 2-celled capsule Ha?namelacece, 60 

29. Placenta? parietal 30 

Placentas central 31 

30. Flowers monoecious CucurMtacece, 54 

Flowers perfect Grossulacece, 55 

31. Flowers in umbels Umbelliferce, 61 

Flowers not in umbels 32 

32. Carpels separating at the apex Saxifragacece,, 59 

Carpels wholly united 33 

38. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-leaved 34 

Calyx 4-cleft, or 4-leaved 36 

34. Leaves compound Araliacece, 62 

Leaves simple 35 

35. Stamens opposite the petals Rhamnacece, 42 

Stamens alternate with the petals Saxifragacece, 59 

36. Stems herbaceous 37 

Stems woody, stamens 4 •. Cornaeece, 63 

Stems woody, stamens 5—12 Styracece, 73 

37. Pollen triangular Onagraceai, 50 

Pollen not triangular Melastomaceai, 46 

38. Leaves with stipules 39 

Leaves without stipules 56 

39. Carpels distinct or solitary 40 

Carpels united 42 

40. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous Leguniinosai, 43 

Stamens not united 41 

41. Stamens opposite the petals Berieridacece, 6 

Stamens alternate with the petals, or numerous Rosaoece, 44 

42. Placentas parietal 43 

Placentae central 45 

43. Flowers with a filamentous crown Passifloraceai, 53 

Flowers without a filamentous crown 44 

44. Flowers regular Droseracece, 17 

Flowers irregular Violacece, 16 

45. Styles distinct at the base 46 

Styles more or less united 49 

46. Flowers moncecious EuphorMaeece, 108 

Flowers perfect 47 

47. Carpels 2, separating at the apex Saxifragaceai, 59 

Carpels united 4S 

48. Leaves alternate, with ochreae Polygonacece, 102 

Leaves opposite, connected by stipular membrane IUecebraceai, 20 

9 



194 DICHOTOMOTJS ANALYSIS. 

49. Stems herbaceous 50 

J Stems woody 53 

50. Stamens 5 Portulacacece, 22 

Stamens 10 51 

51. Leaves simple, lobed Geraniacece, 24 

Leaves compound 52 

52. Leaves ternate Oxalidacece, 26 

Leaves pinnate Zygophyllacece, 2T 

53. Vines Vitacea, 37 

Not vines 54 

54 Small tree Sapindacece, 40 

Shrubs 55 

55. Leaves opposite Celastracew, 41 

Leaves alternate Bhamnacece, 42 

56. Carpels more or less distinct or solitary 5T 

Carpels consolidated 68 

57. Flowers with a disk in the bottom of the calyx 58 

Flowers with no disk „ .* 60 

58. Stamens 8 Amyridacece, 31 

Stamens 5 59 

59. Ovaries 5 Surianacece, 57 

Ovary solitary Anacardiacew, 29 

60. Fruit a legume Leguminosce, 43 

Fruit not a. legume .- 61 

61. Carpels with hypogynous scales Crassulaceoe, 5S 

Carpels without hypogynous scales 62 

62. Calyx and corolla confounded Calycanthacece, 45 

Calyx and corolla distinct 63 

63. Herbaceous plants 64 

Trees and shrubs or vines 66 

64. Calyx 3— 4-leaved 65 

Calyx 5-leaved, or confounded with the corolla , Banunculacece, 1 

65. Aquatic plants with floating leaves Cabombacece, 7 

Plants not aquatic Berberidacece, 6 

66. Trees and erect shrubs 67 

Trailing suffructicose plants, sepals and petals confounded ..Schizandracece, 4 
" " " " " not " Menispermacece, 5 

67. Flowers yellow Berberidacece, 6 

Flowers brown or greenish Anonacecv, 3 

68. Fruit 1-celled or spuriously 2-celled 69 

Fruit several-celled 73 

f9. Stamens tetradynamous Cruciferce, 13 

Stamens not tetradynamous 70 

70. Hypogynous disk large Capparidacece,, 14 

Disk absent ,, 71 

71. Stamens 5, distinct Turneracece, 52 

Stamens 6, distinct Smilacece, 119 

Stamens numerous, distinct Papaveracece, 11 

Stamens united in 1 or 2 sets 72 

72. Stamens 6, diadelphous Fumariacecs., 12 

Stamens 10, monadelphous Meliaceee, 35 

78. PlacentiE covering the dissepiments Nympliceacea:, 9 

Placentae in the axis 74 

74 Styles distinct 75 

Styles consolidated 81 

T5. Stamens numerous UypericacecB, 19 

Stamens not numerous 76 

76. Stamens6 77 

Stamens not 6 78 



DICHOTOMOLS ANALYSIS. 195 

77. Fruit a berry Smilacece, 119 

Fruit a capsule THUiacece, 120 

78. Herbaceous plants with tumid nodes Caryophyllacea*, 21 

Plants not having tumid nodes , 79 

79. Carpels 5 80 

Carpels less than 5 Saxifragaceoe, 59 

80. Stamens 5 Linacea>, 23 

Stamens 8—10 Crassulacece, 5S 

81. Shrubs or trees 82 

Herbaceous plants 89 

62. Leaves compound 83 

Leaves simple 87 

83. Leaflets palmately arranged Rippocastanacece, 39 

Leaflets pinnately arranged 84 

64. Stamens monadelphous MeliaeecB, 35 

Stamens not monadelphous 85 

85. Fruit baccate 86 

Fruit not baccate : Zanthoxylacece, 28 

86. Sepals united Aurantacem, 30 

Sepals not united Sapindacece, 40 

87. Fruit a samara Aceracece, 38 

Fruit not a samara 88 

SS. Fruit 2-seeded Empelraceoe, 107 

Fruit usually more than 2-seeded Rha mnacece, 42 

Fruit 3 or several celled, many-seeded Circaceai, 72 

89. Sepa's irregular 90 

Sepals regular Lyihraceaz, 47 

90. Fruit many-seeded , Balsamina-cea>, 25 

Fruit 2-seeded Polygalacew, 15 

91. Calyx present in some states 92 

Calyx absent 133 

MONOCHLAMYDEOUS PLANTS. 

92. Ovary inferior 93 

Ovary superior 104 

93. Leaves with stipules 94 

Leaves without stipules 95 

94. Flowers perfect Aristolochiacese, 106 

Flowers not perfect Amentacece, 115 — Sub-order Cupulifercu 

95. Flowers having only stamens or pistils 96 

Flowers having both stamens and pistils 99 

96. Flowers in aments or catkins 97 

Flowers not in aments 98 

97. Leaves simple Amentacece, 115 — Sub-order Myricacea?. 

Leaves compound, pinnate Jaglandacece, 116 

98. Flowers dicecious or polygamous Santalacea?, 105 

Flowers monoecious, vines CuctcrMtacece, 54 

99. Ovary manv-celled 100 

Ovary 1-celled 101 

100. Ovary 3— 6-celled Aristolochiacea>, 106 

Ovary 4-celled Onagracece, 50 

101. Parasitic plants Loranthacece, 64 

Not parasitic plants 102 

102. Pollen triangular Onagracece, 50 

Pollen not triangular 103 

103. Fruit drupaceous Santalacea, 105 

Fruit membranaceous or baccate Chenopodiacem, 100 

Fruit capsular Saxifragaceoz, 59 

104 Leaves with stipules 105 

Leaves without stipules 117 



196 DICHOTOMOUS ANALYSIS. 

105. Flowers having only stamens or pistils 106 

Flowers perfect 109 

106. Carpels solitary Urticacece, 109 

Carpels more than one 10T 

107. Flowers in aments or catkins 108 

Flowers not in aments Eupliorbiaceas, 10S 

10S. Fruit succulent Artocarpeacce, 111 

Fruit not succulent Amentacece, 115 — Sub-order Betulince, 

109. Sepals 2 .Portulacacece, 22 

Sepals more than 2 110 

110. Carpels solitary or separate Ill 

Carpels consolidated 114 

111. Fruit a legume Leguminosai, 43 

Fruit not a legume 112 

112. Calyx membranaceous lllecebracece, 20 

Calyx firm and herbaceous 113 

113. Stipules not ochrese Rosacece, 44 

Stipules ochreae Polygonacece, 102 

114. Placentas parietal Passifioracece, 53 

Placentas in the axis 115 

115. Calyx membranaceous and laciniate Ulmacece, 110 

Calyx firm and equally lobed 116 

116. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the petals Rhamnacece, 42 

Stamens 8 — 10, 'or numerous Tiliacece, 34 

117. Flowers having stamens and pistils 118 

Flowers having only stamens or pistils 131 

118. Calyx tubular, without a limb Tfiymeliacece,, 104 

Calyx not tubular 119 

119. Sepals 2 Portulacacece, 22 

Sepals more than 2 120 

120. Carpels several, united , 121 

Carpels solitary or distinct 125 

121. Shrubs or small trees Lauracece, 103 

Herbaceous plants 122 

u22. Carpels separated at the apex Saxifragacece, 59 

Carpels united 123 

123. Stamens perigynous 124 

Stamens liypogynous Caryophyllacece, 21 

124. Capsule 1-celled Primulacece, 95 

Capsule 2 — 4-celled Lytliracece, 47 

Fruit 10-celled Phytolacca cece, 101 

125. Carpels several Ranunculacem, 1 

Carpels solitary 126 

126. Flowers with a disk Anacardiacea>, 29 

Flowers without a disk 127 

127. Fruit a legume * Legwninosce, 43 

Fruit not "a legume 128 

128. Calyx membranaceous 129 

Calyx hardened in the fruit Nyctaginacece, 98 

129. Fruit triangular Polygonacece. 102 

Fruit not triangular 130 

130. Calyx dry and colored Amaranthacece, 99 

Calyx not colored CJienopodiacece, 100 

131. Leaves compound Zanthoxylacece, 28 

Leaves simple 138 

132. Ovary 3-celled Euphorbiacece, 108 

Ovary 1-celled Lauracece, 103 



DICHOTOMOUS ANALYSIS. 197 



ACHLAMYDEOUS PLANTS. 

1S3. Loaves "with stipules 134 

Leaves without stipules 137 

184. Ovules numerous Amentacece, 115— Sub-order Salianece. 

Ovules few 135 

135. Carpels 3 Euphorbia cece, 103 

Carpels single 136 

136. Small shrub Amentacece, 115— Sub-order Myricaceai. 

Large trees Amentacem, 115— Sub-order Platanece. 

137. Flowers having only stamens or pistils 140 

Flowers perfect 142 

140. Ovules naked ; fruit a cone Coniferce. 

Ovules covered 141 

141. Shrubs Amemtacecz 115 — Sub-order 3fyricaeece. 

Aquatic plants Callitrichaceai, 113 

142. Flowers in dense terminal spikes Saururacem, 114 

Flowers solitary or in panicles Podostomaceoz, 112 

MONOPETALOTTS PLANTS. 

143. Ovary superior 144 

Ovary interior 178 

144. Flowers regular 145 

Flowers irregular 171 

Monopetalce. Regular Flowers. 

145. Ovary 4-lobed Boraginaceai, 87 

Ovary somewhat 2-lobed Scrophzdariaceai, 90 

Ovary not lobed 146 

146. Anthers opening by pores 147 

Anthers opening by slits 148 

147. Ovary 2-celled Sola/naceas, 88 

Ovary more than 2-celled Ericaceae, 72 

148. Small trees, shrubs, undershrubs, or with evergreen foliage 149 

Herbaceous plants 155 

149. Twining plants Loganiaceaz, SI. Gelseminum. 

Plants not twining 150 

150. Stamens 2 Oleaeea?, 7S 

Stamens more than 2 151 

151. Flowers dioecious or polygamous 152 

Flowers perfect 153 

152. Fruit a large berry 8 — 12-seeded Ebenaceai, 74 

Fruit a small berry 3 — 6-seeded Aqitifoliaceai, 75 

153. Stamens somewhat monadelphous Styracea, 73 

Stamens distinct 154 

154 Flowers conspicuous Ericaceae, 72 

Flowers inconspicuous Sapotacea, 76 

155. Plants without green herbage 156 

Plants with green herbage 157 

156. Parasitic vines Convolvulacece, 86. Cuscuta. 

Erect plants Ericaceae, 72. Monotropa, 

157. Twining plants 158 

Plants not twining 160 

153. Fruit follicular 159 

Fruit capsular Convolvulaceaz, 86 

159. Flowers in umbels Asclepiadaceai, 79. Gonolobus. 

Flowers in corymbose racemes Apocynaceoz, 80. Echites. 

160. Fruit follicular 161 

Fruit not follicular 162 

161. Flowers in umbels Asclepiadaceai, 79 

Flowers not in umbels Apocynacea, 80 



198 DICHOTOMOTJS ANALYSIS. 

162. Inflorescence coiled up 163 

Inflorescence straight 166 

163. Flowers red, tube long Loganiacece, 81 

Flowers not red 164 

164. Stigmas 5 Plumbaginaceoz, 96 

Stigmas less than 5 165 

165. Ovary 4-lobed Boraginacem, 87 

Ovary not 4-lobed Hydrophyllaceaz, 85 

166. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla Primulacem, 95 

Stamens alternate with the segments 16T 

167. Stamens 4, with flowers inconspicuous, on a scape Plantaginacece, 97 

Stamens more than 4, or not on a scape 168 

16S. Capsule 3-celled 169 

Capsule 1— 2-celled 170 

169. Evergreen plants Rydrophyllacece, 85. Diapensia. 

Not evergreen plants Polemoniaceas, 84 

170. Leaves opposite Gentianacece, 82 

Leaves alternate Solanacece, 88 

Monopetaloe. Irregular Flowers. 

171. Ovary 4-lobed Labiates,, 91 

Ovary undivided 172 

172. Fruit drupaceous or nut-like, 2— 4-seeded Verbenaceat, 92 

Fruit capsular 173 

173. Fruit a ligneous, 2-beaked capsule Bigno?iiacem, S3. Martynla. 

Fruit not ligneous 174 

174. Seeds winged, shrubby vines Bignoniacea, 83 

Seeds without wings, herbaceous 175 

175. Parasitic plants without green foliage Orobamchacem, 8 9 

Plants with green foliage 176 

176. Fruit 2-celled 177 

Fruit more than 2-celled Ericaceai, 72 

Fruit with free central placentae Lentibulariacece, 94 

177. Seeds without appendages Scrophulariaceaz, 90 

Seeds with hooked appendages Acanthacew, 93 

Monopetaloe. Inferior Ovary. 
17S. Carpels solitary 179 

Carpels more than one 180 

179. Anthers united Composite, 68 

Anthers distinct Valerianacece., 67 

ISO. Anthers united Lobeliaeea;, 69 

Anthers distinct 1S1 

181. Anthers opening by pores Ericacece, 72 

Anthers opening by slits 182 

182. Stipules between opposite leaves Rubiacem, 66. Cinchonaceaz. 

Stipules absent 183 

183. Leaves alternate 184 

Leaves opposite 186 

184. Trees or shrubs Ebenaceai, 74 

Herbaceous plants 185 

185. Twining plants Dioscoreacea>; 118 

Not twining Campanulaceai, 70 

186. Leaves in pairs, stem round Caprifoliacece, 65 

Leaves in whorls , 187 

187. Stem square Etibiacem, 66 

Stem round Dioscoreacem, IIS 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

188. Flowers having distinct petals 186 

Flowers not having distinct petals 20T 



DICHOTOMOTJS ANALYSIS. 199 

189. Flowers gynandrous OrcMdacem, 122 

Stamens and pistils separate 190 

190. Ovary inferior 191 

Ovary superior 199 

191. Veins of the leaves reticulated Dioscoreacece, 118 

Veins of the leaves parallel 192 

192. Veins diverging from the midrib Marcuiitacecv, 123 

Veins parallel with the midrib 198 

198. Stamens2 Hydrocharidaceo>, 121 

Stamens 3 194 

Stamens 6 196 

194. Flowers yellow Ilcemodoracem, 126 

Flowers "not yellow 195 

195. Leaves minute, subulate Burmanniacew, 125 

Leaves large, ensiform Iridacece, 124 

196. Parasitic, growing on trees Bromeliacece, 129 

Not parasitic 197 

197. Flowers yellow 198 

Flowers not yellow Amaryllidaceai, 127 

19S. Leaves grass-like IIypocr.idacea>, 12S 

Leaves ensiform Eazmodoracecz, 126 

199. Carpels separate Alismacece, 137 

Carpels united 200 

200. Sepals and petals distinct 201 

Sepals and petals confounded 203 

201. Stisrma 1, leaves with parallel veins Commelynacea:, 136 

Stigmas 3, or 3-cleft 202 

202. Leaves linear, ensiform Xyridacece, 133 

Leaves broad, reticulately veined Trilliaceaz, 120 

203. Flowers brownish Juncacew, 134 

Flowers colored 204 

204. Leaves fan -like Pahnacea, 135 

Leaves simple 205 

205. Leaves reticulately veined Smilacece, 119 

Leaves parallel veined 206 

206. Anthers extrorse Melanthacece, 131 

Anthers introrse Liliacew, 130 

207. Flowers glumaceous 216 

Flowers not glumaceous 208 

208. Flowers on a spadix 209 

Flowers not on a spadix 213 

209. Fruit succulent Aracece, 138 

Fruit dry 210 

210. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded 211 

Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded 212 

211. Flowers pale yellow Aracece, 13S. Acorus. 

Flowers blue or white Pontederiaceai, 182 

212. Leaves ensiform, marsh plants A raceai, 188 

Leaves not ensiform, water plants Naiad acece, 139 

213. Floating plants Aracece, 138 

Land plants 214 

214. Flowers in small dense heads IZestiacece, 140 

Flowers not in small dense heads 215 

215. Stamens 6 Juncacece, 134 

Stamens less than 6 Alismacece, 137 

216. Stem solid Cyperacem, 141 

Stem round and hollow Graminaeeai, 142 



DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY. 



DICOTYLED'OM. 

Trunk consisting of bark, wood, and pith distinct, more or 
less conical, increasing by an annual deposit of new wood and 
cortical substance between the wood and bark. Leaves attached 
to the stern by articulation ; their veins, and those of the floral 
envelopes, reticulated. Embryo with two or more opposite 
cotyledons. 

(The student will readily distinguish the plants of this class by the reticulated veins 
of the leaves, sepals, and petals ; by the presence of bark and pith. It includes all 
our shrubs and forest trees.) 

POLYPET'ALJE. 

Flowers generally consist of calyx and corolla ; calyx con- 
sisting of several distinct sepals. Petals several, distinct, hy- 
pogynous, rarely united, sometimes wanting. 

Order I.— RANUNCULA'CE^E. (Crow-foot Family) 

Sepals 3 — 15, usually 5, mostly deciduous. ^Estivation 
imbricate (except Clematis, which is valvate). Petals 3 — 15 
or none. Anthers adnate. Carpels numerous, or united into 
a single pistil. Seeds anatropous, erect, or pendulous. Em- 
bryo minute. Albumen large, corneous, or fleshy. Plants 
generally with acrid, transparent juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Vines Clematis, 1 

Not vines 2 

2. Fruit achenia 3 

Fruit a capsule, pod, or berry 9 

3. Petals none. Perianth petal-like 4 

Petals present 6 

4. Involucre separate from the flower, leaf-like 5 

Involucre calyx-like 7 

5. Achenia ribbed, grooved, or inflated Thalictrum, 15 

Achenia not ribbed or inflated Anemone, 2 



ORDER I. RANTJNCTJLACE.E. 201 

6. Leaves palmately lobed Trautvetteria, 14 

Leaves not palmately lobed Ranunculus, 5 

7. Leaves tripinnate Adonis, 4 

Leaves 3-lobed Hepatica, 3 

Leaves simple, dissected, lobed 8 

8. Acbenia in an elongated spike Myosurus, 6 

Achenia in a compact head Ranunculus, 5 

Achenia with plumose tails Clematis, 1 

9. Petals none. Perianth petal-like 10 

Petals present 12 

10. Sepals 3, petaloid Hydrastis, 17 

Sepals more than 3 11 

11. Flowers yellow. Leaves simple Caltha, 1 

Flowers white. Leaves compound Isopyrum, 8 

12. Stem woody Zanthorhiza, 16 

Stem herbaceous 13 

13. Flowers regular 14 

Flowers more or less irregular 15 

14. Pistil 1. forming a several-seeded berry Aetata, 12 

Pistils 1 — S, forming a several-seeded pod Gimicifuga, 13 

15. Petals 5, spurred, tubular Auuilegia, 9 

Petals 4, of two forms Delphinium, 10 

Petals 2, concealed under the hood of the sepal Aconitum, 11 

Genus I.— CLEM' ATI3. L. 12— 12. {Virgin's Bower.) 

(From the Greek Tclema, a shoot or tendril, in allusion to the climbing habit of the 

genus.) 

Sepals arid Petals confounded. Perianth 4 — 10-leaved, col- 
ored. Anthers linear, extrorse. Fruit an acheniurn, usually 
with long plumose tails. 

a. Flowers paniculate. Leaves ternately or biternately divided. 

1. C. Vieginia'na, (L.) Climbing, covering small trees and bushes 
with its foliage. Stem terete, pubescent when young. Leaves ternate, 
leaflets cordate-ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, or lobed ; veins and 
margins pubescent. Flowers panicled, dioecious. Sepals 4, oval, pubes- 
cent, fragrant. Carpels with long plumose tails. — White. "£ . Aug. 
Can. to Flor. Fertile soil. 

2. C. Catesbeya'na, (Pursh.) Stem climbing, pubescent, similar to the 
preceding species. Leaves ternate ; leaflets subcordate, 8-lobed, lobes 
entire, acuminate. Panicle divaricate, dichotomous. Flowers small, 
the pistillate florets bearing abortive stamens. Sepals 4, oblong, downy 
on the outer surface. — White. ^ . July to Aug. So. Ca. and Geo. 

3. C. holoser'icea, (Pursh.) Climbing, the whole plant silky. Flow- 
ers dioecious in j^aniculate corymbs, trichotomous, few-flowered. Leaves 
ternate, pubescent on both sides ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire. Se- 
pals linear. Tails of the carpels long, feathered. — White. ^ . July 
to Aug. Geo. 

b. Peduncles solitary, \-flowered. Leaves pinnately divided. 

4. C. cylin'deica, (Pursh.) Climbing, pubescent. Leaves pinnate, 
membranaceous, decompound; leaflets ovate, acute at each end, gla- 
brous, petiolate. Peduncles 1-flowered, terminal, solitary. Flowers 
cylindrical, nodding. Sepals coriaceous, acuminate, margin undulate. 
Tails of the seed plumose. 

0* 



202 ORDER I. — RANUNCULACE,E. 

5. C. Walte'ri differs from the preceding in having the leaflets linear- 
lanceolate. — Bluish purple. $ . July. Car. and Geo. 

6. C. linearilo'ba, (D. C.) Stem terete, slender, glabrous. Leaves 
pinnate, 3 — 4 pair, smooth ; leaflets entire or 3-parted ; lobes linear. 
Peduncles 1-flowered, terminal, solitary. Sepals acute, pubescent along 
the margins, twice as long as the stamens. — Perhaps the above is a 
variety of Cylindrica, 

7. C. viob'na, (L.) Stem climbing. Leaves glabrous, pinnately di- 
vided ; segments oval, lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed. Floral leaves en- 
tire. Peduncles 1 -flowered, occasionally 2 or 8-flowered. Sepals cori- 
aceous, about one inch long, with the apices reflected. Flowers nod- 
ding. — Purple. ^ . Penn. to Geo. 

8. C. reticula'ta, (Walt.) Climbing. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, 
pinnate ; leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, petiolate, entire or variously lobed, some- 
times obtuse, at other times acute and mueronate, strongly veined on 
both sides. Sepals connivent. Carpels with plumose tails. — Dull pur- 
ple, t? . Middle Car. and Geo. May to Aug. 

9. C. cris'pa, (L.) Stem climbing, pubescent. Leaves pinnate, ter- 
nate, or 3-lobed, generally glabrous. Flowers solitary, on the summit 
of small branches, campanulate. Sepals coriaceous, rugose, the apex 
reflexed, margin crisped. Stamens very numerous, half the length of 
the sepals. Carpels numerous, tomentose, with short tails. — Purple. 
^ . Low country. May. 

c. Herbaceous plants, erect. 

10. C. ochroleu'ca, (L.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent. Leaves 
simple, ovate, entire ; when young, pubescent, on short petioles. Flow- 
ers solitary, terminal, pedunculate, inclined. Sep>als silky on the out- 
side. — Yellowish. 21. Mountains. 12 in. 

11. C. ova'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple. Leaves broad, ovate, gla- 
brous, on short petioles ; lower ones subcordate. Flowers terminal, sol- 
itary. Tails of the seed very long. — Purple. 2[ . Mountains. 

12. C. Baldwin'ii, (T. & G.) Stem erect, somewhat branching, slen- 
der, slightly pubescent. Leaves varying from oblong to linear-lanceo- 
late, entire, or 3-cleft, or lobed, the lobes linear. Peduncle terminal, 
elongated, 1-flowered. Flowers cylindrical, campanulate. Sepals 
woolly on the margin. Carpels with very long plumose tails. — Pur- 
plish. 12 to 18 in. Florida. 

The above genus contains no plants used for any other purpose than ornament. 
Some of them secrete an exceedingly acrid juice, which' produces blisters ; and the C. 
erecta and flammula are used, it is said, by the beggars on the continent of Europe 
for the production of ulcers, to excite the compassion of the public. 

Genus II.— ANEMO'NE. L. 12— 12. {Wind-flower.) 

(From the Greek anemcs, wind, from the supposition that the flowers open only 
when the wind blows.) 

Involucre 3-leaved, variously divided, remote from the 
flower. Perianth 5 — 15-leaved. Carpels numerous, muero- 
nate. Herbs perennial, with radical leaves. 

1. A. Carolinia'na, (Walt.) Scape 6 — 18 inches high, pubescent, 
particularly towards the summit. Leaves ternate ; leaflets notched and 



OEDER I. RANUNCULACEJ3. 203 

Berrated. Involucre 3-leaved near the middle of the scape ; leaflets 3- 
cleft, sessile. Sepals 16 — 20 ; the exterior oblong, oval, thick, and, 
sprinkled with purple specks ; the inner thin, petal-like, and sometimes 
almost linear. Carpels in an oblong cylindrical head, covered with a 
silky down. — White. ^ . March. Geo. and Car. 

2. A. nemoro'sa, (L.) Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves tern ate ; leaf- 
lets lobed, toothed, acute, 1 -flowered. Corolla 5 or 6-petaled. Seeds 
ovate, with a short, hooked point. 6 — 17 in. — White, tinged with 
purple. March. Geo. and Car. Wood Anemone. 

3. A. Virginia'na, (L.) Stem 2 — 3 feet high, simple, pubescent. 
Leaves ternate, rugose, hairy. Segments 3-cleft, acuminate, serrate. 
Involucre similar, petiolate. Sepals 5, pubescent on the outer surface, 
coriaceous ; the 2 exterior green, lanceolate, acute ; the interior ellipti- 
cal. Carpels in an oblong ovate capitulum, woolly. Peduncles 1 -flow- 
ered, 3 — 4 from each involucrum. — Yellowish green. ^ . Car. and 
Geo. July to August. 18 inches. Wind-flower. Thimble-weed. 

Many beautiful foreign species of this genus are cultivated, which are very showy, 
varying in color through the series from blue to red ; but of our own species no care 
has been taken for their improvement by cultivation, which would richly repay the 
florist's care. 

Genus III.— HEPATIC A. Dill. 12—12. (Liver-leaf.) 
(From the Greek 7iepar, the liver, from the shape of the leaves.) 

Involucrum 3-leaved, resembling a calyx near the flower. 
Leaves of the perianth 6 — 9, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Ache* 
nia numerous, without tails. 

1. H. trilo'ba, (Chaix.) Leaves cordate, 3-lobed, entire, thick, coria- 
ceous. Scape, petioles, and involucrum villous. — Rose-colored, t? . 
Common. Feb. 5 in. Liverwort. 

This plant has enjoyed great celebrity, both in this country and Europe. It has 
been deemed almost a specific in hepatic or liver affections, and, not many years 
since, was highly extolled as a certain cure for chronic coughs. It is a mild tonic and 
astringent, and may be taken in any quantities by infusion in water. 

Genus IV.— ADO'NIS. L. 12—12. (Pheasant's Eye.) 

Sepals 5. Petals 5 — 15, emarginate, concave, connivent. 
Achenia spicate, terminated by the short style. Leaves cauline, 
tripinnate, segments linear and numerous. Flowers solitary, on 
the extremity of the stem or branches. 

1. A. autumna'lis, (L.) Stem branched, herbaceous. Carpels some- 
what reticulate, collected into an ovate head. — Bright scarlet. ©. Aug. 
Car. and Lou. 

A beautiful plant of easy culture. Derives its name from the supposition that it 
sprung from the blood of Adonis, when wounded by a boar. 

Genus V.— RANUN'CULUS. L. 12—12. (Crowfoot. Buttercup.) 
(From the Latin rana, a frog, the plants growing in wet places where frogs abound.) 

Sepals 5. Petals 5 or none, with a scale on the inside of 
the base of the petals. Stamens generally numerous. Ache- 



204 ORDER I. RANTItfCTJLACE^E. 

nia numerous, ovate, pointed, compressed, smooth, striated, or 
tuberculated, arranged in a cylindrie or globose head. 

1. R. aquat'ilis, (L.) Stem floating, long, slender, jointed. Leaves 
submersed, capillary, alternate, petioled. Calyx glabrous. Petals 
"white ; claw yellow, with a conspicuous pore. Achenia transversely 
wrinkled. — ^ . June to Aug. Ponds and streams. Car. and Geo. 

a. Leaves undivided, flowers yellow, carpels smooth. 

2. R. laxicau'lis, (T. & G.) Stem weak, much branched, declined, 
rooting at the lower joints, glabrous. Leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, 
or elliptical, oblong ; upper ones linear. Peduncles opposite the leaves, 
1 — 2 inches long. Carpels with a subulate beak in a globular head. 
Petals much longer than the calyx, slender at the base. — ^ . Ditches. 
Car. and Geo. July. 

3. R. pusil'lus, (Poir.) Stem decumbent, little branched, glabrous. 
Leaves on long petioles, entire or denticulate, obtuse ; lower ones 
ovate or subcordate ; upper ones linear-lanceolate. Peduncles opposite 
the leaves, 1 -flowered. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Flowers small. Petals 
small, nearly round. Pore at the base of the limb of the petal. Sta- 
mens few. Styles none. Achenia ovate. — Yellow. ^ . Very common 
in wet soils. March. 

b. Leaves divided. 

4. R. aborti'vus, (L.) Stem glabrous, simple, or branching. Radi- 
cal leaves on petioles, cordate, reniform, or broadly ovate; sometimes 
3-parted, crenate ; cauline ones 3 — 5-parted, with long, entire, linear 
lobes. Sepals glabrous, reflexed, longer than the petals. Flowers small, 
scale large. Carpels in a globose head. — ^ . Common in the middle 
regions of Geo. and Car. May. 

5. R. scelera'tus, (L.) Root fibrous. Stem 1 — 2 feet high, fistulous, 
thick, leafy. Leaves on petioles, lower ones with petioles 4 or 5 inches 
long, sheathing, 3-parted, radical ones with the divisions 3-lobed and 
obtusely incised, upper ones with oblong linear entire lobes. Sepals 
reflexed, colored. Flowers small, solitary, generally opposite the leaves ; 
petals longer than the sepals, shining. Stamens 12 — 15, shorter than 
the petals. Carpels small, numerous, in a cylindrical head. — ^ . Com- 
mon in the low country. May. 

6. R. Pur'6hii, (Richards.) Submerged leaves filiformly 2 or 3- 
chotimously dissected, with segments flat ; emersed ones reniform, 3 — 
5-parted, the lobes variously divided. Petals twice as large as the re- 
flexed sepals. Carpels in globose heads, smooth, with a short and 
straight ensiform style. — In ponds and muddy places. N. Car. and 
Lou. Torrey & Gray. 

1. R. re'pens, (L.) Stems prostrate and creeping, sometimes erect. 
Leaves trifoliate, segments cuneate, 3-lobed, incisely toothed, middle 
one petioled. Calyx spreading. Carpels with a straight point. This 
plant is very variable : sometimes villous, at others glabrous. Flowers 
vary in size, and number of petals from 5 — 8. The R. Nitidus of 
Elliott, we believe, is only a variety of this, as we have seen it assuming 
all the peculiarities of that plant, with good reason to believe it was 
the one described. — In wet grounds, very common in Middle Geo. 

8. R. palma'tus. Carolinia'nus. Stem erect, 12 — 18 inches high, 
hairy, hair above appressed, below spreading ; branches long, 1-flowered 



ORDER I. RANUNCULACE^E. 205 

Leaves all petioled, radical ones palmately 3-parted, lobes toothed, the 
upper S-cleft, with the lobes nearly entire, linear-lanceolate. Flowers 
opposite the leaves, on long slender peduncles. Carpels compressed, 
margined, with beak broad, nearly straight. — May. Swamps. Car. 
and Geo. 

9. R. ms'piDUS, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching, 12 — 18 inches high. 
Leaves 3-cleft or 3-parted, segments oval, acute, toothed. Petioles 
covered with dense expanding hair. Radical leaves, with segments 
generally separate, hairy. Flowers generally on long peduncles, covered 
with appressed hair. Petals much larger than the calyx, obovate. 
Carpels with a short straight point. — Rich, shaded soil. May — June. 

10. R. recurva'tus, (Poir.) Stem erect, 12 — 18 inches high, clothed 
with spreading hairs. Leaves 3-parted, but not to the base, villous, 
sometimes nearly glabrous, hair appressed, segments broad, ovate, 
acutely serrate, lateral ones 2-lobed. Flowers small, on short pedun- 
cles, calyx reflexed, petals narrow-oblong, smaller than the sepals. 
Carpels in a globose head, with a hooked point. Woods. July. 

11. R. Pennsylva'nicus, (L.) Stem erect, strong, branching, 1 — 2 
feet high, hispid, with stiff spreading hairs. Leaves ternate, villous, 
hairs appressed, petioles covered like the stem, lower ones on long 
petioles, leaflets petiolate, lanceolate, incised. Flowers small, calyx re- 
flexed, sepals much larger than the petals. Carpels compressed in an 
ovate head, smooth, with a sharp point. — July. In the upper districts 
of Geo. and Car. 

12. R. tomento'sus, (Poir.) Stem short, ascending at the summit, 
covered with dense soft expanding hair, 1 or 2-flowered. Leaves 3- 
parted, segments 3-lobed, ovate, dentate, tomentose, hair appressed, 
upper leaves sessile, ovate, entire. Petals obovate. Sepals villous, 
nearly as large as the petals. — Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 

c. Carpels tubercled or prickly. 

13. R. mxtrica'tus, (L.) Stem erect or procumbent, 12 — 18 inches 
high, branching, succulent, pilose. Leaves glabrous, petioled, sometimes 
entire, sometimes 3-cleft even to the base, lobes toothed, floral ones ob- 
long or lanceolate, entire, lower ones slightly cordate, shining, toothed. 
Peduncles opposite the leaves, about 1 inch long. Petals obovate, 
longer than the calyx. Sepals reflected, lanceolate. Carpels with a 
thick margin, tuberculate, aculeate, with a straight or slightly hooked 
beak. — ©. In cultivated land. March — May. 

14. R, Parviflo'rus, (L.) Stem erect or slightly decumbent, 12 — 15 
inches high, slender, villous. Leaves orbicular, 3-lobed or ternate, 
notched, pubescent. Peduncles opposite the leaves, short. Flowers 
small. Petals 3 — 5, equal to the sepals. Sepals reflexed. Carpels 
with thin margin, tubercled, with a hooked point. — May. 

The Eanunculi are distinguished for an exceedingly acrid juice, which is so volatile 
that drying or infusion in water renders plants, which otherwise act as a powerful 
epispastics, perfectly inert. Some of these plants have been used for drawing blisters, 
and for the want of the Spanish flies, may be used with advantage, although, from 
their powerful action, should be used with care. The E. Sceleratus will produce a 
blister in an hour and a half. 



206 ORDER I. RANUNCULACE.E. 

Genus VI— MYOSTJ'RUS. Dill. 5—12. (Mouse-tail.) 

(From the Greek mus, a mouse, and oura, a tail, from the resemblance of the spike 
to the tail of a mouse.) 

Sepals 5, produced downward, at the base, beyond their in- 
sertion. Petals 5, the claw filiform and tubular. Stamens 
generally numerous, 5 — 20. Achenia triquetrous, spicate, on 
an elongated torus. Seeds suspended. 

1. M. min'imus, (L.) Scape 2 — 4 inches high. Leaves 1 — 2 inches 
long, very narrow, radical. Flowers minute. Spikes of carpels terete, 
tapering.— Pale yellow. ©. April. Geo. and Lou. 

Genus VII.— CAL'THA. L. 12— 12. (Cowslip. Marsh Marigold.) 
(From the Greek Jcalathos, a goblet.) 

Calyx colored. Sepals 5 — 9, resembling petals. Petals 
none. Stamens numerous. Follicles numerous, compressed, 
many -seeded. Seeds ovate, raphe prominent. 

1. C. ficarioi'des, (Pursh.) Stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-leaved, radi- 
cal. Leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, sparingly-toothed, many- 
nerved. Sepals elliptic. — Yellow. ^. 8 — 12 in. Swamps. 

The Caltha possesses the same acrid properties as the Eanunculus, but by boiling is 
rendered harmless, and is prepared for food in early spring. 

Genus VIIL— ISOPY'RUM. T. & G. 12—12. 

(From the Greek isos, equal, and puros, wheat ; the allusion uncertain.) 

Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals wanting. Stamens 10 — 40. 
Ovaries 3 — 20. Follicles ovate, or oblong. 

1. biterna'tum> (T. & G.) (Enemion biternatum, Raf.) Slender herb, 
with leaves 2 — 3-ternately divided, the segments 2 — 3-lobed. Flowers 
axillary and terminal. Carpels 3 — 6, broadly ovate, divaricate, nerved, 
2-seeded. — ©. Kentucky and Florida. 

Genus IX.— AQUILE'GIA. L. 12—5. (Columbine.) 
(Latin name aquila, an eagle.*) 

Sepals 5, deciduous, colored. Petals 5, somewhat bilabiate, 
each petal being produced into a spur, projecting between the 
sepals. Follicles 5, many-seeded, terminated by a style. 

1. A. Canadensis, (L.) Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves on long 
3-cleft footstalks, ternate and biternate, leaflets lobed and crenate, 
glaucous. Flowers pendulous, spurs straight, stamens exsert, nume- 
rous, disposed in several parcels. — Scarlet, tinged with yellow. $ . 
Mountains. May. 

Aquilegia affords beautiful ornaments for the flower garden, and as such several 
epecies are cultivated. 



ORDER I. RANUNCULACE^]. 



Genus X.— DELPHINIUM. L. 12—5. (Larkspur.) 



207 






(From tho Greok delphin, a dolphin, from a fancied resemblance of some part of too 
flower.) 

Sepals 5, deciduous, irregular, petaloid, the upper one pro- 
duced downward into a long spur. Petals 4, irregular, two 
upper ones horned, with the horns inclosed in the spur of the 
calyx. Capsules mostly 3, many-seeded. Flowers in terminal 
racemes. 

1. D. Consol'ida, (L.) Stem erect, divaricately branched, glabrous. 
Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. Flowers few, in a loose raceme. 
Pedicels longer than the bracts. Petals united into one. Carpels 
smooth or pubescent. — White, blue. Common. Introduced. 

2. D. tricor'ne, (Mich.) Root tuberous. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, 
glabrous. Leaves 5-parted, with the divisions 3 — 5 -cleft. Petioles 
slightly dilated at the base, 2 — 4 inches, glabrous, lobes linear, acute. 
Flowers in loose terminal racemes, large, 6 — 12-flowered, hairy on the 
outside. Spur straight, as long as the calyx. Carpels 3, ovate. — Blue. 
^ . Mountains. May. 

3. D. azu'reum, (Mich.) Stem 3 — 5 feet high, pubescent. Leaves on 
short petioles, 3 — 5-parted, many-cleft, segments linear, pubescent. 
Flowers in long racemes, on short peduncles, petals bearded at the 
apex, shorter than the sepals, lower ones deeply 2-cleft, claw hispid on 
one side, the other with a spur-like process at its base. — Blue, large. 
^ . Middle Geo. May. 

4. D. exalta'tum, (Ait.) Stem 2 — 4 feet high, pubescent toward 
the summit, branching. Leaves flat, 3 — 5-cleft below the middle, lobes 
wedge-shaped, 3-cleft at the summit, acuminate. Lateral ones often 
2-lobed. Kacemes erect, petals pubescent on the outer surface, the 
lower petals fringed. Spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Bright 
blue. % . Mountains. 

5. D. vires'cens, (Nutt.) Stem 8 — 12 inches high, pubescent. Leaves 
3 — 5-parted, the middle division generally entire, lateral lobes 2 — 3- 
cleft ; lobes lanceolate, petioles slightly dilated. Flowers in a loose 
few-flowered raceme, slightly pubescent. Sepals oblong or lanceolate, 
marked with a spot near the apex, longer than the petal ; lower petals 
deeply 2-cleft, densely bearded, capsules 3. — Flowers large, yellowish 
or greenish white. *> . June. Macon. 

6. D. vimin'eum, (Don.) Petioles scarcely dilated at the base. Leaves 
flat, 3-parted, segments cuneate, obtuse, 3-lobed. mucronate, upper- 
most ones linear, undivided or 3-parted, racemes loose, velvety, limbs 
of the inferior petals bifid at the summit, spur straight, as long as the 
sepal, ovary silky. — Torrey & Gray. — Azure. Texas. 

A beautiful genus, with every variety of hue through the blue series, much culti- 
vated as a border flower. The D. consolida has been used in medicine. The flowers 
are bitter and acrid, and have been used in healing wounds. A tincture of an ounce 
of seeds in a pint of alcohol is said to be useful in asthma and dropsy ; ten drops a 
dose. The root possesses the same properties. 

Genus XL— ACONITUM. L. 12—5. (Monk's-hood.) 
(From Acone, a town in Bithynia.) 

Sepals petaloid, the two lateral ones orbiculate, the two 



208 ORDER I. — RANUNCULACE^). 

lower ones oblong, irregular, deciduous, upper one concave, 
shield-like. Petals 5, three lower ones minute, often wanting, 
the two upper on long claws, concealed under the upper sepal. 
Follicles 3 — 5, many-seeded. Stamens numerous. 

I. A. uncina'tum, (L.) Stem twining, branching, slender, pubescent 
when young. Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, coriaceous, coarsely-toothed, trun- 
cate at the base. Lobes 3-ribbed, lateral segments often 2-lobed. 
Flowers in a loose panicle, galea large, tapering to an obtuse beak, 
spur thick, inclined. — Blue. If. Mountains. 2 feet. Monk's-hood. 

The same powerful, volatile principle noticed under Eanunculus exists in the 
Aconitum in a state of much greater concentration. Another principle of a narcotic 
character is found in the different species of this genus, called Aconitin. The leaves 
of the Aconitum act powerfully on the human system, producing, in large doses, the 
usual effects of the most violent poisons. In small doses of one or two grains of the 
powdered, leaves, it has been employed in rheumatism (in which it has produced 
most salutary effects), gout, scrofula, cancer, &c. It acts most powerfully on the 
nervous system, producing delirium in over doses. The A. uncinatum is cultivated 
as an ornament of the flower garden. 

Genus XII— ACTjE'A. L. 12—1. (Baneberry. Cohosh.) 
(From the Greek akte, the elder, from a resemblance in the leaves.) 

Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous. Petals 4 — 8, spatulate, oblong, 
shorter than the stamens, or none. Stamens numerous, anthers 
introrse. Stigma sessile. Carpels baccate, solitary, many- 
seeded. Seeds compressed, smooth. 

1. A. al'ba, (Big.) Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves ternately decom- 
pound, leaflets acutely serrate, notched, slightly pubescent. Raceme 
oblong, pedicels very thick when the fruit is matured, flowers crowded. 
Fruit white. — Mountains. April — May. Necklace weed. 

Genus XIII— CIMICIF'UGA. I. 12—5. (Bugbane.) 

(From the Latin cimex, a bug, an&fugo, to drive away.) 

Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4, sometimes none, concave or unguic- 
ulate. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Styles short. 
Leaves 2 or 3-ternately divided. Segments incised, toothed. 
Floivers in long racemes. 

1. C. racemo'sa, (Ell.) Stem 3 — 8 feet high, generally pubescent, 
farrowed, leafy near the middle. Leaves decompound, incised, acutely 
serrate. Flowers monogynous, bracteate, in long terminal racemes, 
branched. Sepals caducous. Petals none, or very small, with long 
claws. Capsules ovate, seeds 7 or 8, compressed. — Yellowish white. 
^ . Thick woods. Mid. Geo. 

2. C. America'na, (Mich.) Stem 2 — 4 feet high, glabrous. Leaves 
decompound, triternate, segments ovate, the terminal 3-parted or 3- 
cleft, incisely lobed, cuneate or subcordate at the base. Flowers in 
racemes, on short bracteate pedicels. Sepals 5, ovate. Ovaries 2 — 5, 
stipitate, smooth, compressed, generally fewer in the upper than in the 
lower flower. — Mountains. Aug. and Sept. 

3. C. coedifo'lia, (Pursh.) Resembles the two preceding. Leaves 
biternate. Leaflets 3 — 5 — 7-lobed, cordate. Ovaries 2 — 3, glabrous, 
sessile. — Mountains. July. 



ORDER I. RANUNCTJLACE.E. 209 

The C. racemosa has long heen used in medicine; in families as a remedy for 
rheumatism, dropsj r , hysteria, and affections of the lungs ; and by physicians with 
decided success in cases of chorea, St. Vitus' dance. The decoction of the root is the 
form in which it is usually administered. 

Genus XIV.— TRAUTVETTE'RIA. F. & M. 12—12. 

(In honor of Trautvetter, a German botanist.) 

Perianth 4 — 5-leaved, leaves equal, orbiculate. Stamens 
numerous. Anthers introrse. Capsules 15 — 20, membrana- 
ceous and indehiscent, 3-carinate, 1 -seeded, tipped with a very 
short hooked style, seed erect. Perennial herbs. Leaves pal- 
mately lobed. Stem simple, or branching above. Inflo- 
rescence cymose. 

1. T. Palma'ta, (F. & M.) Leaves slightly coriaceous with conspicu- 
ous reticulated veins. Cymes mostly compound. Torrey & Gray. — 
Mountains, N. C. July and Aug. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XV.— THALIC'TRUM. L. 12—12. (Meadow-rue.) 
(Supposed to be from the Greek thallo, to be green.) 

Sepals and Petals confounded. Perianth 4 — 5-leaved. 
Stamens numerous, very long. Anthers innate. Carpels 4 
— 15, without tails, striate. Flowers in corymbs or panicles. 
Often dioecious or polygamous. 

1. T. cornu'ti, (L.) Stem slender, erect, glabrous. Leaves ternately 
decompound ; leaflets roundish, obovate, or elliptical, 3-lobed or entire, 
glaucous beneath, slightly rugose on the upper surface, margin revolute 
when old. (The leaves of this species vary from the common type in 
almost every respect.) Panicle terminal, compound. Sepals oblong, 
small. Filaments clavate. Anthers oblong, pointed. Carpels glabrous. 
— White. ^ . Can. to Geo. June — August. 

2. T. dioi'cum, (L.) Stem herbaceous, glabrous. Leaves generally 
triternate on short petioles ; leaflets rounded, crenately and obtusely 
lobed, glaucous beneath. Flowers dioecious. Filaments filiform. An- 
thers linear, mucronate. Carpels strongly striate, sessile, oblong. 

Var. Stipitatum. Carpels stipifcate. — White. 7? . May to July. 
Mountains. 

3. T. anemonoi'des, (Mich.) Stem 6 — 10 inches high, in bunches. 
Leaves radical and cauline ; radical ones on long petioles ; biternate, 
cauline ones verticillate, trifoliate, sessile ; leaflets roundish, petiolate, 
obtusely 3 — 5-lobed. Sepals 6 — 10, elliptical. Ovaries 6 — 10 ; stigma 
sessile, simple. — White 4 — 8 in. Mar. Ap. Mountains. Hue Anemone. 

4. T. fil'ipes. Stem smooth. Leaves thin, biternate ; leaflets round- 
ish, 3 — 5-lobed. Flowers in a loose corymbose panicle. Carpels com- 
pressed, striate. — N. Ca. 2 feet. 

The Thalictrums are easy of cultivation, and quite ornamental, from their bright 
green and decompound leaves and delicate flowers. They possess, in a slight degree, 
the acrid properties characteristic of the order, but are applied to no use except orna- 
ment 



210 ORDER II. MAGNOLIACE.E. 

Genus XVI.— ZANTHORHFZA. Mar. 5—12. (Yellow-root.) 

(From the Greek xanthos, yellow, and rhiza, a root.) 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, on pedicels. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovaries 
5 — 10, with 2 — 3 ovules. Follicles small, mostly 1-seeded, 
seed suspended. 

1. Z. apiifo'lia, (L'Her.) A shrub. Root large, yellow, and bitter. 
Stem simple, smooth, and glabrous. Leaves triternate, crowded at the 
summit of the stem, leaflets incised, under surface pubescent, petioles 
6 — 8 inches long. Flowers in racemes, axillary and compound, minute, 
often polygynous. — Dark purple. J i . Ap. Upper districts of Car. 
and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

The root of this plant is exceedingly hitter, and is used as a tonic. It is also used 
in coloring yellow. It possesses decided properties, and we douht not might be ap- 
plied to useful purposes. 

Genus XVIL— HYDRASTIS. L. 12—12. 

(From the Greek hiidor, water, in allusion to its habit.) 

Leaves of the perianth 3, ovate, petaloid. Stamens and 
ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, in a globose head ; 1, 
and rarely 2-seeded. 

1. H. canadensis, (L.) Root yellow and bitter. Stem simple, 2- 
leaved. Leaves alternate, cordate, palmate, acutely serrate ; lower 
leaf petioled, upper subsessile, glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal. — 
Rose-color. 2£ . Mountains. April — May. 6 — 8 inches. 

Yellow Root. Orange Root. Turmeric Root. 

Order II. — MAGNOLIA'CE^E. Juss. {Magnolia Family.) 

Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous. Petals 3 — 30, hypogynous, in sev- 
eral rows ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens numerous, hypogy- 
nous ; anthers adnate, introrse, bursting by a longitudinal slit ; 
filaments short. Carpels few in a single row, or numerous in 
several rows. Seeds anatropous, suspended, or ascending. Em- 
bryo minute ; albumen fleshy. Leaves alternate, entire, coria- 
ceous, with caducous stipules. Flowers generally large, and 
fragrant. Trees and shrubs. 

Genus I— MAGNO'LIA. L. 12—12. 
(In honor of Magnol, a French botanist.) 

Sepals 3, caducous, sometimes wanting. Petals 6 — 12, ca- 
ducous. Carpels 2-valved, 1-seeded, imbricate in their arrange- 
ment, forming an ovate strobile-like fruit. Seeds suspended. 
Trees. 

1. M. grandiflo'ra, (L.) Leaves evergreen, oval, lanceolate, coria- 
ceous, ferruginous underneath, 6 — 8 inches long, branches somewhat 
whorled. Petals 9 — 12, obovate, abruptly unguiculate. Stamens nu- 



ORDER n. MAGNOLIACE.E. 211 

merous, imbricate. Style short, recurved. Carpels 1 — 2-seeded ; seeds 
covered with a scarlet pulp. — White. 2f. June. Geo. to the Miss. 
A large tree. Magnolia. 

2. M. glau'ca, (L.) Leaves deciduous, alternate, acute, oval, glaucous 
underneath, pubescent when young, the upper surface shining. Flow- 
ers terminal, solitary, fragrant. Sepals membranous, as long as the 
petals. Petals 6 — 12, obovate, narrowed at the base. — White. If. 
Common in swamps. Small tree. April and May. Bay. 

3. M. acumixa'ta, (L.) Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, sometimes 
broad and lanceolate, pubescent beneath. Petals obovate, obtuse. 
Fruit cylindrical, 2 — 3 inches long. — Dull yellow, tinged with blue. 2f . 
June and July. Geo. 50 — 60 feet. Cucumber-tree. 

4. M. tripet'ala, (L.) Leaves large, deciduous, cuneate, lanceolate, 
acute, silky when young, crowded at the extremity of the branches, 
15 — 20 inches long, 6 — 8 wide. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 9, oval-lan- 
ceolate, acute, odor of the flowers disagreeable. Fruit oval, red, 3 — 4 
inches long. — White. 2f . May to June. Common. 30 — 10 feet. 

Umbrella-tree. 

5. M corda'ta, (Mich.) Leaves deciduous, broad-ovate, subcordate, 
acute, 4 — 6 inches long, slightly tomentose underneath. Sepals small. 
Petals oblong, acute, 6 — 9. Fruit cylindric, 3 — 4 inches long. Bark 
furrowed. — Yellowish, faintly streaked with red. If. Mountains. May 
45—50 feet. 

6. M. auricula'ta, (Walt.) Leaves deciduous, spatulate-ovate, acute, 
auriculate at the base, glabrous on both sides, 8 — 12 inches long. Sep- 
als 3, spreading. Petals 9, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, 
2 — 3 inches long. — White, fragrant. If. May. Mountains. 34 — 40 
feet. 

7. M. macrophti/la, (Mich.) Stem smooth with fragile branches, bark 
white. Leaves deciduous, alternate, very large, 1 — 3 feet long and 6 — 8 
inches wide, crowded near the summits of the branches. Flowers large ; 
petals 4 — 5 inches long, ovate. — White, tinged with purple, fragrant. 
2f . June. Mid. Geo. 20—30 feet. 

The individuals of this interesting genus present subjects of much interest among 
the trees of their native forests. The majestic and noble appearance of the r/randi- 
flora, the enormous leaves of the auriculata and macrophylla, and the abundant 
odor of the glauca during its season of flowering, perfuming the atmosphere of the 
sections of its growth, render the species of this genus conspicuous objects wherever 
they are founcL The glauca and acuminata have been used in medicine, and an in- 
fusion of the bark or fruit in brandy is a popular remedy in rheumatism. 

For cultivation, they require moist, rich soil, and much care is required to continue 
in vigor the growth of the larger-leaved species. 

Gexus II— ILLI'CIUM. L. 12—12. 

(From the Latin illicio, to allure, in allusion to its pleasant odor.) 

Sepals petaloid, 3 — 6. Petals numerous, in three series, 
interior ones smallest. Carpels numerous, arranged in a circle, 
follicular. Seeds shining. Leaves, when bruised, exhale the 
odor of anise. Evergreen shrubs. 

1. I. parvtflo'rum, (Mich.) Leaves smooth, perennial, on short pe- 
tioles, oblong. Flowers small, axillary, nodding; petals 6 — 12, ovate 
or roundish, concave. Stamens short. Carpels arranged around a cen- 



212 ORDER m. ANONACE^E. 

tral receptacle. — Dull yellow. *> . May. Flor. and lower districts of 
Georgia. 6 — 10 feet. Anise-tree. 

2. L. florida'num, (Ellis.) Leaves acuminate. Petals 27 — 30, the 
exterior oblong, the interior ligulate. Flowers larger than the preced- 
ing. — Dark purple. £ . May. Florida in swamps. 

In this country, the Uliciums are used only as ornaments, but they are used in 
other countries as aromatics, and stimulants, and carminatives. In China they are 
burnt in the temples. In Europe they are used in giving a peculiar flavor to certain 
liquors. They are easily propagated by layers. 

Genus III.— LIRIODEN'DRON. L. 12—12. {Tulip-tree) 

(From the Greek lirion, a tulip, and dendron, a tree.) 

Sepals 3, concave. Petals 6, in 2 series, obovate, lanceolate, 
campanulate. Fruit composed of densely imbricated carpels 
1 — 2-seeded, the apices produced into lanceolate wings. 

1. L. tulipif'era, (L.) Leaves 3-lobed, the middle lobe truncate, 
glabrous. — Greenish yellow, orange within. If.. May. Common. 
50—100 feet. Whitewood. 

The Liriodendron is one of the largest trees of our forests, sometimes attaining the 
size of S — 9 feet in diameter, and 120—150 feet in height. It possesses similar proper- 
ties to the magnolia. It has been used as a substitute for the Peruvian bark, in inter- 
mittents. The powdered bark is said to be the most efficient in its operation. 

Order III. — ANONA'CE M. Juss. ( Custard-apple Family.) 

Sepals 3 — 4. Petals 6, coriaceous, with a valvular aestivation, 
arranged in two rows, hypogynous. Stamens indefinite ; fila- 
ments short, angular; anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, 
closely packed ; styles short, or none ; stigma simple. Fruit 
succulent, or dry, composed of carpels separate, or united, 1 or 
many seeded. Seeds anatropous. Albumen ruminated. Em- 
bryo small. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary. 

Genus I.— ASI'MINA. Adan. 12— 12. (Uvaria, L.) 
(Named from Asiminier, of the French colonists.) 

Sepals 3, sometimes united at the base. Petals 6, the three 
outer ones larger. Stamens numerous, inserted on a conical or 
hemispherical torus. Carpels oblong, pulpy within, several- 
seeded. Trees or shrubs. 

1. A. pavriflo'ra, (Dunal.) A small shrub with a few branches near 
the summit. Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate, mucronate, on short 
petioles. Branches covered with a brownish pubescence. Flowers sol- 
itary. Calyx deciduous, pubescent. Petals 6, the 3 exterior ones 
twice as large as the calyx, pubescent. Fruit 1 inch long, fleshy. — 
Greenish purple. 2£. May. On the coast of Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 ft. 

2. A tril'oba, (DunaL) A small tree, with alternate slender and 
glabrous branches. Leaves glabrous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, alternate, 
en short petioles. Flowers solitary. Petals nearly round, much larger 



ORDER V. MENISPERMACEiE. 213 

than the calyx. Fruit 2—3 inches long, eatable, with 6 — 8 seeds. — 
Brownish purple. 2f. April. Middle Geo. 15 — 20 ft. Fapaw. 

3. A. grandiflo'ra, (Dunal.) Leaves cuneate, obtuse, with the under 
surface and branches covered with a ferruginous pubescence. Floivers 
few, large ; the outer petals obovate, 2 — 3 inches long. — Yellowish 
white. If . April. Middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. A. tygm^'a, (Dunal.) Leaves coriaceous, long, 4 — 6 inches, cu- 
neate, obtuse, oblong, obovate or elliptical, variable in size and form. 
Petals obovate-oblong, outer ones 1 inch long. — Reddish brown. 2f. 
April. Geo. and Flor. 6 — 18 inches. 

Order IV.— SCHLZANDRA'CE^E. Blum. 

Floivers monoecious ; staminate flowers 5-sepaled, 5-petaled, 
anthers sessile ; pistillate flowers, ovaries numerous, on a conical 
torus, which in maturity becomes elongated. Carpels baccate, 
1 -seeded, in maturity forming a loose spike on the elongated 
torus. Albumen fleshy, cotyledons ovate. 

Genus I.— SCHIZAN'DRA. Mich. 19—5. 
(From the Greek schizo, to cut, and andros, a stamen, the stamen being cleft.) 

Sepals and petals confounded, roundish, concave. Anthers 
connate. Before the fruit ripens the carpels are aggregated, as 
in the Rubus, but as it matures the torus lengthens and the 
carpels separate, and do not form a mass as in the Rubus, but 
become detached and scattered. 

1. S. coccin'ea, (Mich.) A trailing shrub. Leaves alternate, variable, 
ovate or oval, sometimes denticulated, tapering at each end, frequently 
somewhat cordate. Flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles, up- 
per ones staminate. Carpels small, red ; torus red. Seed suspended. — 
Red. U. May, June. Rich damp soil. 10 — 15 feet. 

A handsome plant, and easily cultivated. 

Order V.— MENISPERMA'CE^E. Jus. (Moonseed Family) 

Flowers dioecious, small, in racemes or panicles. Sepals and 
petals often confounded, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens mo- 
nadelphous, or separate, generally equal the petals in number, 
and opposite them, sometimes three or four times as many. 
Anthers adnate or innate, 4-lobed. Ovaries several, distinct. 
Drupes baccate, 1-seeded, incurved. Embryo curved. Climb- 
ing shrubs or suffructicose plants. Leaves alternate, simple, 
palmately veined. No stipules. 

Genus I— COC'CULUS. Bau. 6—6. 
(From the Latin coccus, cochineal, in allusion to the shape of the fruit.) 

Sepals 6, in a double series. Petals 6, fleshy, auricled. 
Staminate flowers, stamens 3 — 6, distinct ; filaments thickened 



214 ORDER VI. — BERBERIDACEjE. 

at the summit. Pistillate flowers, sometimes with 6 abortive 
stamens. Ovaries 3 — 6. Drupes 1 — 6. 

1. C. Caroli'nus, (D. C.) Stem slender, sarmentose, minutely pubes- 
cent Leaves variable, cordate or ovate, or nearly orbicular, commonly 
with several obtuse lobes, mucronate, pubescent underneath, frequently 
coriaceous when mature. Petals with two inflexed auricles at the base 
of each. Drupe compressed, red ; nut curved, forming nearly a ring. — 
White. *? . June. Geo. to Mississippi. 

Genus II.— MENISPER'MUM. L. 20—12. 

(From the Greek rnene, the moon, andsperma, seed; in allusion to the crescent shape 
of the seed.) 

Floioers dioecious. Sepals 4 — 8, in a double series. Petals 
4 — 8, sometimes none. Stamens numerous, distinct ; anthers 
4-lobed, 2 -celled, adnate. Ovaries 2 — 4 ; drupes usually soli- 
tary, nut woody, globose, reniform. Racemes axillary. Stam- 
inate and pistillate flowers often dissimilar. 

1. M. Canaden'se, (Lin.) Stem climbing, slender, herbaceous or suf- 
fructieose. Leaves with 3 — 5 lobes, peltate, petiole obtusely angled, 
inserted near the base. Flowers small, sterile ones in paniculate supra- 
axillary compound racemes. Sepals 4 — 1, larger than the petals, obo- 
vate. Petals 6 — 7, orbicular, obtusely cuneate. Drupe black, when 
mature, curved so that the style is brought near the base ; nut com- 
pound, forming nearly a ring. Greenish yellow. Common on banks of 
streams. 8 — 12 feet. Moonseed. 

2. M. Lyo'ni, (Pursh.) Stem climbing. Leaves large, long-petioled, 
peltate, 3 — 5-lobed, cordate, lobes acuminate, hirsute on the veins be- 
neath. Sepals 6, obovate, oblong, obtuse. Staminate flowers with 12 
stamens, shorter than the sepals, cells of the anthers linear-oblong, fil- 
aments compressed. Pistillate flowers with 6 abortive stamens, stig- 
mas sessile, fimbriate. Drupe oval, compressed, nut excavated in front, 
convex on the back. %. July. Near New Orleans. 

Order VI.— BERBERIDA'CE^E. Vent. 

Sepals in two rows, 3 — 4 — 6, deciduous, often surrounded 
by petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, equal or double the 
number of sepals, and opposite them, generally with an append- 
age at the base. Stamens equal or double the number of petals, 
and opposite them. Ovarium solitary, 1 -celled, style lateral, 
stigma orbicular. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds 1 — 2 — 3, 
attached to the bottom of the cell, or numerous, attached to the 
ventral suture. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Sepals 3 2 

Sepals more than 3 3 

2. Flowers solitary Podophyllum. 5 

Flowers in a terminal cyme Diphyllia. 3 

3. Sepals 6 4 

Sepals 4—5 5 



ORDER VI. BERBERIDACE.E. 215 

4. A shrub Berberis. 1 

An herbaceous plant Leontice. 2 

5. Stamens 4 Croomia. 6 

Stamens 8 Jeforsonia. 4 

Genus I— BER'BERIS. L. 6—1. Barberry. 
(From berberis, the Arabian name of the fruit.) 

Sepals 6, generally bracteolate. Petals 6, with 2 glands at 
the base of each. Stamens 6, irritable, flying up on being 
touched at the base. Stigma sessile, orbicular, depressed. 
Fruit a berry, 1 -celled, 1 — 9-seeded, seeds erect. 

1. B. Canadensis, (Pursh.) Branches thickly dotted, numerous, an- 
gular, when young, yellow, glabrous. Leaves simple, obovate, with 
remote spine-like serratures, obtuse, mucronate, cuneate at the base, 
glabrous, b} 7 pairs on young shoots, clustered on the summits of the 
last year's buds. Flowers in racemes, 6 — S-flowered. Sepals ovate, 
acute. Petals ovate, emarginate, with 2 purple glands. Berry oval, 
red, acid. Yellow. %. April. Mountains. 1 — 3 feet. 

The Barberry of the gardens (which is the European variety) differs in some respects 
from the B. Canadensis" above described. The berries are larger and more juicy. It 
is cultivated for the berries and bark ; the former are sour, and are used for their grate- 
ful acid flavor. They are used in preparing drinks in febrile diseases, and are said to 
be antiscorbutic. The bark is used in medicine for jaundice, and in the arts for dye- 
ing yellow. The coloring matter is a crystallizable substance called berberin. 

Genus II.— LEONTICE. L. 6—1. Cohosh. 

(Abridged from Leontopetalon, which is derived from leon, a lion, and petalon, 
a leaf, because the leaf of the L. leontopetalon is said to bear some resemblance to a 
lion's foot.) 

Sepals 6, colored. Petals 6, opposite the calyx, bearing a 
reniform scale within. Stamens 6, opposite the petals. Carpel 
stipitate, 2 — 4-seeded ; seeds erect, globose. 

1. L. thalictroi'des, (Linn.) Stem simple, glabrous. Leaves 3-ter- 
nate, leaflets ovate, oblique at the base, terminal one broadest, petiolate, 
radical ones with long petioles, cauline ones sessile, lower 3-ternate, 
upper smaller, and 2-ternate. Leaflets incisely lobed. Flowers small, 
in panicles. Seeds oval, dark blue, stiped. — Greenish yellow. r ? . 
April. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 12 — 14 in. Pappoose Root. 

Genus III— DIPHYL'LIA. Mich. 6—1. 
(Prom the Greek dis, double, md. phullon, leaf.) 

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6, without glands. Stamens 
6, opposite the petals ; anthers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovate, 
eccentric ; stigma subsessile, peltate. Fruit baccate, 1-celled, 
2 — 3 -seeded ; seeds reddish. 

1. D. oymo'sa, (Mich.) Root perennial, thick. Stem herbaceous, 
erect. Leaves alternate, usually 2 on each stem, peltate, deeply 2-lobed, 
lobes angled, each division *7 — 9-lobed, serrate. Flowers in a terminal 
cyme. Petals oval. Style short. — White. 2f. June. Mountains. 
1—2 feet. 



216 ORDER Vn. — CABOMBACE.E. 

Genus IV.— JEFFERSO'NIA. Bart. 8—1. {Twin-leaf) 
(In honor of Thos. Jefferson.) 

Sepals 4 — 5, fugacious. Petals 8, linear, oblong. Stamens 
8 ; anthers linear. Ovary obovate ; stigma peltate. Capsule 
1 -celled, opening by a slit near the summit. Seeds arranged 
on a broad lateral placenta, in several rows. Rhizoma horizon- 
tal, throwing up a 1 -flowered scape. 

1. J. diphyl'la, (Pers.) Leaves in pairs, glaucous beneath. Stigma 
with an undulate margin. Pericarp coriaceous. — White. 2£. May. 
Mountains. 

There are two varieties of this species ; a, leaves obscurely sinuate or nearly entire, 
Z>, leaflets incisely 5 — 7-lobed. 

Genus V.— PODOPHYLLUM. L. 12—1. {Mandrake, May Apple.) 
(From the Greek podos, a foot, and phullon, a leaf.) 

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals obovate, 6 — 9. Stamens 16 — 18 ; 
anthers linear. Stigma large, sessile. Capsule indehiscent, 
fleshy. Seeds numerous, on a lateral placenta. 

1. P. pelta'tum, (L.) Rhizoma horizontal ; stem simple, terminated 
by 2 leaves and 1 flower. Leaves peltate, 5 — V-parted ; lobes toothed 
or cleft at the apex. Flowers arising from between the leaves, large, 
nodding. — White. U. May. Common. 12 — 15 inches. 

The root of the Podophyllum is an important medicine. It is among the most pow- 
erful cathartics, and is said to resemble Jalap in its operations, and has been used as 
a substitute for that article in connection with calomel. In bilious complaints it is 
said to act very favorably. In minute doses, it produces relief from distressing coughs 
in consumption and catarrh. Full dose, 20 grains of powdered root. 

Genus VI— CROOMIA. T. & G. 4—1. 
(In honor of the late H. B. Croom of Florida.) 

Sejmls 4, broadly oval. Petals none. Stamens 4, opposite 
the sepals. Ovary globose-ovate, with 4 — 6 suspended ovules. 
Fruit ovate, compressed. Seeds 1 — 2. Peduncles axillary, 
2 — 3-flowered ; flowers small. 

C. fauciflo'ra, (T. & G.) An herbaceous plant, throwing up sev- 
eral simple stems, sheathed at the base. Leaves oblong-ovate, cor- 
date at the base, entire, 5 — 9-ribbed, crowded at the summit of the 
stem. {Cisampelos paucijlora, JSTutt. Anonymous discoroides, Croom.) 
— % . Greenish white and purplish. Middle Flor. 8 — 12 inches. 

Order VII.— CABOMBA'CE^E. Rich. {Water-shield Family) 

Sepals 2 — 3, petaloid. Petals 2 — 3, alternate with the sepals. 
Stamens 6 — 18 — 36, hypogynous ; anthers innate. Ovaries 
2 — 18. Carpel 1 — 2-seeded, terminated by the permanent 
style. Seeds orthotropous, globular, pendulous. Embryo mi- 
nute ; albumen fleshy, with the embryo at its base. Plant* 






ORDER Vm. NELUMBIACE^E. 217 

growing in the water, with floating, peltate leaves, the sub- 
mersed leaves with filiform lobes. 

Genus I.— CABOM'BA. Aub. 6—2. {Nectris, Pursh.) 

Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 6, as long as the 
calyx. Carpels numerous, 1 — 3-seeded, somewhat fleshy. 
Leaves opposite. 

1. C. Carolinia'na, (Gray.) Stem branching. Leaves floating and 
submersed, the floating ones elliptical or oblong, about an inch long, 
submersed ones filiforuily dissected. Petals oval, obtuse, with two yel- 
low spots at the base. Sometimes only two sepals and 2 petals. — 
White. U. May. From K Car. to Lou. 

Genus II.— BRASE'NIA. Schr. 12—12. {Hydropeltis, Mich.) 

Sepals 3 — 4, persistent, petaloid. Petals 3 — 4, longer than 
the sepals. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, somewhat 
oblong, 1 — 2-seeded. All the submersed parts of the plant cov- 
ered with a transparent, gelatinous substance. 

1. B. pelta'ta. (Pursh.) Stem long, slender, of a purplish color, no 
part of the plant being green but the upper surface of the leaves. 
Leaves alternate, the floating ones peltate, entire, elliptical. Peduncles 
1-flowered, solitary. Grows in still water. — Brownish purple. If. 
July. Canada to Geo. 1 — 10 feet. Water-shield. 

Order VIIL— NELTJMBIA'CE^E. L. 12—12. 

Sepals 4 — 6, petaloid. Petals numerous from the outside of 
the disk. Stamens numerous, in several rows ; filaments peta- 
loid; anthers introrse. Disk remarkably developed, with the 
ovaries lodged in separate cavities in its substance. Fruit a 
nut, crowned with the persistent style. Seed orthotropous, 
without albumen. Embryo very large, with two fleshy cotyle- 
dons. Herbaceous plants growing in deep w r ater. 

Genus I.—^ELTJM'BIUM Juss. 12— 12. {Sacred Bean.) 
(The name of an East Indian species.) 

1. N. lu'teum, (Wild.) Peduncles arising from a rhizoma. Leaves 
large, 1 — 2 feet in diameter, peltate, orbicular. Flowers large. — Pale 
yellow. If. IS". Y. to Lou. June. Water chinquepin. 

This is one of the most splendid aquatic plants of North America. It yields a milky 
juice when wounded. The root bears tubers, which are very farinaceous", and are used, 
as food by the Indians. The flowers are the largest of any North American plant ex- 
cept the Magnolia macrophylla. (NuttalL) 

Order IX.— NYMPBLEA'CEJE. Sal. ( Water-lily Family.) 

Sepals persistent, 4 — 5 — 6. Petals numerous, imbricate. 
Stamens numerous in several rows, some of the filaments peta- 

10 



218 ORDER X. — SARRACENIACE.E. 

loid. Anthers adnate, introrse. Fruit many-celled, fleshy, 
many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, containing farinaceous albu- 
men. Embryo minute. Aquatic plants, herbaceous. 

Genus I.— NYMPILE'A. Tourn. 12—1. 

(From the Greek numphe, a nymph. 

Sepals 4, persistent. Petals and Stamens numerous and 
passing into each other. 

1. N". odoea'ta, (Ait.) Rhizoma very large. Leaves floating, nearly 
orbicular or cordate, strongly veined beneath. Stigma sessile, -with 
numerous rays, incurved. The leaves of this plant vary considerably 
in form, giving rise to several varieties — the lobes of some being much 
more acute than those of others ; and in one variety, called the JSf. ro- 
sea, the leaves are smaller and flowers rose-color. — White. 2£. June. 
Common in ponds. White Pond-lily. 

We have met with a variety of this plant, having round leaves, 
smaller flowers, and perfectly inodorous. — Black Lake, near Macon. 

A beautiful plant, distinguished by the delicious odor of its large white flowers. The 
genus is more properly the indigenous production of the East Indies — several species 
growing there, and but one on the continent of North America. The plant has been 
sometimes employed in medicine, but we believe has pretty much passed from use. 
The Egyptian Lotus is a species of this genus, — the N. lotus, which is said to resem- 
ble our species. 

Genus IL— mTPHAE/. Smith. 12—1. 
(The Arabic name for Pond-lily.) 

Sepals 5 — 6. Petals numerous, small, externally nectarife- 
rous, inserted with the stamens into the base of the torus. Fruit 
fleshy, many-celled, many-seeded. 

1. N". adve'na, (Ait.) Leaves semi-orbicularly cordate, lobes diverg- 
ing ; petioles long, solitary. Flowers large, emerging. Petals and fil- 
aments nearly confounded. Cells of the fruit equal in number to the 
rays, and when perfectly matured, separate spontaneously. — Yellow. 
11 . July. Canada to Florida, in deep water. Yellow Pond-lily. 

2. 1ST. sagitt^efo'lia, (Pursh.) Leaves on long sub-spiral petioles, 
membranaceous, nearly a foot long, sagittate, obtuse. Petals none; the 
inner sepals petaloid, the outer green. — If. Ju. IS". C. to Geo. 

Order X.— SARRACENIA'CE^E. (Pitcher-plants.) 

Sepals 5, persistent, aestivation imbricate, with a three-leaved 
involucre. Petals 5, unguiculate, concave. Stamens numer- 
ous; anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary 5-celled, with a central 
placenta. Stigma very large, 5 -angled, petaloid, peltate, cov- 
ering the stamens. Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, 
with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds anatropous. Herbaceous 
plants, growing in swamps. 



ORDER XI. PAPAVERACE^E. 



219 






Genus L— SARRACE'NIA. Tourn. 12—1. {Sidesaddle-flower.) 
(In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec.) 

Roots fibrous. Leaves all radical, pitcher-shaped, the petiole 
being formed into a tube generally inflated in the middle, and 
the lamina, which is small, generally inflected over the orifice. 
Scape 1 -flowered ; flower nodding. 

1. S. purpu'rea, (L.) Leaves short, curved inward, with a broad 
wing running down the tube, inflated, partially filled with water. La- 
mina erect, cordate. Petals inflected over the stigma. — Purple. 2f . 
June. Can. to Geo. in swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. S. ru'bra, (Walt.) Leaves slender, elongated, with the wing linear ; 
throat not contracting. Lamina erect, mucronate, hairy on the inner 
surface, contracted at the base. Petals obovate, narrowed at the base. 
—Dark purple. 2f. May. N. C. to Geo. 1—2 feet. 

3. S. fla'va, (L.) Leaves large, with throat expanding, scarcely any 
wing. Lamina erect, reniform, with reflected margins ; base con- 
tracted, mucronate, with purple veins. Petals obovate-oblong. Stig- 
ma very large, with each angle 2-cleft. — Yellow, if. April. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 18 inches to 2 feet. 

Croom thinks the S. Catesbm of Elliott is only a variety of the S. 
flava. — Sill. Jour., vol. xxviii. p. 167. 

4. S. drummon'dii, (Croom.) Leaves very long, erect. Tube dilated 
above, with a very narrow wing ; the upper portion, as well as the or- 
bicular, erect. Lamina whitish, and strongly reticulated with purple 
veins, 20 — 30 inches long. Flower large. — Purple. 2f. April. Flori- 
da. 2—3 feet. 

5. S. psittaci'na, (Mich.) Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, decumbent, pur- 
ple, spotted nearly all over with white ; dorsal wing broad, lanceolate ; 
appendix nearly closing the tube, and shaped like the head of a parrot. 
Grows in the wet pine barrens of Florida. — Croom, Sill. Jour., vol. 
xxv. p. 75. 

6. S. variola'ris, (Mich.) Leaves nearly erect, slightly ventricose. 
Tube spotted on the back. Lamina arched; wing slightly dilated. 
Petals obovate-spatulate, inflected over the stigma. — Yellow. If. Ju. 
Geo. and Car. in pine-barren ponds. 

This genus affords a striking example of a great modification of the petiole, since 
there is'no doubt that the tube part is the petiole, and what we called the lamina, the 
true lamina of the leaf. These tubes are generally filled with water, which is sup- 
posed to be secreted by the plant, and this always contains dead insects. The tube 
could not have been formed in a better manner to accomplish a given end, than this is 
to catch insects. The saccharine secretion which surrounds the orifice decoys insects 
to the tube, and the water entices them in. There are hairs pointing downward, so as 
to permit an easy descent, but makes the egress difficult. 

Order XL— PAPAVERA'CE^E. (Poppy Family) 

Sepals 2 — 3, caducous ; aestivation imbricate. Petals 4 — 12. 
Stamens as many as the petals, or some multiple of their num- 
ber. Anthers innate. Ovary composed of two or more car- 
pels. Stigma generally sessile. Fruit 1 -celled, many-seeded, 
with parietal placentae either opposite or alternate with the 
stigmas. Seeds minute, anatropous; albumen oily. Plants 



220 ORDER XI. — PAPAVERACE^E. 

generally with a milky or yellow juice, often acrid, and gene- 
rally narcotic. Flowers all belonging to the yellow series, 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Sepals 2 2 

Sepals 3 Argemone, 2 

2. Petals 8 — 12 Sanguinaria, 3 

Petals 4 3 

3. Plants yielding a white juice Papaver, 1 

Plants yielding a yellow juice 4 

4. Peduncles 1-flowered Glaucium, 5 

Flowers in umbels CJielidonium, 4 

Genus I— PAPA'VER. L. 12—1. {Poppy.) 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Stig- 
mas 4 — 20, radiating, sessile. Capsule 1-celled, opening by 
pores beneath the lobes of the stigma ; many-seeded. 

1. P. somnif'ekum, (L.) Stem erect, smooth. Leaves amplexieaul, 
incised, repand ; teeth blunt. Petals large. Capsule smooth, with 
numerous parietal placentae, opposite the lobes of the stigma. — White 
or purple. July. Nearly naturalized. 

This is the species that yields the opium of commerce. The opium is the hardened 
juice of the capsule, obtained by incision soon after flowering. The composition of 
opium is very complex, containing not less than seventeen distinct substances. 

Genus II.— ARGEMO'NE. L. 12—1. (Prickly Poppy.) 
(From the Greek argeme, a disease of the eye, for which the juice was used.) 

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Stig- 
mas 4 — 7, sessile, or nearly so. Capsule opening by valves 
separating from the placentae. Herbs with a yellow juice. 

1. A. Mexica'na, (L.) Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, and spiny. Flow- 
ers solitary, axillary, and terminal. Calyx and capsule prickly. 

There seems to be several variations from the above description, 
which constitute varieties of this species. The flowers vary much in 
size and color, and in some the capsule is not prickly. We have never 
met with such a one. — White. ®. From June through the summer. 
In cultivated places, common. 

Genus III— SANGUIJN"A'RIA. L. 12—13. {Blood-root.) 

(From its juice resembling blood.) 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals vary from 8 — 12. Stamens 
numerous. Stigmas 2, sessile. Capsule oblong-ovate. Seeds 
numerous. Rhizoma yellowish-red. 

1. S. Canadensis, (L.) Leaves reniform, palmate, 5 — 7-lobed, glau- 
cous. Petals oblong, caducous. Scape l-flowered. Plant yields a 
light red juice. — White. 2£. March. Common. Puccoon-root. 

This plant enjoys considerable reputation, both in the regular practice of medicine 
and in the family practice. It is a powerful medicine, and should be used by those 



ORDER Xn. FUMARIACE^!. 221 

unacquainted with it with care. It is a stimulant in small doses ; in larger, produces 
violent vomiting and much irritation. It is one of the earliest and prettiest flowers 
of spring, and as an early border flower deserves the attention of the florist. 

Genus IV.— CHELIDO'NIUM. L. 12—1. {Celandine) 
(From the Greek chelidon, a swallow, the plant flowering at the return of swallows.) 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, small. Stamens numerous. 
Capsules 2-valved, l-celled, many-seeded, Knear, dehiscing from 
the base upward. Yields a deep yellow juice. 

1. C. ma'jus, (L.) Leaves pinnate-lobed, glaucous. Segments ovate, 
the terminal one obovate. Flowers in axillary umbels. — Yellow. 2f. 
Naturalized. Grows in waste places. 

Genus V.—GLAU'CIUM. L. 11— 1. {Horned Poppy) 
(From the Greek glaukos, glaucous, from the appearance of the plants.) 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule linear, 2-valved, 2- 
celled, many-seeded. Seeds somewhat reniform. Plant yield- 
ing a yellow juice. 

1. G. fla'vum, (Crant.) Stem glabrous. Floral leaves repand; 
cauline ones clasping and pinnatifid ; radical ones bipinnatifid, large, 
pubescent. Peduncles 1 -flowered. Capsule tuberculate. — Yellow. #. 
June. Introduced. 

The EschschoW zia Calif or' nica, extensively cultivated, belongs to 
Papaveracece. 

Order XII— FUMARIA'CEJE. {Fumatory Family.) 

Sepals 2. Petals 4, cruciate ; one or both of the two 
outer ones saccate or spurred at the base ; the two inner co- 
hering at the apex, and inclosing the anthers and stigma. 
Stamens 6, in two parcels. Anthers membranous, adnate, ex- 
trorse ; the lateral ones of each parcel l-celled, the middle one 
2 -celled. Ovary l-celled, 2-valved, with parietal placentae. 
Style filiform. Stigma with two or more points. Fruit a nut 
or capsule ; if a nut 2-seeded, if a capsule many-seeded. Seeds 
arilled, anatropous. Herbaceous plants, with watery juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Climbing plant Adlumia, 2 

Plants not climbing 2 

2. Flowers yellow Corydalis, 3 

Flowers purple 3 

3. Capsule many-seeded Dielytra, 1 

Fruit 1-seeded Fumaria, 4 

Genus I.— DIELY'TRA. Borh. 16—5. 

(From dis, two, and elytron, a sheath, in allusion to double spurs at the base of the 

petals.) 

Sepals 2. Petals 2 -spurred or saccate at the base. Capsule 
many-seeded, pod-shaped. Flowers in a compound raceme, 
with cymose branches. 



222 ORDER XII.— FUMARIACEJE. 

1. D. formo'sa, (D. C.) Leaves 3 — 8, or one rising from the crown 
of the rhizoma. Spur short, obtuse, somewhat incurved ; wings of the 
inner petals projecting beyond the summit. Stigma 2-horned at the 
apex. — Reddish-purple. If. Mountains of Vir. and N. C. 8 — 12 
inches. (T. & G.) 

Genus II.— ADLU'MIA. Raf. 16—5. (Climbing Colic-weed.) 
(In honor of Major Adlum.) 

Petals united into a spongy, persistent, monopetalous corolla, 
bigibbous at the base, 4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pod- 
shaped, linear-oblong, many-seeded. Flowers in racemose 
cymes. Plant climbing, herbaceous. 

1. A. cirrho'sa, (Raf.) Stem branching, climbing by cirrhose tendrils. 
Leaves biternately divided. Segments obovate. Flowers numerous. 
Stamens monadelphous. — Pale violet or white. $ . June. Canada to 
tf. C. 

Genus III— CORYDA'LIS. D. C. 16—5. 
(From the Greek corudalis, the name of the plant) 

Only one of the petals spurred. Capsule 2-valved, many or 
few seeded, compressed. Style persistent. Racemes terminal 
or opposite the leaves, simple. 

1. C. au'rea, (Wild.) Stem branching. Leaves bipinnate, or vari- 
ously dissected ; lobes oblong, linear, glaucous, alternate. Spur straight, 
obtuse. Flowers in terminal, supra-axillary racemes, or opposite the 
leaves. Pedicels bracteolate, with bracts sometimes extending beyond 
the flower. — Yellow. ®. April to August. Middle Geo. 

Genus IV.— FUMA'RIA. L. 16—5. (Fumitoru.) 

(From the Latin fumus, smoke.) 

One petal only gibbous or spurred. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, 
indehiscent. 

1. F. officinalis, (L.) Root annual, fusiform. Stem branching, gla- 
brous. Leaves variously dissected, glabrous, and slightly glaucous. Seg- 
ments many-cleft. Flowers in small, dense racemes. Sepals toothed. 
Petals 4 ; the lower one free ; the three upper united at the base, 
bearing a spur. Stigma bilamellate. — Purple. $ . April. Natural- 
ized. 

The order JFumariacem possesses some striking peculiarities. The general form 
of the flower is singular, resembling more the works of art than of nature. The char- 
acteristic of having the different celled anthers some unilocular and others bilocular, 
is a striking variation. Torrey & Gray remark, that "the two lateral stamens of each 
parcel, having unilocular anthers, may he considered as half stamens, formed by the 
division of the two stamens which correspond to the inner petals ; the true number 
in the order, according to this view, being 4 — one to each petal." The situation of 
the anthers and stigma in the indurated summit of the petals, in which they remain 
firmly inclosed tiirafter fertilization, would seem to preclude the possibility of the 
pollen's coming in contact with the stigma. To adapt herself to these circumstances, 
nature has placed two horn-like appendages to the stigma, which extend under the 
anther cells, and by the mere contraction of the valves, the pollen is conveyed to the 
stigmatic surface without any change in position of the organs. The different genera 
of this order possess nearly the same properties, and the Fumaria has been used in 
medicine, particularly for its action on the liver and in cutaneous eruptions. 






ORDER Xm. CRUCIFER3J. 223 

Order XIII.— CRUCIFERJE. {Mustard Family) 

Sepals 4, deciduous, cruciate ; aestivation generally imbri- 
cate. Petals 4, cruciate, alternating with the sepals. Stamens 
6, tetradynamous ; the two shorter lateral, occasionally toothed, 
inserted lower than the others. Disk often with small green 
glands inserted between the petals and the stamens and ovari- 
um. Ovary 1-celled, consisting of two carpels, with two pari- 
etal placentae, which are reflected into the cavity, where they 
unite and form a false dissepiment. Stigma opposite the dis- 
sepiments (a remarkable variation.) Fruit a silique or silicle, 
2-celled, produced by the spurious dissepiment mentioned 
above ; one or many seeded. Seeds campylotropous, attached 
in a single row to each side of the placentae. Herbaceous 
plants, with a watery and generally with an acrid juice, form- 
ing Class XIV. of the Linnaaan system. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Fruit linear, a silique 2 

Fruit nearly as broad as long, a silicle 8 

2. Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell Nasturtium, 1 

Seeds in one row in each cell 3 

3. Silique 4-cornered Erysimum, 7 

Silique terete or fiat 4 

4. Flowers purple or pink Warea, 8 

Flowers white 5 

Flowers yellow 7 

5. Silique lanceolate, flowers in terminal racemes Dentaria, 4 

Silique linear 6 

6. Silique curved, long AraMs, 2 

Silique straight, flowers small Oardamine, 3 

7. Silique terete, tapering, appressed to the stem Sisymbrium, 6 

Silique oblong, linear, compressed, few-seeded Leavenworthia, 5 

Silique ensiform, or nearly terete Sinapis, 10 

8. Silicle oval, oblong Draba, 12 

Silicle reniform Coronopus, 13 

Silicle emarginate Capsella, 15 

9. Silicle cordate Lepidium, 14 

Silicle 2-jointed, somewhat 4-angled CaTcile, 16 

Genus I.— NASTTJR'TIUM. R. Br. 14—2. (Cresses.) 
(From the Latin nasus tortus, convulsed nose, from its pungent qualities.) 

Silique nearly terete, sometimes resembling a silicle, usually 
curved. Stigma 2-lobed. Sepals spreading. Seeds arranged 
in two series, minute, destitute of margins. Found in wet 
places. 

1. K officinale, (Brown.) Leaves pinnately divided ; segments 
ovate, sub-cordate, repand. Petals longer than the calyx. — White. 
Introduced. 

2. K tanacetifo'lium, (Hook.) Stem much branched, diffuse. Leaves 
pinnately divided, lobes sinuate or toothed, obtuse, smooth. Flowers 



224 OEDEK Xm. CKTJCIFEK.E. 

small ; petals linear. Stigmas nearly sessile. Siliques erect or curved. 
Seeds numerous. — Yellow. $ . South Carolina. 5 — 12 inches. 

3. JS\ palus'tee, (D. C.) Leaves pinnatifid, 2 — 3 inches long, clasping 
and ciliate at the base, lobes confluent, toothed, glabrous, oblong-lance- 
olate. Flowers very small ; petals equal the sepals. Silique declined, 
ovate-oblong, a little curved. — Yellow. 2£. June to August. "Wet 
places. 1—2 feet. 

Genus II.— AR'ABIS. L. 14—2. (Rock Cress.) 
(Named from the country, Arabia.) 

Silique linear, generally compressed, terminated by the ses- 
sile stigma, valves 1 -nerved. Seeds in one series, orbicular, 
compressed. Calyx erect. 

1. A. Canadensis, (L.) Stem simple, glabrous toward the summits? 
pubescent below. Leaves alternate, sessile, pubescent, oblong-lanceo- 
late, remotely toothed, the lower ones petiolate and occasionally lyrate. 
Flowers in long terminal racemes. Sepals hispid, colored. Petals ob- 
long-linear, much longer than the sepals. Silique long, 2 — 3 inches, 
linear, curved. — White. 2f. June. Middle Georgia. Sickle-pod. 

Genus HI.— CARDAM'INE. L. 14—2. 
(From the Greek kardia, a heart.) 

Silique linear, usually dehiscing elastically, with revolute 
valves ; valves nerveless. Sepals expanding at the summit. 
Seeds ovate. 

1. C. spathula'ta, (Mich.) Stem decumbent, slender, glabrous. Rad- 
ical leaves spatulate, pubescent, about an inch in length, entire ; cauline 
ones narrow and somewhat toothed. Flowers in terminal and axillary 
racemes. Sepals hairy, oval. Petals oblong and obovate. Silique 
about an inch long. — White. %. April. Mountains and Mid. Dist. of 
Geo. and Car. 4 — 6 inches. 

2. C. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves alternate, pin- 
nate, leaflets lanceolate, with a single tooth on one or both sides. Flow- 
ers in terminal racemes, erect. Petals a little longer than the sepals ; 
stigma sessile. Varies much during the summer, and in different loca- 
tions, so that any description may be inapplicable under different cir- 
cumstances. — White. 2f. April to June. Upper districts of Geo. and 
Car. 4 — 12 inches. 

The Pennsylvania of Elliott, and Virginica, are supposed to be a 
variety of the Hirsuta of Linnaeus. 

Genus IV.— DENTA'RIA. L. 14—2. {Tooth-wort. Pepper-root) 

(From the Latin dens, a tooth.) 

Silique lanceolate, dehiscing elastically. Valves nerveless, 
plane ; dissepiment somewhat fungous. Stigma emarginate. 
Bhizoma fleshy, often dentate. Perennial, herbaceous plants, 
with variously divided leaves. 

1. D. lacinia'ta, (Muhl.) Rhizoma moniliform, tubers slightly con- 
nected. Leaves usually 3, ternate, leaflets incised or irregularly notch 



ORDER Xm. CRUCIFERiE. 225 

ed, lateral ones lobed ; radical leaves sometimes wanting. Flowers in 
terminal racemes. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals much larger than 
the sepals. Taste of the root pungent, like mustard. — Pale purple. If. 
May to June. Mountains and Middle Geo. 4 — 12 inches. 

2. D. diphyl'la, (Mich.) Rhizoma toothed, creeping. Leaves cauline, 
1 — 2, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, oblong, toothed, and incised ; 
petioles about 1 inch long. Root very pungent. — Pale purple. If. 
May to June. Mountains. 

3. D. multif'ida, (Muhl.) Rhizoma tuberous. Leaves 2, opposite, 
2 — 3 inches long, variously divided ; segments and lobes linear. Floic- 
ers in a terminal raceme. Sepals lanceolate. Petals much longer than 
the sepals. — White. If. N. C. and Ala. 4 — 6 inches. 

Genus V— LEAVENWOP/THIA. Tor. 14—2. 
(In honor of Dr. Leavenworth.) 

Calyx somewhat erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, 
cuneate, truncate, emarginate. Filaments distinct, toothless. 
Silique sessile, oblong-linear, compressed, somewhat inflated, 
and contracted between the seeds. Seeds'm a single series, flat- 
tened, with a broad winged margin. Annual herbaceous plants. 
Leaves lyrately-pinnatifid. Flowers in loose racemes, or solitary 
on long sub-radical peduncles. 

1. L. au'rea, (Torrey.) Stem at first short and simple, but at length 
branching from the base ; branches ascending. Leaves mostly radical, 
pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy ; segments 2 — 4 pairs, roundish oblong, ob- 
tusely toothed. Racemes 4 — 10-flowered. Sepals loose, tinged with 
purple. Petals golden yellow, tapering into a long cuneate base. Si- 
lique rather more than an inch long. Seeds 4 — 5 in a cell. — Alabama. 
2 — 6 inches. 

Gents VI.— SISYMBRIUM. L. 14—2. 
(The Greek name of the plant.) 

Silique terete, or slightly angled, with a short beak. Stigma 
capitate. Sepals equal at the base, expanding. Petals ex- 
panding. Seeds ovate or oblong. 

1. S. canes'cens, (Nutt.) Root annual. Stem erect, branching. 
Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, hoary, doubly-pinnatifid ; segments hoary, 
dentate, obtuse. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals oval, pubescent. 
Petals obovate, equaling the calyx, expanding. Silique somewhat cla- 
vate, half as long as the pedicels, angled. Seeds obovate, many in each 
cell. — Yellowish. ©. March and April. Common. 1 — 2 ft. 

2. S. officinale, (Scop.) Stem hairy. Leaves runcinate, hairy. 
Flowers in elongated racemes, small, pedicels very short, appressed to 
the axis after flowering. Petals cuneate, larger than the calyx. Si- 
lique sub-ovate, tapering into a short style. — Yellow. ©. May and 
Aug. Waste places. 1 — 3 ft. Hedge Mustard. 

The latter plant possesses somewhat the pungency of mustard, and has been recom- 
mended in the treatment of chronic coughs, hoarseness, and ulceration of the mouth. 
The juice with sugar, or the seeds may be taken. 

10* 



226 ORDER Xin. CRUCIFER.E. 

Genus VII— ERYSIMUM. L. 14—2. 
(From the Greek eruo, to cure.) 

Silique columnar, 4-sided. Sepals deciduous, closed. Style 
short. Stigma small. Cotyledons oblong. 

1. E. oheiranthoi'des, (L.) Stem simple or branched -with a minute 
appressed pubescence, somewhat scabrous. Leaves lanceolate, entire, 
sometimes denticulate. Silique erect, about an inch long. Flowers 
small. — Yellow. July and Aug. %. 1 — 2 ft. Along streams. 

Genus VIII— WA'REA. Nutt. 14—2. 
(In honor of Mr. Ware.) 

Silique flat, stiped, elongated, slender, curved, pendulous. 
Sepals deflected, spatulate, or ligulate, colored, caducous. Pe- 
tals spreading, with long claws. With six glands at the base 
of the stamens. Leaves entire. 

1. W. amplexifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem branched above, glabrous. 
Leaves oblong, ovate, acute. Flowers in umbel-like racemes, much 
crowded ; petals with the limb nearly orbicular, claw longer than the 
limb. Silique linear, stipe filiform, purplish. — Pale purple. ©. Flor. 
1—3 feet. 

2. "W. cuneifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem branched above, glabrous. Leaves 
nearly sessile, oblong, obtuse, upper ones oblong-linear. Racemes with 
the flowers clustered at the extremities of the branches. Sepals mi- 
nute. Petals with the limb nearly round, supported ou a long claw. 
Stamens longer than the petals. Anthers linear. Stigmas sessile. Si- 
lique filiform, nearly 2 inches long. — White, tinged with purple. #. 
June and Aug. Middle Geo. and Car. 1 — 2 ft. 

The last species is a beautiful plant, and would well repay the florist's care, if it im- 
proved none by cultivation. 

Genus IX.— BRAS'SICA. L. 14—2. (Cabbage.) 
(From the Celtic word bresic, which signifies cabbage.) 

Calyx erect, converging. Silique roundish, crowned with a 
short style. Seeds in one row. Flowers in racemes, pedicels 
filiform, bractless. Radical leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Bien- 
nial plants. 

1. B. olera'cea, (L.) Leaves glaucous, fleshy, repand or lobed. — ©. 
Yellow. England. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collard, Brussels Sprouts. 

2. B. ka'pa. Radical leaves lyrate, not glaucous, upper ones entire. 
Roots napiform, or fusiform. — %. Europe. Turnips. 

Genus X— SINA'PIS. L. 14—2. 
(From the Greek sinapi, applied to all plants resembling cabbage or turnip.) 

Silique nearly terete, nerved. Style short, acute. Seeds 
in a single series. Sepals spreading. Leaves usually lyrate. 
Flowers in elongated racemes. 



OKDER Xffl. — CRUCIFEE^E. 227 

1. S. ni'gba, (L.) Lower leaves large, lyrate, scabrous; upper ones 
lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Sepals colored. Petals obovate, unguic- 
ulate. Silique appressed, about three quarters of an inch long, gla- 
brous. — Yellow. #. June. Introduced. Black Mustard. 

The seeds of the S. nigra (common mustard) are too extensively known and used 
to demand a notice of their properties here. There are circumstances connected with 
the exhibition of their well-known properties, which are singular and interesting. 
The mustard-seeds, in a perfectly dry state, may be pressed and made to yield an oil, 
possessing none of the active properties of mustard, these remaining in the seed. But 
if the oil be obtained by water, it is powerful in its operation, producing speedy ves- 
sication. This latter oifit seems does not exist ready formed in the seed, but is formed 
by the action of the water. The chemical difference of the two is, probably, that the 
latter contains sulphur, as this is found in the white mustard in a principle called 
Sulpho-sinapisin, possessing the same properties as this oil, and formed by the action 
of water. 

Genus XI.— EAPHA'XUS. L. 14—2. 

(From the Greek raphanis, to appear quickly ; from the rapid germination of the 

seed.) 

Calyx closed. Silique transversely many-celled. Seeds in 
one row. Flowers in racemes, opposite the leaves. 

E. satiVus, (L.) Pods terete, pointed. Roots more or less fleshy, of 
various forms. — |§. Asia. Radish. 

Genus XII— DKA'BA. L. 14—1. 

(From the Greek draba, acrid.) 

Silicle oblong-lanceolate or oval, minutely hispid, especially 
along the margin, or glabrous. Seeds numerous. Calyx equal. 
Petals emarginate or entire. 

1. D. cuneifo'lia, ($"utt.) Stem leafy at the lower part, very pu- 
bescent, slender. Leaves with few teeth ; cauline ones oblong-ovate, 
narrowed at the base ; radical ones spatulate-oblong. Flowers large ; 
petals several times the length of the calyx. — White. %. Florida. 
4 — 8 inches. 

2. D. Carolinta'na, (Walt.) Stem leafy and hispid at the base, na- 
ked and smooth above. Leaves hispid, entire. Flowers corymbic or 
racemed ; petals oblong, twice as long as the sepals, or minute, and 
sometimes wanting. Silicle nearly linear, glabrous, 4 — 6 lines long, 
many-seeded. — White. %. April and June. Mid. Geo. 1 — 6 inches. 

3. D. beachtcar'pa, (ISutt.) Stem simple or branched, leafy. Leaves, 
cauline ones linear or oblong, with 2 or 3 minute teeth or entire ; radi- 
cal ones roundish-ovate, petioled. Flowers in racemes, many-flowered; 
silicles oval, glabrous, cells 5 — 6-seeded ; petals entire or slightly emar- 
ginate. 

Yar. fastigia'ta, (ISTutt. ) Stem more pubescent, seldom branched ; 
radical leaves generally 4-toothed, silicle pubescent. — White. @. 
March — April. Middle Georgia. 

Genus XIII.— CORONO'PUS. L. 14—1. (Senebiera.) 
(From the Greek korone, a crow, andpows, a foot.) 

Silicle reniform, didymous, compressed contrary to the sep- 



228 ORDER XIIL CKTJCIFER,E. 

turn, sometimes 1-celled ; cells 1-seeded ; seeds globose-trique- 
trous. Herbaceous plants with small white flowers 

1. C. Did'yma, (Pursh.) Stem branching, lying flat on the earth. 
Leaves alternate, sessile, pinnatelj divided; the lobes 3 — 4-parted, 
toothed or incised, mucronate. Flowers in small corymbs, opposite the 
leaves ; but by the elongation of the rachis, the fruit is in racemes. 
Calyx 4-leaved. Petals none, or very minute. Silicle emarginate. — - 
White. H or $ . February — June. Open, dry fields. Common. 

2. C. Ruel'lii, (Pursh.) Resembles the preceding, and grows with it. 
Leaves pinnately divided ; segments entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. 
Flowers few. Style prominent. Silicle entire, not emarginate. 

Genus XIV.— LEPID'IUM. L. 14— 1. {Wild Pepper-grass.) 
(From the Greek lepis, a scale, in allusion to the form of the pods.) 

Silicle cordate, emarginate, 2 -seeded ; valves keeled. Seeds 



1. L. Virgin'icum, (L.) Stem herbaceous, branching generally, leafy, 
glabrous. Leaves alternate, sessile, ciliate, notched ; upper ones smaller 
and nearly entire. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals lanceolate, 
membranaceous along the margin, pubescent on the back. Petals a 
little longer than the sepals. Silicle compressed, orbicular, slightly 
emarginate. — White. ||. Through the summer. Common. 

Genus XV.— CAPSEL'LA. Vent. 14—1. {Thlaspi, L.) 
(The diminutive of capsula, a little capsule.) 

Silicle triangular, cuneiform ; valves boat-shaped, wingless, 
coriaceous ; cells small, many-seeded. 

1. C. bub/sa-pas'toris, (L.) Stem erect, furrowed, slightly branched. 
Radical leaves pinnatifid, tapering at the base into a petiole ; cauline 
leaves small, entire, or with a few teeth, connate, lanceolate, pubes- 
cent. Flowers in elongated racemes. — White. %. Sent to me by 
Wm. S. Rockwell, Esq., Baldwin Co. 12 inches. 

Genus XVI.— CAK'ILE. Tourn. 14—1. 
(An old Arabic name.) 

Silicle lanceolate, somewhat 4-angled, jdinted. Seed in the 
upper cell erect, in the lower pendulous. Annual maritime 
herbs. 

1. C. mariti'ma, (Scop.) Stem erect, with expanding branches. Leaves 
alternate, oblong, cuneiform, sinuately toothed, lower ones sometimes 
nearly hastate. Flowers in terminal corymbose racemes. Lower joint 
of the silicle short, the upper one with a line on each side. Seed 1 in 
each joint, oval, glabrous. — White. %. April — July. On the coast. 

This plant deserves the attention of the gardener as a culinary vegetable. It has 
been, in some cases, cultivated, and has always been highly esteemed. Many other 
useful plants belong to this order. The Horseradish is the Cochlearia armoracea. 
Isatis tinctoria yields the Woad, which yields a blue dye. Cramoe maritima is the 



ORDER XIV. CAP P ARID ACE J3. 229 



Order XIV.— CAPPARTDA'CEJE. 

Sepals 4, deciduous, sometimes marcescent ; aestivation im- 
bricate or united, forming- a tube. Petals 4, hypogynous, cru- 
ciate, unguiculate, sometimes a nectary at the base of the outer 
petal, more or less unequal. Stamens almost perigynous, 7 — 
12, or many, seldom 4. Disk hemispherical or elongated. 
Ovary compressed, of 2 carpels united, stipitate, with parietal 
placentae ; styles united, filiform, or none. Fruit a 1-celled, 
pod-shaped capsule, many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, ren- 
iform ; albumen wanting. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate, 
stipulate. Annual plants. 

Gendb I— CLEOMEL'LA. D. C. 6—1. 

(The diminutive of Cleome.) 

Sepals minute, spreading. Petals 4, sub-spatulate. Torus 
oblong. Stamens 6. Pod 4 — 6-seeded, obovate ; stipe fili- 
form. Embryo conduplicate. Leaves compound ; leaflets lin- 
ear. Flowers in terminal racemes, leafy. 

1. C. Mexica'na, (D. C.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves with 
flat linear-lanceolate leaflets, longer than the petiole. Pod flattened. 
Style short. — Yellow. f|. Louisiana. 

Genus IL— GYNAKDROP'SIS. L. 6—1. 

(From gune, a pistil, amer, stamen, and opsis, like, from the resemblance of the sta- 
mens and pistils to each other.) 

Sepals spreading. Petals 4. Torus elongated. Stamens 
6, adhering to the torus. Pod raised, on a long stipe rising 
from the summit of the torus. 

1. G. pentajphyl'la, (D. C.) Stem pubescent, viscid. Leaves simple 
and 3 — 5-foliate ; upper ones simple, cordate-lanceolate ; middle and 
lower ones 3 — 5-foliate ; leaflets lanceolate or ovate, tapering at each 
extremity, entire or slightly serrulate. Flowers in a terminal raceme. 
Calyx deciduous. Petals with loDg, slender claws. Pod 2 — 3 inches 
long. — "White. ©. May — July. In cultivated grounds. Introduced. 
2—3 feet. 

Genus III— POLANIS'IA. Raf. 12—1. 

(From the Greek pohi, much, and anisos, unequal, in allusion to the stamens.) 

Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, entire, nearly orbic- 
ular, on short claws. Stamens 8 — 12, on the receptacle. Torus 
minute. Pod linear, scarcely stipitate. Annual plants. 

1. P. tenuifo'lia, (T. & G.) Stem slender, branched, viscid, glandu- 
lar. Leaves trifoliate, nearly glabrous ; leaflets linear, filiform. Flcno- 
ers in racemes ; pedicels filiform ; styles longer than the ovary. Plant 
with an unpleasant odor. — Nearly white. ©. June. Georgia. Low 
country. 1 — 2 feet. 



230 OKDEE XV. — POLYGALACKE. 



Order XV.— POLYGALA'CEtE. 

Sepals 5, persistent; the two lateral ones introrse, large, 
and petaloid ; the three exterior small. Petals 3, irregular, 
somewhat papilionaceous, the keel crested. Stamens hypogy- 
nous, from 6 — 8, monadelphous, with the tube split on the 
upper side. Ovary consists of two carpels, with a central pla- 
centa, 2-celled, with a solitary ovule in each cell, pendulous. 
Seeds anatropous, with much albumen. Embryo generally 
straight, as long as the albumen. Herbaceous, with bitter 
root. 

Genus I.— POLYG'ALA. Mich. 16—5. 
(From the Greek polu, much, and gala, milk.) 

Sepals 5, permanent, unequal, the two lateral ones larger, 
colored. Petals 3, united to the tube of stamens. Fruit a 
capsule, 2-celled, compressed, obcordate, or elliptical. Flowers 
in racemes, approaching, in different cases, spikes or heads, 
more commonly the latter. 

a. Flowers capitate or in spikes. Seeds with a 2-lobed caruncle. 

1. P. sanguin'ea, (L.) Stem branched. Leaves linear, acute, less 
than an inch long. Flowers capitate or in an oblong spike. Wings 
membranaceous, bright rose-color. Crest minute. Capsules obovate. 
Seeds black. — Red. %-. Aug. — Sept. In dry soils, common. 4 — 6 
inches. 

2. P. purpu'rea, (Nutt.) Stem fastigiately branched; sometimes 
simple, erect, angular, and slightly winged. Leaves alternate, linear- 
lanceolate, 1 inch long. Flowers in oblong spikes. Wings broad-ovate, 
green, tinged with purple. Crest minute. Seeds hairy, with a carun- 
cle nearly as long as the seed, nearly black. — Red. ©. June. Com- 
mon. 8 — 12 inches. 

3. P. crucia'ta, (L.) Stem erect, branching, winged. Leaves verti- 
cillate, linear, punctate. Flowers in ovate spikes, nearly sessile. Sta- 
mens short. Wings dilated at the base, with a purple border. Crest 
minute. Seed obovate, slightly hispid. — Red, with green. |j|. July. 
8 — 12 inches. 

4. P. lu'tea, (L.) Stan branched or simple. Flowers in an ovate 
spike, nearly globular. Wings broad, lanceolate, acuminate, yellow. 
Crest minute. Radical leaves spatulate ; the cauline ones lanceolate, 
acute. Seeds hairy. — Yellow. ©. June — September. Common. 8 — 
12 inches. 

5. P. na'na, (D. C.) Stem simple. Leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse ; 
sometimes with a long attenuated base. Flowers in a dense cylindrical 
spike, nearly sessile. Wings ovate, acuminate, with a setaceous point, 
yellowish-green. Crest large. Seed obovate, a little hairy. — Yellow- 
ish-green. @. June — Sept. Pine woods. 1 — 6 inches. 



ORDER XV. POLYGALACEiE. 231 



b. Flowers in terminal cymes ; caruncle with no, or very small, appen- 
dage. 

6. P. corymbo'sa, (Mich.) Ramo'sa, (Ell.) Stem simple, angular, ter- 
minated with a large cyme, nearly naked. Leaves spatulate, the upper 
ones linear, and at the summit small. Flowers in a compound cyme. 

Wings oval, long, mucronate, greenish-yellow. Seed oblong. — Yellow. 

$. June — Aug. Wet places in pine barrens. Common. 8 — 12 in. 

7. P. cymo'sa, (Walt.) Corymbo'sa, (Ell.) Stem erect, terete, nearly 
naked. Lower leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; upper ones small, linear, 
at the summit degenerated into scales. Cyme simple. Wings oval or 
elliptical-oblong, obtuse, slightly mucronate. Seeds smooth. — Yellow. 

$ , June — Aug. Common in wet pine barrens. 2 — 5 feet. 

8. P. Baldwin'ii, (Nutt.) Stem erect, branching near the summit, 
leafy. Leaves, lower ones spatulate, upper ones lanceolate. Flowers 
in a" compound cyme, sub-globose, compact. Wings lanceolate, longer 
than the corolla ; keel but slightly fimbriate, if at all. Seeds ovate, 
very hairy. — Yellowish-white. $ . June — Aug. Low country of Geo. 
2—3 feet. 

c. Flowers in cylindrical spikes ; caruncle spongy, cristate. 

9. P. incarna'ta, (L.) Stem simple, slender, slightly angled. Leaves 
scattered, subulate, nearly linear. Flowers in long terminal spikes. 
Wings oval, margin colored, limbs of the petals not united. Crest con- 
spicuous. Seeds ovate, hairy. — Purple. $ . May — Aug. Common in 
the middle region of Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

10. P. seta'cea, (Mich.) Stem very small, erect, angled, generally 
with several slender, erect branches. Leaves very small, setaceous. 
Flotvers in a compact spike, small. Wings oblong, acuminate ; limbs of 
the lateral petals ovate. Crest conspicuous. Seeds ovate, hairy. — 
Rose-color. 0. Ju. Middle Car. and Geo. 10 — 12 inches. 

d. Flowers in elongated, racemose spikes ; caruncle with a 2-lobed ap- 
pendage. 

11. P. verticilla'ta, (L.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves verticil- 
late, linear, acute, glabrous. Flowers in pedunculate tapering spikes, 
dense. Wings nearly round or obovate, longer than the corolla. Lat- 
eral petals spreading ; keel fimbriate. Seeds hispid. — Greenish-white. 
||. June — Aug. Old sandy fields. 6 — 10 inches. 

12. P. sen'ega, (L.) Stem erect, simple, terete. Leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, sometimes broad, acute, acuminate. Flowers in a dense 
spike, sessile. Wings orbicular, obovate, concave. Seed hirsute, with 
spreading hairs. — White. If. Mountains and upper districts of Car. 
and Geo. 6 — 8 inches. 

13. P. Boykin'ii, (Nutt.) Stem branching. Leaves verticillate by 
fours or fives, obovate, lanceolate. Flowers in dense tapering spikes, 
pedicellate. Wings obovate. Petals obovate, scarcely as long as the 
wing. Crest minute. Seed hirsute, with appressed hairs. — %.. June — 
September. Middle Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

14. P. Chapman'ii, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous, branching from the 
base or summit. Leaves numerous, linear, subulate. Flowers in a 
loose spike. Wings with a short claw ; the posterior sepal very broad, 



232 ORDER XVI. YIOLACE.E. 

obtuse ; scarcely any crest ; limb of the petals distinct. Seed black, 
hairy. Lobes of the caruncle small. — Rose-color. %. Florida. 12 — 
15 inches. 

15. P. polyga'ma, (Walt.) Stem glabrous, angled, branching from 
the base, numerous. Leaves sessile, oblong, linear, mucronate. Flowers 
pedunculate, in loose racemes. Wings with short claws ; keel 3-lobed, 
middle lobe fimbriate. Radical racemes destitute of corolla or wings. 
— Purple or reddish-purple. $ . Dry lands. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

e. Flowers in loose racemes ; keel not cristate ; caruncle without appen- 
dages. 

16. P. grandiflo'ra, (Walt.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, strongly veined. Flowers 
12 — 18, the lowest more remote. Pedicels recurved after flowering. 
Wings large, nearly round, covering the other parts of the flower ; 
when first expanded red, afterward green. Seed villous. — Red. 2£ . 
May — Aug. S. C. and Geo. Dry soils. 8 — 12 inches. 

f. Flowers few, axillary or terminal. 

17. P. paucifo'lia, (Willd.) Stem simple, erect, naked at the base, 
leafy at the summit, rising from a branching rhizoma. Leaves clus- 
tered, ovate, petioled. Flowers generally terminal, by threes, larger 
than those of any other species ; keel fimbriate ; wings obovate, atten- 
uate at the base. Lateral petals united with the keel nearly to the 
summit. — Purple. If. May — July. Mountains. 3 — 4 iuches. 

The P. senega or Seneca sna7ce-root is the only plant of this order appropriated 
to any use in this country, although several of the species are beautiful flowers, and 
would make ornaments of the flower garden. The root of the Senega is extensively 
used as a medicine, and possesses valuable properties : among the most important is 
its action as an expectorant. On this account it enters into the composition of most 
medicines for coughs, croup, asthma, and affections of the lungs. It is entirely an 
American medicine, being first used in Virginia. It is cathartic, and is used, in com- 
bination with other medicines, for this property. 

Genus II— KRAME'RIA. Loefl. 4—1. 
(In honor of Kramer, a German botanist.) 

Sepals 4 — 5, more or less irregular, colored, the innermost 
smaller. Petals 4 — 5, smaller than the sepals, three with long 
claws. Stamens 4, hypogynous, more or less unequal. Ovary 
1-celled, gibbous, hairy, or hirsute. Under-shrubs. 

1. R. lanceola'ta. Stem much branched from the base, silky or 
hirsute. Leaves alternate, simple or rarely 3-foliate. Flowers termi- 
nal and axillary, sometimes in secund racemes. Claws of the petals 
united. — Florida. 

Order XVI.— VIOLA'CE^E. 

Sepals 5, persistent ; aestivation imbricate, usually auricled, 
or elongated at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, marcescent, 
or deciduous, with an oblique, convolute aestivation, one-spurred 
at the base, generally unequal. Stamens 5, alternate with the 



ORDER XVI. VIOLACELE. 233 

petals ; anthers adnate, bilocular ; filaments extending beyond 
the anthers, two of them appendaged at the base. Ovary 1- 
celled, with 3 parietal placenta? ; capsule many-seeded, with 
a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds anatropous, with a conspicuous 
chalaza. Herbaceous plants. 

Genus I— VI'OLA. L. 5—1. 
(The Latin name of the plant.) 

Sepals 5, unequal, auricled at the base. Petals 5, irregular, 
with a horn at the base of one of them. Stamens 5 ; anthers 
cohering, the two lower ones with appendages on the back. 
Capsule 3-valved, 1 -celled. Seeds caruncled. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers nodding. Perennial, herbaceous plants. 

a. Without stems, scape and leaves arising from a rhizoma. Stigma 
with a recurved beak. 

1. V. peda'ta, (L.) Leaves pedate, 7-parted, segments entire, or in- 
cisely toothed, linear-lanceolate, slightly pubescent or glabrous. Stig- 
ma thick, margined ; beak short. Petals glabrous. — Blue or nearly 
white. If. April — May. Common in the middle and upper country of 
Georgia. 4 — 6 inches. 

2. V. palma'ta, (L.) Rhizo'ma. Leaves thick, cordate, very variable, 
pubescent, palmate, 5 — Y-lobed, lobes of various forms, toothed, the 
middle one the largest. Sepals lance-ovate, ciliate. Petals entire, 
veined, white at the base, lateral petals bearded, the upper one marked 
with blue lines. Early plant with almost entire leaves. A variable 
plant. — Bright blue, sometimes pale. If. May. Common. 4 — 6 
inches. 

3. V. cuculla'ta, (Ait.) Leaves reniform or cordate, cucullate, ser- 
rate, generally glabrous. Sepals subulate, acuminate. Petals white at 
the base, lateral ones bearded, which, with the upper one, are marked 
with blue lines. Stigma triangular, margined. 

There have been several varieties found of this species by botanists, 
but the situation and the time when observed, will account for nearly, 
if not quite, all the variations. In open dry places the plant is pubes- 
cent ; in spring, the leaves are almost uniformly cordate, in fall as uni- 
formly reniform ; the color of spring is blue, of summer, nearly or quite 
white. — Blue or purplish-blue. 2f . Common. 4 — 6 inches. 

4. V. septemlo'ba, (Le Carte.) Leaves ovate-cordate, slightly succu- 
lent, glabrous, dentate, lower leaves entire, the others pedate, 7-lobed, 
middle lobe the largest. Sepals lanceolate. Petals entire, upper ones 
large, villous, lateral ones densely bearded, marked with blue lines. — 
White. If . March. Low country of Car. and Geo. 

5. V. sagitta'ta, (Ait.) Leaves oblong, acute, cordate, sagittate, in- 
cised at the base, pubescent, slightly ciliate. Inferior petal glabrous, 
the rest bearded. Spur short, obtuse. 

Var. ova'ta. Leaves ovate, somewhat cordate ; petiole margined. 

Var. emargina'ta. Glabrous. Leaves almost triangular, lacerately 
toothed near the base. — Pale blue. If. March and April. Upper 
districts of Geo. and Car. 6 — 8 inches. 



234: ORDER XVI. VIOLACE.32. 

6. V. villo'sa, (Wal.) Leaves cordate, obtuse, pubescent, appressed, 
toothed, with purple veins. Sepals acute or obtuse. Petals villous, 
lateral ones bearded. — Pale blue. If. March and April. Sandy soil, 
common. 

I. Y. rotundifo'lia, (Mich.) Leaves orbicular, cordate, somewhat 
crenate, glabrous. Petiole pubescent. Sepals obtuse. Petals some- 
times emarginate, upper ones small, marked with a few brown lines. 
Spur short. — Yellow. 2f . May. Mountains. 

8. Y. primuljefo'lia, (L.) Leaves oblong, somewhat cordate, serrate. 
Petioles membranous. Petals entire, green at the base, lateral ones 
bearded. Stigma capitate, margined. — White. 2f. Feb. to April. 
Common. 2 — 3 inches. 

9. Y. lanceola'ta, (L.) Leaves lanceolate, narrow, glabrous, attenu- 
ate at the base into a long petiole, obtuse, cuneate. Peduncles reddish, 
of the length of the leaves ; divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. 
Petals entire, green at the base, the upper one marked with blue lines ; 
all beardless. — White. 2f. April — May. Damp places. 3 — 8 inches. 

b. With stems. Stigma convex, not margined. 

10. Y. stria'ta, (Ait.) Stem erect, glabrous, nearly terete, branching. 
Leaves roundish, cordate, acute, serrate, with conspicuous stipules, cili- 
ate. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Petals entire, upper one 
marked with blue lines, naked, glabrous, lateral ones bearded. Stigma 
tubular, recurved. — Yellowish- white. 2f . April — May. Common in 
moist places. 6 — 12 inches. 

II. Y. Muhlenber'gii, (Torrey.) Stem glabrous, terete, weak, as- 
surgent or prostrate. Leaves reniform-cordate, upper ones ovate, cru- 
ciate. Stipules lanceolate, sub-pinnate, serrate, ciliate. Sepals linear, 
acute, sub-ciliate. Petals without veins, lateral ones bearded, and with 
the upper one marked with blue lines. Stigma tubular, papillose. — 
Bluish-purple. If. May. Moist places. 6 — 10 inches. 

12. Y. hasta'ta, (Mich.) Stem simple, leafy at the summit, nearly 
glabrous. Leaves alternate, hastate, with obtuse lobes, and deltoid- 
lanceolate, slightly serrate, on short petioles. Stipules ovate dentate. 
Sepals lance-linear ; lateral petals slightly bearded. Stigma hairy on 
each side, with a furrow on the top. — Yellow. 2f . May. Upper dis- 
tricts of Georgia, Culloden. First discovered by Dr. James Green. 
6 — 12 inches. 

13, V. tripartita, (Ell.) Stem hirsute, simple, leafy only at the 
summit. Leaves deeply 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, dentate, very 
hairy sometimes ternate. Stipules villous, lanceolate. Peduncles long, 
with 2 minute, alternate scales near the middle. Sepals acute, the up- 
per petal streaked with purple. — Yellow. If . March — April. Upper 
districts of Geo. 8 — 12 inches. 

14 Y. pubes'cens, (Ait.) Stem terete, erect, villous, naked below. 
Leaves broad ovate, cordate, dentate, on short petioles. Stipules large, 
ovate dentate. Sepals lanceolate. Petals striate, lateral ones beard- 
ed. Stigma globose, strongly bearded on each side. — Yellow. 2f. 
April — May. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

15. V. Canadensis, (L.) Stem, erect, terete, nearly glabrous. Leaves 
broadly cordate, acuminate serrate, nerves pubescent. Stipules entire, 
membranaceous, oblong, sub-ovate. Sepals subulate, entire. Petals 






ORDER XVII. DROSERACE.E. 235 

entire, veined, upper one broad, expanding, lateral ones bearded, spur 
short, saccate. Stigma short, pubescent. Flowers odorous. — Different 
petals white, yellow, and violet. U- May. Woods. 6 in. 2 ft. 

c. With stems. Stigma urceolate, hairy on each side. 

16. V. arvex'sis, (D. C.) Stem angled, furrowed, glabrous. Leaves 
spatulate, ovate, lower ones nearly orbicular. Stipules pinnatifid. Se- 
pals ciliate, about equal in length to the petals. Petals with the lateral 
ones bearded. — Yellowish-blue, spotted with purple. fjj|. May. Mid- 
dle Geo. 10—12 inches. 

The plants of this genus have been objects of regard in all ages, and the heart's 
ease is much and justly esteemed for its modest beauty. The <palmata particularly 
is very mucilaginous, and is used by the negroes in their soups. The roots are all 
emetics, and the roots of plants belonging to this order are met with in commerce as 
Ipecacuanha. 

Genus II— SO'LEA. Gin. 5—1. 
(In honor of Mr. W. Sole.) 

Sepals 5, nearly equal, not auricled. Flowers irregular, the 
lowest petal 2-lobed, and somewhat gibbous at the base, the 
others emarginate. Stamens cohering, the two lowest bearing 
a gland above the middle. Stigma uncinate. Capsule 3-sided, 
surrounded at the base by a concave torus. Seeds 6 — 8, large. 

1. S. Conco'lor, (Gin.) Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oblong, lance- 
olate, somewhat erect, attenuated at each extremity. Lowest petal 
twice as long as the others. Stigma hooked, perforate. Spur short. — 
Greenish. 2f.. July — August. Mountains of Carolina. Near Table 
Rock. Culloden, Ga. 1—2 feet. 

Order XVIL— DROSERA'CE^E. 

Sepals 5, persistent, equal, estivation imbricate. Petals 5, 
hypogynous, marcescent. Stamens 5 — 10 — 15, distinct, mar- 
cescent, filaments capillary, or flattened ; anthers extrorse, in- 
nate. Fruit a capsule, 1 -celled, 3 — 5-valved, with parietal 
placentae, many-seeded, loculicidal. Styles 2 — 5, distinct, or 
connected at the base, each 2-parted or branched. Seeds ana- 
tropous. Herbaceous plants, generally glandular. Leaves al- 
ternate with circinate vernation. 

Genus I.— DROSE'RA. L. 5—6. {Dew-plant) 
(From the Greek drosera, dewy.) 

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3 — 5, each 2-part- 
ed or multifid. Capsules 3 — 5-valved, valves placentiferous to 
the summit. Seeds numerous in several rows on each placenta ; 
small herbs growing in wet places. Leaves bearing glandular 
hairs. 

1. D. rotundifo'lia, (L.) Without stem. Leaves orbicular, spread- 
ing, tapering at the base. Petiole long, hairy, appressed to the ground, 



236 order xvn. — droseracele. 

covered with glandular hairs, rufous. Scape 5 — 10-fiowered, with the 
calyx and scape of nearly the same color as the leaves. — White. %. 
April. Common in shaded spots. 4 — 10 inches. Bun-dew. 

2. D. longifo'lia, (L.) Stem terete, ascending or decumbent, spatu- 
late, oblong, erect, attenuate into a long naked petiole. Scape declined 
at the base. Petals short. Style very short. — White. If. June — Aug. 
Swamps of the middle and low country of Ga. 3 — 8 inches. 

3. D. brevifo'lia, (Pursh.) Leaves forming a dense tuft, not more 
than an inch in diameter, broadly cuneiform, obtuse. Petals obovate, 
more than twice the length of the calyx, 2 — 8 flowers in a scape. Scape 
filiform. Styles deeply 2-parted. — Rose-color. If. June. Florida. 
3 — 8 inches. 

4. D. filifor'mis, (Raf.) Leaves long, 6 — 10 inches, filiform, nearly 
erect, glandular, hairy , petiole naked. Scape sub-ramose, terete, gla- 
brous, 8 — 20-flowered. Petals obovate, erosely denticulate, much lon- 
ger than the calyx. Styles 2-parted to the base. — Nearly white. 2f . 
Aug. — Sept. Florida. 12 — 15 inches. 

Genus II— DIOIS^E'A. Ellis. 10—1. 
(One of the names of Venus.) 

Stamens 10 — 15. Stigma fimbriate. Capsule 2-celled, 
many-seeded, gibbous. 

1. D. muscip'ula, (Ellis.) Without stem. Leaves spreading. Pet- 
iole winged, foliaceous ; lamina articulated to the petiole, circular, arm- 
ed with stiff, spine-like cilia?, very sensitive ; when touched, it closes 
up with considerable force. Scape about 10-fiowered. — White. 2f. 
April — May. North and South Carolina, on the Cape Fear and Santee 
rivers ; in turfy sandy bogs. 6 — 12 inches. Venus' Fly-Trap. 

This is a most interesting plant. The " sensitiveness of its lamina 1 ' is said to reside, 
by the Eev. M. A. Curtis, " in only three or four hair-like processes of its upper sur- 
face, so placed that an insect can' hardly traverse it without interfering with one of 
them, when the two sides suddenly collapse and inclose the prey, the fringe or hairs 
of the opposite sides of the leaf interlacing like the fingers of two hands clasped to- 
gether." The circumscribed geographical section in which the plant has been found 
is remarkable. This plant is found only in the section above indicated, nor has this 
or any other species of the genus been found in any other quarter of the globe. 

Genus III.— PARNAS'SIA. Tourn. 5—4. 
(Named from Mt. Parnassus.) 

Sepals 5, more or less united, aestivation imbricate, united to 
the ovary at the base. Petals 5, nearly perigynous, persistent. 
Stamens 5, perigynous, alternate with the petals, with an indefi- 
nite number of ovate sterile stamens united into 5 phalanges 
opposite the petals ; these probably consist of two series, ac- 
counting for their being opposite the petals. Perennial herbs, 
growing in wet places. Capsule 4-valved. 

1. P. Carolinia'na, (Mich.) Leaves orbicular-ovate, or broad cordate, 
entire, glabrous, 5 — 7 -nerved on long petioles, 2 — 8 inches, rather cori- 
aceous. Cauline leaves low down, clasping. Stem 1 -flowered. Sepals 
email, united at the base, oval, 3-ribbed, with a membranaceous margin. 



ORDER XVni. CISTACE.E. 237 

Petals oval or ovate, with 5 — 7 green nerves. Sterile filaments in 5 
bunches, each composed of 3 filaments, distinct nearly to the base, about 
the length of the stamens, terminated by an awn. Anthers sagittate. 
Styles 4, short. — White. If. July — Aug. Near Columbia, S. C. 
10—20 inches. 

2. P. asarifo'lia, (Vent.) Leaves reniform, the cauline one nearly 
orbicular, slightly cordate, sessile. Petals ovate, broad, obtuse, un- 
guiculate ; sterile filaments separate nearly to the base, united by 
threes. Leaves and flowers larger than in the preceding species. — 
"White. 2£. July — August. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

Order XVIIL— CISTA'CEJE. 

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the outer smallest or wanting, 
the 3 inner with an imbricate and sometimes twisted aestiva- 
tion. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugitive, twisted in an opposite 
direction from the sepals. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, 
distinct. Anthers short, innate. Ovary 3 — 5-valved, 1-celled 
capsule, with a loculicidal dehiscence, or with the membranes 
bearing the placentae extending nearly to the center, making it 
imperfectly 3 -celled, and in the Lechea called 3 -eel led. Seeds 
3 to many, orthotropous. Perennial herbaceous plants. 

Genus L— HELIAN'THEMUM. Tourn. 12—1. 

(From helios the sun, and anthos, a flower; because the flower opens with the rising 
of the sun.) 

Sepals 5, unequal, the two exterior small, bract-like, and 
sometimes wanting. Petals 5, fugitive, or occasionally want- 
ing. Stigmas 3, large, more or less united into one. Capsule 
3-valved, few or many seeded, triangular. Sun-rose. 

1. H. Canaden'se, (Mich.) Stem erect, at first simple, afterward 
branched, branches hairy. Leaves, oblong-lanceolate, acute, hairy, pale 
beneath, margins revolute. Flowers of the stem few or solitary, termi- 
nal, large; of the branches axillary, small, nearly sessile, with very 
small or no petals. Petals erosely emarginate, double the length of the 
sepals. — Yellow. 2£. May — June. In dry soils. Middle Geo. and 
Car. 6 — 18 inches. 

2. H. cortmbo'sum, (Mich.) Stem branching, covered with stellular 
pubescence. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, canescent beneath. Flowers in 
terminal, corymbose cymes. Petals twice the length of the calyx; 
secondary flowers mostly apetalous. Sepals villous, the two exterior 
long and linear. — Yellow. 2£. April — May. Dry soils on the coast 
of Car. and Geo. 10 — 15 inches. 

3. H. Carolinia'num, (Mich.) Stem erect, hirsute, generally purple. 
Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, slightly denticulate, villous when young, 
crowded near the base of the stem, sometimes nearly orbicular. Flow 
ers near the summit of the stem, few, large. Sepals, the two exterior 
linear, expanding; the three interior larger, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 
Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous, unequal. Seeds 



238 ORDER xrx. — htpericaceje. 

numerous. — Yellow. 2£ . May — June. Dry soils, Geo. and Car. 6 — 
12 inches. 

This is a beautiful genus of flowering plants, of which Europe produces more than 
forty species, while North America produces only five. "We know not that our in- 
digenous species are cultivated, but well deserve it, beyond that of many imported 
plants. 

Genus II.— LE'CHEA. L. 3—3. 
(In honor of Leche, a Swedish naturalist) 

Sepals 3, with, two exterior, narrow, and bract-like. Petals 
3, minute, lanceolate. Stamens 3 — 12. Stigmas 3, on a short, 
somewhat united style, fimbriate. Capsule 3-valved, appa- 
rently 3-celled, with roundish placentae, nearly as broad as the 
valves, about 2-seeded. Perennial herbs. 

1. L. ma'jor, (Mich.) Stem herbaceous, branching, scabrous; young 
branches villous, radical branches tufted. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; 
those on the radical branches opposite, and sometimes nearly round on 
the stem, alternate. Flowers in lateral racemes, with short pedicels. 
Capsule somewhat 3-sided, depressed. Petals lanceolate, obtuse. An- 
thers bilocular, pink. — White. 2£. July — Aug. Sandy soils, common. 
1—2 feet. 

2. L. mi'nor, (Lam.) Stem erect, branching, pubescent ; radical 
branches, if any, hairy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered, or occa- 
sionally nearly verticillate. Flowers in terminal panicles, with ap- 
pressed pedicels. 

Var. racemulo'sa. Stem much branched near the summit, with sel- 
dom any radical branches. Leaves small, narrow. 

Var. tenufo'lia. Stein decumbent and assurgent, very much branch- 
ed, somewhat hairy. Leaves subulate, linear. Flovjers solitary, at the 
extremities of the branches. — White. 2±. Sandy soils, in middle Car. 
6 — 18 inches. 

3. L. thymifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem frutescent, decumbent at the base, 
much branched above, hoary-villous. Leaves linear, acute, numerous ; 
those of the procumbent radical branches small imbricate, elliptical. 
Flowers 2 — 6, at the extremities of the branches, in leafy panicles. 
Calyx tomentose. — White. 2f. Sandy soils. May — Aug. 10—15 
inches. 

Order XIX.— HYPERICA'CEJE. 

Sepals 4 — 5, cohering at the base, or distinct, persistent, un- 
equal ; aestivation imbricate. Petals hypogynous, as many as 
the sepals ; veins oblique, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens 
hypogynous, usually very numerous, polydelphous, usually in 
three parcels. Anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary composed of 
2 — 5 united carpels. Styles several, persistent. Capsule with 
a septicidal dehiscence, 1 — 2 — 5-celled ; when 1-celled, the pla- 
centae parietal ; when more than 1-celled, the placentae central. 
Seeds very numerous, anatropous. Embryo straight, cylindri- 
cal. Herbs and shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, without stip- 
ules, dotted. 






ORDER XIX. HYPERICACE^J. 239 

Genus I— ASCY'RTJM. L. 12—5. (St. Andrew's Cross.) 

(From a, privative, not, and shuros, hard— a soft plant.) 

Sepals 4 ; the two exterior usually broad and foliaceous ; the 
two interior smaller. Petals 4. Stamens usually united by 
their filaments into four parcels. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2- 
valved, with parietal placentae. Styles 2 — 3, occasionally 
united. Shrubby or suffructicose. Leaves usually with black 
dots. Flowers yellow. 

1. A. Crux-An'dre^e, (L.) Stem erect, much branched, spreading. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, dotted, small. Flowers soli- 
tary, axillary, and terminal. The outer sepals cordate, ovate, acute ; 
the interior small ; two small bracteal leaves at the base of the calyx. 
Petals linear-oblong. Styles 2. Capsule 2-valved, compressed. — Yel- 
low. If. July. Pine woods. Car. and Geo. 8 — 12 inches. 

2. A. pumi'lum, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, much divided, slightly wing- 
ed. Leaves lin ear-oval, small, obtuse, toothed, perennial. Flowers soli- 
tary, axillary ; exterior sepals ovate, acute, marked with dots. Petals 
obovate, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens numerous, not dis- 
tinctly united into parcels. Style 1, long. Capsule ovate. A variable 
plant. — Yellow. If. March. Pine barrens, middle Geo. 6 — 10 
inches. 

3. A. htpericoi'des, (L.) Stem erect, sparingly dichotomous, branch- 
ed, ancipital, slightly winged. Leaves sessile, opposite, somewhat 
clasping, oblong, obtuse, glaucous. Flowers terminal or axillary, on 
erect peduncles ; exterior sepals large, cordate-ovate, nearly orbicular, 
nerved, dotted. Petals obovate. Stamens very numerous. Styles 2. 
Capsule triangular. Seeds striate. — Yellow. ^ . Through the sum- 
mer. Damp soils. 

4. A. ahplexicau'le, (Mich.) Stem erect, sparingly branched; 
branches ancipital. Leaves broadly ovate, oblong, cordate, clasping. 
Flowers erect; exterior sepals cordate, broad. Petals obovate. Sta- 
mens very numerous. Styles 3. — Yellow. If. Through the summer. 
Southern Geo. and Florida. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. A. microsep'alum, (T. & G.) Stem nearly terete, much branched. 
Leaves very small, oblong-linear, crowded. Flowers erect, on long pe- 
duncles, large, clustered at the summit of the branches. Sepals nearly 
equal in length ; the exterior ones about a third broader than the 
others. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals ; one of them 
usually much shorter than the others. Styles filiform, long. — Yellow. 
March — ApriL Middle Florida. A foot or more high. 

Genus II.— HYPERICUM. L. 12—5. 
(Origin of the name doubtful.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base, foliaceous. Petals 5, oblique. 
Stamens numerous, united at the base into 3 — 5 parcels. Pis- 
tils 3 — 5, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with parietal placentae, 
or 3 — 5-celled. 

1. H. prolif'icuw, (L.) Stem shrubby or suffructicose, with dichoto- 



240 ORDER XIX. HYPERICACE^E. 

mous, aneipital branches. Leaves narrow, lanceolate. Sepals foliaceous, 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. 
Capsules 3-celled, ovate-oblong. — Yellow. ^ . June. Middle Geo. 
and Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. H. galioi'des, (Lam.) Stem terete, slender. Leases fasciculate, 
linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; margin revolute, dotted. 
Flowers axillary, terminal. Sepals linear, refiexed when mature. Pet- 
als obovate, with a tooth near the summit. Stamens numerous, scarcely- 
divided into parcels. Pistils 3. — Yellow. ^ . June — Aug. Wet 
places. Geo., Oar., and Florida. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. H. fascicula'tum, (Lam.) Stem branching, branches angled. 
Leaves linear, coriaceous, crowded, sessile, revolute, dotted. Flowers 
axillary, near the summit. Sepals linear, resembling the leaves. Pet- 
als oblong, ovate, toothed like the preceding. Filaments slightly co- 
hering into parcels. Pistils 3, united. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. — 
Yellow. ^ . June — Aug. Pine barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. H. au'reum, (Bar., ) amos'num, (Pursh.) Stem much branched, branch- 
es aneipital. Leaves oval, oblong, with slightly undulated margin, glau- 
cous beneath. Flowers axillary, solitary. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals 
ovate, refiexed. Stamens very numerous. Styles 3, separating as the 
fruit matures. — Yellow. *> . June — Aug. On the Ocmulgee, one mile 
above Macon. 2 — 3 feet. Golden Hypericun. 

5. H. myrtifo'liuh, (Lam.,) glau'cum, (Mich.) Stem terete, with a 
few branches near the summit. Leaves cordate-ovate, obtuse, clasping, 
glaucous, dotted, coriaceous. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, leafy. Sep- 
als ovate, refiexed. Petals about as long as the sepals, with a tooth 
near the summit. Stamens numerous, nearly as long as the petals. 
Styles 3, at first united, but separating as the fruit matures. — Yellow. 
"£. May — June. Wet places. Middle Geo. 18 — 24 inches. 

6. H. ambig'uum, (Ell.) Stem with numerous aneipital, opposite 
branches, with scaly bark. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, thin, mu- 
cronate, with a white point. Flowers axillary and terminal, near the 
summits of the branches. Sepals unequal, lanceolate, attenuate at the 
base. Petals oblique, obovate, with a tooth near the summit. Styles 
united. Capsule 3-celled. — Yellow. ^ . May — June. On the Conga- 
ree, near Columbia. 2 — 4 feet. 

7. H. mediflo'rum, (Mich.) Stem branching; branches angled and 
winged. Leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, punctate, with reddish 
dots, pale. Flowers in a dichotomous panicle. Sepals lanceolate, ob- 
long, or linear. Petals obovate, double the length of the calyx. Styles 
3, united at the base. Capsule 3-celled. — Yellow. ^ . Aug. — Sept. 
Swamps. Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

8. H. opa'cum, (T. & G.) Stem slender, with few, opposite, slender 
branches, nearly square, winged. Leaves narrow, oblong, sessile, punc- 
tate with minute brown dots, thick, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers in 
a naked cyme. Sepals oblong or obovate, unequal. Petals very ob- 
lique, double the length of the sepals. Pistils 3, united.— Yellow. ^ . 
July — Aug. Near Macon. 18 — 24 inches. 

9. H. fastigia'tum. Stem branching; branches aneipital. Leaves 
long, narrow-lanceolate, acute, connate, tapering at the base, dotted, 
paler on the under surface. Flowers in corymbs, with solitary flowers 
in the lower divisions of the corymbs. Sepals lanceolate, half the 



ORDER XIX. HYPERICACE.E. 241 

length of the petals. Styles united, not separating with the maturing 
of the fruit. — Yellow. £ . June — July. Low country, pine woods. 
2—3 feet. 

10. H. macula'tum, (Walt.) Stem terete, glaucous, erect, the whole 
plant dotted witli black. Leaves cordate-oblong and oval, clasping. 
Floicers numerous, in a compound panicle. Sepals lanceolate, united 
at the base. Petals obovate-oblong, double the length of the calyx. 
Stamens numerous. Pistils 3, longer than the stamens. Stigmas pur- 
ple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. — Yellow. If. May — Aug. Dry 
soils. Geo. and Car. 2 — 2 feet 6 inches. 

11. H. pilo'sum, (Walt.,) simplex', (Mich.) Stem terete, erect, virgate, 
tomentose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, appressed, dotted, acute, 
amplexicaul. Flowers in panicles. Sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate. 
Petals oblong. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled. — Yellow. ©. June — 
Sept. Common in the middle country, in wet places. 1 — 2 feet. 

12. H. angulo'sum, (Mich.) Stem erect, angled, branching toward 
the summit. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, amplexicaul, dotted, 
appressed. Floioers in a loose panicle, frequently in the divisions of 
the stem. Sepals united at the base, unequal, ovate, acute. Petals 
obovate, with a tooth near the summit. Pistils 3. Capsule 3-valved, 
1-celled. — Yellow. %. May — Aug. Wet places. 1 — 2 feet. 

13. H. parviflo'rtjm, (L.,) mu*tilum. Stem erect, branching, gla- 
brous, 4-angled. Leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, punctate. Flowers in 
the divisions of the stem. Sepals lanceolate. Petals oblong. Stamens 
10 — 20, longer than the corolla. Pistils 3, expanding. Capsule 1- 
celled, 3-valved. — Yellow. 0. July — Sept. Wet grounds, common. 
1—2 feet. 

14. H. Canaden'se, (L.) Stem slightly angled, dichotomous toward 
the summit. Leaves linear, sessile, tapering at the base, dotted. Sepals 
lanceolate, acute. Petals shorter than the sepals, oblong. Pistils 4 — 
5. Stigmas capitate. Capsule of a dull red color. — Yellow. @. June 
— Aug. Common in wet places. 6 — 12 inches. 

15. H. saroth'ra, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching from the base, fili- 
form, quadrangular. Leaves subulate, minute, opposite, appressed. 
Flowers minute, solitary, axillary. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals ob- 
long, linear, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Pistils 3, spreading. 
Stigmas capitate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, purple. — Yellow. ©. 
June — Aug. Common. 8 — 12 inches. 

Saroihra Gentianoides of Elliott. 

16. H. Drummond'lt, (T. & G.) Stem branching, terete below, quad- 
rangular above ; branches generally alternate. Leaves linear, acute, 
dotted. Sepals unequal, lanceolate. Petals oblong, longer than the 
sepals. Stamens 10 — 20. Pistils 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 
ribbed.— Yellow. 0. July— Sept. Middle Geo. 10— 18 inches. 

Sarothra Drummondii. 

"We are not aware, with one exception, that the hypericums are used for any other 
purpose than ornament. Some of them bear elegant flowers. The H. amamum 
Dears a splendid flower, of the richest golden yellow. It has been gathered from the 
banks of our streams and transferred to gardens, and it is hardly surpassed by any ex- 
otics in its claims on the florist's attention. The II. perforatum, an introduced spe- 
cies, and which covers the fields in the Northern and Middle States, has long enjoyed 
considerable reputation in the cure of diseases ; but with the faculty, we believe, it is 
pretty much abandoned, but still retains a place among the housewife's herbs. It is 
astringent, and possesses, no doubt, some of the properties of the turpentine. It is 
used for burns and bruises, in pectoral complaints, jaundice, and as a vermifuge. 

11 



242 ORDER XX. ILLECEBRACE^E. 

Genus III.— ELO'DEA. Ad. 12—5. 

(From the Greek elos, a marsh.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, unguiculate. Sta- 
mens 9 — 15, united into three parcels, with an intervening 
gland. Pistils 3, distinct, spreading. Capsule 3-celled, 3- 
valved. 

1. E. Virgin'ica, (Eutt.) Stem glabrous, terete, with opposite 
branches. Leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, clasping, glaucous under- 
neath. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes ; axillary ones about 
3-flowered ; terminal ones more numerous. Sepals oval, nerved, not 
dotted, glabrous. Petals oval or obovate-oblong, marked with reddish 
veins. Stamens usually 9. — Orange-purple. 2£. Aug. — Sept. Wet 
soils. 18 — 24 inches. 

2. E. pettola'ta, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous. Leaves petiolate, attenu- 
ated at the base, oblong-oval. Flowers opposite, by threes. Stamens 
united above the middle. Sepals oval, obtuse, with membranaceous 
margins. Petals lanceolate, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens 
9, in three parcels. Capsule 8-celled. — Orange-purple. If. Aug. — 
Sept. Around ponds and ditches. 2 — 2 feet 6 inches. 

Order XX.— ILLECEBRA'CEJE. 

Sepals 5, persistent, distinct, or united at the base. Petals 
5 or none, alternate with the sepals, minute, sometimes resem- 
bling sterile filaments. Stamens equal in number to the sepals, 
or fewer, and opposite them, perigynous, filaments distinct, an- 
thers 2-celled. Ovary compressed, of several carpels, with the 
dissepiments obliterated, so as to form a pyxidium, with central 
placentas, 1 or many seeded. Seeds campylotropous. Embryo 
more or less curved. Herbaceous plants, with opposite, entire 
leaves, with scabrous stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Style 1, filiform, petals none, or subulate Siphonychia, 3 

Styles or stigmas more than 1 2 

2. Styles 5 Spergula, 6 

Styles less than 5 . . 3 

3. Styles 3 4 

Styles 2 *. 5 

4. Flowers in fascicles, terminal, stipules multifid Stipulicida, 4 

Flowers cymose Polycarpon, 5 

Flowers axillary, solitary Spergula, 6 

5. Sepals cuspidate, or curved at the summit Paronychia, 1 

Sepals sub-saccate at the apex Anychia, 2 

Genus I— PARONYCHIA. Jus. 5—1. 
(From the Greek paronuchia, something that cures maladies of the nails.) 

Sepals united at the base, cuspidate or curved at the summit ; 
the inner portion colored, cucullate, or concave at the summit. 



ORDER XX. ILLECEBRACE.E. 243 

Petals resembling sterile filaments, very minute or wanting. 
Stamens 5, inserted into the edge of the disk that lines the base 
of the sepals. Stigmas 2. Styles more or less united. Pyx- 
idium inclosed in the sepals. 

1. P. dichot'oma, (Nutt.) Stem branching from a thick woody base, 
glabrous. Leaves opposite, subulate, mucronate, dotted, with 4 stipules 
at each joint. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, diffuse. Sepals yellow- 
ish, linear, 3-ribbed, lined with a whitish disk. Style filiform, cleft about 
one-fourth its length. — U- July — Nov. North and South Carolina. 
Texas. 6 — 12 inches. 

2. P. argyroco'ma, (Nutt.) Root fusiform. Stem terete, jointed, 
branching, dichotomous, glabrous toward the summit. Leaves linear, 
acute, slightly hairy, with 2 stipules, sometimes 4, longer than the joints. 
Flowers in glomerate cymes. Sepals linear, hairy, setaceously cuspidate, 
the inner portion bearded above. — If. Aug. Mountains. 4 — 10 inch. 

3. P. hernarioi'des, (Nutt.) Stem diffusely branched, prostrate. 
Leaves sessile, oblong-oval, ciliate, mucronate. Flowers sessile in the 
axils of the leaves. Sepals subulate, mucronate, expanding. Stipules 
longer than the leaves. — If. Upper districts of S. Car. and Geo. 

Genus II.— ANY'CHIA. Mich. 5—1. 
(Name of similar origin with the preceding, application not apparent.) 

Sepals ovate-oblong, united at the base, slightly concave, 
sub-saccate at the apex, sub-mucronate on the back. Corolla 
none. Stamens 2 — 5, inserted on the base of the sepals. Pis- 
tils very short, 2. Styles distinct or united. Annual plants, di- 
chotomously divided. 

1. A. Canadensis, (Ell.) Stem erect or decumbent at the base, much 
branched at the summit, dichotomous, pubescent. Leaves opposite, 
nearly glabrous, sessile, dotted. Stipules generally four at each joint, 
membranous. Flowers solitary, and terminal on each branch. Sepals 
somewhat hooded at the point. Stamens commonly 3, shorter than the 
calyx. Stigmas 2. — 0. July — Aug. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 
4 — 10 inches. 

2. A. Baldwin'ii, (T. & G.) Stem decumbent, diffuse, branching from 
the base. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Stamens 5. Styles distinct nearly 
to the base. — @. Middle Florida. 

Genus III— SIPHONY'CHIA. T. & G. 5—1. 

Sepals 5, cohering below into a tube, petaloid above, concave 
at the summit. Petals none, or subulate, filaments like the pet- 
als inserted into the tube of the calyx. Stamens 5. Style fili- 
form, about the length of the calyx. 

1. S. America'na, (Nutt.) Stem branching, diffuse, procumbent, mi- 
nutely and retrorsely puberulent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, 
slightly hairy beneath, shorter near the summit. Flowers in glomerate 
cymes, at the extremities of the branches numerous. Sepals white 
above, minutely hispid, with hooked bristles at the base. — %. July — 
August. Middle Georgia. 



244 ORDER XX. ILLECEBRACE^J. 

Genus IV.— STIPULI'CIDA. Mich. 3—1. 
(From stipula, a stipule, and ccedo, to cut, the stipule being divided.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base, or separate. Petals 5, narrow, 
oblong, cuneate. Stamens 3. Pistils 3, with short styles. 
Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 

1. S. seta'cea, (Mich.) Stem erect, dichotomous, setaceous. Leaves 
near the root opposite, spatulate, petiolate ; of the stem small, setaceous. 
Stipules multifid. Flowers minute, in small terminal fascicles. — White. 
0. May. Middle Geo. Common. 6 — 10 inches. 

Genus V.— POLYCAR'POK L. 3—3. 
(Fom the Greek polus, many, and karpos, fruit or seed.) 

Sepals 5, distinct, ovate, acuminate, keeled, unequal. Petals 
5, linear, emarginate, shorter than the sepals, persistent. Sta- 
mens 3, longer than the corolla. Pistils 3, styles united, short. 
Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. 

1. P. tetraphyl'lum, (L.) Stem ascending, much branched, glabrous, 
striate, knotted. Leaves opposite and by fours, obovate, obtuse, gla- 
brous, entire, narrowed at the base ; several membranous stipules at each 
joint. Flowers in corymbose panicles, dichotomous, with a flower in 
each division. Petals much shorter than the sepals. — White. @. May 
— June. Charleston. Introduced. 3 — 6 inches. 

Genus VI— SPER'GULA. Bart. 10—5. 
(From spargo, to scatter.) 

Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 — 10, some- 
times only 2, inserted with the petals. Pistils 3 — 5. Capsule 
3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular, or 
reniform. 

1. S. arven'sis, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves verticillate, subu- 
late-linear, numerous at each joint. Flowers in dichotomous panicles, 
with a flower in each division. Petals longer than the sepals. Pistils 
5. Seeds margined. — White. #. May — August. Common. 10 — 12 
inches. 

2. S. decum'bens, (Ell.) Stem branching, decumbent. Leaves linear, 
subulate, glabrous, opposite, connected by a stipular membrane. Flow- 
ers on solitary or axillary peduncles. Sepals persistent. Petals ob- 
long, obtuse, persistent. Stamens 10, as long as the calyx. Stigmas 5, 
nearly sessile. Seeds small. — White. ©. March — April. Common. 
1 — 4 inches. 

3. S. ru'bra, (T. & G.) (Arenaria rubra. A. Canadensis.) Stem 
much branched, glabrous, procumbent and assurgent, succulent. Leaves 
linear, subulate, fleshy, mucronate. Stipules ovate, cleft, membranaceous. 
Flowers axillary, solitary. Sepals lanceolate, with membranaceous mar- 
gins. Petals lanceolate. Stamens variable, 2 — 10. Stigmas glandular. 
— Pale rose-color. %. April — May. Salt marshes. 3 — 6 inches. 



OKDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 245 



Order XXI.— CARYOPHYLLA'CEJE. Juss. 

Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or united at the base into a tube, per- 
sistent. Petals 4 — 5, sometimes wanting, hypogynous, unguic- 
ulate, inserted on the pedicel of the ovary, or destitute of claws, 
and inserted on a nearly perigynous disk. Stamens generally 
twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them. Fila- 
ments sometimes cohering. Ovary stipitate. Pistils 2 — 5, 
with the stigmatic surface extending the whole length. Cap- 
sule 2 — 5-valved, 1-celled, rarely 2 — 5-celled, dehiscence locu- 
licidal, or by the apex, by the capsule splitting into twice as 
many teeth as stigmas, with a central placenta. Seeds campy- 
lotropous. Herbs, with tumid nodes. Leaves opposite, or in 
whorls. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Calyx tubular 2 

Calyx not tubular 3 

2. Styles 2 Saponaria, 8 

Styles 3 Silene, 6 

Styles 5 Lychnis, 7 

3. Capsule 3-celled Mollugo, 1 

Capsule 1-celled 4 

4. Petals 2-parted Stellaria, 4 

Petals entire 5 

5. Capsules opening by 10 teeth Cerastium, 5 

Capsules opening by 3 — 5 valves 6 

6. Pistils 3 Ar&naria, 3 

Pistils 4 or 5 Sagina, 2 

Genus I— MOLLU'GO. L. 3—3. 
(The Eoman name of this or some similar plant.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, minute, or more fre- 
quently none. Stamens 3 — 5, opposite the sepals. Styles 3. 
Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. 

1. M. yerticilla'ta, (L.) Stem prostrate, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
spatulate — those toward the summit lanceolate, generally verticillate, 
with 6 in a whorl. Flowers axillary in sessile umbels. Sepals expand- 
ing, 3-nerved, with membranaceous margins. Stam ens usually 3. Styles 
3. Stigmas plumose. — April — Sept. Common. 

Genus II.— SAGI'NA Bart. 4—4. 
(From sagina, fatness, in allusion to its fattening sheep.) 

Sepals 3 — 5, united at the base. Petals 4 — 5, or more. 
Stamens 4 — 10. Styles 4 — 5. Capsuled — 5-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1. S. Procum'bens, (L.) Stem procumbent, glabrous. Leaves linear, 
clustered at the extremity of the branches. Flowers on solitary, axil- 
lary peduncles. Petals about half the length of the sepals, or none. — 
Barren fields. South Carolina. 2 — 4 inches. 



246 OEDER XXI. — CAKYOPHYLLACE.3E. 

Genus III.— ARENA'MA. L. 10—3. 
(From arena, sand, in which the species grow.) 

Sepals 5, expanding. Petals 5, entire. Stamens almost 
always 10. Pistils 3. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, many -seeded. 

1. A. serpyllifo'lia, (L.) Stem diffuse, dichotomously divided, re- 
trorsely pubescent. Leaves ovate, ciliate. Flowers axillary, or in the 
divisions of the stem, solitary. Sepals hairy, acuminate, lanceolate, 
somewhat unequal. Petals oval, erect, shorter than the sepals. Sta- 
mens unequal, shorter than the calyx. Stigmas 3, simple. — White. 0. 
April — May. Common in dry pastures. 3 — 6 inches. 

2. A. squakro'sa, (Mich.) Stem much divided near the base, glandular 
pubescent. Leaves short, subulate, the lower ones densely squarrose- 
imbricate, rather obtuse, upper ones few. Flowers in terminal panicles, 
few-flowered. Sepals ovate, obtuse, without nerves. Petals obovate, 
three times as long as the sepals. — White. If. April — June. Sand- 
hills. Common. 6 — 10 inches. 

3. A. stric'ta, (Mich.) Stems diffusely-casspitose, glabrous, branched 
from the base. Leaves subulate, linear, erect, 1-nerved, fascicled in the 
axils. Flowers in a few-flowered panicle. Sepals ovate, rigid, 3-ribbed. 
Petals oblong-ovate, longer than the sepals. — White. 2f . May — June. 
Mountains. 4 — 6 inches. 

4. A. gla'bra, (Mich.) Stems filiform, decumbent at the base, caespi- 
tose, glabrous. Leaves linear, spreading, almost setaceous. Flowers 
8 — 12. Sepals oval, obtuse, membranaceously margined, nerveless. 
Petals obovate-oblong, twice the length of the sepals. — White. %. 
June — July. Mountains. 4 — 6 inches. 

Genus IV.— STELLA'RIA. L. 10—3. (Ohickweed.) 

(From stella, a star, the form the petals assume.) 

Sepals 5, expanding, somewhat united at the base. Petals 
5, 2-parted, often perigynous. Stamens 10, or fewer by sup- 
pression. Pistils 3, or rarely 4. Capsules 3-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1. S. me'dia, (Smith.) Stem procumbent, with an alternate pubes- 
cent line. Leaves ovate, glabrous. Flowers terminal or axillary. Sep- 
als hairy. Petal oblong, deeply divided, hypogynous. Stamens 3 — 
10. Pistils 3.— White. 0. March— Oct. Common. 4—8 inches. 

2. S. prostra'ta, (Bald.) Stem procumbent, slightly channeled, fis- 
tulous, slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate or cordate, acute, smooth, the 
lower ones on slender ciliate petioles. Flowers solitary. Sepals erect, 
ovate. Petals deeply divided, segments linear. Stamens usually 1. — 
White. <j|. March — April. Flor. 1 — 4 feet long. 

3. S. pube'ra, (Mich.) Stems decumbent, with two opposite pubes- 
cent lines. Leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate. Flowers axillary, solitary. 
Sepals with membranaceous margin. Petals deeply divided, longer 
than the sepals. Stamens 10. Pistils 3.- — White. May. In rich soils 
6 — 12 inches. 

4. S. uniflo'ka, (Walt.) {Arenaria glabra of Ell.) Stem branching, 



ORDER XXI. OARYOPHYLLACE^I. 247 

glabrous, erect, slender. Leaves subulate, acute, slightly connate. 
Flowers on filiform, axillary peduncles. Sepals oblong, persistent. 
Petals obcordate, emarginate, twice the length of the sepals. — White. 
0. May. In the low country, swamps. 10 — 12 inches. 

5. S. lanugixo'sa, (T. & G.) {Areyiaria diffusa of Ell.) Stem branch- 
ing, diffuse, decumbent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, alternate at 
the base. Flowers on solitary, axillary, 1-fiowered peduncles. Sepals 
ovate, acute, persistent. Petals oval, very small, or entirely wanting. 
— White. #. April — June. Damp soils, 2 — 3 feet long, supporting 
itself on small plants. 

Genus V.— CERAS'TIUM. L. 10—5. (Chickweed.) 
(From the Greek keras, a born, the shape of the capsules.) 

Sepals 5, somewhat united at the base. Petals 5, 2-cleft, or 
emarginate. Stamens 10, seldom a less number. Pistils 5. 
Capsules 1-celled, 5-valved, dehiscing at the apex, producing 
10, rarely 5 teeth, many-seeded. 

1. C. vulga'tum, (L.) (C. hirsutum of Ell.) Stem procumbent, 
branching, fistulous, hirsute. Leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, connate. 
Flowers in dichotomous panicles with a flower in each division. Sepals 
persistent, with membranaceous margin. Petals oblong, expanding, 
double the length of the sepals. Stamens unequal Styles short. 
Stigmas glandular. — White. 0. April — Sept. Very common. 6 — 12 
inches. 

2. C. visco'sum, (L.) Stem hirsute and viscid, diffuse. Leaves lance- 
olate-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in a loose cyme. Petals obovate, scarce- 
ly longer than the calyx. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. 
— White, 2f.. May — Sept. Old pastures, common. 

3. C. arven'se, (L.) Stems declined at the base, retrorsely pubes- 
cent. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Flowers few on an 
elongated peduncle. Sepals obtuse, half the length of the petals. Pe- 
tals obcordate. — White. 2£. May — July. Rocky places. 2 — 8 inches. 

Genus VI— SILE'NE. L. 10—3. 
(From sialon, saliva, from the viscid substance on the stem.) 

Sepals 5, united into a tube. Petals 5, unguiculate, with 
long claws, usually crowned at the summit of the claw ; limb 
2-cleft. Stamens 10, inserted on the stype of the ovary. Pis- 
tils 3. Capsule 3-celled, opening at the apex with six teeth. 

1. S. stella'ta, (Ait.) Stem erect, branching, minutely pubescent. 
Leaves verticillate by fours, broad-lanceolate, acute. Flowers in pani- 
cled cymes. Petals fimbriate, not crowned. — White, y. Through 
the summer. So. Car. Dry woods. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. S. Ova'ta, (Pursh.) Stem simple, erect, pubescent, many from the 
same root. Leaves broad at the base, lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, 3- 
nerved. Flowers in cymose panicles. Calyx ovate. Petals 4-cleft; 
lobes multifid. No crown. — White. It- Car. and Geo. 2 — 4 feet. 

3. S. quinquevui/nera, (L.) Stem divided from the base, hairy, hir- 



MS ORDER XXI. CARYOPHYLLACE^J. 

sute. Leaves cuneate-oblong, obtuse, upper ones linear. Flowers in 
spikes. Sepals ver y villous. Petals with nearly round lamina, small; 
crown bind. — Pink-color. ©. July. On the coast 8 — 12 inches. 

4. S. Pennsylva'nica, (Mich.) Stem viscidly pubescent, numerous 
from the same root. Leaves lanceolate-acute, radical ones cuneate. 
Floicers in trichotomous panicles, terminal. Calyx tubular, viscid, 5- 
cleft, slightly ventricose. Claws of the petals a little longer than the 
calyx, crowned with a 2-lobed leaflet. Limb erosely crenulate, eniar- 
ginate. — White or rose-color. If. April — June. Middle and low 
country. 8 — 10 inches. 

5. S. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect and generally simple, pubescent, 
viscid. Leaves of the stem oblong-lanceolate; radical ones spatulate, 
with ciliate petioles. Calyx slightly ventricose. Petals obovate, 
deeply 2-cleft. Stamens exserted. — Bright crimson. If. June — 
July. On the coast. 12 — 18 inches. 

6. S. re'gia, (Sims.) Stem large, rigid, viscid, branched above, the lower 
nodes approximate, swollen. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Flow- 
ers many, in cymes. Calyx tubular, long, 10-striate. Petals usually 
entire, broad-lanceolate. Stamens and styles exserted. — Bright scarlet. 
If. June — July. Lou. 4 — 5 feet. 

1. S. antirrhi'na, (L.) Stem pubescent near the base, occasionally 
spotted. Lower leaves spatulate, pubescent along the midrib. 
Flowers in dichotomous panicles, with a flower in each division. Calyx 
10-nerved. Petals sometimes wanting, small, 2-cleft. Stamens nearly 
as long as calyx, sometimes 5, abortive. — White. %, March — April. 
Moist soil. Common along rivers in middle and lower Georgia. 1 — 2 
feet. 

8. S. fihbria'ta, (Bald.) Stem weak, pilose ; lower leaves obovate 
or spatulate, ciliate, obtuse ; upper leaves small, lanceolate, pubes- 
cent. Flowers in a 3 — 5-flowered cyme. Petals with the limb broadly 
cuneiform, fimbriate. — White. 2£. April. Common about Macon, 
Geo. 6 — 8 inches. S. Baldwinii, Nutt. 

Genus VII— LYCH'NIS. D. C. 10—5. (Agrostema, L.) 
(From luehnos, a lamp.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-sided. Petals 5, unguiculate ; limb entire. 
Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule usually 1-celled, or partly 5- 
celled, at the base. 

1. L. Githa'go, (Lam.) Stem hirsute, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, 

linear-lanceolate. Segments of the calyx longer than the corolla. 

Flowers solitary, large. — Purple. ©. June — July. Introduced. 18 

— 20 inches. Corn Cockle. 

Genus VIII.— SAPONA'BJA. L. 10—2. 

(From sapo, soap.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 
10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 

1. S. Officinalis, (L.) Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves ovate-lance- 
olate or oval, opposite, connate, 3-nerved, glabrous. Flowers in clus- 



ORDER XXTI. PORTULACACE2E. 

tered panicles, frequently double ; crown of the petals linear. — White, 
tinged with red. U- Through the summer. Introduced. 12 — 20 
inches. 

Genus IX.— DIANTHUS. L. 10—2. 
(From the Greek dios, divine, and anthos, a flower.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with scales at the base. Petals 5, 
with long claws. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. 

1. D. Carolinia'na, (Walt.) Flowers aggregated, on long peduncles, 
pink. Scales of the calyx half as long as the tube. 

Order XXII.— PORTULACA'CE^E. Juss. 

Sepals 2, seldom 3 — 5, cohering at the base. Petals gen- 
erally 5 ; aestivation imbricate. Stamens 5, and opposite the 
petals, inserted with them into the base of the sepals. Anthers 
versatile. Styles 3-cleft, stigmatose within. Capsule 1-celled, 
with a transverse dehiscence. Placenta central. Seeds numer- 
ous, campylotropous. Embryo curved. Succulent plants. 
Leaves without stipules. 

Genus I— PORTULAC'A. L. 12—1. 
(From porto, to carry, and lac, milk.) 

Calyx cohering to the ovary, 2-parted. Petals 4 — 6, in- 
serted on the calyx, equal. Stamens 8 — 20. Styles 3 — 6- 
cleft at the apex, or parted. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. 

1. P. olera'cea, (L.) Stem fleshy, spreading on the ground. Leaves 
cuneiform, obtuse, fleshy. Flowers sessile, in clusters, axillary and 
terminal, small. — Yellow. ®. Introduced. Purslane. 

Genus II— TALI'XUM. Adans. 12—1. 
(Snpposed to be derived from thalia, a green branch, in allusion to its verdure.) 

Sepals 2. Petals 5, distinct or somewhat united at the base. 
Stamens 10 — 20. Style filiform, cleft at the apex. Capsule 
1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 

1. T. teretifo'lium, (Pursh.) Steml — 4 inches long. Leaves terete, 
subulate, fleshy. Flowers in cymes. Peduncles elongated, 3 — 8 inches, 
naked.— Purple. 2f. N. C. 

Genus III.— CLAYTO'NIA. L. 5—1. 

(In honor of John Clayton.) 

Calyx 2-sepaled. Petals 5, hypogynous, obcordate, emar- 
ginate, bifid, sometimes entire, unguiculate, the claws more or 
less connate. Stamens 5, inserted into the claws of the petals. 
Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds smooth 
and shining. Herbs with simple stems. 

11* 



250 ORDER XXIV. GERANIACEJ3. 

1. C. Carolinia'na, (Mich.) Root tuberous. Eadical leaves long- 
petioled, spatulate ; cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, one or two 
pair on a stem. Flowers in racemes, on a nodding pedicel. Sepals 
obtuse. Petals nearly round, with purple veins. — Rose-colored. %. 
March. Mountains. 

2. C. Virgin'ica, (L.) Radical leaves few, linear-lanceolate ; cauline 
ones a single pair, linear-attenuate at the base, glabrous. Flowers in 
a simple raceme. Peduncles 1 — 2 inches long, nodding. Sepals lance- 
olate-acute, persistent. Petals oval, obtuse, striate, much longer than 
the sepals. Anthers erect, oblong, rose-colored. — Rose-colored. If. 
March — April. Near Columbia and Macon. Spring-beauty. 

Order XXIIL— LINA'CE^E. D. C. 

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation. Petals 
5, alternate with the sepals, with a twisted aestivation, hypogy- 
nous, unguiculate. Stamens 5. Anthers attached by the mid- 
dle. Pistils 5. Styles few, spreading. Stigmas capitate. 
Capsule globose, or by false dissepiments, 10-celled; dehiscence 
septicidal. Seeds suspended, anatropous, ovate, compressed, 
mucilaginous when moistened. Herbaceous plants, annuals. 

Genus L— LI'NTJM. L. 5—5. 

(Latin linum, a thread.) 

There is but this genus belonging to this order, and the description 
of the order will suffice for the genus. 

1. L. Vlrginia'ntjm, (L.) Stem erect, smooth, branching above, gla- 
brous. Radical leaves ovate, spatulate ; cauline ones alternate, linear- 
lanceolate. Flowers in corymbose panicles, lax. Sepals acute, ovate. 
Petals small. Capsule nearly globose. — Yellow. ©. May — June. 
Common in Middle Car. and Geo. 18 — 36 inches. Wild Flax. 

2. L. rig'idum, (Pursh.) Stem angled, branched above. Leaves lin- 
ear, acute, rigid, with scabrous margins. Sepals broad-lanceolate, cus- 
pidate, with scabrous margins, with S strong nerves. Yellow. |j|. 

The Linum usitatissamum, the common Flax, has hecome almost naturalized in 
some parts of the United States, and is the only species which is appropriated to any 
use ; but the others possess similar useful properties. The woody fibre of the bark is 
the material from which all linen fabrics are manufactured, and a mucilage com- 
posing a part of the testa of the seed is used in medicine", and a fixed oil, contained in 
the kernel of the seed, is the common painters' 1 oil, known under the name of Lin- 
seed Oil. 

Order XXIV.— GERANIA'CE^E. D. C. 

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation, ribbed, 
one sometimes spurred or saccate. Petals 5, hypogynous, un- 
guiculate, distinct. Stamens hypogynous, monadelphous, 10. 
Ovary composed of 5 carpels, arranged around the extended 
axis. Styles 5, cohering round the axis, the stigmatic surface 
within the summit. Carpels distinct in fruit, each 1 or 2 seed- 
ed, dehiscing by the inner suture. Seeds pendulous, anatro- 



ORDER XXV. — BALSAMINACE.E. 251 

pous, without albumen. Embryo curved, cotyledons plaited. 
Stems tumid, and separate at the joints. 

Genus I.— GERA'NIUM. L. 15—10. 

(From geranos, a crane ; the long termination of the carpels gives it the name of 
Crane's-bill.) 

Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, alternate 
ones larger, with nectariferous scales at the base. Carpels ter- 
minated by long awns. 

1. G. macula'tum, (L.) Stem erect, retrorsely pubescent, dichoto- 
mous, somewhat angled. Leaves opposite, 3 — 5-parted, notched. Seg- 
ments cuneate, pubescent. Flowers few, the terminal peduncle 2-flow- 
ered. Sepals hairy, oblong-lanceolate. Petals villous, obovate, cune- 
ate, entire. — Purple. If. April — May. Common. 

Crow-foot. Spotted Crane's-bill 

2. G. Carolinia'num, (L.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, pubescent, 
diffusely branched. Leaves opposite, 5-lobed, 3-cleft. Flowers in the 
divisions of the stem. Peduncles 2-flowered. Sepals ovate, hairy, 3- 
nerved, mucronate. Petals obovate, emarginate, equal in length to the 
sepals ; five exterior stamens shortest. Stigmas 5. Seeds oval, mi- 
nutely reticulated. — Rose-color. @. March — June. Common about 
cultivated lands. 

Order XXV.— BALSAMINA'CE^E. Rich. 

Sepals 5, apparently only 4, from the union of the two upper 
ones, and sometimes only 2, the lowest one spurred ; aestivation 
imbricate. Petals 4, united so as to appear but 2, hypogynous. 
Stamens 5, hypogynous. Filaments subulate. Anthers 2- 
celled. Ovary 5 -celled, with a central placenta. Stigmas 5, 
sessile. Fruit 1 or 5 celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
suspended. Embryo straight, anatropous. Succulent herbs. 
Flowers axillary. 

Genus I.— IMPA'TIENS. L. 5—1. 
(Latin impati&ns, impatient, from the bursting of the seed-vessel when touched.) 

Sepals apparently only 4. Petals apparently only 2. Sta- 
mens 5, more or less united at the summit. 

$ 1. I. pai/lida, (ISTutt.) (L Noli Tangere of Ell) Stem much branch- 
ed, succulent, smooth. Leaves oval or ovate, serrate ; teeth mucronate, 
on long petioles, glabrous. Lower sepal broad, spurred. — Yellow. 
@. July — Sept. Common in wet places. 2 — 5 feet. 

Balsam. Snap-weed. 
2. I. ful'va, (Nutt.) (I. biflora of Ell.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, ser- 
rate ; teeth mucronate. Peduncles 2 — 4-flowered. Lower sepal acute- 
ly cordate, with a long resupinate spur. Flower spotted with brown 
spots. Plant similar to the preceding. — Deep orange. %. July — Octo- 
ber. Swamps. 



252 OKDER XXVII. ZYGOPHYLLACE^:. 



Order XXVI.— OXALIDA'CE^E. D. C. 

Sepals 5, distinct or slightly cohering at the base, persistent; 
sestivation imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, unguiculate, equal, 
with a twisted ^estivation. Stamens, those alternate with the 
petals shorter. Anthers innate, 2-celled. Ovary composed of 
5 united carpels, opposite the petals, 5-angled, 5-celled, with 5 
filiform styles. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-valved capsule, 1 — 12- 
seeded. Seeds anatropous, with a loose fleshy testa, which 
bursts when the seeds are mature. Embryo straight, with a 
long radicle and foliaceous cotyledon. Plants herbaceous, with 
an acid juice. 

Genus I— OXA'LIS. L. 10—5. ( Wood-sorrel.) 

(From oxalis, acid, from the sourness of the leaves.) 

Sepals 5, distinct or slightly cohering at the base. Petals 5. 
Stamens 10, those opposite the petals longer, monadelphous at 
the base. Styles 5. Capsule 5-angled. Seeds one or several ; 
tegmen ribbed, rugose. 

1. 0. viola'cea, (L.) Bulb scaly. Scape umbelliferous, 3 — Y-flow- 
ered. Leaves obcordate, ternate, glabrous, dotted. Flowers large. 
Sepals lanceolate, obtuse, with an orange-colored 2-cleft gland at the 
summit. Petals obovate. Stigmas 2-cleft. — Violet-colored. 2£. March 
— May. Rich soils. Common. 6 — 9 inches. 

2. 0. cornicula'ta, (L.) Stem decumbent, branched, leafy, pubes- 
cent. Leaves glabrous on the upper surface, hairy underneath, ciliate. 
Flowers generally two on each peduncle. Sepals pubescent, erect, cili- 
ate. Petals emarginate. — Yellow. If. Feb. — May. Low country. 

3. 0. stric'ta, (L.) Stem erect, leafy, branching, hairy. Flowers in 
small umbels. Peduncles 2 — 6-flowered. Petals obovate, generally 
entire. Leaves alternate near the base of the stem, in verticillate clus- 
ters towards the summit ; leaflets obcordate. Styles not half as long 
as the shortest stamens, recurved. — Yellow. |fji. April — May. Common. 

Order XXVIL—ZYGOPHYLLA'CEtE. R. Br. 

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, obovate ; aestivation convolute. 
Stamens 10, hypogynous, the 5 opposite the petals somewhat 
abortive. Ovary of 5 carpels, apparently 10-celled, with an 
ovule in each cell. Style conical, furrowed. Stigma capitate, 
ribbed. Fruit a regma, with 5 or 10 indehiscent cocci. Seeds 
anatropous. Embryo green, with foliaceous cotyledons. Her- 
baceous plants, with opposite stipulate leaves. 



ORDER XXVIII. ZANTHOXYLACEiE. 253 

Genus I— KALLSTRGE'MIA. Scop. 10—1. 
(From an obscure botanist) 

1. K. max'ima, (T. & G.) Stems procumbent, diffuse, trailing, pubes- 
cent. Leaves pinnate, generally with 3, sometimes 4 pairs of leaflets. 
Leaflets oblong, mucronate, slightly falcate, pubescent beneath, the ter- 
minal one largest. Flowers on solitary, axillary, 1-flowered peduncles. 
Calyx persistent. Petals obovate, longer than the calyx, withering. 
Cocci gibbous below, tubercled. — Yellow. 2£. June — Sept. Intro- 
duced from the West Indies. Savannah. 1 — 2 feet long. 

Order XXVIII.— ZANTHOXYLA'CE^E. Ad. Juss. 

Flowers dioecious or perfect, regular. Sepals 3 — 7, cohering 
at tbe base. Petals as many as the sepals or none, aestivation 
twisted- con volute. Stamens as many or twice as many as the 
petals. Filament distinct. Anthers introrse. Ovaries as many 
as the sepals, or sometimes fewer, distinct or united. Fruit of 
several drupes, or baccate or membranaceous, 2 — 5 -celled, sar- 
cocarp fleshy, separable from the endocarp. Seeds anatropous, 
solitary or in pairs, pendulous. Embryo lying within fleshy 
albumen. Trees or shrubs, usually with prickles. 

. Genus I.— ZANTHOX'YLUM. L. 20—5. 
(From tbe Greek xanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood.) 

Dicecious. Sepals usually 5, small, united at the base. 
Corolla none. Stamens 3, 5, 6, or 8, those of the pistillate 
flowers rudimentary. Pistillate flowers sometimes with a co- 
rolla. Styles 2, 3, or 5, and ovaries as many. Carpels crusta- 
ceous in fruit, 2-valved, 1 — 2 -seeded. Seeds black, shining, and 
globose when solitary, hemispherical when in pairs. 

1. Z. America'num, (Will.) (Z. Clava, Herculis of Linn.) A shrub, 
with the branches armed with strong stipular prickles. Leaves pinnate. 
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, nearly sessile, more or less pubescent. Flow- 
ers in axillary umbels, greenish. — ^ . April — May. 

Prickly-ash. Toothache-bush. 

2. Z. Carolinia'num, (Lam.) (Z. tricarpium of Ell.) A small tree, 
with numerous expanding branches, bark with prickles. Leaves pin- 
nate, alternate ; leaflets obliquely lanceolate, crenate, serrulate, gla- 
brous, shining above. Flowers in terminal panicles. Sepals minute. 
Petals long-oval, longer than the sepals. Stamens usually 5, but varia- 
ble. Styles 2 — 3, incurved. Capsule 1 -seeded. Leaves and bark very 
pungent to the taste. — June. On the coast of Car., Geo., and Florida. 
12—20 feet. Prickly-ash. 

Genus LT.— PTE'LEA L. 4—1. 

(From tbe Greek ptelea, the Greek name for Elm.) 

Dicecious. Sepals 4, united at the base. Petals 4, spread- 



254 OEDER XXIX. — ANACAKDIACE.E. 

ing, much larger than the sepals. Stamens 4, alternate with 
and longer than the petals. Filaments hairy on the inside. 
Fruit a samara, 2-celled, with one seed in each cell, wing retic- 
ulated. 

1. P. trifolia'ta, (L.) A shrub, branching; the young branches pu- 
bescent. Leaves ternate. Leaflets sessile, ovate, the terminal one at- 
tenuate at the base, obscurely crenulate. Flowers in terminal panicles. 
Petals oval, pubescent, greenish. Flowers with a disagreeable odor. — 
Greenish. May — June. Middle Car. and Geo. 6— 8"feet. 

Ailanthus glandulosa, or Tree of Heaven, has become a very common and very 
troublesome tree. It has little or nothing to recommend it, and its unpleasant odor, 
when in bloom, and the innumerable shoots it sends up in all its neighborhood, are 
great drawbacks to its cultivation. It belongs to this order. 

Order XXIX.— ANACARDIA'CEiE. R. Br. 

Dicecious or perfect, regular. Sepals generally 5, distinct, 
or united at the base. Petals of the same number as the sep- 
als, or none, when present inserted into a glandular disk at 
the bottom of the calyx, Eestivation imbricate. Stamens the 
same number as the sepals, and opposite them, or twice as many, 
anthers introrse. Ovary solitary, of 1 — 5 carpels, all but one 
abortive, 1 -celled. Styles usually 3, distinct or united. Stig- 
mas 3. Fruit usually drupaceous, 1 -seeded. Seed erect or sus- 
pended, anatropous. Embryo curved. Albumen none. Vines 
and shrubs, or small trees with a caustic juice. Cotyledons fo- 
liaceous. 

Genus I.— RHUS. L. 5—3. 
(From the Greek rous, red, in allusion to its fruit.) 

1. R. ttphi'na, (L.) A shrub or small tree, branches very villous. 
Leaves unequally pinnate, 11 — 31 leaflets, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, 
a-cutely serrate, pubescent beneath. Petioles sometimes 2 — 3 feet 
long, villous. Flowers often polygamous or dioecious, in dense panicles. 
Fruit a compressed drupe, covered with an acid, crimson, velvet-like 
down. Cellular tissue of the wood orange-color, with a strong aromatic 
odor. Juice resinous, copious. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . June. 15 — 20 
feet. Middle Georgia, in dense bunches, on rich land. 

Stag-horn Sumach. 

2. R. gla'bra, (L.) A large shrub, with milky juice, glabrous, gener- 
ally tinged with purple. Leaves pinnate, with 13 — 31 leaflets, lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate, smooth, acutely serrate, glaucous beneath. 
Flowers in terminal, thyrsoid panicles, often dicecious. Fruit clothed 
with crimson acid hairs. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . July. Around fields, 
common. 6 — 12 feet. Smooth Sumach. 

3. R. pumi'la, (Mich.) A procumbent shrub, villous. Leaves pinnate, 
about 11 leaflets, oval or oblong, toothed, pubescent. Flowers in ter- 
minal panicles, nearly sessile. Fruit clothed with a red silky pubes- 
cence. Said to be very poisonous. — ^ . July. Upper country. 10 — 
14r inches. 






ORDER XXX. AMYRIDAC^LE. 255 

4. R. copalli'na, (L.) A branching shrub ; branches pubescent. 
Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 9 — 21, obliquely-lanceolate, slightly revolute, 
glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower, unequal at the 
base. Petiole winged and jointed. Flowers in terminal panicles, some- 
what leafy. Fruit red, hairy, sour. — Dull yellow. ^ . Aug. Com- 
mon. 3—12 feet. Sumach. 

5. R. ver'nix, (L.) A shrub, with glabrous branches, poisonous. 
Leaflets 7 — 13, membranaceous, oval, acuminate, entire, glabrous. 
Flowers in slender panicles, axillary, mostly dioecious. Fruit sub-glo- 
bose, smooth, greenish- white. — Greenish. *> . May — June. Middle 
and upper districts of Geo. and Car. 

Poison Sumach. P. venenuto, D. C. 

6. R. toxicodendron, (L.) A small, slender shrub. Leaves trifoliate, 
somewhat pubescent ; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboidal, acuminate, the 
lateral ones nearly sessile, unequilateral. Flowers in axillary racemes. 
Fruit sub-globose, white, poison. — White. T ? . April — May. Com- 
mon in dry pine woods. 2 — 6 feet. Poison Oak. Poison Vine. 

7. R. rad'icans, (L.) This plant agrees in many respects with the 
R. toxicodendron, and is made a variety of that species by Torrey & 
Gray. A large vine, climbing the highest trees, giving out radicles all 
along the stem, which enter the bark of the tree, and afford support to 
the vine; small glabrous branches numerous. Leaves ternate, ovate, 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, generally entire, lower ones rhomboidal. 
Differs entirely in habit from the R. t., preferring damp places. Fruit 
white. — Yellow. ^ . May. Common. 40 — 60 ft. long. Poison Ivy. 

8. R. aromat'tca, (Ait.) A small aromatic shrub ; the young branch- 
es tomentose. Leaves pubescent when young, glabrous and coriaceous 
when old, ternate. Leaflets sessile, rhomboid-ovate, incisely toothed, 
the terminal one narrowed at the base. Flowers dioecious, in axillary 
compact panicles, amentaceous. Fruit nearly spherical, light red, his- 
pid, acid. — Yellow. ^ . May — June. Upper districts of Car. and 
Geo. 2—3 feet. 

Order XXX.— AMYRIDA'CE^E. R. Br. 

Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 4, small, persistent. Petals 
4. Stamens hypogynous, 8. Ovary solitary, simple, 1-celled, 
on a thickened disk ; ovaries 2 — 6, pendulous. Fruit drupa- 
ceous, 1 -seeded. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. 

Genus I.— AMY'RIS. L. 8—1. 
(From the Greek a, and muron, balm.) 

Genus same as the Order. 

1. A. Florida'na, (Nutt.) A shrub. Leaves on very short petioles, 
3-foliate ; leaflets ovate, strongly veined. Flowers somewhat panicled. 
Drupes sub-globose. — White. East Florida. 

Order XXXI.— AURANTIA'CE^. Corr. 

Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate or campanulate. Petals 
4 — 5, broad at the base, inserted on an hypogynous disk. Sta- 



256 

mens usually not less than 10 ; filaments dilated at the base. 
Ovary several-celled, composed of several carpels. Style 1, cy- 
lindrical. Fruit pulpy, 1 or more celled, with a thick rind, 
containing receptacles of volatile oil. Seeds anatropous, raphe 
distinct. Trees or shrubs. 

Genus I. — LIMO'NIA L. 10 — 1. {Lime, Lemon, and Orange.) 
(From limoun, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals 4 — 5. Stamens 8 — 18. 
Filaments subulate. Anthers cordate, receptacle elevated. Fruit 
4 — 5-celled, or by abortion fewer. 

1. L. acidis'sima, (L.) Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-oval, cre- 
nate ; spines geminate. Flowers odorous. Fruit yellowish, about the 
size of a nutmeg. Pulp very acid, flesh-colored. — Florida, 

Genus II.— CITRUS. L. 10—1. {Kitria, lemon-tree.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Filaments dilated at the 
base, in several parcels. Fruit 9 — 1 8-celled. 

1. C. med'ica, (L.) Leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear petioles, not 
winged. — Asia. Citron. 

2. C. limo'num, (L.) Leaves oblong, acute. Stamens 25 — 35. Styles 
usually wanting. Fruit yellow, with a thin rind, very sour.- — Asia. 

Lemon. 

3. C. auran'tium, (L.) Leaves oval-oblong. Stamens about 20. Fruit 
globose, with sweet pulp. — Asia. Orange. 

Order XXXII.— TERNSTRGEMIA'CE^E. Mirb. 

Sepals 5, deciduous, concave, coriaceous, aestivation imbri- 
cate. Petals 5, united at the base, alternate with the sepals. 
Stamens numerous, monadelphous, generally adhering to the 
base of the petals. Oy an/ 5-celled, situated on a flattened to- 
rus. Placenta central. Styles 5 or 6, distinct or united. Fruit 
5 or 6 celled ; capsule baccate, or coriaceous and indehiscent. 
Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, large. Embryo straight 
or curved. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers large and showy. 

Genus I— GORDO'OTA Ellis. 15—12. 
(In honor of Gordon, a London nurseryman.) 

Sepals 5, coriaceous, broad, ovate, or nearly round, imbri- 
cate. Petals 5, united at the base. Styles 5, united, forming 
a five-angled column. Capsule ligneous, 5-celled, 5-valved, with 
2 winged seeds in each cell. 

1. G. lasian'thus, (L.) A large tree, with light, coarse-grained, ma- 



ORDER XXXIII. MALVACEAE. 257 

hogany-colored wood. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, alternate, glabrous, 
attenuate at the base, coriaceous, lucid on both sides, perennial, serrate. 
Flowers solitary, axillary toward the summit of the branches. Sepals 
silky, ciliate, ovate, nearly round. Petals hairy on the outside, obovate, 
united at the base, with the stamens forming a short tube. Stamens 
very numerous. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — White. ^ . May — Aug. 
Swamps and wet lands near the coast. 60 — 80 feet. Holly-bay. 

2. G. pubes'cens, (L'Her.) A tree, with spreading branches, the 
young branches smooth, pubescent at the summit. Leaves oblong-cu- 
neate, sharply serrate, shining on the upper surface, hoary beneath, thin, 
somewhat membranaceous. Flowers solitary, axillary, on short thick 
peduncles. Sepals nearly round, silky beneath. Petals obovate, silky 
on the outer surface. Stamens unequal, numerous. Styles short. Cap- 
sule nearly globular. — White. ^ . June — Aug. On the Altamaha. 
40—50 feet. 

Genus II— STUAR'TIA. Cav. 15—12. 

(In honor of John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base, lanceolate. Petals 5, united at 
the base. Stamens very numerous, monadelphous, with the 
tube united to the base of the petals. Styles 5, distinct or 
united. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, somewhat ligneous. Seeds 
2 in each cell slightly margined. Shrubs with showy flowers. 

1. S. Viegin'ica, (Cav.) A handsome shrub, with somewhat genicu- 
late branches, pubescent when young. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, serrate, pubescent beneath. Flowers solitary or by pairs, axillary, 
on very short peduncles. Sepals united, forming a campanulate calyx, 
persistent, mucronate, 2 ovate bracts at the base, and with the sepals 
covered with a silky pubescence. Petals 5, a little hairy, obovate. Fil- 
aments purple, hairy at the base. Styles united. Stigmas 5-lobed. 
Capsule hairy. — White. \ • May. Rich soils. Middle Car. and Geo. 
8 — 12 feet. S. malachodendron, L. 

2. S. pentagyn'ia, (L'Her.) A shrub very much like the preceding. 
Sepals lanceolate, bracteolate. Petals larger than the preceding, undu- 
late, deeply crenulate. Styles distinct. Capsule hairy, with 5 angles, 
ligneous. — Cream-colored. *> . June. Mountains. Car. and Geo. 
8—12 feet. 

Order XXXIIL— MALVA'CE^. Juss. 

Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at the base, often 
calyculate, sestivation valvate. Petals hypogynous, equal the 
number of sepals. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypo- 
gynous. Anthers reniform. Pollen hispid. Ovary composed 
of several carpels, generally united, with as many styles. Fruit 
usually capsular, seldom baccate ; cells 1 or many seeded ; de- 
hiscence loculicidal or septicidal. Seeds campylotropous or he- 
terotropous. Embryo curved with foliaceous cotyledons. Herbs 
or shrubs. Leaves alternate. 



ORDER XXXin. MALVACEAE. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Calyx having no involucel 4 

Calyx having an involucel 2 

2. Involucel many-leaved 5 

Involucel 3-leaved 3 

3. Carpels with 2 horns Modiola, 3 

Carpels without horns MaVoa, 2 

Carpels without horns, yellow Malope, 1 

4. One ovule in each cell Sida, 7 

Three or more ovules in each cell .Abutilon, 6 

5. Styles 10, cells 1-seeded Malvaviscus, 4 

Styles 5, cells several-seeded Hibiscus, 8 

Genus I— MALO'PE. L. 15—12. 

(From the Greek malos, tender; soft leaves.) 

Sepals 5, united, with 3 setaceous bracteoles, hairy. Capsules 
with many distinct carpels, each 1-seeded, aggregated. 

1. M. malacoi'des, (L.) Stem sparingly branched, with hairs near 
the summit. Leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse at the base, glabrous on the 
upper surface, hairy along the veins beneath. Flowers axillary, soli- 
tary. Petals about twice as long as the sepals. Capsules hispid. Seeds 
compressed. — Yellow. @. Virginia. 

Genus II— MAL'VA. L. 15—12. 

(From malaJce, soft, in allusion to the mucilaginous qualities of the species.) 

Sepals 5, united, with 3 bracteoles at the base, both hairy. 
Carpels generally more than 5, arranged circularly, indehiscent. 

1. M. rotundifo'lia, (L.) Stern prostrate, hairy. Leaves 5 — Y- 
lobed, cordate, orbicular, on long petioles ; lobes obtuse, hairy. Flowers 
axillary ; bracteoles subulate, nearly as long as the sepals, hairy. Style 
many-cleft. — White. If May — July. About buildings. 1 — 2 feet 
long. 

2. M. papa'ver, (Cav.) Stem herbaceous, prostrate, 1 — 2 feet long, 
hairy. Petioles long (5 — 6 inches), hairy. Leaves digitate. Lobes 
from 3 — 5, long ; margins and nerves bristled. Peduncles long (5 — 6 
inches), hairy. Calyx usually double, the interior 5-parted ; margins 
and nerves furnished with acute bristles. Petals 5, obtuse, fringed, or 
laciniate on the exterior margins, large, dark purple. — In pine woods. 
Florida and southern parts of Georgia. 

Croom in Sill. Jour., vol. xxvi. p. 313. 

Genus III.— MODIO'LA. Moen. 15—12. 
(From modiolus, the nave of a wheel, in allusion to the arrangement of the carpels.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, with 3 bracteoles at the base. Carp>els ar- 
ranged circularly, 2-valved, spuriously 2 -celled, 2 -seeded. 

1. M. multif'ida, (Mcen.) (Malva Carolinia'na of Ell.) Stem dif- 
fuse, hirsute, prostrate. Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, obtuse, cordate at the base. 
Lobes dissected. Carpels numerous, hispid, with 2 subulate horns, lu- 
nate, compressed, united in a truncated head. — Red. %. April — 
June. Common about buildings. 



OKDEE XXXIII. MALVACEAE. 259 

Genus IV.— MALVAVIS'CUS. Dill. 16—12. 
(From malva, mallows, and viscus, glne.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. 
Petals erect, convolute. Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, 1- 
seeded, united or distinct. 

1. M. florida'nus, (Nutt.) A small shrub, hirsute. Leaves cordate- 
ovate, hispid, crenately serrate, 1 — 2 inches long. Peduncles axillary ; 
involucel 8 — 9-leaved. Flowers nodding, solitary. — Scarlet. 2f . East 
Florida. 

Genus V.— GOSSYP'IUM. L. 15—12. 
(From an Arabic word which signifies soft.) 

Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3- 
leaved involucel, cordate, deeply toothed or incised. Stigmas 
3 — 5. Capsule 3 — 5-celled ; dehiscence loculicidal, many- 
seeded. Seeds imbedded in the cotton. Cotton. 

1. G. herba'ceum, (L.) Stem smooth, pubescent. Leaves usually 3 — 
5-lobed, pubescent; lobes sometimes rounded, acuminate, mucronate. 
Flowers yellowish-white, turning to red when old. — Native of India, 
Africa, and Syria. Common Cotton. 

2. G. Barbaden'se, (L.) Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, with 3 glands beneath. 
Flowers large, with a purple spot at the base of each petal. — Yellowish, 
finally turning red. Native of Barbadoes. Sea-Island Cotton. 

Fourteen species of cotton are described by authors, but many of them probably 
are only varieties. 

Genus VI— ABUTILON. Dill. 15— 12. (Sida Abutilon of Ml.) 
(The Greek for the Mulberry, applied to this from the resemblance of its leaves.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, naked. Style multifid. Ovary 5 or many- 
celled, 3 — 5 seeds in a cell. 

1. A. Avicen'n^e, (Gaert.) Stem 2 — 4 feet, with spreading branches. 
Leaves broad-cordate, velvety, tomentose, acuminate, crenately toothed. 
Carpels generally 15, 3-seeded, birostrate, hairy. Peduncles solitary or 
in pairs, 1 — many-flowered. — Orange-yellow. %. Introduced. Road- 
sides. 

Genus VII.— SI'DA. L. 15—12. 
(The Greek name of a plant resembling the Althaea.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, angled, without an involucel. Ovary 5 or 
many-celled, with a single ovule in each. cell. Capsules con- 
sisting of 5 or more carpels, commonly 2-valved. 

1. S. spino'sa, (L.) Stem branching, finely pubescent. Leaves alter- 
nate, cordate-oval, or broad-lanceolate, serrate. Stipules setaceous, 
with a spinose tubercle at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short 
peduncles. Calyx pubescent. Petals obovate. Stigma 5-cleft. Car- 
pels 5, easily separated when mature, 2-lobed. — Yellow. @. May — 
July. Sandy soils. 1 — 2 feet. 



260 ORDER XXXIII. — MALVACEAE. 

2. S. Elliott'ii, (T. & G.) Stem slender, herbaceous, nearly glabrous, 
with spreading branches. Leaves linear, serrate, varying in width, ob- 
tuse at the base, nearly glabrous. Flowers axillary. Segments of the 
calyx broad. Petals emarginate, striate, expanding. Styles many-cleft. 
Carpels 10, united into a spherical head, glabrous. — Yellow. 14 . 
Aug. — Sept. On the coast of Car. and Geo. 2 — 4 feet. Sida glaber. 

3. S. his'pida, (Pursh.) Stem branching, stellular tomentose. Leaves 
lanceolate, serrate, slightly hairy on both surfaces. Flowers on small 
axillary branches, crowded, and nearly sessile. Calyx angular, hairy. 
Petals rather longer than the calyx. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. 
Sandy soils. 

4. S. rhombifo'lia, (L.) Stem suffructicose, branching, stellular pu- 
bescent. Leaves in alternate clusters, hairy on the upper surface. 
Flowers axillary and usually solitary, on peduncles much longer than 
the petioles. Carpels 10 — 12, with 2 subulate horns. Petals obovate. 
Calyx angular ; segments very broad, acuminate. — Yellow. If. July 
— Sept. Dry pastures. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. S. gla'bea, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves 
linear, oblong, and lanceolate, incisely and unequally serrate. Flowers 
axillary, crowded. Calyx wide, plaited. Varying very greatly in size, 
from a few inches to two feet. — Yellow. ©. Florida. 

Genus VIII— HIBIS'CUS. L. 15—12. 
(From hibiscos, one of the names for Mallow.) 

Calyx consisting of 5 sepals, united at tbe base with a 5- 
toothed summit, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel, usu- 
ally distinct. Petals 5. Stigmas 5. Capsules 5-valved, 5- 
celled, many-seeded ; dehiscence loculicidal. 

1. H. Moscheu'tos, (L.) Stem suffructicose, erect, slightly tomentose, 
branching. Leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate, often with 3 acuminate 
lobes, tomentose underneath. Flowers axillary, attached by a long pu- 
bescent peduncle to the base of the petiole. Calyx persistent, pubes- 
cent ; involucel 1 — 5-leaved, subulate, acute. Petals obovate, retuse. 
Styles exserted. Capsule ovate. — White, rose-color, crimson at the cen- 
ter. If . Aug. — Sept. Margins of ponds. 3 — 5 feet. 

2. H. Viegin'icus, (L.) Stem and leaves tomentose. Leaves cordate- 
ovate, acuminate, those on the middle of the stem 3-lobed. Flowers in 
paniculate racemes, nodding. Calyx tomentose, the involucel 8 or 9 
leaved, subulate. Petals fringed and hairy on the outer surface. Cap- 
sules hispid, with acute angles. — Rose-color. 2f. July — Sept. In 
wet soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

3. H. aculea'tus, (Walt.) Whole plant very scabrous, with minute 
recurved prickles. Leaves, the lower ones cordate and angular, upper 
ones palmately 3 — 5-lobed, the lobes obovate, dentate. Flowers axil- 
lary, at the upper parts of the branches. Calyx hispid, 5-lobed, each 
segment 3-ribbed. Petals hairy on the outer surface. Capsule hairy. 

—Yellow. 2£. June — Sept. In wet places. 3 — 6 feet. 

4. H. inca'nus, (Wend.) Stem tall, minutely tomentose. Leaves 
ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, tomentose on both surfaces. Flow- 
ers very large, axillary, solitary, on peduncles jointed near the middle, 



OEDEE XXXIV. TILIACE^. 261 

confluent with the petiole. — Yellow. 1±. July — Aug. Southern Geo. 
3 — 5 feet. 

5. H. Carolinia'nus, (Muld.) Stem smooth, tall. Leaves cordate, 
acute, serrate, acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, sometimes ob- 
scurely 3-lobed. Flowers axillary. Calyx slightly scabrous ; involucel 
12-leaved. Petals pubescent on the inner surface. — Purple. If. July 
— Sept. Raised by Elliott, from seed obtained from Wilmington 
Island, Geo. 4 — 6 feet. 

6. H. milita'ris, (Cav.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves hastate, 
3-lobed, acuminate, serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary ; involucels 12 
— 14-leaved, incurved, linear, subulate. Corolla tubular, campanulate, 
finely pubescent. Capsule ovate, 5-valved, 5-celled, glabrous. — Rose- 
color. If.. July — Sept. Common on the banks of streams in the 
middle country. 3 — 4 feet. 

7. H. specio'sus, (Ait.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves palmate, 5- 
parted, alternate, cordate ; lobes irregularly-serrate, generally with 
colored veins. Flowers solitary, axillary, on peduncles jointed near the 
summit; involucels 12 — 15-leaved, subulate. Petals 4 — 5 inches long, 
obovate, a little pubescent near the base. Capsule glabrous, ovate, 
acute, obscurely angled. Seed pubescent. — Red. 2{. July — Sept. 
Southern Georgia and Florida. 4 — 8 feet. 

The flowers of this genus are very showy, and though coarse, form a conspicuous 
and beautiful ornament of the flower garden. They are used for no other purpose 
than ornament, with a single exception. An Egyptian species affords seeds which are 
employed in preparation of perfumery, on account of their peculiar odor, resembling 
musk. The plants of this order are wholesome, yielding, some of them, a mucilage in 
large quantity, which is employed as demulcents and emollients. The Olcra is the 
seed-vessel of the Abelmosckus esculentus or Hibiscus esculentus. 

Order XXXIV.— TTLIA'CE.zE. Juss. 

Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous, with a valvate aestivation. Petals 
4 — 5, hypogynous. Stamens generally numerous, hypogy- 
nous, distinct. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 4 — 10 united 
carpels, with as many stigmas. Styles united. Fruit 2 — 5- 
celled. Capsule with several seeds in each cell. Seeds anatro- 
pous. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flowers ax- 
illary. 

Genus I— COR'CHORUS. L. 12—1. 
(The Greek name of a pot-herb.) 

Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 5, hypogynous. Stamens indefinite, 
rarely equal the number of petals. Styles short. Stigmas 2 — 
5. Capsule 2 — 5-celled, with a loculicidal dehiscence, pod-like. 
Seeds numerous. Nearly herbaceous. 

1. C. siliquo'sus, (L.) Stem branching. Leaves ovate or broad-lan- 
ceolate, serrate. Flowers generally with 4 sepals and petals, late in 
the summer, often 5. Capsule pod-shaped, 2-valved, many-seeded, lin- 
ear. — Yellow. 21 • Through the summer. 



262 ORDER XXXV. — MELIACE^E. 

Genus II.— TIL'IA. L. 12—1. 

(Latin name of the genus.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base, deciduous. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each cell, globose. Fruit ligneous or coriaceous, sometimes 
only 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded. Trees with simple, alternate, cor- 
date leaves. Flowers with the peduncle attached to an oblong, 
foliaceous bract. 

1. T. America'na, (L.) A large, beautiful tree, with light, soft, white 
wood. Leaves obliquely-cordate, nearly orbicular, glabrous, somewhat 
coriaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. Sepals lanceolate, pubescent 
without, woody within. Petals truncated at the summit, longer than 
the sepals. Fruit small, covered with a grayish pubescence. — Yellow- 
ish. J 2 . May — June. On the coast, from Penn. to Geo. 20 — 60 feet. 

2. T. al'ba, (Mich.) Leaves cordate, glabrous, pubescent beneath, 
sparingly toothed. Flowers in loose panicles. Petals emarginate. 
Styles longer than the petals. — Yellowish. ^ . May — June. On the 
coast, from Penn. to Geo. 30 — 50 feet. 

3. T. pubes'cens, (Ait.) Trees with young branches pubescent, old 
ones glabrous. Leaves alternate, cordate, glabrous on the upper sur- 
face, pubescent beneath, serrate, slightly mucronate. Flowers with the 
sepals scarcely united, deciduous, lanceolate, acute, tomentose. Petals 
lanceolate, longer than the calyx, crenulate at the summit. — Yellow. 
"*? . May — June. Fertile soils. Low and middle country. 20 — 60 
feet. 

Order XXXV.— MELIA'CEJE. Juss. 

Sepals 5, united at the base, with an imbricate aestivation. 
Petals 5, hypogynous, longer than the sepals, often cohering at 
the base or attached to the stamen tube. Stamens usually 10, 
usually with united filaments. Anthers sessile, within the ori- 
fice of the tube. Ovary 5-celled, 1 — 2 ovules in each cell. 
Fruit capsular, 5-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds mostly anatropous ; 
cotyledons foliaceous ; albumen fleshy. 

Gekus I.— ME'LIA. L. 10— 1. 

(The Greek name for Ash ; reseinhlance to it in its leaves.) 

1. M. Azed'arach, (L.) A medium-sized tree, with thick, spreading 
branches. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets smooth, about 5 together, ob- 
liquely ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Flowers in axillary panicles. Pet- 
als glabrous or very slightly pubescent. 

This tree, although a native of Persia, has become naturalized in the Southern 
States. It affords a good shade, and is not subject to the attacks of insects. The bark 
of the root has been used as a vermifuge, administered in decoction. It possesses 
narcotic properties, and should be followed by some cathartic medicine. 



ORDER XXXVH. VITACE^E. 263 



Order XXXVI.— CEDRELEA'CE^E. R. Br. 

Calyx short, 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 4 — 5, alternating with the 
segments of the calyx. Stamens twice the number of the petals, 
the opposite ones shorter. Ovary 5-celled, situated on a torus. 
Fruit a woody 3 — 5-celled capsule. 

Genus I.— SWIETE'NIA. L. 10—1. 

(Id honor of Van Swieten, a Dutch botanist.) 

Genus same as the order. 

1. S. Mahog'oni, (L.) A large tree, with reddish-brown wood. 
Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets small, usually 4 pairs, ovate-lanceo- 
late, unequal at the base. Flowers in panicles, axillary. South Amer- 
ica, Honduras, Southern Florida. Mahogany. 

Order XXXVII.— VITA'CILE. Juss. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals 4 — 5, caducous. Flowers 
dioecious. Stamens equal the number of petals and opposite 
them. Filaments sometimes slightly cohering. Anthers ver- 
satile. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, surrounded at the 
base by an expansion of the torus. Styles short or none. 
Stigma simple. Fruit a globose, pulpy berry. Lower leaves 
opposite, upper alternate. Flowers sometimes polygamous, 
small, greenish. Climbing shrubs. 

Genus L— VI'TIS. L. 5—1. 

(From a Celtic word signifying the best of trees.) 

Calyx scarcely toothed, small. Petals 4 — 5, spreading, or 
more generally united at the top, caducous. Ovary usually 2- 
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry, 1 — 3-celled 
and 1 — 5-seeded. Peduncles usually changed into tendrils. 

1. V. rotundifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem twining, ascending the highest 
trees, with smooth bark, sometimes not climbing ; branches verrucose. 
Leaves cordate, both surfaces shining, glabrous ; small tufts of hair at 
the junction of the veins, obscurely 3-lobed, toothed. Flowers in ra- 
cemes, composed of numerous small umbels, polygamous. Fruit large, 
with a coriaceous integument, pleasant to the taste. — Yellow. *j . May 
— June. Common in the middle and low country of Georgia and Car- 
olina. V. vulpica, (X.) Lull-grape. Muscadine-grape. Fox-grape. 

2. V. cordifo'lia, (Mich.) Leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla- 
brous, often slightly 3-lobed. Flowers numerous, in loose racemes. 
Fruit small, sour, nearly black when ripe. — Yellow. ^ . Common on 
the banks of streams. May. Winter-grape. Frost-grape. 

3. V. ripa'ria, (Mich.) Leaves unequally incised and toothed ; teeth 
very coarse, acuminate, somewhat 3-lobed ; petioles, margins, and 



264 ORDER XXXVII. VITACE^. 

veins pubescent. Flowers fragrant, in loose racemes. Fruit small, 
dark purple. — Yellow. ^ . May — July. Along the margins of rivers 
in the upper country. Winter Grape — pleasant fruit. 

4. V. ^estiva'lis, (Mich.) Stem very long, glabrous ; young branches 
tomentose. Leaves broadly cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, ferruginous, tomen- 
tose beneath when young, coarsely and unequally toothed, sometimes 
not lobed. Flowers in racemes, opposite the leaves, polygamous or di- 
oecious. Fruit small, black, very sour. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . May. 
In rich soil. Summer Grape. 

5. V. labrus'ca, (L.) A large vine, covering the loftiest trees; 
branches covered with a ferruginous pubescence. Leaves broadly cor- 
date, lobed, and angled ; repand toothed, tomentose beneath. Racemes 
small, fertile. Fruit dark purple, globose, large, of a disagreeable fla- 
vor. From the seeds of this species have been produced several very 
highly esteemed garden varieties. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . June. Rich, 
high spots in swamps. 

Isabella, Alexander's, Catawba, and Bland's Grape. 

6. V. bipinna'ta, (T. & G.) (Cissus bipinnata of Ell.) Stem up- 
right, somewhat twining, without tendrils. Branches numerous, gla- 
brous, a little angular. Leaves bipinnate, glabrous, leaflets serrate, 
lower ones sometimes decompound, leaflets slightly cordate, acute. 
Flowers in short spreading panicles. Petals expanding, generally pen- 
tandrous. Style conical. Fruit globose, depressed, glabrous or slightly 
hairy, nearly black, 2-celled. — Greenish-yellow. *> . June — July. 
Rich soils. 

Y. V. ampelop'sis. Stem climbing, glabrous. Leaves simple, 3-lobed, 
or truncate, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath. Flowers in di- 
chotomously divided panicles, without tendrils, opposite the leaves. 
Calyx obscurely toothed. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Fruit 1 -colled, 1 — 2- 
eeeded, small. — Yellow. ""? . June. S. Car. in swamps 

Genus II.— AMPELOP'SIS. Mich. 5—1. 

(From the Greek ampelos, a vine, and opsis, a resemblance.) 

Calyx entire. Petals 5, reflexed, spreading. Stamens 5. 
Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style conical. 
Fruit a 2-celled berry, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cell. Flowers 
perfect, in corymbose panicles. A shrubby vine. 

1. A. hedera'cea, (D. C.) Stem climbing lofty trees, throwing out 
short lateral fibres by which it attaches itself. -Leaves on long petioles, 
digitate, by fives. Leaflets petiolate, oblong, coarsely serrate, glabrous, 
the middle leaflet largest. Panicles many-flowered, opposite the leaves, 
the ultimate divisions umbellate, peduncles crimson. Petals much 
longer than the calyx. Fruit deep blue, about as large as a pea. — 
Yellowish green. "£ . June. In moist soils. 

American Ivy. Virginian Creeper. A. quinquefolia, Mich. 

Order XXXVIIL— ACERA'CE^E. Juss. 

Sepals 5, or rarely 4 — 9, united at the base, colored, with an 
imbricate aestivation. Petals as many as sepals and alternate 



order xxxvin. ACERACE^). 265 

with them, occasionally wanting. Stamens 8 — 12, distinct. 
Anthers oblong, versatile or introrse. Torus discoid. Ovary 
composed of 2 united carpels. Styles united. Stigmas separ- 
ate. Fruit a samara, composed of 2 indehiscent carpels, each 
1-celled, 1 or 2 seeded. Embryo curved, with foliaceous cotyl- 
edons. Trees with opposite leaves. 

Genus I.— A'CER Moen. 8—1. 
(From acer, hard or sharp, in allusion to the hardness of the wood.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Petals 5 or wanting. Stamens 5 — 7 — 
10. Leaves simple. 

1. A. Pennsylvan'icum, (L.) A small tree, with smooth striped bark. 
Leaves glabrous, sub-cordate, serrate, 3-lobed, lobes acuminate. Flow- 
ers in nodding racemes, large. Petals obovate. — Yellowish-green. ^ . 
May. Mountains. 10 — 15 feet. Striped Maple. Logwood. 

2. A. monta'num, (Ait.) A small tree. Leaves sub-cordate, generally 
5-lobed, serrate, pubescent beneath; lobes acuminate. Racemes com- 
pound, erect. Flowers small. Fruit reddish, glabrous, with slightly 
spreading wings. — Greenish-yellow. April — May. Mountains. 8 — 12 ft. 

A. spicatum, Lam. 

3. A. sacchari'num, (L.) A large tree, with compact, white wood, and 
from the peculiar arrangement of its woody tissues often exhibits an 
appearance distinguished by artists and mechanics by Bird's-eye Maple. 
Leaves 3 — 5-lobed, acuminate, dentate, sub-cordate at the base. Floxo- 
ers in nearly sessile corymbs, with filiform long villous pedicels, pendu- 
lous. Petals wanting. Fruit glabrous. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . May. 
Cool, damp places. Middle Geo. 50 — 80 ft. Sugar Maple, 

4. A. dasycar'pum, (Ehrh.) A large tree. Leaves palmate, deeply 
5-lobed, acuminate, serrate, and incised, pubescent underneath, almost 
white. Flowers small in fascicles, with very short pedicels. Petals 
wanting. Fruit yellowish, wings large, pubescent when young. — Pale 
yellowish-purple. Feb. In river swamps, common. 50 — 70 feet. 

Soft Maple. 

5. A. ku'brum, (L.) A small tree. Leaves cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, ser- 
rate, glaucous beneath, lobes acute, doubly serrate, terminal one lon- 
gest. Flowers in small axillary fascicles. Petals linear or oblong, po- 
lygamous. Stamens 5 — 8. Fruit glabrous, with slightly divergent 
wings, reddish. — Bright red or purplish. ^ . Feb. In swamps, com- 
mon. 20 — 50 feet. Scarlet Maple. Led Maple. Swamp Maple. 

6. A. negun'do, (L.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves pinnate, 3 — 5 
leaflets ; leaflets petiolate-oval or ovate, unequally toothed toward the 
apex. Flowers dioecious, in pendulous racemes. Pedicels of the stami- 
nate flowers filiform. Petals none. Fruit oblong, with pale yellow, 
obovate wings. — Yellowish-green. ^ . May. Common on the banks 
of streams. 30 — 50 ft. Ashed-leaved Maple. Box Elder. 

Order XXXIX.— HIPPOCASTANA'CEJE. D. C. 

Calyx composed of 5 united sepals, either campanulate or 
tubular, 5-lobed or 5-toothed, with imbricate aestivation. Petals 

12 



266 OEDER XL. — SAPINDACE.E. 

4 — 5, unequal and irregular, hypogynous, unguiculate. Sta- 
mens 7 — 8, distinct, unequal. Anthers versatile. Ovary com- 
posed of 3 united carpels, 3-cornered, 3-celled. Styles united, 
filiform. Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, sub-globose, 
1 — 2 — 3-celled, with 1 seed in each cell, dehiscence loculicidal. 
Seeds large, with a smooth shining testa and pale hilum. Em- 
bryo curved, inverted, without albumen. Cotyledons very thick, 
fleshy, cohering, not rising in germination. 

Genus I— JSS'CULTTS. L. 7—1. 
(From esca, nourishment.) 

Sepals united, forming a 4 — 5-toothed, tubular calyx, more 
or less unequal. Petals 5, or by the abortion of the anterior 
one but 4, more or less unequal and often dissimilar. Stamens 
6 — 8, usually 7. Capsules 2 or 3 celled. Seeds large, solitary. 

1. M. pa'via, (L.) A shrub or small tree, with irregular, thick, ob- 
tuse branches. Leaves by fives. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, unequally 
toothed, glabrous, or minutely pubescent along the veins. Flowers in 
terminal racemes. Calyx tubular, purplish. Petals 4, unequal, conni- 
vent, the claws of the lateral ones about as long as the calyx, upper 
ones the longest. Stamens 6 — 8. Capsules nearly round, 3-celled, co- 
riaceous. — Red. ^ . April — May. Common. 3 — 5 feet. Buck-eye. 

2. jE. fla'va, (Ait.) A small shrub or tree, branches flexuous, gla- 
brous. Leaves by fives, pubescent along the midrib on the under sur- 
face. Leaflets lanceolate, ribbed, acuminate, serrate. Petiole long, with 
a pubescent line along the upper side. Flowers in a terminal condensed 
panicle. Calyx pubescent, 5-cleft, with obtuse segments. Petals ir- 
regular, very unequal, claws pubescent within, limb of the upper ones 
minute, of the lateral ones larger, roundish. Stamens usually 7. Fil- 
aments villous. Fruit large, 2 inches in diameter, pubescent. — Yellow. 
^ . March — April. Mountains, a tree 30 — 80 feet, and in Middle Geor- 
gia a small shrub, 4 — 6 feet. 

3. M. parviflo'ra, (Walt.) A small shrub. Leaves by fives or sev- 
ens, tomentose underneath. Leaflets petiolate, oval-obovate, serrate, 
acuminate. Flowers in long racemes. Calyx ob-conical. Petals 4, ex- 
panding, spatulate, nearly equal, longer than the calyx. Stame?is 
much longer than the petals, 6 — 7. — White. *? . April — May. Upper 
districts of Geo. and S. Car. 3 — 4 feet. 

Order XL.— SAPINDA'CE^E. 

Sepals 4, unequal, aestivation imbricate, 2 of them outer and 
larger. Petals equal in number to the sepals, and alternate with 
them, with a tuft of hair at the base of each. Stamens 6 — 8, 
filaments hairy near the base, anthers introrse. Ovary com- 
posed of 3 united carpels, surrounded by a glandular disk. 
Styles united. Stigmas obtuse. Ovules generally solitary. 
Fruit capsular, 3-celled, 2 obliterated, 1 — 2-seeded. 



ORDER XLI. CELASTRACEiE. 267 

Genus I— CAKDIOSPEK/MUM. L. 8—3. 
(From the Greek cardia, a heart, and sperma, a seed, from the form of the seed.) 

Calyx 4-leaved, leaves concave, the two exterior ones smallest. 
Corolla 4-petaled, the lateral ones usually cohering to the sep- 
als, each with a scale, above the base within. Disk with two 
glands opposite the inferior petals. Stamens 8. Style trifid. 
Capsule membranous, 3-valved. Seeds globose, solitary. Her- 
baceous climbing plants. Leaves biternate. 

1. C. iialicac'abum, (L.) Stem nearly glabrous. Leaflets ovate- 
lanceolate, incisely lobed and toothed. Flowers in axillary, racemose 
panicles. — White. $. July. On the Ocinulgee, above Macon. 

Genus II— SAPIN'DUS. L. 8—3. 
(From sapo, soap, and indicus, Indian.) 

Sepals 4 — 5, two exterior ones largest. Petals 4 — 5, lance- 
olate, bearded within, or with a scale above the claw. Stamens 
8 — 10. Stigmas 2 — 3. Fruit of 1 carpel, 2 suppressed. 

1. S. sapona'ria, (L.) Small tree with smooth branches, somewhat 
geniculate. Leaves pinnate, generally 4 or 5 pairs. Leaflets falcate, 
very oblique, not opposite, entire. Petioles 6 — 10 inches long, slightly 
furrowed. Flowers in dense, compound terminal and axillary panicles, 
dioecious or polygamous. — White. £ . On the coast of S. Car. and 
Geo. 20 — 50 feet. Soap-berry. 

Genus III— DODOKE'A. L. 6—1. 

(In honor of Dodoens, a physician of Germany.) 

Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 8. Style filiform, 3-cleft 
at the apex. Capsule winged, 2 or 3 valved. Seeds 2 in each 
cell. 

1. D. visco'sa, (L.) A shrub with simple leaves. Leaves ovate-ob- 
long, cuneiform, viscous. Flowers in racemes. — If. East Florida. 

Order XLL— CELASTRA'CE^E. 

Sepals 4 — 5, persistent, united at the base, aestivation imbri- 
cate. Petals equal in number to the sepals and alternate with 
them, with the same aestivation. Stamens usually 5, alternate 
with the petals, inserted on a broad fleshy disk at the bottom 
of the calyx. Ovary more or less surrounded by the disk, 
2 — 5-celled, each with 1 or 2 or several ascending ovules. 
Styles 2 — 5, distinct or combined. Fruit capsular, 2 — 5-celled, 
with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds anatropous. Embryo 
straight. Shrubs. 



268 ORDER XLII. RHAMNACE.&2. 

Genus I— STAPHYLE'A. L. 5—3. 
(From th© Greek staphule, a bunch or cluster.) 

Sepals 5, united at the base, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. 
Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5. Ovary composed of 3 carpels, 
hairy. Styles separable. Fruit inflated, capsule 2 — 3-celled. 
Seeds globular, slightly compressed, generally two in each cell. 
Leaves compound. 

1. S. trifo'lia, (L.) A shrub, with slender, smooth branches. Leaves 
ternate, opposite. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, scarcely 
pubescent when grown. Petioles pubescent near the leaflets. Flowers 
in terminal, pendulous panicles. Petals obovate, spatulate, ciliate at 
the base. Stamens exserted, filaments hairy at the base. Fruit 3-lobed, 
with the carpels distinct at the summit. — White. "£ . May. In middle 
Car. and Geo. 6 — 12 feet. Bladder-nut 

Genus II— EUON'YMUS. Tour. 5—1. 
(From the Greek eu, good, and onoma, a name — well named.) 

Sepals generally 5, united at the base, spreading. Petals 5. 
Stamens inserted into the upper surface of the broad disk. An- 
thers with a thick connectivum at the back. Ovary imbedded 
in the disk, 3 — 5-celled, with 2 — 3 ovules in each cell. Styles 
short and thick. Fruit a 4 — 5-celled and as many lobed cap- 
sule, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds usually inclosed in a fleshy 
aril. Shrubs with opposite serrate leaves. Peduncles axillary. 

1. E. America 'nus, (L.) A slender shrub, with small, slender, 4-an- 
gled branches. Leaves usually nearly elliptic, varying to lanceolate, 
oval or obovate, acute, obscurely serrate. Flowers on axillary pedun- 
cles, each usually bearing 3. Calyx very small. Petals obovate, small, 
expanding, flat. Stamens short. Capsule deep red when mature, ver- 
rucose, fleshy. Seed 1 in each cell, covered by a scarlet aril. — Green 
tinged with purple. *> . Common. 4 — 5 feet. 

Strawberry-tree. Burning-bush. 

2. E. atropurpu'reus, (Jacq.) A shrub, with smooth branches. Leaves 
petiolate, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, acute at the base. 
Peduncles compressed, many-flowered, parts of the flower usually by 
fours. Petals broad-obovate. Capsules lobed, smooth, red. — Dark pur- 
ple. ^ . June — July. Common along streams: 4 — 12 feet. 

Order XLTI.— RHAMNA'CE^E. 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, aestivation valvate. Petals 5, distinct, cu- 
cullate or convolute, narrowed at the base, inserted into the throat 
of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5, and opposite the 
petals. Ovary composed of 2 — 4 united carpels, 2 — 4-celled, 
cohering to the calyx or imbedded in a fleshy disk. Ovules 
erect, solitary. Styles more or less united. Stigmas distinct. 
Fruit fleshy or dry, generally united to the calyx. Scales ana- 



ORDER XLII. RHAMNACE^E. 269 

tropous, generally with fleshy albumen. Shrubs, generally, 
sometimes small trees, with thorny branches. Flowers not con- 
spicuous, usually perfect, but sometimes monoecious, dioecious, 
or polygamous. 

Genus I— BERCHE'MIA. Nick. 5—1. {Zizyphus of Ell) 
(Named after Berchem.) 

Flowers minute. Calyx tubular, 5-parted, with erect seg- 
ments. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens inclosed by the petals. 
Ovary half inclosed in an annular disk. Stamens 5. Style 1. 
Fruit drupaceous, with a long, 2-celled nut. Flowers in small 
racemose panicles. A climbing shrub, with tough, flexible, 
pendent branches. 

1. B. volu'bilis, (D. C.) Leaves ovate, ribbed, slightly undulate, mu- 
cronate, glabrous. Flowers in small umbels, racemes, or panicles, axil- 
lary and terminal. Fruit drupaceous, 1 — 2-seeded, purple. — ^. May 
— June. In rich, damp soils. Macon. 12 — 15 feet. 

Genus II.— RHAM'NUS. L. 5—1. 
(From a Celtic word, signifying a tuft of branches.) 

Calyx urceolate or tubular, 4 — 5-cIeft. Petals 4 — 5, emar- 
ginate or 2-lobed, convolute. Torus lining the tube of the calyx. 
Ovary free, 2 — 4-celled. Styles 2 — 4, generally distinct. Fruit 
a drupe, containing 2 — 4 seeds. Flowers small, generally in 
axillary clusters. 

1. R. Carolinia'nus, (Walt.) A shrub, unarmed. Leaves alternate, 
oval-oblong, obscurely serrate or entire, glabrous, with parallel veins. 
Flowers in small umbels, perfect, 4 — 6-flowered. Petals 2-lobed, mi- 
nute, embracing the stamens. Stamens 4 or 5. Fruit the size of a pea, 
generally 3-seeded. — White. ^ . May — June. Common along the coast. 
4—6 feet. 

Genus III.— SAGERE'TIA. Brong. 5—1. 
(Named after Segeret) 

Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Petals convolute or cucullate. 
Stamens 5. Disk concave, entire. Ovary partly imbedded 
in the disk, 3-celled, peduncles very short. Style short, 3-lobed. 
Fruit indehiscent, baccate, 3-celled. 

1. S. Michaux'ii, (Brong.) A shrub, much branched, thorny when old. 
Leaves small, shining, opposite, membranaceous, oblong-ovate, denticu- 
late, petioles very short. Flowers minute, in paniculate spikes. Petals 
small, entire, inclosing the stamens. Stigma nearly sessile. Fruit 3- 
angled. — White. ^ . Oct. — Nov. Along the sea-coast. 6 — 8 feet. 



270 ORDER XLin. LEGTJMINOSJ3. 

Genus IV.— CEANO'THUS. L. 5—1. 

(From the Greek keanothos, a spring plant.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, saccate and arched, 
unguiculate. Stamens 5, exsert. Disk fleshy at the margin, 
surrounding the ovary. Ovary composed of 3 united carpels, 
3-celled, with 3 ovules. Fruit a dry, triangular, 3 -celled, 3- 
valved capsule, 1 seed in each cell. Seeds obovate. Small 
shrubs, unarmed, with alternate leaves. Flowers perfect. 

1. C. America'nus, (L.) Root large, dark red. Stem frutescent, the 
young branches pubescent. Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, 3-nerved, 
acutely serrate, veins beneath very hairy, reflexed. Petals with long 
claws, inclosing the stamen. Disk with a 10-toothed border. Seeds 
convex, externally concave within. — White. "£ . June — July. Common 
in Middle Geo. and Car. 1 — 3 feet. New Jersey Tea. 

2. C. microphyi/lus, (Mich.) Stem much branched, many from each 
root, branches straight, slender, glabrous, yellow. Leaves small, obo- 
vate, clustered, glabrous on the upper surface, 3-nerved, somewhat 
denticulate, or entire. Flowers a loose raceme. Peduncles slender. — 
"White, t? . April. Sandy pine forests. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. C. serpyllifo'litjs, (Nutt.) A small, slender shrub, decumbent, 
diffusely branched, branches filiform. Leaves very small, ovate-ellip- 
tical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower surface as well as the petioles strigose. 
Peduncles axillary. Flowers few, in a simple corymbose head. — White. 
*> . St. Mary's, Ga. 

The Ceanothus Americanus, commonly known by the names of New Jersey Tea 
and Eed-root, has enjoyed considerable reputation among the Faculty. It takes the 
former name from its leaves having been used by the American army, as a substitute 
for tea, during the Eevolutionary War. In apthous sore mouth, it has been highly 
recommended, and in the sore throat accompanying Scarlet Fever. 

Order XLIH.— LEGUMINO'S^E. 

Sepals 5, united into a 5-toothed calyx, hypogynous, seg- 
ments often unequal and variously combined, the odd segment 
inferior. Petals 5, sometimes none, or less than 5 by abortion, 
inserted into the base of the calyx, sometimes regular, at others 
papilionaceous, the odd petal superior. Stamens generally 
definite, distinct, monadelphous, or diadelphous. Anthers ver- 
satile. Ovary simple, 1-celled, 1 or many seeded. Stigma 
simple. Fruit generally a legume, sometimes a drupe. Seeds 
1 or several, attached to the upper section ; heterotropous or 
anatropous, sometimes with one aril, or large caruncle. Em- 
bryo straight, destitute of albumen, or with the radical curved 
along the edge of the cotyledons. Leaves alternate, stipulate, 
mostly compound, leaflets entire. 

Exotics and genera not falling strictly in our geographical limits, are 
mostly omitted in the Analyses. 



ORDER XLIII. LEGUMINOS^E. 271 



ANALYSIS. 

1. Corolla papilionaceous 2 

Corolla not papilionaceous 42 

2. Leaves trifoliate 3 

Leaves pinnate 20 

Leaves simple or palmate 558 

8. Leaves pinnately trifoliate 4 

Leaves palmately trifoliate 18 

4. Fruit a legume 5 

Fruit a loment 16 

5. Legume many-seeded .' 6 

Legume few-seeded 12 

6. Plants trailing or vines 7 

Plants not vines 11 

7. Calyx 5-cleft 8 

Calyx 4-cleft, or bilabiate 9 

8. Keel, stamens, and style twisted together Phaseolus, 5 

Keel not twisted Clitoria, 14, and Centrosema, 15 

9. Calyx 4-cleft Galactia, 13 

Calyx bilabiate 10 

10. Flowers yellow Yigna, 6 

Flowers purple Dolichos, 7 

11. Flowers red Erythrina, 8 

Flowers white, blue, or yellow Baptisia, 43 

12. Calyx 5-cleft Melilotus, 29 

Calyx 4-cleft 13 

13. Vines 14 

Not vines 15 

14. Flowers yellow Bhynehosia, 11 

Flowers white or violet Amphicarpaia, 16 

15. Flowers in racemes Bhynchosia, 11 

Flowers solitary or in pairs . . Pitcheria, 12 

16. Loment composed of several joints, each 1-seeded Desmodium, 37 

Loment 1 or 2 seeded 17 

17. Loment uncinate Stylosanthus, 34 

Loment unarmed Lespedeza, 39 

18. Flowers in heads or dense spikes 19 

Flowers in oblong spikes or racemes Psoralen, 24 

Flowers in long racemes or solitary Baptisia, 42 

19. Flowers yellow Medicago, 30 

Flowers not yellow Trifolmm, 28 

20. Leaves equally pinnate 21 

Leaves unequally pinnate 27 

Leaves irregular Psoralen, 24 

21. Leaves terminated by tendrils 22 

Leaves not terminated by tendrils 24 

22. Flowers purple Lathyrus, 4 

Flowers white or blue 23 

23. Legume smooth, many-seeded Vicia, 2 

Legume hairy, 2-seeded Ervum, 3 

24. Shrubs or trees 25 

Herbaceous plants 26 

25. Stamens diadelphous Agati, 17 

Stamens monadelphons Amorpha, 25 

Stamens not united Gleditschia, 47 

26. Stamens diadelphous 27 

Stamens not united Cassia, 75 

27. Legume many-seeded Stsbania, 18 

Legume few-seeded Chapmannia, 35, and Glottidium, 19 

28. Twining plants or vines 29 

Not twining plants or vines 81 



272 



ORDER XLm. LEGUMINOS^E. 



29. Calyx 4-cIeft Qalactia, 13 

Calyx somewhat bilabiate 30 

30. An herbaceous vine Apios, 9 

A shrubby vine Wistaria, 10 

31. Trees and shrubs Bobinia, 20 

Herbaceous plants 32 

32. Leaflets few Petalostemon, 27 

Leaflets 7 or more 33 

33. Stamens diadelphous 34 

Stamens monadelphous 35 

34. Stamens 5 in each division '. JEschynomene, 36 

Stamens 1 in one division, 9 in the other Indigo/era, 23 

35. Legume 2-celled Astragalus, 31 

Legume 1-celled 36 

36. Legume many-seeded Tephrosia, 21 

Legume few-seeded 37 

37. Flowers in dense spikes or capitate Dalea, 26 

Flowers in racemes Phaca, 32 

38. Trees or shrubs Cercis, 45 

Herbaceous plants 39 

39. Flowers yellow 40 

Flowers not yellow Zupinus, 41 

40. Flowers in racemes 41 

Flowers in spikes Zornia, 33 

41. Peduncles opposite the leaves Crotalaria, 40 

Peduncles not opposite the leaves Bhynchosia, 11 

42. Trees GleditscMa, 47 

Not trees 43 

43. Flowers yellow 44 

Flowers rose-color 45 

Flowers white Darlingtonia, 50 

44. Calyx 5-sepaled Cassia, 46 

Calyx 4-toothed Acacia, 51 

45. Legume many-seeded Schrankia, 49 

Legume few-seeded Mimosa, 48 

Sub-order I.— PAPILIONA'CE-^E. 

Sepals with an imbricated aestivation. Stamens 10, perigy- 
nous, or inserted with the petals into the bottom of the calyx. 
Corolla papilionaceous. 

Tribe L— VIC'IEiE. 

Stamens diadelphous. Legumes continuous, without contrac- 
tions. Cotyledons thick, radicle curved. . Leaves equally pin- 
nate, the midrib usually produced into a tendril. 

Genus I.— PI'SUM. Tourn. 16—10. 
(The Latin name of Pea.) 

Segments of the calyx foliaceous, the 2 superior ones short- 
est. Style triangular, carinated, with a sharp edge, downy on 
the upper side. Legume oblong. Seeds globose. 

1. P. sati'vum, (L.) Petioles terete, bearing 3 pairs of ovate, entire, 
glaucous leaflets. Stipules ovate. Peduncles 2 or many flowered. — %$. 
Native of the south of Europe. Pea. 



ORDER XLIII. LEGUMESTOS.E. 273 

Genus II.— VI'CIA. Tourn. 16—10. 
(From vincio, to bind ; the tendrils binding other plants.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed, the two upper teeth shortest. Style 
bent ; outside of the style, near the summit, villous. Legumt 
many-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets in several pairs. Pet- 
ioles extended into tendrils. 

1. V. Carolinia'na, (Walt.) Stem much branched, running over shrubs. 
Leaflets 8 — 12, glabrous, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate, petiole ex- 
tended into a 3-cleft tendril. Flowers numerous, in loose racemes. 
Calyx teeth short and obtuse. Legume oblong, mucronate, coriaceous. 
Seeds nearly globular, dark-colored. — White or blue. If. April — May. 
Along the margins of swamps. 2 — 8 — 10 feet. 

2. V. acutifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem somewhat angled, glabrous. Leaflets 
3 — 6, glabrous, usually acute, linear, petiole terminating generally in an 
undivided tendril. Stipules linear-lanceolate, entire. Flowers in ra- 
cemes, longer than the leaves, 8 — 1 -flowered ; lower teeth of the calyx 
ovate-lanceolate, upper ones very short. Legume somewhat falcate, 
mucronate, 4 — 10-seeded, seeds small.— White, tinged with blue. @. 
April. Rich soils. Common. 4 — 6 feet. 

Genus III— ER'VTJM. L. 16—10. 
(From a Celtic word meaning tilled land.) 

Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, hairy, with nearly equal segments, lin- 
ear, acute, about equal in length to the corolla. Stigma glabrous. 
Legume 2 — 4-seeded, oblong, seeds nearly globose. Petioles 
produced into tendrils. Peduncles axillary. 

1. E, hirsu'tum, (L.) Stem much branched, diffuse. Leaflets 8 — 20, 
linear-lanceolate, truncate, or retuse at the apex. Stipules subulate. 
Petioles terminating in divided tendrils. Peduncles 3 — 6-flowered near 
the summit. Legumes hairy, obliquely truncate, drooping, 2-seeded. — 
Bluish-white. %. March — April. On cultivated grounds. 

Genus IV.— LATHY'KTJS. L. 16—10. 

(From the Greek lathuros, a kind of pulse.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper segments short. 
Style flat, villous on the upper side, widened toward the sum- 
mit. Legume oblong, several-seeded. Peduncles axillary. 
Petioles produced into tendrils. 

1. L. pusil'lus, (Ell.) A slender branching vine, glabrous, angled 
and winged. Leaflets a single pair, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, 
slightly mucronate. Stipules large, acute, sagittate, slightly falcate. 
Legume 11 — 15-seeded. — Purple. ©. April — May. Common. 

Tribe II.— PHASEOLEJS. 

Stamens diadelphous. Legume continuous, sometimes with 
partitions between the seeds. Usually twining plants. Leaves 
trifoliate or unequally pinnate. 



274 ORDER XLIII. — LEGUMINOS^E. 

Genus V.— PHASE 'OLTJS. L. 16—10. 
(From phaseolus, a little boat, in allusion to the pods.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, the 2 upper teeth often partially united, cam- 
panulate. Keel, stamens, and style spirally twisted together. 
Legume falcate, slightly compressed, many-seeded. Seed reni- 
form. Hilum small, naked. An herbaceous, trailing plant. 

1. P. peren'nis, (Walt.) Stem voluble, climbing over small shrubs, 
pubescent. Leaven ternate, the lateral leaflets inequilateral, the termi- 
nal generally slightly cordate, pubescent beneath. Stipules lanceolate, 
small. Flowers in axillary racemes, loosely-flowered. Calyx somewhat 
bilabiate, with 2 bracts at the base, teeth of the calyx broad and short. 
Vexillum reflected, keel compressed and spiral. Legume falcate, mu- 
cronate, many-seeded, seeds attached alternately to each valve. — Purple. 
% . July — Sept. In damp rich land. 

2. P. diveksifo'lius, (Pers.) Stem prostrate, diffuse, retrorsely hir- 
sute. Leaves ternate. Leaflets ovate, angular, or 2 — 3-lobed, slightly 
hairy along the margin and veins. Flowers capitate, 8 — 14, and pedun- 
cles 3 — 6 inches long, the lower tooth of the calyx narrow, longer than 
the tube, the upper formed of 2 sepals cohering nearly to the summit, 
having the appearance of a 4-cleft calyx. Vexillum reflected, keel acu- 
minate, twisted. Legume terete, slender, slightly pubescent, many- 
seeded, seeds pubescent, hilum linear. — Purple. 0. Aug. — Oct. Sand- 
hills and the coast. 2 — 8 feet long. Strophostyles angulosa, E1L 

3. P. helvo'lus, (L.) Stem slender, prostrate, or climbing, retrorsely 
hirsute. Leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, or linear-oblong, taper- 
ing toward the summit. Flowers in heads, few, calyx with the upper 
segment broad, lower lanceolate, about the length of the tube; vexil- 
lum nearly round, keel as long as the vexillum, with a tooth at the base 
of the beak. Legume terete, pubescent, straight, linear, many-seeded. 
Seeds reniform, pubescent. — Purple. 2f.. July — Sept. In dry fertile 
soils. 3 — 5 feet. Strophostyles peduncularis, Ell. 

4. P. vulga'ris, (L.) Plant naturally twining, but becomes dwarfism 
and bushy. Leaflets ovate, acuminate. Flowers in racemes. Seeds 
usually ovate, compressed. — East Indies. Common Bean. 

Genus VI— VIG'NA. Sav. 16—10. 
(Named after Yigna, a botanist of the middle ages.) 

Calyx somewhat bilabiate ; upper lip entire. Vexillum with 
2 callosities, near the base of the limb, compressing the wings. 
Keel not spirally twisted. Stigma lateral. Legume terete. 

1. V. gla'bra, (D. C.) {Dolichos luteolus of Ell.) Stem twining, run- 
ning over small shrubs. Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate, acuminate. 
Flowers 3 — 5, and peduncles 2 — 4 inches long, lower tooth of the calyx 
longer than the other; vexillum reflected; wings rhomboidal. Keel 
longer than the vexillum. Legume a little hairy, slightly compressed. — 
Yellow. 0. Oct. — Nov. Around rice fields in the low country. 
4—8 feet. 



ORDER XLIII. — LEGUMINOS^!. 275 

Genus VII.— DO'LICHOS. L. 16—10. 
(From the Greek dolichos, long, from the length of the vines.) 

Calyx bilabiate, the upper lip generally 2-cleft, seldom en- 
tire ; lower lip 3-cleft or 3 -toothed. Vexillum with 2 — 4 callos- 
ities near the base of the limb. Styles cylindric. Legume com- 
pressed, few-seeded. Seeds oral, compressed. Hilum oval. 

1. D. multiflo'rus, (T. & G.) Stem retrorsely pxibescent, twining. 
Leaves ternate, large ; leaflets nearly orbicular, abruptly acuminate, 
pubescent when young, nearly glabrous when old. Flowers numerous 
in elongated racemes, peduncles axillary, pedicels fasciculate, upper lip 
of the calyx generally entire, middle division of the lower lip longest, 
lanceolate, lateral ones short. Legume compressed, obtuse, 4-seeded. 
Seed oval, separated by partitions. — Purple. If . June — July. On the 
banks of the Oconee and Ocmulgee. 6 — 12 feet. 

Genus VIII— ERYTHM'NA. L. 16—10. 
(From the Greek eruthros, red ; the color of the flowers.) 

Calyx cylindrical, truncate or bilabiate, 2-lobed. Corolla 
with a very long, lanceolate vexillum, destitute of callosities ; 
wings and keel small. Stamens unequal, straight, usually dia- 
delphous, as long as the vexillum. Style straight, glabrous. 
Legume torulose, stipitate, many-seeded, compressed between 
the seeds. Herbaceous plants, with trifoliate leaves. 

1. E. herba'cea, (L.) Stems glabrous, arising from a cormus, some- 
what prickly. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets glabrous, rhomboidal, sometimes 
almost hastately lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes, very long. Sta- 
mens monadelphous at the base, diadelphous above. Seeds bright scar- 
let. — Scarlet. If. March — May. In rich soils. Mid. Geo. 2 — 4 ft. 

Genus IX.— A'PIOS. Boer. 16—10. 
(From apion, a pear ; the shape of the tubers.) 

Calyx somewhat bilabiate, the upper lip with 2 short round- 
ed teeth, the lower with 3 teeth, the middle tooth lanceolate, 
subulate, the lateral ones very minute. Vexillum reflected ; 
keel falcate. Legume coriaceous many-seeded, slightly falcate, 
nearly terete. 

1. A. tubero'sa, (Moen.) Hoot tuberous. Stem climbing, covering 
small shrubs with its foliage, slightly pubescent. JLeaves unequally pin- 
nate, 5 — 7 leaflets, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sprinkled with hairs. Ra- 
cemes axillary, many-flowered. Calyx with the upper lip usually trun- 
cate, lower one with 1 lanceolate tooth, the lateral ones very small or 
none. Seeds reniform. — Brown. 2£. July — Aug. Damp rich soils. 
Common. 

Genus X— WISTA'EIA. Nutt. 16—10. 
(In honor of Dr. Wistar, of Penn.) 

Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, the upper lip truncate, the 



276 OEDER XLIH. — LEGUMINOS^. 

lower ones 3-cleft, forming 3 lanceolate teeth. Vexillum with 
2 callosities at the base ; keel and wings falcate. Legume to- 
rulose, stipitate, many-seeded, nearly terete, coriaceous. Seeds 
reniform, spotted. Twining shrubby plants, with unequal pin- 
nate leaves. 

1. "W. frutes'cens, (D. C.) Stem twining, running over shrubs, 
branches pubescent and somewhat angular. Leaflets 4 — 6 pair, with a 
terminal one, pubescent, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in axillary racemes, 
clustered, with large colored bracts at the base of the pedicels. Vex- 
illum broad, reflexed at the summit, green at the base. Legume rugose. 
— Purple. ^ . April — May. Damp rich soils. Common. 

Genus XL— RHYNCHO'SIA. D. C. 16— 10. {Glycine of Ell.) 
(From the Greek rhunchos, a beak, in reference to the end of the keel.) 

Calyx 4-cleft, or 4-parted, or somewhat bilabiate ; the lower 
lip 3-parted, the upper 2-toothed. Vexillum without callosities. 
Keel falcate. Wings with 2 teeth at the base. Style smooth. 
Legume compressed, 1 — 2-seeded, short, generally ovate. Seeds 
generally caruncled. Generally herbaceous plants. 

1. R. Carib^e'a, (D. 0.) Stem voluble, climbing over large shrubs, 
slightly pubescent, angled, branching. Leaves ternate ; leaflets round, 
rhomboidal, acute, thin, dotted with resinous glands beneath, 3-nerved. 
Flowers in filiform racemces ; peduncles angled. Calyx about half as 
long as the corolla, bilabiate ; upper lip cleft half way down. Petals 
equal. Legume pubescent, falcate. Seeds glabrous, reniform. — Yellow. 
11. Aug. — Oct. On the coast and islands of Geo. 

2. R. monophtl'la, (T. & G.) Stem pubescent, erect, low. Leaves 
simple, orbicular, or reniform, rugose, with yellow glandular dots on 
the under surface. Flowers in axillary racemes, or aggregated at the 
summit of the stem. Calyx slightly bilabiate, the upper lip 2-cleft ; 
wings toothed on each side. Anthers globose. Legume pubescent, mu- 
cronate, falcate. Seeds orbicular, spotted. — Yellow. 2£. May — Aug. 
Common in dry soils. 2 — 3 inches. 

3. R. volu'bilis, (T. & G.) Stem twining, angled, villous. Upper 
leaves ternate, the lower single ; leaflets nearly round or broadly ovate, 
rugose. Racemes few-flowered. Segments of the calyx very acute. 
Legume falcate, villous. Seeds compressed, reniform, spotted. — Yellow. 
71. May — July. In dry soils. Common. 1 — 3 feet. 

4. R. mollis'sima, (T. & G.) Stem erect, angled, tomentose. Leaves 
ternate; leaflets oval, rugose, obtuse, velvety-tomentose, glandular dots 
less distinct than in the three preceding species. Flowers in long (5 — 8 
inches) racemes. Calyx deeply cleft ; wings toothed near the base. — 
Yellow. If. Near St. Mary's, Geo. 

5. R. erec'ta, (T. & G.) Stem erect, angled, tomentose. Leaves ter- 
nate ; leaflets oblong, nearly acute, slightly rugose, middle ones some- 
what rhomboidal. Calyx 4-parted, the upper segment bifid. Corolla 
small ; wings toothed near the base. Legume falcate, villous. Seeds 
reniform. — Yellow. 2f. June — Aug. Common in poor, dry soils. 1 
—2 feet. 



ORDER XLin. LEGUMINOS.E. 277 

Genus XII.— PITCHE'RIA. Nutt. 16—10. 
(In honor of Dr. Pitcher, of the U. S. Army.) 

Calyx 4-cleft ; lobes nearly equal, subulate, the lower one a 
little the largest, the upper one slightly bifid. Vexillum nearly 
orbicular, without callosities. Wings small, narrow, with a sub- 
ulate tooth at the base. Keel large, rounded. Ovary com- 
pressed, hairy, with 2 ovules. Style hairy toward the base. 
Legume oblong, sessile, compressed, 1 — 2-seeded. Seeds slight- 
ly carunculate, variegated. 

1. P. galactoi'des, (Nutt.) Stem rigid, branching ; branches angled, 
pubescent. Leaves small, numerous, trifoliate ; leaflets oval or obovate- 
oval, glabrous, tbe lateral leaflets smaller and sessile. Flowers solitary 
or in pairs,. on axillary peduncles. Vexillum partly inclosing the other 
petals. — Red or yellow. If. May. Alabama. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XIII.— GALACTIA. R. Br. 16—10. 
(From the Greek gala, milk; yields a milky juice.) 

Calyx 4-cleft. Segments acute, upper one broadest, with 2 
bracts at the base. Vexillum broad, incumbent, without callos- 
ities ; other petals oblong. Petals of the keel united at their 
apex. Legume terete or slightly compressed, linear, many- 
seeded. Stigma obtuse. Racemes axillary. 

1. G. glabel'la, (Mich.) Stem spreading or climbing over shrubs, 
terete, glabrous, or a little hairy. Leaves ternate, glabrous above, a 
little hairy beneath ; leaflets ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, emargi- 
nate. Racemes axillary, a little longer than the leaves ; segments of 
the calyx acuminate, nearly glabrous. Anthers linear. — Reddish pur- 
ple. 2f. June — Sept. Rich shaded soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

2. G. pilo'sa, (Nutt.) A vine climbing over small shrubs, retrorsely 
hirsute, terete. Leaflets ovate or oval, hirsute, particularly on the 
under surface. Racemes axillary, 6 — 12 inches long. Flowers scattered. 
Anthers linear-oblong. Legume villous. — Pale purple. 2f. June — 
Sept. In dry, shaded soils. 

3. G. mol'lis, (Mich.) Stem prostrate or climbing over small plants, 
retrorsely pubescent, terete. Leaves ternate ; leaflets oval, villous, 
canescent, pale beneath. Racemes longer than the leaves, somewhat 
crowded. Flowers small. Calyx 4-cleft ; lower segment longer than 
the others, with 2 subulate bracts at the base. Anthers oval. Legume 
straight, hispid. — Purple. If. June — Sept. In dry soils. 

4. G. Elliott'ii, (Nutt.) Stem twining, running over small shrubs, 
sparingly pubescent. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets 7 — 9, ellipti- 
cal-oblong, lucid on the upper surface, pubescent beneath ; petiole 2 — 
3 inches long. Flowers on long racemes, clustered toward the summit 
of the peduncle. Pedicels short. Calyx hairy ; lower segment longest, 
upper one ovate. Legume compressed, villous, falcate. Seeds 3 — 4, 
smooth, speckled. — White, tinged with red. 2f. May — July. On 
the coast. 



2Y8 ORDER XLIII.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

Genus XIV.— CLITO'RIA. L. 16—10. 

(From clitoris, a term in anatomy.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, or by the union of the two upper seg- 
ments, 4-cleft. Vexillum large, expanding, covering the wings ; 
2 bracts at the base of the calyx. Legume linear, compressed, 
many-seeded. 

1. C. Maria'na, (L.) Stem sometimes erect, at others voluble, smooth. 
Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, occasionally 
subcordate at the base. Peduncles 1 — 3-flowered. Calyx cylindrical, 
smooth, acute, much longer than the bracts. Flowers larger than the 
preceding species. Style longitudinally bearded. Legume torulose, 
glabrous, about 4-seeded. — White or pale blue. 2£. May — Aug. Dry 
soils. 2 feet. 

Genus XV.— CENTROSE MA. D. C. 16—11. 
(From the Greek Jcentron, a spur, and sema, the standard.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, or by the union of the two upper 
segments, 4-cleft. Vexillum large, with a spur behind. Sta- 
mens mostly monadelphous. Style bearded at the apex. Leg- 
umes linear, compressed. 

1. C. Virginia'na, (Benth.) Stem climbing, slightly scabrous, slender, 
angled. Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or linear-oblong, slightly mu- 
cronate, scabrous, pubescent, or glabrous. Flowers in axillary racemes, 
generally 3. Segments of calyx linear-subulate, the two upper united 
nearer the summit than the others. Style glabrous. Corolla large. 
Legume long (nearly 6 inches). — Pale violet. If. June — Sept. Dry 
soils. Common. Clitoria Virginiana, L. 

2. C. Plumie'ri, (Benth.) Stem twining ; branches pubescent. Leaves 
ternate ; leaflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous. Calyx 
campanulate, shorter than the bracts. Corolla large. Legume long and 
narrow. — New Orleans. Clitoria Flumieri, Tur. 

Genus XVI.— AMPHICARP^E'A. Ell. 16—10. 

(From the Greek amphi, both, and karpos, fruit ; bearing fruit apparently on tho 
root and stem.) 

Calyx 4-toothed ; the two upper sepals united nearly or quite 
to the summit, tubular, slightly gibbous at the base, destitute 
of bracts. Vexillum broad, slightly auricled at the base, ap- 
pressed. Keel and wing petals nearly straight and nearly equal, 
unguiculate; lamina oblong. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 
stiped, with 2 — 4 ovules. Style glabrous, filiform. Legume 
compressed, stipitate, 2 — 4 seeded. The flowers of this genus, 
toward the summit of the stem, usually differ from those near 
the base, —the upper ones usually perfect in all their parts, 
while the lower sometimes are wanting in a corolla and a part 
of the stamens ; but the latter are the ones that usually mature 
the fruit. Climbing, herbaceous plants. 



ORDER XLIII. LEGUMINOS.E. 279 

1. A. monoi'ca, (Ell.) Root creeping. Stem slender, climbing over 
email shrubs, retrorsely-hirsute, angular. Leaves ternate, ovate, or 
rhombic-ovate, thin, glabrous, or hairy, a little oblique. Flowers in 
pendulous racemes, on filiform peduncles. Calyx hairy at the base, 4- 
toothed, acuminate. Legume smooth, 3 — 4-seeded. — White, tinged with 
violet. If. June — Sept. Rich lands. Common. 2 — 5 feet. 

Tribe III.— GALE' GE.yE. 

Legume continuous, dehiscent, 1 — several-seeded, or 1 — 2- 
seeded and indehiscent. Leaves usually unequally pinnate. 
Inflorescence in spikes or racemes. Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. 

Genus XVIL— AGA'TI. Adans. 16—10. 
(A Sanscrit word for one of the species.) 

Calyx campanulate, slightly bilabiate. Vexillum shorter 
than the wings. Legume stiped, linear, a little compressed, 
many-seeded, contracted between the seeds. Small trees. 

1. A. Grandiflo'ra, (Desv.) Leaves equally pinnate ; leaflets nu- 
merous. Stipules lanceolate. Racemes axillary, 2 — 4-fiowered. Flow- 
ers large. Legume long, pendulous. Seeds oval. — White. 2£. South- 
ern Florida. 

Genus XVIII.— SESBA'MA. Pers. 16—10. 
(An Arabic name of one of the species.) 

Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal, with 2 caducous brac- 
teoles at the base. Vexillum roundish, with 2 appendages on 
its claw. Stamens diadelphous. Legume long (10 — 12 inches), 
linear, slender, cylindrical, or compressed, many-seeded. Seeds 
cylindrical-oblong. Herbaceous plants, with pinnate leaves. 

1. S. macrocar'pa, (Muhl.) Stem with expanding branches, glabrous, 
herbaceous. Leaves pinnate, 10 — 25 pair; leaflets linear-elliptical, gla- 
brous, entire, slightly mucronate. Flowers in axillary racemes, few- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves. Calyx pubescent along the margin, 
two upper teeth reflected. Vexillum reflected. Legume somewhat 4- 
angled, about 12 inches long. — Yellow. 0. So. Car. and Lou. 

Genus XIX.— GLOTTID'IUM. Desv. 16—10. 
(From the Greek glossa or glotta, a tongue, in reference to the valves of the legume.) 

Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal, small, obtuse. Vexil- 
lum short, broad, slightly unguiculate, reniform. Keel-petals 
united at the middle. Legume elliptical-oblong, stipitate, com- 
pressed, 2-seeded. Seeds compressed. 

1. G. Florida'num, (D. C.) Stern glabrous. Leaves equally pinnate, 
10 — 20 pairs. Petioles terminated by a bristle. Leaflets oblong-linear, 
mucronate, glabrous. Racemes 4 — 8-flowered. Petals nearly equal. 
Legume about 2 inches long, rigidly mucronate. Valves separating into 
an exterior coriaceous portion, and an interior membrane inclosing the 
seeds. — Yellow. %. Aug. — Sept. Damp soils. So. Car. and Florida. 
4 — 6 feet. Sesbania vesicaria, Ell 



280 ORDER XLm. — LEGUMINOSJE. 

Genus XX.— ROBIN'IA. L. 16—10. 
(After Robin, a French botanist.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the 2 upper sepals united 
nearly to the summit, so as to give the calyx somewhat the ap- 
pearance of being only 4-toothed. Vexillum broad and large. 
Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded next the 
free stamen. Legume compressed, many-seeded, long, the pla- 
cental suture margined. Seeds compressed. Leaves unequally 
pinnate. Trees or shrubs, with stipular spines. 

1. R. Pseudaca'cia, (L.) A tree, with virgate branches. Leaves with 
4 — 7 pairs of leaflets ; leaflets frequently alternate, oval, emarginate, 
with setaceous stipules. Flowers odorous, in axillary racemes. Calyx 
pubescent, spotted. Legumes 2 — 3 inches long, smooth. — White. ^ . 
March — April. A large tree among the mountains, 60 — 80 feet; 
smaller in the middle country. 30 — 40 feet. Common Locust. 

2. R. visco'sa, (Vent.) A small tree, with viscid branches. Leaves 
with 5 — 1 pairs ; leaflets ovate, stipular spines very short. Petioles 
glandular-viscid. Flowers inodorous, in axillary, erect racemes. Leg- 
umes obliquely-lanceolate, mucronate, 3 — 5-seeded, glandular-viscid. — 
"White, tinged with red. ^ . Mountains. Car. and Geo. 20 — 40 feet. 

3. R. his'pida, (L.) A small shrub, the young branches reddish, his- 
pid. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets oval, nearly round, mucro- 
nate, almost destitute of stipular spines. Racemes loose. Flowers ino- 
dorous, axillary. — Rose-color. ^ . April. Mountains. 3 — 6 feet. 

Var. Ro'sa, (Pursh.) Leaflets mostly scattered, not hispid ; stipules 
spiny ; young branches, petioles, and under surface of the leaves pu- 
bescent. — Middle Car. and Geo. 2 — 4 feet. 

Var. ISTa'na, (Ell.) Very small shrub, scarcely a foot high. — Near 
Columbia, So. Car., and Macon, Geo. 

Genus XXL— TEPHRO'SIA Pera. 16—10. 
(From tephros, ash-colored, in allusion to the general color of some of the species.) 

Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth subulate, nearly equal ; no bracts at 
the base of the calyx. Vexillum large, nearly round, spread- 
ing or reflexed. Generally monadelphous. Style usually 
bearded, filiform. Legume sessile, compressed, coriaceous, 
many-seeded. Seeds compressed. Herbaceous plants, with 
unequally pinnate leaves. 

1. T. Virginia'na, (Pers.) Stem erect, pubescent, in dense branches, 
slightly angular. Leaflets numerous, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, 
silky-pubescent. Flowers in terminal racemes, compact. Calyx deeply 
5-cleft, hairy. Legume compressed, hairy. Seeds reniform. — Dull yel- 
low, tinged with purple. 2f. May — July. Common in pine barrens. 
10 — 15 inches. 

2. T. paucifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect or decumbent, pilose, hispid, 
with rusty hairs. Leaves scattered, few ; leaflets 4 — 1 pairs, elliptic, 



ORDER XLIII. LEGUMINOS2E. 281 

often slightly cuneate, mucronate, silky-pubescent ; petiole villous. 
Flowers on long peduncles, opposite the leaves, bearing but few flowers, 
4 — 5. Calyx hispid. Vexillum hairy on the outer surface. Legume 
compressed, hispid. — Purplish-red. U. June — Sept. Common in pine 
woods. 10 — 15 inches. T. spicata, T. & G. 

8. T. hispidu'la, (Pursh.) Stem erect, much divided, dichotomous, 
slightly pubescent. Leaflets numerous, 11 — 17, elliptical-oblong, mucro- 
nate, glabrous on the upper surface, hirsute on the lower, slightly re- 
tuse. Racemes as long as the leaves, few-flowered, opposite the leaves. 
Calyx very villous ; segments expanded. Legume straight, mucronate, 
somewhat hispid. Seeds reniform, compressed, spotted. — Pale red. 2f . 
May — Aug. Dry soils. Common. 10 — 18 inches. 

4. T. chrysophyi/la, (Pursh.) Stem prostrate, pubescent, dichoto- 
mous. Leaves nearly sessile, with 5 — 9 leaflets, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, 
coriaceous, smooth above, silky hirsute beneath. Peduncles longer than 
the leaves, few-flowered, slightly compressed. Legume linear, 8 — 10- 
seeded. — Reddish-purple. If. May — Aug. Common around Savan- 
nah; found in middle Georgia and Florida. 10 — 12 inches. 

Genus XXIL— GLYCYRRHFZA Tourn. 16—10. 
(From the Greek glukus, sweet, and rhiza, root.) 

Calyx tubular, gibbous, without bracteoles, bilabiate, 5-cleft. 
Vexillum straight, ovate-lanceolate. Legume ovate, compressed, 
1 — 4-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 

1. G. lepido'ta. Roots long, creeping. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, with glandular scales beneath. Legumes covered with hooked 
bristles, 2 — 6-seeded. — Whitish. Missouri. 2 — 5 feet. Liquorice. 

Genus XXIII— INDIGOF'ERA L. 16—10. 
(From indigo, a blue dye-stuffj and fero, to bear.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, expanding, minute, subulate. Vexillum nearly 
round, emarginate. Keel with a spur on each side. Stamens 
diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Legume 1 or many 



1. I. Carolinia'na, (Walt.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous, striate. 
Leaves unequally pinnate. Leaflets 5 — 6 pairs, mucronate, oval-oblong, 
slightly pubescent, glaucous underneath. Flowers in slender axillary 
racemes, a bract at the base of each pedicel. Calyx small, with 5 sub- 
ulate teeth, pubescent. Keel longer than the vexillum. Legume short, 
poiuted with the style. — Yellowish brown. %. July — Sept. Poor 
soils. 3 — 1 feet. Indigo Plant. 

2. I. leptosep'ala, (Xutt.) Stem decumbent, rough. Leaves une- 
qually pinnate. Leaflets 1 — 9, obovate-oblong, nearly glabrous on the 
upper surface. Flowers in racemes longer than the leaves, nearly ses- 
sile. Segments of the calyx equal subulate. Legumes reflexed, linear, 
nearly terete, 6 — 7-seeded, pubescent, terminated by the style. — Pale 
scarlet. If. Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. 



282 ORDER XLin. — LEGUMINOS,E. 

Genus XXIV.— PSORA'LEA. L. 16—10. 
(From the Greek psoraleos, scurfy ; the appearance of the calyx.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed, sprinkled with glandular dots, 
lower segments a little the longest. Stamens diadelphous. 
Legume indehiscent, 1 -seeded, slightly beaked, as long as the 
calyx. 

1. P. canes'cens, (Mich.) Boot tuberous. Stem branching, canescent- 
ly pubescent. Leaves entire, simple above and trifoliate below, broad 
obovate-lanceolate, dotted. Stipules subulate. Peduncles axillary, 
4 — 7-flowered. Calyx inflated, glandular, brownish. Legume short, 
glandular. — Yellowish. 2f. May — July. Middle Car. and Geo. Com- 
mon. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. P. Lupinei/ltjs, (Mich.) Stem somewhat branched, slender, gla- 
brous. Leaves digitate on long petioles. Leaflets filiform, 5 — 7 -foliate. 
Racemes longer than the leaves, many -flowered. Peduncles thick. Ca- 
lyx small, glandular, the lower segment longest. Corolla much longer 
than the calyx, with a sub-orbicular vexillum, small, with a recurved 
point, rugose. — Pale violet. If. May — July. Sand-hills of middle 
Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. P. virga'ta, (Nutt.) Stem virgate, somewhat branched, slightly 
pubescent. Leaves simple, linear-lanceolate, remote, with setaceous stip- 
ules. Flowers in cylindrical spikes. Spikes axillary, not as long as the 
leaves. Bracts oblong, calyx dotted with glands, lower segment a little 
the longest. Corolla but little longer than the calyx. Legume 1-seed- 
ed. — Pale violet. If. Near St. Mary's, Geo. 2 feet. 

4. P. melilotoi'des, (Mich.) Stem diffuse, slightly pubescent, branch- 
ing. Leaves ternate. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, dotted with glands. 
Flowers in oblong spikes, with broad, conspicuous, colored, caducous brac- 
teas. Spikes axillary and terminal. Calyx hairy, purplish, glandular. 
Keel small. Legume mucronate, oval, rugose, 1-seeded. — Purple. If. 
May — June. Very common in middle and upper Carolina and Geor- 
gia. 2 feet. 

5. P. eglandulo'sa, (Ell.) Stem pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in oblong spikes. Bracts broad, lanceolate, 
acuminate. Calyx very villous. Legume nearly orbicular, with trans- 
verse wrinkles. Very similar to the preceding. — Purple. 2f . May — 
June. Dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. P. multiju'ga, (Ell.) Stem thick, glabrous, furrowed. Leaves pin- 
nate, irregular, 9 — 10 pairs. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, hairy on the 
under surface, sometimes pubescent on the upper. Flowers in oblong 
spikes. Bracts small. Calyx with very long teeth, villous on the mar- 
gin. Legume 1-seeded. — Violet. 2f. Ma}^ — June. Middle and upper 
country. We found it near Greenville, S. Car. 10 — 20 inches. 

Genus XXV.— AMOR'PHA. L. 16—10. 
(From a, priv., and morphe, form, in allusion to the irregular form of the corolla.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Vexillum ovate, con- 
cave, unguiculate ; wings and keel wanting. Stamens mona- 
delphous. Style filiform. Legume falcate, rough or tubercu- 



OKDER XLni. LEGUMINOS^J. 283 

late with glands, 1 — 2-seeded. Shrubby or herbaceous plants, 
with pinnate leaves, leaflets numerous, punctate. Flowers in 
spiked racemes, numerous, pedicels articulated with the flower. 

1. A. fructico'sa, (L.) A shrub with pubescent branches. Leaves 
alternate, petiolate, generally pinnate, leaflets oval, or elliptical-oblong, 
obtuse, petiolate. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx turbinate, pu- 
bescent. Vexillum emarginate, obovate, twice the length of the calyx. 
Style hairy. Legume 2-seeded. — Dark purple. £ . On the margin of 
rivers in the low country. 6 — 16 feet. 

2. A. pubes'cens, (Willd.) A small shrub, pubescent, slightly muri- 
cate. Leaves equally pinnate, many pairs, 20 — 24. Leaflets elliptical, 
petiolate, mucronate, very pubescent. Flowers in long panicled spikes. 
Teeth of the calyx nearly equal, purple. Vexillum obcordate, longer 
than the calyx. — White. ^ . June — July. Damp soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

A. herbacea, Walt. 

3. A. canes'cens, (Nutt.) Stem suffructicose, softly canescent. Leaves 
numerous and crowded, 15 — 34 pairs of leaflets, closely arranged, 
ovate-elliptical, mucronate, small. Flowers in paniculate spikes, sessile, 
terminal. Vexillum nearly orbicular, tapering slightly at the base, 
Legume 1-seeded. — Blue. ^ . July — Aug. Banks of streams, middle 
Georgia. 1 — 3 feet. Lead Plant. 

4. A. Carolinia'na, (Croom.) A small shrub, nearly glabrous. Leaflets 
oblong or elliptical, petiolate, dotted, the lowest pair approximated to 
the stem. Flowers on very short pedicels. Calyx with short teeth, the 
two upper obtuse, the three lower longer or nearly equal, villous on 
the margin. Style hairy toward the base. — Dark blue. £ . July. 
Near Wilmington and Xewbern. 4 — 5 feet. {Curtis & Croom.) 

Genus XXVI— DA'LEA. L. 16—10. 
(In honor of Dale, an English botanist) 

Calyx 5-cleft, often glandular, with nearly equal segments. 
Petals unguiculate, the keel and wing petals united to the sta- 
men tube. Vexillum inserted into the base of the calyx, short, 
limb cordate. Stamens monadelphous, the tube being 3-cleft. 
Ovary with two collateral ovules. Legume 1-seeded, indehis- 
cent. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in dense spikes, 
often capitate. 

1. D. alopecuroi'des, (Willd.) Stem erect, glabrous, branched. 
Leaves numerous. Leaflets 10 — 14 pairs, narrow, elliptical, dotted be- 
neath. Flowers in cylindrical spikes, villous, caliculate. Segments of 
the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, hairy. — Blue. %. Middle Carolina 
and Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXVIL— PETALOSTE'MON. Mich. 16—5. 

(From the Greek petalon, a petal, and ste?7ion, a stamen ; the stamens and petals be- 
ing joined together at the base.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal. Petals 5, on filiform 
claws, 4 of them united to the stamen tube, the fifth free, with 



284 ORDER XLHI. — LEGUMINOS.E. 

an oblong-cordate limb. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Legume 
indehiscent, 1-seeded. Herbaceous plants, glandular. Flowers 
in terminal spikes or beads. 

1. P. car'neum, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, much branched, slender. 
Leaves fascicled. Leaflets % — 3 pairs, linear, lanceolate, entire, glandu- 
lar. Flowers in oblong spikes. Calyx glabrous, ovate, striate, 5-cleft, 
slightly pubescent on the margin, deeply cleft on the upper side. Petals 
oblong, unguiculate. — Eose-color. If. August. Near Macon, on the 
Houston road. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. P. corymbo'suM; (Mich.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
fascicled ; leaflets 3 — 4 pairs, linear, entire, glabrous, dotted underneath. 
Stipules 2, subulate. Flowers in heads. Peduncles glandular. Calyx 
deeply cleft, plumose ; the upper petal with a long claw. Legume small, 
1-seeded, oblong. — White. U . Sept. — Oct. Near Macon, on the road 
to Brown's Mountain. 1 — 2 feet. 

Tribe IV.— TMFO'LIEJE. 

Legume continuous, several-seeded, and dehiscent, or few- 
seeded and indehiscent. Generally herbaceous, erect or procum- 
bent. Leaves radiated, 3 — 5 — 7-foliate. 

Genus XXVIIL— TRIFO'LIUM. Tourn. 16—10. 
(From tris, three, and folium, a leaf; the species having three leaves.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with setaceous segments. Petals 
more or less united, vexillum longer than the wings. Legume 
membranaceous, 1 — 6-seeded, generally indehiscent. Leaves 
palmately divided, or trifoliate ; leaflets 3 — 7. Flowers in 
dense spikes or heads. Clover. Tree-foil. 

1. T. arven'se, (L.) Stem silky, pubescent, erect, branching. Leaflets 
spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, ternate, minutely 3-toothed. Flowers in 
oblong, villous spikes. Petals nearly separate. Legume 1-seeded. — 
Whitish, with purple spot on the wings. ©. June — Aug. 8 — 12 inches. 

Stone Clover. Rabbit-foot. 

2. T. praten'se, (L.) Stem glabrous, ascending, sometimes slightly 
hairy ; leaflets oval, finely serrulate, or nearly entire. Flowers in ovate 
spikes. Calyx very hairy. Corolla longer than the calyx. Petals 
unequal. — Purple. 2£. April — May. Rich soils". 2 — 3 feet. 

Red Clover. 

3. T. reflex'um, (L.) Stem pubescent, decumbent, or ascending. 
Leaves ternate ; leaflets obovate, somewhat rhomboidal, pubescent, up- 
per ones acute, lower ones emarginate. Flowers in somewhat umbellate 
dense heads. Calyx hirsute, deeply-parted, with subulate teeth. Vex- 
illum broad-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. Legume 3 — 5-seeded. — 
Vexillum red, wings and keel white. ©. April — June. 12 — 18 inches. 

Buffalo Clover. 

4. T. re'pens, (L.) Stem glabrous, creeping, diffuse, sometimes sprin- 
kled with a few hairs. Leaves ternate, nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate- 
oblong, emarginate, denticulate. Flowers in umbellate, globose heads, 



ORDER XLm. LEGTJMINOS.E. 285 

on long axillary peduncles, at first erect, afterward reflected. Calyx 
nearly glabrous, with unequal teeth. Legume 4-seeded, cylindrical. — ■ 
White. If. April — Nov. Waste places. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

White Clover. 
5. T. Carolinia'num, (Mich.) Stem small, procumbent, hairy. Leaves 
temate, obcordate, pubescent, toothed, glaucous beneath. Flowers in 
small umbels, at first erect, afterward reflected. Calyx persistent, un- 
equally 5-cleft. Vexillum longer than the calyx. Keel very short. 
Legume 4-seeded, turgid. — White, tinged with purple. %. March — 
May. Sandy fields. 

Genus XXIX.— MELILOTUS. Tourn. 16—10. 
(From mel, honey, and lotus, — honey-lotus.) 

Calyx tubular, campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 
deciduous. Vexillum longer than the wings ; keel petals united, 
cohering to the wings. Style filiform. Legumes coriaceous, 1 
to few seeded, nearly globose. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers in 
axillary racemes. 

1. M. officinalis, (Willd.) Stem erect, angular, glabrous, with spread- 
ing brandies; leaflets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate, glabrous. 
Flowers in loose racemes, teeth of the calyx unequal. Legumes 2-seed- 
ed, rugose, acute, ovate. — Yellow. %. June — Aug. Rich soils. In- 
troduced. 2 — 4 feet. Yellow Melilot. 

Genus XXX.— MEDICA'GO. L. 16—10. 
(From medilce, a name given to a species of grass.) 

Calyx somewhat cylindrical, 5-cleft, keel of the corolla bend- 
ing from the vexillum. Legume spirally coiled, 1 -seeded, com- 



1. M. Lupuli'na, (L.) Stem procumbent, diffuse, assurgent, angled, 
hairy. Leaves temate, on short petioles ; leaflets oblong, cuneate, emar- 
ginate, denticulate near the summit, hairy. Flowers in axillary heads. 
Legumes reniform, 1 -seeded, black. — Yellow. 2f. June — Aug. Cul- 
tivated grounds. Introduced. 6 — 12 inches. 

Tribe V.— ASTRAGA'LKdE. 

Stamens monadelphous. Legume continuous, usually inflated, 
and often 2 -celled, commonly several-seeded. Erect or decum- 
bent plants, usually herbaceous. 

Genus XXXI.— ASTRAG'ALUS. L. 16—10. 

(From the Greek astragalos, vertebra ; the seeds in the pod being flattened longitu- 
dinally like vertebrae.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, keel obtuse. Stamens monadelphous. 
Legume 2-celled, by the inflexion of the lower suture. Leaves 
unequally pinnate ; leaflets numerous. 



286 ORDER XLni. LEGUMINOSuE. 

1. A. obcorda'tus, (Ell.) Stem nearly glabrous, decumbent, or assur- 
gent; leaflets 15 — 25, obcordate, small, on petioles. Flowers in ovate 
spikes. Calyx hairy, with subulate teeth. Legumes oblong, slightly 
curved, acute. — White. If . Southern Geo., Flor. 4 — 8 inches. 

2. A. Canadensis, (L.) Stem erect, canescent, somewhat branched ; 
leaflets very numerous, 25 — 41, oblong, pubescent underneath. Flowers 
in compact, elongated, axillary spikes ; peduncles long, bracts subulate. 
Calyx hairy, teeth subulate, small, corolla much longer than the calyx. 
Legume terete, glabrous, many-seeded. — Pale yellow. If. June — July. 
Mountains. 1 — 3 feet. 

3. A. gla'ber, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaflets numerous, 15 — 
23, small, linear oblong, hairy underneath. Flowers in elongated spikes, 
few-flowered, 3 — 6 ; peduncles long as the calyx. Legume glabrous, 
acute at each end, incurved. — Whitish. 2{ . April. Low country of 
Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXXII.— PHA'CA. L. 16—10. 
(From the Greek phake, a lentil.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, the two upper segments more remote than the 
others. Keel obtuse. Style smooth ; stigma capitate. Le- 
gume inflated, 1-celled. Flowers in axillary racemes. Her- 
baceous. 

1. P. villo'sa, (Nutt.) A small, hairy plant, procumbent. Leaves 
unequally pinnate ; leaflets 9 — 17, oval, oblong, petiolate, rather dis- 
tant. Flowers on peduncles about as long as the leaves, clustered near 
the summit, 8 — 20. Segments of the calyx acute, long, bracts lanceo- 
late-subulate. Legumes villous, sessile, inflated. Seeds small, few. — 
Yellow. ©. April — May. On the coast. 4 — 6 inches. 

Tribe VI.— HEDYSA'RE^E. 

Legume transversely divided into indehiscent, 1-seeded joints. 
Erect or procumbent herbs or shrubs. 

Genus XXXIIL— ZOR'NIA. Gmel. 16—10. 

(In honor of Zorn, a Medical Botanist.) 

Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. 
Petals inserted into the calyx ; vexillum broad-cordate, invo- 
lute ; keel-petals cohering. Stamens monadelphous, alternately 
shorter ; anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legume 
jointed, hispid, 4 — 5 joints. Leaves digitate, petioled, stipu- 
late. Flowers with 2 bracts. Perennial, herbaceous plants. 

1. Z. teteaphtl'la, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, branching, diffuse. Leaflets 
4, lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers in long spikes, 5 — 9-flowered, altei - nate ; 
bracts ovate, 5-nerved ; upper segments of the calyx broad, emargi- 
nate ; all the segments ciliate ; vexillum broad, reniform ; wings 
broadly ovate, as long as the vexillum ; keel short. Legume 2 — 4- 
jointed, joints nearly round. — Yellow. If. July. Sandy lands. 1 — 
2 feet long. 






ORDER XLm. LEGUMINOSiE. 287 

Genus XXXIV.— STYLOS AN'THES. Swartz. 16—10. 
(Greek stuloe, a style, and cmthos, a flower, from the flower having a long style.) 

Calyx tubular, somewhat bilabiate, with 2 lanceolate bracts 
at the base. Corolla inserted into the calyx ; vexillum broad ; 
keel small. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers alternately lin- 
ear and ovate. Style short and recurved. Legume 1 — 2- 
jointed, hooked. 

1. S. ela'tior, (Swartz.) Stem erect, pubescent on one side. Leaves 
pinnate ; leaflets 3, lanceolate, glabrous, entire. Leaves around the 
capitulum simple, lanceolate. Flowers in a terminal, compact capitu- 
lum, all sterile but 2. Calyx with the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3- 
cleft. Leyume hooked at the summit, 1-celled. Sterile flowers, fur- 
nished with 2 plumose, lanceolate bracts. — Yellow. 2£. May — Aug. 
Common. 10 — 15 inches. 

Genu3 XXXV.— CHAPMAN'NIA T. & G. 16—10. 
(In honor of Dr. A. "W. Chapman, Appalachicola, Florida.) 

Calyx with 2 bracteoles at the base ; tube long and slender ; 
limb 5-toothed, the lowest tooth longest. Stamens monadel- 
phous, alternately longer. Ovary sessile, 2 — 3 ovules. 

1. C. Florida'na, (T. & G.) Herbaceous plant, branched, hirsute, 
and viscid. Leaves unequally pinnate, 2 — 3 pairs of leaflets, each ellip- 
tical, oblong, nearly glabrous above, hairy and purplish beneath. Sti- 
ptdes small. Flowers in somewhat paniculate racemes. Calyx hispid. 
Petals nearly equal in length. Anthers large. — Yellow. Southern 
Florida. 2—3 feet. 

Genus XXXVL— ^ESCHYNOME'NE. L. 16—10. 

(From the Greek aischuno, to be ashamed, from the apparent sensitiveness of the 
leaves of some of the species.) 

Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip bifid, the lower 3 -cleft. Co- 
rolla inserted into the base of the calyx ; vexillum nearly 
round; wings oblong; keel cymbiform. Stamens 10, diadel- 
phous, 5 in each division. Legume compressed, straight, gene- 
rally composed of many 1-seeded joints ; joints truncate, easily 
separated. Seeds compressed. Leaves unequally pinnate. 
Flowers in axillary racemes. Annual plants. 

1. M. his'pida, ("Willd.) Stem erect, hispid, tubercled. Leaves in 
many pairs, with hispid petioles ; leaflets linear, obtuse ; stipules sub- 
sagittate, ovate. Flowers in simple racemes. Calyx bilabiate, deeply 
divided, the upper lip bifid, the lower trifid. Corolla much larger 
than the calyx, showy. Legume very hispid, 6 — 10-jointed. — Yellow, 
tinged with red. ©. Aug. Along rivers. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. iE. viscid'ula, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, viseidly pubescent, slender, 
diffuse. Leaflets generally 7 — 9, obovate, oblique, lanceolate Pedun- 
cles generally 2-flowered ; bracts like the stipules. Calyx almost 
equally 5-cleft. Lomentum with 2 joints, hispid. 



288 ORDER XLIII.' — LEGUMINOS.E. 

Genus XXXVII.— DESMO'DIUM. D. C. 16—10. 
(From the Greek desmos, a band ; the stamens being often connected.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed, the 
lower lip 3-cleft or 3-toothed, usually bracteolate, bearing the 
corolla at its base. Vexillum nearly round ; keel obtuse. 
Stamens 10, sometimes partially monadelphous, but usually di- 
adelphous. Stigma capitate. Legume composed of several 1- 
seeded joints, compressed. Leaves usually trifoliate. Flowers 
becoming more or less green by age. Herbaceous and suffruc- 
ticose plants. LTedysarum, L. 

1. D. nudiflo'rum, (D. C.) Stem simple, erect, pubescent, leafy at the 
summit. Leaves ternate ; leaflets oval or broad-ovate, acuminate, pale 
beneath, slightly scabrous above. Flowers in an elongated, loose pani- 
cle, on a leafless stalk or scape from the root. Pedicels filiform. Calyx 
with short teeth, spreading, the lower tooth longest. Petals nearly 
equal, the vexillum marked by two dark spots at the base. Stamens 
monadelphous. Legume pubescent, 3 — 4-jointed, stiped. — Purple. 2£. 
July — Aug. Common in rich, shaded soils of middle Geo. 6 — 12 
inches. 

2. D. acuminatum, (D. C.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at 
the summit. Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, nearly orbicular, acumi- 
nate, terminal one the broadest, on long petioles, slightly hairy. Flow- 
ers in a terminal panicle, with a very long naked peduncle, 1 — 2 feet. 
Calyx 4-toothed. Petals nearly equal in length. Stamens monadel- 
phous. Legume with 2 — 4 rounded joints. — Nearly white, or pale vio- 
let. If. June — Aug. Common in shaded places. 10 — 15 inches. 

3. D. canes'cens, (D. C.) Stem erect, hairy, scabrous, branching, 
striate. Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, tapering at the apex, pubescent 
on both sides, stipulate. Flowers in large terminal, canescent panicles. 
Calyx hairy, conspicuously bilabiate, with acute segments. Corolla 
much larger than the calyx. Legume large, 3 — 6-jointed, scarcely sti- 
ped, truncate at each end. — Violet-purple. 2£. July — Aug. Moist 
soils. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

4. D. cuspida'tum, (T. & G.) Stem erect, glabrous toward the base, 
scabrous near the summit. Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, acute, acu- 
minate into a long point. Flowers in large, sparingly-branched pani- 
cles, 1 — 2 feet long ; bracts large. Calyx 5-cleft, the lower segment 
long. Corolla large. Stamens diadelphous. Legume scabrous ; seg- 
ments nearly triangular, 3 — 6. — Purplish-violet. 2£. Aug. — Sept. 
Common on the banks of streams. 4 — 5 feet. 

5. D. viridiflo'rum, (Beck.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ternate ; 
leaflets ovate, obtuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous beneath. 
Flowers in an elongated, naked panicle. Peduncles scabrous. Calyx 
hairy, short, the lower segment longest. Stamens generally diadel- 
phous. Legume with 3 — 4 oblong, triangular joints. — Purplish. U. 
June — Oct. Common. 3 — 5 feet. 

6. D. rhombifo'lium, (D. C.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ternate, 
somewhat coriaceous ; leaflets rhomboidal, obtuse, pubescent along the 
veins, rugose, paler beneath. Flowers in compound racemes, scabrous ; 



ORDER XLIII. — LEGUMTNOS^. 289 

bracts small. Calyx with the lower segment longest. Legume with 2 
— £ joints, hispid, nearly rhomboidal. — Purple. U • Sept. — Oct. On 
the coast of Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

7. D. glabel'lum, (D. C.) Stem erect, nearly glabrous. Leaves ter- 
nate ; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces. Flow- 
ers in terminal, leafy panicles. Calyx with the upper lip entire. Le- 
gume with 3 — 5 reticulated, rhomboidal, hispid joints. — Purple. 2f. 
Aug. — Sept. Common in shady places. 2 — 3 feet. 

8. D. obtu'sum, (D. C.) Stem erect, branching, hairy toward the sum- 
mit, glabrous below. Leaves ternate ; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, 
often slightly cordate. Flowers in terminal, elongated, erect panicles ; 
upper lip of the calyx emarginate, the lower lanceolate. Legume with 
2 — 3 hispid, nearly orbicular, reticulate joints. — Purple. If. Sept. — 
Oct. In dry soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet ©. JD. Marilandium, Boott. 

9. D. cilia're, (D. C.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ternate, on 
short, hairy petioles ; leaflets small, ovate, pubescent underneath, cili- 
ate, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers in a terminal, racemose panicle. 
Calyx hairy, upper lip shortest, mostly entire. Legumes with 2 — 3 
nearly round, reticulate joints. — Purple. %. Sept. — Oct. In sandy 
soils. 2—3 feet. 

10. D. rig'idum, (D. C.) Stem erect, much branched, with rigid pu- 
bescence toward the summit, striate. Leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, ciliate, hairy underneath ; petioles hairy. Floioers 
small, in long, erect, paniculate racemes. Calyx with acute segments. 
Legumes with 2 — 3 hispid joints. — Purple. If. Aug. — Sept. In dry 
soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

11. D. stmc'tum, (D. C.) Stem erect, generally simple, or branching 
toward the summit, slender, pubescent, or glabrous. Leaves ternate ; 
leaflets linear, elongated, coriaceous, reticulate, glabrous, or slightly 
pubescent. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, few-flowered, on 
slender pedicels; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, shorter than the 
lower. Legume 1 — 2 -jointed ; joints semi-obovate, hispid. — Purple, green 
at the base. 71. Aug. — Sept. In pine-barrens. 3 — 4 feet 

12. D. panicula'tum, (D. C.) Stem erect, furrowed, slender, hairy 
toward the summit. Leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or lin- 
ear-lanceolate or oval, slightly hairy, and paler beneath ; margins rev- 
olute. Flowers in paniculate racemes, with long, slender pedicels ; 
upper lip of the calyx emarginate, much shorter than the lower. Le- 
gume usually 5-jointed, pubescent ; joints somewhat triangular. — Pur- 
ple. If. Aug. — Sept. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

13. D. rotondifo'liuit, (D. C.) Stem angular, prostrate, hirsute, 
branching, geniculate. Leaves ternate ; leaflets large, orbicular, pubes- 
cent, ciliate. Flowers in axillary, paniculate racemes. Calyx nearly 
equally 4-cleft. Legumes hispid, with 3 — 5 rhomboidal joints, hispid. — 
Pale purple or nearly white. 2£. Aug. — Sept. In dry soils. Common. 
2—4 feet. 

14. D. linea'tum, (D. C.) Stem creeping, angled, striate. Leaves 
ternate, on very short petioles ; leaflets nearly round, small almost 
glabrous ; stipules persistent, subulate. Floioers in loose, terminal, 
elongated panicles ; upper lip of the calyx 2-cleft, lower one 3-cleft, 
with the middle segment longest. Legumes sessile, hispid, generally 
with 3 joints, which are nearly orbicular. — Pale purple. 2£. Aug. — 
Sept. Near Culloden, Geo. t> — 15 inches. 

13 



290 ORDER XLin. LEGFMINOS.E. 

Genus XXXVIII.— LESPEDE'ZA. Mich. 16—10. 
(In honor of Lespedez, Governor of Florida.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, with nearly equal segments, with 2 bracteoles 
at the base. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx ; vex- 
illum unguiculate, oblong, or nearly round, generally with an 
appendage at the base ; keel obtuse, as long as the wings, on 
long claws ; wings straight. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma 
capitate. Legume lenticular, flat, unarmed, 1-seeded. Peren- 
nial or suffructicose plants, with ternate, reticulated leaves. 

(a.) Flowers of two kinds. Some with all the organs perfectly developed appa- 
rently, but seldom perfecting their fruit. Others perfecting their fruit, but generally 
destitute of corolla and stamens. Both kinds may be on the same plant ; the fertile 
ones usually occupying a lower situation than the others. 

1. L. procum'bens, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, tomentose, slender. 
Leaves ternate ; leaflets oval, emarginate, very pubescent. Flowers on 
axillary peduncles. Calyx slightly bilabiate, shorter than the corolla. 
Legume nearly round, pubescent. — Purple. 2£. Aug. — Oct. In dry 
soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. L. re'pens, (T. & G.) Stem prostrate, nearly glabrous. Leaves 
ternate, on short petioles; leaflets obovate, elliptical, slightly pubescent 
on the under surface. Flowers on axillary, filiform peduncles. Legumes 
minutely pubescent, nearly round. — Purple. 2£. Aug. — Oct. In dry, 
sandy soils. 1 — 2 feet 

3. L. sessilflo'ra, (T. & G.) Stem erect, branching, pubescent. Leaves 
ternate ; leaflets elliptic, sprinkled with hairs, mucronate. Flowers in 
small, nearly sessile clusters, sometimes in small racemes. Calyx hairy. 
Legumes pubescent, mucronate, ovate. — Pale violet. %. Sept. Dry, 
sandy soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. L. Stu'vei, (Nutt.) Stem simple or branching, erect, pubescent. 
Leaves ternate, tomentose ; leaflets oval or nearly round. Flowers in 
axillary racemes or spikes, few-flowered. Peduncles longer than the 
leaves. Legumes pubescent, ovate, a little longer than the calyx. — 2f . 
Sept. Dry, sandy soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

b. Flowers all perfect and fertile, in dense oblong or nearly globose 



5. L. hir'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, whole plant pubescent. 
Leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets nearly orbicular or obovate, cov- 
ered with soft pubescence. Flowers in axillary, oblong spikes. Pedun- 
cles long. Calyx hairy, with narrow, lanceolate segments. Petals 
nearly equal, about as long as the calyx. Vexillum with a purple spot 
in the center. Legume hairy, oval, swollen. — Nearly white or light 
yellowish-brown. 2£. Sept. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

6. L. capita'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent, scarcely branched. 
Leaves ternate, on short petioles ; leaflets elliptical, obtuse, pubescent. 
Flowers in dense, axillary, capitate spikes. Peduncles short. Calyx 
hairy, 3-nerved. Vexillum with a purple spot near the base. Legume 
oval, pubescent. — "White. %. Aug. — Sept. Middle Car. and Geo. 
4—6 feet. 



ORDER XLIII. LEGUMINOSjE. 291 

7. L. angustifo'lia, (Pursh.) Similar to the preceding species, but 
the leaflets vary from elliptical-oblong to linear ; are smaller than those 
of the L. capitata. — Grows through middle and southern Car. and Geo. 
4—5 feet. 

The two preceding genera are exceedingly perplexing in arranging descriptions even 
of well-known species, from the frequent variations produced by different circum- 
stances ; and were we to disregard these variations, and describe the specimens as va- 
rieties or distinct species, we should multiply the species and varieties to an indefinite 
extent. We have given descriptions of those which are well-established species. We 
have little doubt that there are other species, when sufficient examination shall have 
determined their characteristics. 

Genus XXXIX.— ARA'CHIS. L. 16—10. 
(From a, privative, and rachis, a branch, having no branches.) 

Calyx bilabiate. Legume gibbous, torulose, veiny, woody. 

1. A. hypogjs'a, (L.) Stem pilose, procumbent. Leaves abruptly 
pinnate. Flowers axillary. Peduncles becoming elongated, and de- 
posit the legume under ground to ripen. — Yellow. #. Native of 
South America. Cultivated extensively in some parts of the Southern 
States. Peanut Ground Pea. Guber. 

Tribe VII.— GENISTE'JE. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous ; anthers of two forms. Legume 
continuous. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Herbs or 
shrubs. 

Genus XL.— CROTALA'PJA. L. 16—10. 
(Greek Tcrotalon, a castanet, in allusion to the rattling of the seeds in the pod.) 

Calyx slightly bilabiate, 5-cleft. Vexillum cordate, large ; 
keel generally acuminate ; wings somewhat plicate toward the 
base. Stamens monadelphous, the tube cleft on the upper side ; 
the 5 alternate anthers smaller. Legume pedicellate, turgid. 
Seeds reniform. Herbaceous plants, with yellow flowers. 

1. C. sagitta'lis, (L.) Stem erect, branching, hirsute. Leaves simple, 
nearly sessile, oval, or oblong-lanceolate ; stipules decurrent, acumi- 
nate, sagittate. Flowers on rather short, few-flowered peduncles, oppo- 
site the leaves. Corolla about as long as the calyx or shorter. Legume 
inflated, nearly black when mature. Seeds small, smooth, and shining ; 
when ripe, rattling in the capsule. — Yellow. ||. April — July. Com- 
mon. 8 — 12 inches. Rattle-box. 

2. C. parviflo'ra, (Pursh.) Stem erect, hirsute, branching. Leaves 
linear, or linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile, lower ones broader than the 
upper, upper stipules decurrent. Peduncles opposite the leaves, 3 — 7- 
flowered; corolla about as long as the calyx or shorter. — Yellow. If. 
April — July. In shady soils, Mid. Car. and Geo. 10 — 20 inches. 

C. Purshii, D. C. 

3. C. ova'lis, (Pursh.) Stem diffuse, decumbent, branching, hairy. 
Leaves oval, petiolate ; stipules small, or wanting, slightly decurrent. 
Flowers in racemes, opposite the leaves, corolla equaling the calyx. 
Legume slightly stipitate. — Yellow. 2£. April — July. Common in 
dry sandy soils. 6 — 12 inches. 



292 OEDEK XLIII.— LEGTJMINOS^E. 

Genus XLL— LUPI'NUS. Tourn. 16—10. 
(A name given by Pliny ; origin doubtful.) 

Calyx distinctly bilabiate, upper lip usually 2-cleft, the lower 
entire or 3-cleft. Vexillum with reflexed margins ; wings uni- 
ted at the summit ; keel falcate, acuminate. Stamens mona- 
delphous ; alternate anthers oblong, the others round. Legume 
coriaceous, slightly compressed. Herbaceous plants with pal- 
mate or simple leaves. 

1. L. peren'nis, (L.) Root creeping. Stem pubescent, striate, pro- 
cumbent, branching. Leaflets 7 — 9, obovate, slightly pubescent beneath. 
Flowers in long, loose racemes ; upper lip of the calyx gibbous at the 
base, lateral segments of the lower lip setaceous. Petah nearly equal ; 
vexillum spotted. Legume hirsute. — Bluish-violet. If. April — May. 
Common in sandy soils. 12 — 15 inches. Wild Lupine. 

2. L. vtllo'sus, (Willd.) Stem clothed with a dense silky pubescence, 
decumbent. Leaves simple, large, lance-oblong, on long hairy petioles. 
Flowers in long dense spikes ; calyx bracteolate. Legumes woolly, ob- 
long, 4 — 5-seeded. — Reddish-purple. $. April — May. Common. 
10 — 15 inches. 

3. L. diffu'sus, (Nutt.) Stem decumbent, diffuse, villous. Leaves 
oblong-ovate, obtuse, on short petioles, destitute of hairs. Resembles 
in other respects the preceding species. — Blue. 2f. April — May. 
Sand-hills of Car. and Geo. 10 — 15 inches. 

Tribe VIIL— SOPHO'EE^E." 

Stamens 10, distinct ; anthers uniform. Legume continuous, 
sometimes moniliform, but not jointed. 

Genus XLIL— BAPTIS'IA. Vent. 10—1. 
(From the Greek bapto, to dye ; some of the species being used for dyeing.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, campanulate or bilabiate. Vexillum nearly 
orbicular, emarginate, reflexed ; wings about equal in length to 
the vexillum, oblong. Keel slightly curved, scarcely as long as 
the wings. Petals slightly united. Stamens separate, decidu- 
ous. Legume stipitate, many-seeded, ventricose. Flowers in 
terminal racemes, or axillary and solitary. Perennial herba- 
ceous plants. 

1. B. perfolia'ta, (Br.) Stem glabrous, somewhat branched. Leaves 
perfoliate, orbicular or oval, glaucous, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 
small. Legume large, inflated. Seeds small, reniform. — Yellow. %. 
May — July. In dry, sandy soils, middle Car. and Geo. 

2. B. lanceola'ta, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous, 
branching. Leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets cuneate-lanceolate, 
obtuse, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent on the lower. Flow- 
en axillary, solitary, or in terminal racemes. Legume large, somewhat 



ORDER XLm. — LEGUMINOSuE. 293 

globose, or ovate-lanceolate, generally villous. — Yellow. "U • April — 
May. In dry soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. B. tincto'ria, (Br.) Stem glabrous. leaves ternate, nearly ses- 
sile; leaflets obovate. Flowers in terminal racemes, few. Legumes 
small, glabrous, on long stipes. — Yellow. 2f. June — Aug. Common 
in dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. Wild Indigo. 

4. B. austra'lis, (Br.) Stem glabrous, somewhat decumbent. Leaves 
ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets cuneiform, obtuse. Stipules often per- 
sistent, lanceolate. Flowers in long racemes, large, vexillum shorter 
than the wing. Legumes large, acuminate, oblong. — Blue. If. June 
— July. In moist soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. B. villo'sa, (Ell.) Stem villous, pubescent, branched. Leaves 
ternate, nearly sessile ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, or slightly cuneate, 
pubescent when young, afterward nearly or quite glabrous. Flowers in 
terminal elongated racemes. Pedicels erect. Bracts subulate. Calyx 
4-cleft, with appressed hairs. Corolla 4-cleft. Legumes oblong, woolly. 
— Grayish. If. June — July. Middle Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. B. al'ba, (Br.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves ternate, on 
slender petioles; leaflets lanceolate, cuneate, obtuse. Flowers in elon- 
gated racemes. Pedicels filiform. Calyx 4-cleft, segments short, upper 
one emarginate. Legumes cylindrical, inflated. Seeds small. — White. 
li . March — April. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

7. B. bractea'ta, (Mich.) Stem pubescent, branching from the base ; 
branches divaricate. Leaves ternate on short petioles or sessile ; leaflets 
lanceolate or oblong-ovate. Stipules large, foliaceous, persistent. Flow- 
ers large, in declined, many-flowered racemes. Pedicels long, drooping. 
Bracts like the stipules. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper one broadest and 
emarginate. Legume inflated, villous. — Grayish. If.. April — May. 
Middle Geo. 1 — 2 feet. B. leucophcea, ISTutt. 

The oaptisias are quite conspicuous among the flowering plants of the early part of 
summer. The B. Unctoria possesses valuable properties. It is decidedly antiseptic, 
and, on this account, is used in cases approaching mortification, either internally, or 
applied to the surface in the form of cataplasms, as the case requires. It is an emetic 
and cathartic in large doses, hut in small ones is a mild laxative. The root is the part 
generally used, but the whole plant is said to possess similar properties. 

Gemjs XLIIL— SOPHO'RA. L. 16—10. 
(From sophero, an Arabic name of a tree.) 

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncate. Vexillum obovate 
or roundish, equal in length with the other petals. Ovary 
nearly sessile, linear ; ovules numerous. Legume, rnoniliforra, 
indehiscent. 

1. S. tomento'sa, (L.) A tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 15 — 19, 
roundish-oval, obtuse, canescently tomentose on the under side. Flow- 
ers in racemes, vexillum emarginate. — Yellow. ^ . Tampa Bay, Flo 

Genus XLIV.— CLADBAS'TRIS. Raf. 16—10. 

Calyx cylindrical, campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals on rather 
long claws ; vexillum large, roundish, entire. Stamens distinct. 



294: ORDER XLin. LEGUMINOS^. 

Ovary stipitate, linear, pubescent. Legume 4 — 6-seeded. In- 
florescence terminal. 

1. C. tincto'ria, (Raf.) A tree with yellow wood. Leaves pinnate ; 
leaflets 1 — 11, usually alternate, broadly oval, the terminal one rhom- 
boid ovate. Flowers resembling the locust. Legumes flat. — White. ^ . 
West Tennessee. 20 — 40 feet. Yellow-wood. 

Genus XLV.— CER'CIS. L. 10—1. 
(From the Greek kerkis, a shuttlecock ; a name given by Theophrastus.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate, gibbous at the base. Petals 
distinct ; vexillum smaller than the wings ; keel larger than the 
wings, composed of two distinct petals. Stamens distinct, un- 
equal. Legume compressed, many-seeded, oblong, acute, on a 
short stipe. Trees with simple leaves, flowering before putting 
forth leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, (L.) A small tree, with smooth bark, and some- 
what geniculate branches. Leaves broad-cordate, acuminate, villous 
along the veins beneath. Flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx pubes- 
cent at the margin. One of the most ornamental trees of our forests. — 
Rose-color. ^ . March. Common. 15 — 20 feet. 

Red-bud. Judas-tree. 

Tribe IX.— CAS'SIE^. 

Corolla not papilionaceous, but generally irregular. Stamens 
usually 10, distinct. Legume continuous. Leaves pinnate or 
bipinnate. 

Genus XLVI— CAS'SIA. L. 10—1. 
(The name given by Dioscorides.) 

Calyx 5-sepaled; sepals slightly united at the base, generally 
unequal. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens unequal, the three upper 
sterile. Legume ligneous, terete, or compressed, sometimes 
with several transverse partitions. Mostly annual plants, with 
pinnate leaves. 

1. C. to ea, (Walt.) Stem glabrous, or slightly sprinkled with hair, 
branching. Leaflets in 3 pairs, obovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate, a 
little pubescent on the under surface when young, a gland between the 
lower pair. Stipules ciliate. Sepals obtuse, ciliate, 5-nerved. Petals 
emarginate, 3-nerved, obovate. Stamens shorter than the petals, un- 
equal. Anthers dehiscing by two pores at the apex. Legume compressed 
or terete, many-celled by transverse partitions, long. Seeds numerous, 
reniform. — Yellow. 0. Aug. — Oct. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

O. obtusifolia, L. 

2. C. occidenta'lis, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching, or simple. 
Leaflets in 5 pairs, occasionally 3 or 6 pairs, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
slightly ciliate, acuminate, unequal at the base, and serrulate ; gland at 
the base of the petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes, few. Legumes 
long, glabrous, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, nearly oval. — Yellow. 
July — through the summer. 4 — 6 feet. Styptic-weed. 



ORDER XLIII. — LEGUMINOSJ3. 295 

3. C. Marilan'dica, (L.) Stem glabrous, or covered with scattered 
hairs. Leaflets in about 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, slightly ciliate, mu- 
cronate ; gland at the base of the petiole. Flowers in short axillary 
racemes, numerous, paniculate at the summit of the stem. Legumes 
curved, linear, pubescent, or glabrous. — Yellow. 0. June — August. 
On the banks of streams. 3 — 4 feet. 

4. C. Oiainlecris'ta, (L.) Stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, with 
divaricate, hirsute, and scabrous branches. Leaflets in 10 — 15 pairs, 
glabrous, oblique, oval, narrow, mucronate, glaucous beneath, serrulate ; 
petiole hirsute, with a cup-like gland near the base of the lowest pair 
of leaflets. Flowers in supra-axillary fascicles. Stamens all fertile, a 
part of the petals spotted at the base, 4 of the anthers yellow, 6 pur- 
ple. Legumes villous, linear. The C. fasciculata is considered only a 
variety of this ; differing from it in being nearly glabrous, anthers all 
yellow, petals not spotted at the base. — Yellow. #. Aug. — Sept. 
Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. C. nictitans', (L.) Stem erect or procumbent, pubescent when 
young, glabrous when old. Leaflets in 10 — 15 pairs, linear, mucronate, 
gibbous at the base ; gland below the base of the leaflets. Flowers in 
supra-axillary fascicles, small ; petals unequal ; stamens 5 ; anthers 
purple. Legumes somewhat hairy, oblong, compressed. — Yellow. @. 
Aug. — Oct. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. C. as'pera, (Ell.) Stem hirsute, with spreading hairs, with erect 
branches. Leaflets numerous, in 10 — 15 pairs, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 
gland near the base of the lowest pair of leaflets. Flowers on supra- 
axillary peduncles, generally 3 on each peduncle ; stamens 7 — 9, un- 
equal. Legume compressed, obtuse, mucronate, hirsute. — Yellow. ®. 
July — Sept. Common in the low countiy. 1 — 3 feet. 

The C. Marilandica, a plant very common throughout the Southern States, and 
known by the name of American Senna, possesses the properties of the imported Sen- 
na, which is from plants indigenous to Egypt and Arabia, and is the product of several 
species of Cassia. It is a mild cathartic, "owing this effect to a substance obtained by 
the analysis of Lassaigne, and called Cathartin. 

Genus XLVIL— GLEDIT'SCHIA. L. 20—6. 
(In honor of Gleditsch.) 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx consisting of 3 — 5 
— 8 sepals, united at the base. Petals equal in number to the sep- 
als, or fewer. Stamens generally equal the sepals, occasionally 
fewer by abortion. Stigma pubescent. Legume compressed, 
stipitate. Seeds oval, testa crustaceous. Trees with pinnate 
leaves, and generally spiny branches. 

1. G. triacan'thos, (L.) A large tree, wood hard, generally bearing 
compound spines. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, glabrous, 
slightly crenulate near the summit. Flowers in axillary racemes. Le- 
gumes falcate, 12 — 14 inches long, slightly twisted, mucronate, many- 
seeded ; the spaces between the cells of the seed filled with a sweet 
pulp. — Greenish. ^ . May. In rich soils. 50 — 60 feet. 

Honey Locust. Sweet Locust. 

2. G. monosper'ma, ("Walt.) A tree armed on the trunk and branches 
with spines. Leaves equally and compoundly pinnate ; leaflets numer- 



296 ORDER XLm. LEGTJMESTOSjE. 

ous, glabrous, small, oval. Flowers in small, axillary racemes. Legumes 
oval, compressed, destitute of pulp, 1-seeded. — Greenish. *? . July. 
Mid. Car. and Geo., in swamps. 40 — 50 feet. • Water Locust. 

Sub-order II.— MIMO'SE^E. 

Sepals and petals regular, the latter hypogynous. Stamens 
as many as the petals, or numerous ; inserted into the base of 
the corolla. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 

Genus XL VIII— MIMO'SA. Adans. 15—10. 
(Greek mimos, a mimic ; the leaves of some species mimic animal sensibility.) 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, or entire, urceo- 
late. Petals 4 — 5, united into a somewhat campanulate corolla 
with a 4 — 5-cleft border. Stamens 4 — 15, exserted, inserted 
into the base of the corolla, sometimes monadelphous at the 
base, but generally distinct. Herbaceous plants. Flowers in 
globose heads, rose-color. Leaves pinnate, sensitive. 

1. M. steigillo'sa, (T. & G.) Stem prostrate, diffuse, slightly prickly. 
Leaves pinnate, 10 — 15 pairs; leaflets oblong-linear, glabrous, with the 
under surface sometimes strigose, falcate. Flowers in heads, on long 
peduncles. Legumes 1 — 3-jointed, when more than 1-jointed oblong, 
when 1-jointed ovate. — Rose -color. 2£. July — Aug. Flor., Louisiana. 

Genus XLIX— SCHRANK'IA. Willd. 15—10. 
(In honor of Schrank, a German botanist.) 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed, minute. Petals 5, 
united into an infundibuliform corolla. Stamens 8 — 12, dis- 
tinct or monadelphous. Legume 1 -celled, many-seeded, 4- 
valved. Prickly, herbaceous plants, with bipinnate, sensitive 
leaves. Flowers in spherical heads, on axillary peduncles. 

1. S. unctna'ta, (Willd.) Stem procumbent, or running over other 
objects, armed with uncinate prickles, grooved or angled. Leaflets nu- 
merous, oblong-oval, reticulated beneath. Flowers generally in solitary 
heads, peduncles axillary. Legumes rugose, acuminate, oblong-linear, 
somewhat 4-sided, or terete. Seeds elliptical. — Rose-color. 2£. May 
— July. Common. 1 — 4 feet. 

A beautiful plant when cultivated and trained ; its sensitive leaves and beautiful 
heads of pink flowers, distinguish it as a subject of attention. Its abundance, however, 
prevents that care being bestowed upon it, which it would otherwise receive from 
the hand of the florist 

Genus L.— DARLINGTO'NIA. D. C. 15—5. 
(In honor of Dr. Darlington of Penn.) 

Flowers perfect. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5> 
distinct. Stamens 5, distinct. Legume lanceolate, compressed, 
4 — 6-seeded. 



ORDER XLIV. ROSACEA. 297 

1. D. braciiylo'ba, (D. C.) Stem glabrous, unarmed. Leaves bipin- 
nate, 6 — 1-t pairs of linear leaflets, numerous, with a gland at the base 
of each pair, or only at the lowest pair. Flowers in axillary heads. 
Legume* crowded, by abortion often 1 — 2-seeded. — White. If. Flor- 
ida and Southwestern States. 1 — 3 feet. 

Genus LI.— AC A' CIA. Necker. 15—10. 
(From ac, a point, and akazo, to sharpen, many of the species having thorns.) 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals slightly 
united at the base. Stamens 10, inserted into the base of the 
corolla. Legume 1-celled, many-seeded. Plants with bipin- 
nate leaves ; leaflets numerous. Flowers in heads or spikes. 

1. A. lute' a, (Leav.) Stem herbaceous, procumbent, unarmed, pu- 
bescent, with angular branches ; stipules nearly subulate, petioles with- 
out glauds. Leaflets linear-oblong, ciliate. Flowers on axillary pedun- 
cles, in oblong heads ; calyx deeply cleft ; petals ovate-acute. Legumes 
stipitate, compressed, about half an inch long. — Yellow. If . Ala. and 
Lou. 

Genus LIL— VACHEL'LIA. W. & Arn. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers polygamous. Petals united, 
forming a 5 — 6-toothed corolla. Stamens numerous, distinct. 
Legume cylindrical, turgid, filled with pulp. Seeds in a double 
row. 

1. Y. Farnesia'na, ("W". & Arn.) A small tree, with stipular spines. 
Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets numerous. Flowers in globular heads. Pe- 
duncles axillary. Yields gum. — Yellow. ^ . Flor. and Lou. 

The Order Leguminosae is one of the most extensive and important. It yields to 
medicine and the arts its full proportion of the substances derived from the vegetable 
kingdom. In the Pea and Bean it affords two important articles of food, and in point 
of beauty many of its productions are scarcely rivalled. Among the most important 
articles of the Materia Medica derived from this order are the gums Tragacanth, 
Arabic, and Kino; Senna, Tamarind, Catechu, from a species of Acacia; Dragon's 
Blood, Cowhage, from the Dolichos pruriens ; and Balsam Copaiva and Tolu. To the 
arts it affords Indigo, Logwood, Rosewood, a species of Mimosa, Sandal-wood, &c. ; 
as food for men and animals, the Pea, the Bean, Clover, Lucerne, &c. 

Order XLIV.— ROSA'CE^. 

Sepals usually 5, more or less united, persistent. Petals 5, 
perigynous, occasionally absent. Stamens numerous, inserted 
into the lining of the calyx. Ovaries solitary or several, some- 
times united with the calyx or with each, other. Seeds anatro- 
pous. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple, or compound. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Calyx inferior 2 

Calyx superior 12 

2. Ovary solitary 3 

Ovaries more than 1 5 

3. Style arising from the base of the ovary C7iryfiobaIanus, 1 

Style terminal 4 

13* 



298 OEDEE XLIV.— ROSACEA. 

4. Flowers in spikes Sanguisorba, 9 

Flowers in umbels Prunus, 2 

Flowers in racemes Cerasus, 4 

5. Ovaries 2—6 6 

Ovaries more than 6 9 

6. Leaves simple, undivided Spircea, 5 

Leaves lobed or compound 7 

7. Flowers white . Gillenia, 6 

Flowers yellow 8 

8. Flowers on a scape Waldsteinia, 8 

Flowers on a peduncle Agrimonia, 10 

9. Flowers yellow PotentUla, 11 

Flowers not yellow 10 

10. Eeceptacle dry G&um, 7 

Keceptacle fleshy , 11 

11. Carpels inclosed by the receptacle Rosa, 14 

Carpels imbedded in the receptacle Fiagaria, 12 

Carpels pulpy Bubxis, 13 

12. Thorny shrubs Crategus, 15 

Unarmed shrubs or small trees 13 

13. Flowers in racemes Amelanchier, 17 

Flowers not in racemes Pyrus, 16 

Sub-Order I.— CHRYSOBALA'NEzE. 

Calyx inferior. Petals and stamens more or less irregular. 
Fruit a drupe. 

Genus 1.— CHRYSOBALA'NUS. L. 11—1. 

(From the Greek chrusos, gold, and balanos, an acorn, in reference to its yellow fruit.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, campanulate, with nearly equal seg- 
ments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, those next the ovary 
usually shortest and sterile ; ovary sessile ; ovules 2. Fruit a 
drupe, with very little pulp, 1-seeded. Shrubs with flowers in 
terminal or axillary paniculate cymes. 

1. C. oblongifo'lius. (Mich.) Stem slender, prostrate, branching. 
Leaves nearly sessile, oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, slightly crenulate, 
glabrous, or tomentose beneath. Flowers small, terminal. Petals 
nearly round. Fruit oblong, about 1 inch in length. — White. ^ . May 
— June. Geo. and Ala. 1 — 2 feet. 

Sub-Order II.— AMYGDA'LE^E. 
Calyx inferior. Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded. Bark yielding 
gum. 

Genus II— PRU'NUS. Tourn. 11—1. 
(Ancient name of the Plum.) 

Calyx 5-parted, somewhat urceolate. Petals spreading, un- 
guiculate. Stamens numerous. Ovary with 2 pendulous 
ovules, glabrous. Fruit an ovate drupe, fleshy, with a com- 
pressed nucleus, having grooved margins. Small trees and 
shrubs. Leaves with a convolute vernation, serrate. Flowers 
usually appearing before the leaves. Plum. 



ORDER XLIV. ROSACEA. 299 

1 . P. America 'na, (Marsh.) Stem smooth, with long, flexible branch- 
es ; the old branches somewhat rough and thorny. Leaves ovate or 
oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, veined beneath ; petioles with 
two glands, nearly glabrous when old. Floiuers in umbels, 2 — 5. Seg- 
ments of the calyx lanceolate. Fruit a roundish drupe, reddish when 
ripe, large, with a tough skin. — White. *? . March and April. Along 
the banks of streams. 15 — 20 feet. Yellow Plum. Red Plum. 

2. P. Chica'sa. Branches thorny. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ob- 
lanceolate, acute, serrulate. Umbels 2 — 3-flowered ; calyx usually gla 
brous, sometimes pubescent. Drupe globose, red. Chickasaw Plum 

3. P. mariti'ma, (Wang.) A low shrub. Leaves oval or ovate, acu 
minate, finely serrate. Umbels few-flowered. Fruit nearly globular 
covered with bloom, red or purple ; pleasant to the taste. — White. *? . 
March and April. On the sea-coast. 

Genus III— AMYG'DALUS. Tourn. 11—1. 
(From the Greek amusso, to lacerate, in allusion to the appearance of the stem.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, inferior. Petals 5. Fruit a drupe. Peach. 

1. A. Per'sica, (L.) Leaves lanceolate, serrate ; serratures acute. Flow- 
ers sessile, solitary. — Red. ^ . Feb. — March. The Flowering Almond 
is the A. nana. 

Genus IV.— CER'ASUS. Juss. 11—1. 
(From Cerasus, a town in Pontus, Asia.) 

Calyx inferior, campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5-spreading. 
Stamens numerous. Drupe globose ; nucleus smooth. Leaves 
condunlicate in vernation. Cherry. 

1. C. Yirginia'na, (D. C.) A tree with smooth branches, or small 
shrubs with grayish bark. Leaves broadly oval or oblong-lanceolate, 
mucronate, serrate, or entire ; petioles glandular. Flowers in axillary 
racemes, short, erect ; segments of the calyx acute, whitish. Petals 
nearly orbicular. Fruit a dark red, globular drupe, very astringent. — 
White. ^ . March— April. Near Columbia, S. C. 10—30 feet. 

Choke Cherry. 

2. C. seroti'na, (D. C.) A large tree, with spreading, smooth branch- 
es. Leaves oval, lanceolate, acuminate, generally glabrous, somewhat 
lucid, serrate ; petioles with glands. Flowers in elongated racemes. 
Petals nearly orbicular. Drupes nearly black, eatable. — White. *? . 
April — May. In rich soils. 30 — 80 feet. Wild or Black Cherry. 

3. C. Carolinia'na, (Mich.) An evergreen tree of ornamental growth. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, mucronate, entire, or ser- 
rate, coriaceous, shining above ; petioles short. Flowers in dense ra- 
cemes, from the axils of the leaves of the preceding season. Petals 
small, obovate. Stamens long. Drupe black, persistent, dry. — White. 
^ . March — April. On the Congaree, near Columbia. Middle Geo. 

Sub-Order III.— ROSA'CE^E. 

Calyx inferior, 3 — 5-cleft. Ovaries solitary or several. Fruit 
follicular, 1 — 10-seeded, or achenia. 



300 OEDEB XLIV. ROSACEiE. 



Genus V.— SPIR^E'A. L. 11—2. 

(From the Greek speirao, to become spiral, in allusion to the fitness of the plants to 
be twisted into garlands.) 

Calyx 5 -cleft, expanding, persistent. Petals 5, nearly round. 
Stamens numerous, exsert. Carpels 3 — 12, 1 — 3-seeded, dis- 
tinct, or slightly united at the base, follicular, generally 2-valv- 
ed. Shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers 
sometimes dioecious. 

1. S. opulifo'lia, (L.) A small shrub, with the old bark detaching 
itself. Leaves ovate, roundish, or subcordate, 3-lobed, doubly serrate, 
glabrous. Flowers in terminal corymbs, numerous ; pedicels filiform. 
Carpels 3 — 5, inflated. Seeds obovate, shining, very bitter. — White. 
"!? . June — July. Mountains. 3 — 5 feet. Nine Bark. 

2. S. salicifo'lia, (L.) A shrub, with slender, somewhat angular 
branches, and slightly pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. 
Flowers in crowded, paniculate, terminal racemes ; segments of the 
calyx lanceolate. Petals slightly unguiculate, shorter than the calyx. 
Carpels 5, glabrous, united at the base. Seeds numerous. — White. *> . 
June — July. In wet places. 3 — 6 feet. 

Queen of the Meadow. Meadow-sweet. 

3. S. tomento'sa, (L.) A shrub, with ferruginous, tomentose branch- 
es. Leaves on short petioles, ovate or oblong, unequally serrate, 
crowded, tomentose beneath. Flowers in numerous, dense, paniculate 
racemes. Calyx tomentose, with reflected segments. Petals small, 
hairy on the outer surface. Carpels 5, tomentose. Seeds few, subulate. 
— Purple. June — July. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 3 — 6 feet. 

Hardhack. 

4. S. loba'ta, (Murr.) Stem herbaceous, glabrous, striate, angled. 
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 — 5 — 7, the terminal ones large, 7 — 9-lobed ; 
lateral ones 3-lobed, cuneiform ; lobes serrate ; stipules reniform. 
Flowers in a very compound panicle. Sepals refiexed. Carpels 6 — 8, 
glabrous. Deep rose-color. If. June — August. Near the mountains. 
5—8 feet. 

5. S. Arun'cus, (L.) Stem branching, herbaceous. Leaves tripinnate ; 
leaflets lanceolate, oblong, acuminate, doubly serrate. Flowers dioeci- 
ous, numerous, in paniculate spikes. Carpels 3 — 5, glabrous. — White. 
If. June — July. Mountains of Car. and Geo, 3 — 5 feet. 

Goafs Beard. 

The Spiraeas are cultivated as ornaments, and the bark" of the S. tomentosa is pos- 
sessed of tonic and astringent properties, and is used both in the regular practice and 
families where such properties are demanded. In debility it has proved very service- 
able. It is administered in decoction or extract. 

Genus VI.— GILLE'NIA. Mcench. 11—2. 
(From Gillen.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate, with the orifice contracted. 
Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, cuneate, lanceolate, very long. 
Stamens 10 — 15, unequal. Carpels 5; styles filiform; stig- 
mas subcapitate. Seeds ascending, 2 — 4. Perennial herbs, 



OKDKR XLIV. ROSACEA. 301 

with trifoliate leaves. Flowers axillary and terminal, on elon- 
gated peduncles. 

1. G. trifolia'ta, (Moench.) Leaves ternate ; leaflets lanceolate, acu- 
minate, senate ; stipules entire, linear. Flowers in loose panicles, large. 
Petals long-. Seeds exceedingly bitter. — White. 2f. June — August. 
Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. Indian Physic. 

2. G. stipula'cea, (Nutt.) An herbaceous plant, with ternate leaves ; 
leaflets lanceolate-serrate; stipules ovate, foliaceous, large, incised. 
Flotvers in loose panicles. Carpels 5. — White. 21- June — July. 
Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus VII— GE'UM. L. 11—12. 
(From the Greek gezw, to give a relish.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate, with the orifice contracted. 
Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, cuneate, lanceolate, very long. 
Stamens numerous, unequal. Carpels numerous ; styles fili- 
form ; stigmas subcapitate. Seeds ascending, 2 — 4. Peren- 
nial herbs, with trifoliate leaves. Flowers axillary and terminal, 
on elongated peduncles. 

1. G. Virginia'num, (L.) Stem pubescent or nearly glabrous. Kad- 
ical leaves ternate or pinnate, with minute lateral leaflets, on long pet- 
ioles ; cauline ones simple or variously divided or lobed, toothed or 
serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stipules ovate, entire, or toothed. 
Flowers on erect or diverging peduncles. Calyx rather longer than the 
petals. Petals cuneate-obovate. Carpels somewhat hispid, with hooked 
awns. — White. If. July — Aug. Along streams. 1 — 3 feet. 

White Avens. 

Genus VIII.— WALDSTEI'NIA. Willd. 11—12. {Syn. Dalibarda) 
(From Waldstein, a German botanist.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, sometimes with 5 bracteoles at the 
base. Petals 5, sessile. Stamens numerous, inserted into the 
calyx. Filaments filiform, persistent. Styles long, caducous. 
Carpels 2 — 6, dry or fleshy, pubescent. Perennial herbs, with 
a creeping rhizoma. Flowers always yellow. 

1. W. fragarioi'des, (Tratt.) Rhizoma thick ; stem hairy. Leaves 
trifoliate; leaflets cuneiform, and generally petiolate and incised. Flow- 
ers numerous, on an erect scape. Calyx obconic, the segments shorter 
than the petals. Petals obovate. Carpels 4 — 6, minutely hairy. — 
Yellow. 2[ . May — June. Mountains. 4 — 8 inches. Barren Strawberry. 

2. W. loba'ta, (T. & G.) Stem hirsute. Leaves generally 3 — 5- 
lobed, hirsute on the veins, pubescent beneath, somewhat cordate, 
nearly orbicular, incised. Flowers 4 — 8, on filiform scapes, bracteate. 
Calyx witli a narrow tube ; segments longer than the petals. Petals 
oval Carpels generally 2, canescent. — Western Geo. 



302 OKDER XLIV. — EOSAC1LE. 



Genus IX.— SANGUISOR'BA. L. 

(From sanguis, blood, and sorbio, to absorb, from the supposed vulnerary qualities 
of some of the species.) 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted, quadran- 
gular. Petals none. Stamens 4. Carpels 1 — 2. Stigma 
more or less fimbriate. Fruit an achenia. 

1. S. Canadensis, (L.) Stem glabrous. Floivers in spikes ; stamens 
much longer than the calyx Leaves unequally pinnate ; stipules foli- 
aceous ; leaflets ovate or oblong, serrate, sometimes cordate, 1-achenium. 
— If. Mountains. Bur net-saxifrage. 

Genus X.— AGMMO'NIA. Tourn. 11—12. 

(From the Greek argos, white, supposed to be in allusion to its removing the cata- 
ract of the eye, that being white.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, connivent, turbinate, armed with hooked bris- 
tles. Petals 5. Stamens 11 — 15, inserted into the throat of 
the calyx. Carpels 2, included within the calyx. Seeds sus- 
pended. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves. Floivers in ra- 
cemes, yellow. 

1. A. Eupato'ria, (L.) Stem and petioles hirsute. Leaves pinnate, 
the terminal leaflet petioled ; leaflets 5 — 7, oblong, obovate, coarsely 
toothed, pubescent, generally with several minute leaflets intermingled. 
Flowers in virgate spikes, with the calyx sulcate toward the base. 
Petals much longer than the calyx. Fruit hispid. — Yellow. 2f . July. 
Common. 2 — 4 feet. Agrimony. 

2. A. parviflo'ra, (Ait.) Stem and petioles hirsute, with brownish 
hairs. Leaves dotted on the under surface, pinnate ; leaflets 11 — 19, 
crowded, with minute ones intermixed, toothed, lanceolate, acute, sca- 
brous above, pubescent beneath ; stipules incised. Flowers small, in 
virgate racemes. Petals small. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. Upper 
districts of Car. and Geo. 4 — 5 feet. Lotted Agrimony. 

3. A. inci'sa, (T. & G.) Stem and petioles pubescent, intermixed 
with hirsute hairs. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 — 5 pairs, intermixed 
with smaller ones, incised, oblong, with unequal teeth on each side, al- 
most glabrous above, hairy beneath. Flowers in virgate racemes, small, 
on short pedicels ; teeth of the calyx very short. — Yellow. 2f . July 
— Aug. Middle Geo. 1—2 feet. 

AgrimoniaEupatoria is said to be one of the Indian medicines for the cure of fevers. 
Its properties seem to be principally astringent, and on this account it is used in affec- 
tions of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. IX has also been employed in 
jaundice. 

Genus XL— POTENTIL'LA. L. 11—12. 

(From potens, powerful, in allusion to the medical qualities of some of the species.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, with 4 or 5 exterior segments. Petals 4 
— 5, obcordate. Stamens numerous, inserted into the base of 
the calyx. Carpels numerous, collected into a head. Plants 
with compound leaves. 



ORDER XLIV. — ROSACEA. 303 

1. P. Norve'gica, (L.) Stem erect, hirsute, dichotomously divided. 
Leaves palmate ; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, upper ones lanceolate, 
coarsely serrate. Flowers in leafy cymes ; segments of the calyx longer 
than the petals. Petals obovate, emarginate. Carpels rugose, ribbed, 
or striate. — Yellow. #. July — Aug. Common. 8 — IS inches. 

Cinquefoil. 

2. P. Canadensis, (L.) Stems pubescent, sarmentose, procumbent. 
Leaves palmate ; leaflets 5, obovate, cuneiform, silky when young, in- 
cisely toothed. Flowers on elongated, axillary pedicels ; segments of 
the calyx ovate, lanceolate. Petals obcordate. Carpels somewhat ru- 
gose. — Yellow. If. April — Aug. Common. 10 — 12 inches. 

Barren Strawberry. Five-finger. 

3. P. tridenta'ta, (Ait.) Stem branching, creeping at the base. 
Leaves trifoliate, leaflets cuneiform, 3-toothed at the apex, shining above, 
pale and pubescent beneath. Flowers small and few. Petals obovate- 
oblong. Carpels nearly globular, villous. — Yellow. If. June — July. 
6 — 8 inches. 

Genus XII.— FRAGA'RLA. Tourn. 11—12. 

(From fragrant, fragrant; odor of the fruit.) 

The different organs of the flower the 'same as in Potentilla. 
Carpels placed on an enlarged, succulent receptacle. Perennial 
herbs with trifoliate leaves ; receptacle red, edible. Strawberry. 

1. F. Virginia'na, (Ehrh.) Stem stoloniferous. Leaves ternate, coarse- 
ly toothed. Flowers on cymosely divided scapes. Calyx spreading. 
Fruit roundish-ovoid, pitted, carpels imbedded in the receptacle. — 
White. If . April — May. In shady places. Wild Strawberry. 

Genus XIII.— RU'BUS. Tourn. 11—12. 

(From rub, red, Celtic.) 

Calyx 5-parted, flattish at the base. Petals 5, deciduous. 
Stamens numerous. Carpels pulpy, collected on a conical or 
cylindrical receptacle. Shrubby plants, and generally with 
prickly stems. Flowers white or rose-color. Fruit eatable. 

Raspberry. Blackberry. 

1. R. odora'tus, (L.) Stem hispid, shrubby, branched. Leaves sim- 
ple, 3 — 5-lobed, the middle lobe elongated, acute, serrulate, toothed. 
Flowers numerous, large. Calyx covered with glandular hairs. Petals 
nearly orbicular. Fruit broad and flat. Yellowish and red. — Rose- 
color. 2f . June — July. Shady places. 3 — 5 feet. 

Rose-flowering Raspberry. 

2. R. occidental lis, (L.) Stems shrubby, armed with hooked prickles, 
glaucous. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 — 5, ovate, acuminate, doubly ser- 
rate, tomentose beneath, lateral ones somewhat petioled. Flowers on 
1 — 3-flowered axillary peduncles. Fruit roundish, nearly black, glau- 
cous. — White. If. May — June. Mountains. 

Black Raspberry. Thimble-berry. 

3. R. villo'sus, (Ait.) Stem erect or bending, angular, armed with 
stout prickles curved downward ; branches villous. Leaves 3 — 5-foli- 



304: ORDER XLIV. ROSACEiE. 

ate, glandular, pubescent beneath ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, unequally- 
serrate, the terminal one petioled. Flowers in racemes, sepals linear- 
acuminate. Petals spreading, obovate. Frttit black, large. — White or 
rose-color. 2f . May — June. Common. 3 — 8 feet. Blackberry. 

4. R. kis'pidus, (L.) Stem shrubby, slender, prostrate, covered with 
retrorse prickles. Leaves persistent, 3 — 5-foliate ; leaflets somewhat 
coriaceous, obovate, unequally serrate, glabrous. Flowers small, in co- 
rymbs, with filiform pedicels. Sepals spreading half the length of the 
petals. Petals obovate. Fruit small, black, composed of large grains, 
sour. — White. If. May — June. Mountains. 

5. R. trivia'lis, (Mich.) Stem shrubby, procumbent, sarmentose, 
armed with prickles. Leaves 3 — 5-foliate ; leaflets ovate, or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, serrate, generally glabrous. Flowers 1 — 3 on each 
peduncle, large. Sepals reflexed, not half the length of the petals. 
Petals obovate, broad. Fruit large, black. — White. 2f. March — 
May. Common. Low-bush Blackberry. 

Var. Some of the leaves simple, obscurely 3-lobed, broad-ovate. 
Mowers but 1 on each peduncle ; sepals seldom reflexed ; petals lance- 
olate ; stem and young branches glabrous. 

6. R. cuneifo'lius, (Pursh.) Stem shrubby, erect, low, armed with 
stout recurved prickles: Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate, cuneate, 
tomentose beneath, somewhat coriaceous, serrate toward the apex, with 
revolute margins near the base. Flowers few on each peduncle. Sep- 
als mucronate, oblong, tomentose. Petals obovate. Fruit black. — 
White or rose-color. If. May — June. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

The genus Bubus affords fruit, which is much used for food, and is healthy and 
agreeable when perfectly ripe. A jelly made from the fruit of the li. villoms, com- 
mon Blackberry, is much esteemed as an article of diet by patients suffering under 
dysenteric affections. The root of this species is much valued in domestic practice in 
the same diseases, and is considered by many as a certain remedy. The Faculty rec- 
ommend it in such affections as require vegetable astringents. 

Genus XIV.— RO'SA. Tourn. 11—12. 
(From ros, red, Celtic.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, tube urceolate, contracted at the summit, in- 
closing several distinct ovaries. Carpels 1 -seeded, hairy, inde- 
hiscent. Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, with stipules 
adhering- to the petiole. 

1. R. Caroli'na, (L.) Stem erect, branching, branches red, armed 
with stout prickles. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5— -9, large, oblong, lance- 
olate, acute, serrate, pubescent beneath. Flowers in corymbs, on short- 
glandular peduncles. Calyx glandular, hispid. Petals obcordate. 
Fruit globose. — Reddish. If. July. In wet grounds, 4 — 6 feet. 

Swamp Rose. 

2. R. lu'ctda, (Ehrh.) Stems glabrous, erect, colored, armed with 
setaceous prickles. Leaflets 5 — 9, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, gla- 
brous and shining above, pubescent on the under surface. Flowers in 
corymbs, generally 3 ; segments of the calyx foliaceous, glandular-pu- 
bescent, longer than the corolla. Petals obcordate. Fruit red, globose. 
— Reddish. If. May — June. Common. 1 — 3 feet. 

3. R. parviflo'ra, (Ehrh.) Stem glabrous, dotted, branches genicu- 



ORDER XLIV. ROSACEA. 305 

late. Leaflets 5, the lateral ones ovate, obtuse, terminal one lanceolate, 
acute, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath. Spines 
stipulate, generally straight. Flowers terminal, solitary, or by pairs. 
Calyx hispid ; segments subulate. Petals emarginate, obovate. Fruit 
nearly glabrous. — Red. 2f. May — June. In dry fertile soils. Com- 
mon. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. R. l/Eviga'ta, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, branches flexible, armed 
with strong recurved prickles. Leaflets 3 — 5, lanceolate, serrate, cori- 
aceous, shining. Flotoers solitary, terminal; segments of the calyx 
acuminate, unequal, serrate. Petals obovate, obtuse, with the point 
crenulate. — White. If. April — May. Common. 15 — 20 feet. 

Cherokee Rose. 

The Rose has been an object of esteem in all civilized nations. The species and 
varieties of this genus, most of them produced by the horticulturist, amount to 400 — 
500. As an ornamental shrub, it stands unrivaled in public esteem; it yields but little 
to the mass of vegetable materials made subservient to the uses of man. The leaves 
of the Eed-rose are slightly astringent and tonic, but are used chiefly in infusions as a 
vehicle for the administration of cathartic medicines. Rose-water is produced by the 
distillation of the flowers of various species. The Attar of Roses is a volatile oil 
existing in very minute quantities in rose leaves, is obtained by distillation, and sold 
at high prices as a perfume. 

Sub-Order IV.— POMA'CEtE. 

Calyx superior. Carpels 2 — 5, united to form a pome, each 
with 1 — 2 ovules. Fruit usually edible. 

Genus XV.— CRATjE'GUS. L. 11—5. 
(From the Greek Icratos, strength ; in allusion to the hardness of the wood.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, tube urceolate. Petals 5, spreading, orbicular. 
Stamens numerous. Styles 1 — 5. Fruit fleshy or baccate, 
crowned with the teeth of the persistent calyx, 1 — 5-seeded. 
Seeds bony. Thorny shrubs, with simple leaves. Fruit often 
edible. Thorn-tree. 

1. C. Crus-gal'li, (L.) Stem spiny, branching ; branches geniculate, 
divaricate. Leaves obovate, deeply serrate, cuneiform, shining, gla- 
brous, coriaceous, nearly sessile. Spines long. Flowers in terminal, 
compound corymbs ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, sometimes 
serrate. Styles 2. Fruit red. — White. *> . May — June. Commoa 
10—20 feet. 

2. C. coccin'ea, (L.) Stem spiny. Leaves on long petioles, roundish, 
ovate, acutely lobed, serrate, glabrous, obtuse at the base. Petioles 
glandular. Flowers numerous, in corymbs. Calyx glandular, pedun- 
cles hairy. Styles 5. Fruit large, red, eatable. — White. ^. May. 
On banks of streams. 10 — 25 feet. White Thorn* 

3. C. vir'idis, (L.) Stem spiny; branches slender. Leaves nearly 
sessile, spatulate, ovate, serrate, with round lobes generally. Segments 
of the calyx with glandular serratures. Flowers in small corymbs. 
Fruit large, globular, 8 — 4-seeded, red. — White. ^. May — June. 
8—14 feet. 

4. C. populifo'lia, (E1L) Stem spiny, glabrous, with slender branches ; 
spines large, and sometimes branched. Leaves small, ovate, serrate, 



306 OEDEE XLIV. — EOSACE^E. 

sprinkled with a few hairs, slightly lohed, cordate at the base. Flowers 
in small corymbs. Fruit globose, 5-seeded. — White. ^ . April. Mid- 
dle and Southern Carolina and Georgia. 

5. C. puncta'ta, (Jaq.) A small tree, spiny or unarmed, with numerous 
rugged branches. Leaves obovate, cuneate, glabrous, serrate, decurrent 
into a slender petiole, sometimes incised toward the apex. Spines 
stout when present. Flowers in tomentose corymbs. Calyx villous. 
Fruit globose, large, tough, and pleasant to eat ; dotted. — White. "£ . 
May. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 12 — 25 ft. Thorn. 

6. C. arbores'cens, (Ell.) A tree, unarmed. Leaves on short petioles, 
lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, glabrous on the upper surface, 
hairy on the under at the division of the veins. Flowers numerous, in 
corymbs. Calyx hairy. Segments obtuse, reflexed. Styles 5. Fruit 
globose, small, red. — White. ^ . March — April. Southern Geo. 20 
—30 feet. 

7. C. apiifo'lia, (Mich.) A spiny shrub, much branched. Leaves 
deltoid on long petioles, in fascicles, pubescent, 5 — 7 -cleft, segments 
incisely lobed, serrate ; spines stout. Flowers in simple corymbs ; ca- 
lyx villous; segments lanceolate, reflexed; styles 2 — 3. — White. ^. 
March — April. Common. 4 — 12 feet. 

8. 0. corda'ta, (Ait.) A large shrub, glabrous and spiny. Leaves 
cordate-ovate, on long slender petioles, 3 — 5— 7 -lobed ; lobes acumi- 
nate, acutely serrate. Flowers in compound corymbs; segments of the 
calyx short, obtuse. Styles 5. Fruit globose, small, depressed, red. — 
White. "£ . June. Mountains. 15 — 20 feet. Washington Thorn. 

9. C. spathula'ta, (Mich.) A small tree, somewhat spin}^, glabrous. 
Leaves clustered in fascicles, with a long cuneate base, generally 3-lobed, 
crenate, glabrous. Flowers numerous, in lateral corymbs. Calyx small, 
glabrous, segments ovate, obtuse. Styles 5. Fruit small, globose, red, 
eatable. — White. ^ . April. Common. 12 — 15 feet. 

10. C. ^estiva'lis, (T. & G.) Stem spiny, branching from the base. 
Leaves elliptical or obovate, cuneate, on short petioles, sinuate toothed, 
or angled toward the summit, tomentose when young, glabrous above 
when old ; veins beneath covered with a rusty pubescence. Flowers 
in small corymbs, glabrous. Styles 4 — 6. Fruit globose, large, acid, 
red, used for tarts or preserves. — White. $ . Feb. — March. In wet 
places. 20 — 30 feet. May Haw. Apple Haw. 

11. C. fla'va, (Ait.) A shrub, spiny, with coarse bark Leaves obo- 
vate, cuneate, acute at the base, running into a glandular petiole, gla- 
brous, shining, incised or lobed toward the apex. Flowers in small 
corymbs; segments of the calyx serrated with^globular glands. Styles 
4 — 5. Fruit globular, yellow. — White. If. May. Sandy soils. 15 
—20 feet. 

12. C. lu'oida, (Ell.) A shrub with short spines, very strong. Leaves 
cuneate, obovate, crenate, coriaceous, lucid, on short branches. Flowers 
few in simple corymbs, on small lateral branches. Styles 5. Fruit 
large, globose, red, 5-seeded. — White. ^ . April. Southeastern Geo. 
10—12 feet. 

13. C. ellip'tica, (Ait.) A spiny shrub, with coarse rough bark. 
Leaves obovate or nearly round, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, mar- 
gined, with glandular dots, pubescent in the axils of the veins, and on 
the petioles, slightly lobed toward the apex. Flowers solitary, or in 



ORDER XLIV. ROSACEA. 307 

email corymbs. Calyx pubescent ; segments incised or serrate. Fruit 
oval, large, red, 5-seeded. — White. ^ . April. In sandy soils. 8 — 12 
feet. Summer Haw. 

14. C. parvifo'lia, (Ait.) A spiny shrub, much branched ; branches 
geniculate and divaricate ; young branches tomentose ; spines numer- 
ous, long and slender. Leaves obovate, deeply serrate, entire at the 
base, tomentose. Flowers generally solitary, terminal. Calyx tomen- 
tose ; segments lanceolate, incised, ibliaceous, with 2 or 3 bracts at the 
base. Styles 5. Fruit large, greenish yellow, eatable. — White. ^ . 
April — May. Dry soils. Common. 3 — 6 ft. Winter Haw. 

Genus XVL— PY'EUS. L. 11—5. 
(The Celtic name for Pear.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, tube urceolate or campanulate. Petals 5, 

nearly round. Styles usually 5. Fruit a fleshy pome, inde- 

hiscent. Carpels 2 — 5. Seeds 2 in each carpel. Trees or 
shrubs. Leaves simple. 

1. P. corona'ria, (L.) A small tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 
large, broad oval or ovate, sometimes sub-cordate, irregularly serrate, 
smooth. Flowers in large terminal corymbs, fragrant. Petals some- 
what unguiculate. Fruit globose, depressed ; disagreeable to the taste. 
— Rose-colored. ^ . April. Common. 10 — 20 ft. Crab Apple. 

2. P. angustifo'lia, (Ait.) A small tree, resembling the preceding. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the base, dentate or nearly entire, 
glabrous, shining above. Flowers in corymbs. Fruit small. — White. 
^ . March — April. In rich soils. 10 — 20 feet. 

3. P. erythrocar'pa. (T. & G) (Aronia arbutifolia of Elliott.) A 
shrub sparingly branched, unarmed. Leaves obovate, acuminate, some- 
times lanceolate, crenate, dentate, tomentose underneath when young. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx campanulate, with erect, acute, 
glandular segments. Petals nearly round. Stame?is numerous. Fruit 
small, red. — White or rose-color. "^ . March — April. Common in 
damp soils. 3 — 8 feet. 

This genus affords some of our most important fruits. The Pyrus communis is the 
Pear; the Pyrus malus is the Apple; the Pyrus cydonia is the Quince; and the 
Pyrus prunifolia is the Siberian Grab. 

Genus XVIL— AMELAN'CHIER. Medic. 11—5. 

(The Savoy name of the Medlar.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, obovate, oblong. Stamens numer- 
ous, short. Styles 5, more or less united; pome 5 — 10-celled ; 
cells 1 — 2-seeded ; endocarp cartilaginous. Small trees or 
shrubs, with simple leaves. 

1. A. botrya'pium, (T. & G.) (Aronia botryapium of Fit.) A small 
tree. Leaves cordate or ovate, oblong, serrate, tomentose when young, 
glabrous when mature. Flowers in racemes. Petals oblong or linear- 
lanceolate ; segments of the calyx glabrous, short. Styles pubescent 
at the base. Fruit red, eatable. — White. ^ . Peb. — March. Common. 
1 0—1 2 feet. Shad Flower. 



308 ORDER XLVI. MELASTOMACE.E. 

5. A. rotundifo'lia, (T. & G.) (Aronia ovalis of Ell.) A small shrub. 
Leaves nearly round, acute, glabrous, sharply serrate. Flowers 6 — 10, 
in a raceme. Petals obovate, small ; segments of the calyx pubescent. 
Fruit black, eatable. — White. ^ . March — April. Middle Car. and 
Geo. 2 — 8 feet. 

Order XLV.— CALYCANTHA'CE^. Lind. 

Sepals and petals confounded ; aestivation imbricate, formed 
at the base into an urceolate tube ; segments colored, petal-like. 
Stamens numerous, inserted into the tube of the calyx. An- 
thers adnate, extrorse. Seeds numerous, contained in an en- 
larged, ventricose calyx. 

Genus I.— CALYCAN'THTJS. L. 11—12. 

(From the Greek kalux, a calyx, and anthos, a flower, the calyx being confounded 
with the corolla.) 

Lobes of the calyx in several series, lanceolate, colored, more 
or less fleshy. Stamens numerous, outer ones fertile. Flowers 
purple, odorous when bruised. 

Carolina Allspice. Sweet Shrub. 

1. C. flor'idus, (L.) Stem terete, glabrous; branches opposite, vir- 
gate, young ones pubescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oppo- 
site, entire, rugose, slightly pubescent. Flowers terminal ; perianth 
many-leaved ; leaves in many irregular whorls, linear or lanceolate. 
Stamens 10 — 15 ; filaments short, the leaves of the inner whorl of the 
perianth often having abortive anthers. Fruit an achenia, 15 — 20, in- 
closed in the enlarged cavity formed by the floral organs combined. — 
2f. March— May. Rich lands. 8— 6 feet. 

The odor of the flowers resembles that of ripe strawberries. The oil is too volatile 
to be collected by distillation. The bark yields a volatile oil, of pleasant odor, and 
possessing medicinal qualities. 

Order XLVI.— MELASTOMA'CE^E. 

Sepals 4, combined into an urceolate tube, cohering to the 
ovary. Petals 4, alternate with the segments of the calyx, in- 
serted into its throat ; aestivation twisted. Stamens 4 — 8. 
Anthers adnate, declined. Ovary 4-celled, with central pla- 
centae ; ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit capsular. Seeds 
numerous, minute, anatropous. Herbs, with opposite, ribbed 
leaves. 

Genus I.— RHEX'IA. L. 8—1. 

(From the Greek rTieods, a rupture; supposed to cure wounds by its astringent 
qualities.) 

Tube of the calyx ventricose at the base, narrowed above the 
ovary. Petals obovate or roundish. Anthers 1-celled, with a 
thick connectivum. Style declined. Stigma obtuse. Leaves 
generally sessile, 3 -nerved. 



ORDER XLVH. LYTHRACE^E. 309 

1. R. Maria'na, (L.) Stem hirsute, terete, furrowed. Leaves lanceo- 
late, attenuate at the base, hispid, serrate, ciliate. Flowers axillary or 
terminal. Calyx hispid. Petals large, obliquely obovate, often hispid. 
Anthers long, linear, opening at the summit. Style longer than the sta- 
mens. — Purple. If. June — Sept. In moist soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. R. angustifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem hirsute, nearly terete, much 
branched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, somewhat clustered, attenuate 
at the base, slightly hispid, setaceously ciliate, serrulate. Flowers nu- 
merous, smaller than the preceding. Calyx glabrous. — Pale purple or 
nearly white. If. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. R. lanceolata, Walt. 

3. R. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem square, with the angles winged, hispid, 
branching. Leaves sessile, oval, lanceolate, acute, hispid above and on 
the ribs beneath, sometimes 5 — 7-ribbed. Flowers numerous, axillary, 
and terminal. Calyx hispid. Petals obovate, hispid externally. — Pur- 
ple. %. July — Sept. In swamps. 2 — 3 feet. Deer Grass. 

4. R. stric'ta, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, square ; angles winged, beard- 
ed at the nodes. Leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, setace- 
ously serrulate, often hispid above. Flowers in dichotomous corymbs. 
Calyx glabrous. — Purple. 2f. In wet pine-barrens. Aug. — Sept. 3 
—4 feet. 

5. R. glabel'la, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, slightly furrowed, terete, 
simple. Leaves lanceolate, entire, or with few serratures at the sum- 
mit. Floivers large. Calyx with glandular hairs. Petals large, gland- 
ular externally before their expansion. — Purple. If. June — Aug. 
Damp woods. 2 — 5 feet. Deer Grass. 

6. R. cilio'sa, (Mich.) Stem simple, quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves 
slightly petioled, ovate, lanceolate, serrulate, ciliate, hispid above. 
Flowers in a loose dichotomous panicle, with an involucre formed by the 
upper pair of leaves. Calyx glabrous. Petals nearly round. — Purple. 
If. June — Aug. Pine-barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

7. R. serrula'ta, (Nutt.) Stem small, simple, quadrangular, glabrous. 
Leaves small, ovate, or oval, glabrous, serrulate, and ciliate. Flowers 1 
— 3, together. Calyx glandular, hispid. — Purple. If. June — July. 
Swamps. 6 — 10 inches. 

8. R. lu'tea, (Walt.) Stem hirsute, square, branching, hispid. Leaves 
linear, lanceolate, sometimes cuneate, entire. Flowers small. Calyx 
smooth and shining, or with a few scattered bristles. Petals setace- 
ously mucronate. — Yellow. If. Damp pine -barrens. June — Aug. 
12—18 inches. 

Order XLVIL— LYTHRA'CELE. 

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals none or four. Stamens inserted 
into the tube of the calyx, generally in number equal to the 
lobes. Anthers short, introrse. Ovary 2 — 4-celled, inclosed in 
the calyx ; ovules numerous; placentae central. Capsule mem- 
branaceous, sometimes 1 -celled. Seeds numerous, anatropous. 
Cotyledons foliaceous. Herbs, with opposite leaves, without 
stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Calyx with accessory teeth between the lobes 2 

Calyx with no accessory teeth ffypobrichia, 1 



310 ORDER XLVII. — LYTHRACE.E. 

2. Calyx 6-toothed, ventricose Cuphea, 5 

Calyx with less than 6 teeth, not ventricose 3 

S. Calyx 4 — 6 teeth, cylindrical , Lythrum, 3 

Calyx cainpanulate 4 

4 Calyx 4-lobed Amrnannia, 2 

Calyx with 5 teeth Decodon, 4 

Genus I.— HYPOBRICH'IA. Peplis, 4—1. 

Calyx 4-lobed and sometimes with intermediate segments, 
campanulate, apetalous. Stamens 2 — 4. Ovary 2-celled, glo- 
bose. Stigma 2-lobed, nearly sessile. Capsule 2-celled, mem- 
branaceous, dehiscing irregularly. Seeds numerous. Flowers 
minute, axillary. An aquatic plant, with opposite, linear 
leaves. 

1. H. Nuttal'lii, (L.) Stems leafy, immersed. Leaves numerous, 
linear, acute, the uppermost shorter and broader, obtuse. Flowers very 
small. Stamens 2—4, shorter than the calyx. — %. July — Aug. In 
still waters. 12 — 20 inches. Water Purslane. 

Genus II.— AMMAN'MA. Houst. 4—1. 
(In honor of John Ammann.) 

Calyx 4-lobed, with 4 intermediate lobes produced in the 
sinuses. Petals 4 or none. Stamens generally 4, sometimes 
8. Ovary 2 — 4-celled. Capsule included in the calyx. Seeds 
numerous. Stems square ; leaves opposite. Flowers axillary, 
with small petals. Herbaceous, annual plants. Growing in 
wet places. 

1. A. latifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves linear, lanceo- 
late, dilated at the base, sessile. Flowers 1 — 5 in each axil. Calyx 
angled, with 4 short, intermediate lobes. Petals 4. Stamens 4. Cap- 
sule 4-celled. — Purple. ©. July — Aug. Near Macon. 10 — 20 in. 

2. A. ramos'ior, (Mich.) Stem erect, somewhat columnar, succulent, 
glabrous. Leaves nearly sessile, narrow, lanceolate, more or less cor- 
date. Flowers axillary, the lower ones several in each axil, the upper 
solitary. Petals small. Stamens 4. Capsule globose, furrowed. Seeds 
numerous. — Pale purple. ©. Aug. — Sept. Wet places. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. A. hu'milis, (Mich.) Stem erect, quadrangular, glabrous, some- 
times branched. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at the base. Flow- 
ers solitary, axillary. Calyx with 4 short, intermediate segments. 
Petals 4, obovate. Stigma capitate, nearly sessile. Capsule 4-celled. 
Seeds numerous. — White. 0. On the coast. Sept. — Oct. 6 — 10 in. 

Genus III— LY'THRUM. L. 11—1. 
(From the Greek luthron, black blood, from the purple color of the flowers.) 

Calyx cylindrical, with 4 — 6 short teeth, and generally with 
as many intermediate processes. Petals 4 — 6. Stamens equal, 
or twice as many in number as the petals, inserted into the 



OKDKR XLVn. LYTHRACE^E. 311 

calyx. Style filiform. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, in- 
closed in the calyx. Herbaceous, glabrous plants, with entire 
leaves. 

1. L. lanceola'tum, (Ell.) Stem erect, quadrangular, slightly mar- 
gined ; branches long near the summit, slender, glabrous. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acute, sessile, opposite on the stem, alternate, and crowded on 
the branches. Flowers solitary, axillary. Calyx farrowed. Petals 6, 
oblong, double the length of the calyx. Stamens 6. Capsule oblong. — 
Purple. 2j:. July — Aug. Ditches, swamps. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. L. ala'tum, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, quadrangular, slightly wing- 
ed. Leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, on short petioles. Flowers axil- 
lary, solitary. Calyx striate. Stigma capitate. Capsule cylindrical. 
— Bright purple. If . June — July. Lower Georgia. 3 — i feet. 

3. L. linea're, (L.) Stem glabrous, slender, virgate, branched at the 
summit, angular, margined. Leaves linear, acute, generally opposite, 
upper ones smallest. Flowers axillary, solitary, small. Calyx some- 
what striate. Petals 6. Stamens 6. — Nearly white. If. July — Aug. 
On the coast. 3 — 4 feet. 



Genus IV.— DEC'ODOK Gmel. 10—1. 
(From the Greek dekas, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten teeth of the calyx.) 

Calyx short, campanulate, with 5 erect teeth and 5 subulate, 
spreading processes. Petals 5. Stamens 10, with the alter- 
nate ones very long. Stigma small, on a filiform style. Cap- 
sule globose, 3-celled. Seeds numerous, minute. Perennial 
plant, with opposite, entire leaves and axillary flowers. 

1. D. verticilla'tuh, (Ell.) Stem recurved, pubescent. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acute, entire ; a little hairy on the upper surface, tomentose on 
the under. Flowers 3 or more, at the summit of a short peduncle, 
rather large, showy. — Purple. If . Aug. — Sept. In damp soils. 3 — 
4 feet. 



Genus V.— CUPHE'A. Jacq. 11—1. 
(From the Greek Jcuphos, curved, from the shape of the capsule.) 

Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6-toothed, and generally with as 
many intermediate processes. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens 
12, unequal. Style filiform. Capsule membranaceous, 1 — 2- 
celled. Seeds orbicular, compressed. Herbaceous plants, with 
opposite leaves ; calyx colored. 

1. C. viscosis'sima, (Jacq.) Plant viscid, pubescent. Stem erect, 
branching. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, scabrous, on slender pet- 
ioles. Flowers solitary, on short peduncles. Calyx ribbed, gibbous at 
the base, viscid. Petals unguiculate. Stamens 12. Capsule oblong. 
Seeds few ; capsule opening before the seeds are ripe. — Violet. %. 
July — Aug. Mountains. 12 — 15 inches. 



312 OEDER L. ONAG-RACEjE. 

Genus VI— LAGERSTRCE'MIA. L. 

(In honor of the Marquis Lagerstrcem, a Swedish traveler.) 

Calyx 6-parted, with the bracts at the base. Petals 6, un- 
guiculate. Stamens numerous. Capsule 3 — 6-celled. 

1. L. In'dica, (L.) A shrub, branches somewhat 4-winged. Leaves 
opposite, entire, roundish-ovate, obtuse, shining on the upper surface. 
Panicle terminal, many-flowered. Petals curled, on long claws. — Pur- 
ple. ^ . China and Japan. An ornamental shrub. 6 — 12 feet. 

Order XLVIIL— RHIZOPHORA'CEJE. 

Sepals united into a 4 or many lobed calyx. Petals inserted 
into the calyx and equaling the number of lobes. Stamens 
equal to, or several times the number of petals. Ovary united 
to the tube of the calyx, 1 — 2-celled. Fruit 1-celled, indehis- 
cent. Seed solitary, pendulous. 

Genus I.— RHIZOPHO'RA. L. 12—1. 

(From the Greek rhiza, a root, and phoreo, to bear, from the branches throwing out 

roots.) 

Tube of the calyx obovate. Petals oblong, emarginate, co- 
riaceous. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers 
nearly sessile. Fruit ovate, longer than the tube of the calyx, 
to which it adheres. Trees. 

1. R. Man'gle, (L.) Leaves obovate-oblong. Peduncles 2 — 3-flow- 
ered, axillary. — Yellow. ^ . Lou. and Flor. Mangrove. 

Order L.— ONAGRA'CE^. 

Sepals united into a tubular calyx, the limb generally divided 
into 4 segments. Petals equal in number to the segments, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted with the petals, and 
generally equaling them in number. Anthers introrse. Pollen 
triangular. Ovary cohering with the tube of the calyx, 1 — 2 
— 4-celled. Style elongated. Stigma capitate or 4-lobed. 
Fruit usually capsular. Seeds indefinite, anatropous ; albumen 
none ; embryo straight. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Calyx with 4 or more teeth or lobes 2 

Calyx with 3 lobes Proserpinaca, 6 

2. Flowers monoecious Myriophyllum, 7 

Flowers perfect 3 

3. Stamens 4 Ludwigia, 5 

Stamens more tban 4 4 

4. Flowers purple Epilobium, 1 

Flowers white or reddish Gaura, 3 

Flowers yellow , 5 

5. Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary „ CEnothera, 2 

Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary Jussiwa, 4 



ORDER L. ONAGRACELE. 313 



Genus I.— EPILO'BIUM. L. 8—1. 

(From the Greek epi, upon, and lobos, a pod, the flower heing seated on the top of 
the pod.) 

Calyx campanulate ; segments 4, spreading. Petals 4. Sta- 
mens 8, alternate ones longest. Anthers elliptical, attached 
near the middle. Stigma clavate. Capsule quadrangular, 4- 
celled. Seeds numerous, crowned with a coma. Perennial 
herbs. 

1. E. colora'tum, (Muhl.) Stem branching, glabrous, nearly terete. 
Leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate, serrulate, on short petioles. 
Flowers in terminal racemes, small. Petals 2-cleft. Capsules on short 
pedicels, slightly pubescent, linear, 4-angled. Seed oblong. — Purple. 
U . July — Aug. Mountains. 1 — 3 feet. 

Genus II— CENOTHE'RA. L. 8—1. 

(From the Greek arnos, wine, and thera, a catching: the roots of the (E. bzonnis 
were formerly eaten as an incentive to wine-drinking ; hence the name of the genus 
as wine-catching.) 

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft ; segments reflexed. Petals 4, equal, 
obovate. Stamens 8. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules numerous. 
Stigma 4-cleft. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Herbaceous 
plants, with alternate leaves and axillary or terminal flowers. 

1. (E. bien'nis, (L.) Stem herbaceous, erect, terete, generally sim- 
ple, hirsute. Leaves alternate, pubescent, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, den- 
ticulate. Flowers in terminal, leafy spikes. Calyx longer than the 
ovary, thickened at the summit ; segments hairy on the outside, re- 
fiexedc Stamens slightly declined. Petals obovate, emarginate. Cap- 
sule nearly cylindrical. Seeds numerous. — Yellow. %. Sept. — Oct. 
Common. 3 — 8 feet. Evening Primrose. 

2. CE. murica'ta, (Murr.) Resembles the 03. biennis, but with 
smaller flowers. Stem purplish, muricate. Leaves lanceolate. Petals 
a little longer than the stamens. Ovaries strigose-hirsute. 

3. (E. grandiflo'ra, (Ait.) Stem nearly glabrous, branching. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, sometimes pubescent. Flowers axillary, 
large ; tube of the calyx very long. Petals longer than the stamens. — 
Yellow. ©. Through the summer. Cultivated grounds. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. 03. sinua'ta, (L.) Stem diffuse, pubescent, ascending or decum- 
bent, simple or branching from the base. Leaves sinuately toothed, 
oblong, often pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Petals 
nearly obcordate. Calyx villous. Capsules cylindrical, furrowed. — 
Yellow, becoming rose-color. If. May — June. Dry pastures. 1 — 2 
feet. 

5. GE. fructico'sa, (L.) Stem pubescent or nearly glabrous, branch- 
ing from the base, divaricate. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, denticulate, 
acute, marked with minute linear dots. Flowers large, in terminal ra- 
cemes. Petals broadly obcordate, longer than the segments of the 
calyx. Capsules oblong, clavate, pedicellate, angled. — Pale yellow. 2f . 
July — Aug. Middle Geo. and Car. 1—2 feet. 

14 



314 OKDER L. — ONAGRACE.E. 

6. OE. linea'ris, (Mich.) Stem pubescent, slender, generally branch- 
ed. Leaves linear, entire, obtuse, crowded near the summit. Flowers 
in terminal corymbs. Petals longer than the stamens. Capsules cla- 
vate, tapering at the base into a pedicel. — Bright yellow. or If . 
April — May. Common in dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

7. CE. glau'ca, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, somewhat glaucous, erect, 
branching above. Leaves sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, denticulate. 
Flowers very showy, in short, leafy corymbs. Petals emarginate, 
broadly obovate, erosely crenulate at the summit, much longer than the 
segments of the calyx. Capsules winged, pedicellate, ovoid. — Bright 
yellow. If. May — July. Carolina. 2 — 3 feet. 

8. GS. eipa'kia, (Nutt.) Stem slightly pubescent, slender. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, elongated, attenuate, entire, remotely denticulate. 
Flowers in leafy, elongated racemes ; tube of the calyx longer than the 
ovary ; segments of the calyx acuminate. Petals obcordate. Capsules 
oblong, clavate, 4- winged, with 4 intermediate ribs. — Yellow. $ . June 
— July. In damp soils. 2 — 3 feet 

Genus III— GAU'RA. L. 8—1. 

(From the Greek gauros, superb, alluding to the elegance of the flowers of some of 
the species.) 

Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, prolonged beyond the ovary, decidu- 
ous ; segments reflexed. Petals 4, unguiculate. Stamens 8, 
somewhat declined. Anthers attached near the middle. Ovary 
4-celled, with 1 — 2 suspended ovules in each cell. Style fili- 
form, declined. Fruit somewhat ligneous, indehiscent ; by 
abortion 1 -celled, 1 — 4-seeded, 4-angled. Flowers in terminal 
spikes or racemes. Perennial plants, with alternate leaves. 

1. G. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem terete, pubescent. Leaves clus- 
tered, sessile, linear, repand, undulate, denticulate, somewhat hairy. 
Flowers in terminal panicles, formed of slender racemes. Calyx with 
reflexed segments; segments long, linear. Petals inserted near the 
summit of the calyx, spatulate, obtuse, shorter than the segments of the 
calyx. Fruit ovate, with acute or winged angles. — White. 2f . July 
— Aug. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. G. bien'nis, (L.) Stem villous-pubescent, branching. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acute, denticulate, or entire, pubescent, sometimes glabrous 
above when old. Flowers crowded in the terminal spikes; segments of 
the calyx rather longer than the petals. Petals spatulate, larger than 
the preceding. Fruit oval-oblong, acute at each end, with 4 conspicu- 
ous ribs. — White or red. $ . July — Aug. Upper districts. 3 — 5 
feet. 

3. G. Filip'es, (Spach.) Stem suffructicose at the base, branching 
above. Leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute at the base, often in the 
axils, remotely sinuately toothed, often almost pinnatifid, mucronate. 
Flowers in panicles, on very slender branches. Calyx hairy, with seg- 
ments exceeding in length the petals. Petals spatulate, oblong-ovate. 
Fruit clavate, on a filiform pedicel, 4-angled. — White or reddish. 2f 
July — Aug. In dry soils. 2 — 4 feet. 



ORDER L. ONAG-RACEJE. 315 

Genus IV.— JUSSLE'A. L. 10—1. 
(In honor of A. de J'issieu, demonstrator of plants in the Eoyal Garden at Paris.) 

Calyx 4 — 6-parted ; tube prismatic or cylindrical, not ex- 
tended beyond the ovary. Petals 4 — 6, spreading. Stamens 
double the number of petals. Capsule 4 — 6-celled, oblong, 
ribbed. Seeds numerous. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary. 
Herbaceous plants, growing in wet places. 

1. J. grandiflo'ra, (Mich.) Root creeping. Stem erect, ascending, 
little branched, villous when young. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute 
at each end, nearly sessile, lower ones spatulate. Flowers solitary, ax- 
illary, nodding before their expansion. Calyx villous, with very acute 
segments. Petals obovate, emarginate, double the length of the seg- 
ments. Stamens 10, unequal. Ovary 5-angled. — Yellow. 2f . May — 
Aug. Low country. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. J. leptocae'pa, (Nutt.) Stem hirsute, erect, simple or somewhat 
branched. Leaves lanceolate, almost sessile. Flowers axillary, on short 
pedicels. Calyx usually with 6 acuminate, hairy lobes. Petals as long 
as the calyx. Stamens 10 — 12. Capsules linear, nearly glabrous when 
mature. — Yellow. %■. June — Aug. Southern Goo. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. J. decur'rens, (D. C.) {Ludwigia decurrens of Flliott.) Stem 
erect, glabrous, branching, winged ; branches slender. Leaves ovate, 
lanceolate, decurrent, closely sessile, shining, with 2 glands at the base. 
Flowers on square, winged peduncles, with 2 cordate glands in the 
middle ; segments of the calyx 4, acuminate, 5-nerved. Petals obovate, 
as long as the segments, caducous. Stamens 8. Capsules 4-seeded, 
winged, on short pedicels. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Damp soils. 
Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus V.— LUDWIG'IA. L. 4—1. 

(In honor of Professor Ludwig, of Leipsic.) 

Calyx 4-parted ; tube angled or cylindrical. Petals 4 or 
none. Stamens 4. Apex of the ovary generally flat. Stigma 
capitate. Capsule quadrangular, 4-celled, many-seeded. Flow- 
ers axillary or spicate. Perennial plants, growing in wet 
places. 

1. L. alternifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, branching, slightly angled, 
slightly scabrous. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, sessile, tapering at each 
extremity. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short peduncles ; segments of 
the calyx ovate, acuminate, spreading, 5-nerved. Petals caducous, as 
long as the calyx. Capsule with winged angles, cubical ; wings ciliate. 
— Yellow. If. July — Sept. Low country. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. L. pilo'sa, (Walt.) Stem hairy or hirsute, erect, branching. Leaves 
ovate, obtuse ; upper ones lanceolate or oblong-linear, sessile, some- 
what decurrent. Flowers axillary, on short peduncles, large ; seg- 
ments of the calyx ovate, lanceolate, spreading. Capsule villous, nearly 
cubical; angles winged. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Wet clay soils. 
1—2 feet. 



316 ORDER L. — ONAGRACELE. 

3. L. virga'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, virgate, slightly angled, pubes- 
cent, sometimes branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, the upper linear, 
obtuse, sessile, pubescent. Flowers axillary, large, on slender pedicels ; 
lobes of the calyx ovate, reflexed. Petals larger than the segments. 
Capsule cubical, with winged angles. — Yellow. 2f . May — Sept. In 
dry places. 2—4 feet. 

4. L. linea'ris, (Walt.) Stem erect, branching, slender, glabrous, an- 
gled near the summit. Leaves linear, acute at each end. Flowers ax- 
illary, solitary, sessile ; segments of the calyx triangular, ovate. Petals 
oblong-ovate, sometimes wanting. — Pale yellow. 2f . July — Sept. In 
shallow water. 10 — 20 inches. 

5. L. linifo'lia, (Poir.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching from the 
base, slender, angled above. Leaves linear, tapering at the base. Flow- 
ers axillary, sessile, larger than the preceding ; lobes of the calyx ovate- 
lanceolate. Capsule cylindrical, slender. — Yellow. 2f. July — Aug. 
Middle Geo. 6—18 inches. 

6. L. ctlin'drica, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, slightly angled, gla- 
brous. Leaves slightly denticulate, lanceolate, tapering at each extrem- 
ity, slightly decurrent. Flowers small, solitary or clustered, apetalous, 
sessile; segments of the calyx short, serrulate. Capsule cylindrical, 
pubescent, with 4 furrows. — Yellow. 2f . July — Sept. Southern Geo. 
2—3 feet. 

7. L. mol'lis, (Mich.) Stem erect, much branched, pubescent. Leaves 
lanceolate, pubescent, acute at each extremity. Floioers generally clus- 
tered, axillary, sessile ; segments of the calyx acuminate, triangular, 
ovate. Petals minute or none. Capsule subglobose, villous, 4-sided. — 
Yellow. 11. July — Sept. In swamps. 2 — 3 feet. L. pilosa, Walt. 

8. L. ala'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, sparingly branched, winged. 
Leaves cuneate, decurrent at the base ; lower ones lanceolate or oval. 
Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, apetalous ; segments of the calyx 
broad, triangular, ovate. Capsules cubical, slightly winged, small. — 
Yellow. 11. July — Sept. In swamps. Southern Car. and Geo. 1 
—3 feet. 

9. L. spb^erocar'pa, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly angled, branching, 
glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, atten- 
uate at the base. Flowers axillary, generally solitary, sessile, commonly 
apetalous ; segments of the calyx triangular-ovate. Co/jsw/e.small, glo- 
bose, pubescent. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Swampy grounds. South- 
ern Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

10. L. microcar'pa, (Mich.) Stem decumbent, slightly winged, branch- 
ing, glabrous, ascending. Leaves obovate, spatulate, acute, glabrous, 
obscurely denticulate. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, apetalous. 
Capsule very small, 4-furrowed. — ©'. Damp places. Lower Car. and 
Geo. 8 — 12 inches. 

11. L. capita'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, slender, somewhat 
angled. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, sessile, acute. 
Floioers in a crowded, terminal head or spike, sessile. Petals small or 
none; segments of the calyx broad, triangular-ovate. Capsule oblong, 
quadrangular, slightly winged. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Damp 
soils. Middle Geo. 12 — 15 inches. 

12. L. palus'tris, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, glabrous, creeping, branch- 
ing, succulent. Leaves opposite, ovate-spatulate, entire, tapering at the 



ORDER L. ONAGRACE.E. 317 

base into a slender petiole. Flowers axillary, sessile ; segments of the 
calyx very short. — Red. If . Through the summer. In water. 

13. L. na'taks, (Ell.) Stem glabrous, somewhat fleshy, creeping or 
floating. Leaves opposite, ovate-spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; 
lower ones nearly sessile. Flowers axillary, sessile ; segments of the 
calyx triangular-ovate. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule quadran- 
gular, attenuate at the base. — Yellow. If. July — Oct. In swamps. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 

14. L. pedunculo'sa, (Mich.) Stem creeping, glabrous, branching. 
Leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, entire ; upper surface glabrous, the 
under sprinkled with hairs. Flowers axillary, solitary, on long pedun- 
cles. Petals obovate, entire, caducous ; segments of the calyx linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Capsule obconic, pubescent. — Yellow. 
If. May — June. In wet places. Stem 3 — 10 inches. 

Gemjs VI— PROSERPINA'CA. L. 3—3. 
(From proserpo, to creep ; creeping plants.) 

Calyx 3-parted ; tube 3-sided. Petals 3 or none. Stamens 
3. Stigmas papillose. Fruit 3-sided, 3-celled. Stems creep- 
ing. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary. Aquatic herbs. 

1. P. palus'tris, (L.) Root fibrous. Stem herbaceous, procumbent, 
columnar, branching, glabrous, colored. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
sharply serrate ; the lower ones pectinate or pinnatifid, glabrous. 
Flowers 1 — 3, axillary, nearly sessile ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, 
persistent. Fruit triquetrous. — If. April. In shallow waters. 

2. P. pectina'cea, (Lam.) Stem herbaceous, erect, sometimes branch- 
ing, angled near the summit. Leaves glabrous, pectinate ; segments 
linear-subulate. Flowers 1 — 3, nearly sessile. JVut triquetrous, with 
obtuse angles. If. May — April. In shallow water. 2 — 8 inches. 

Genus VII.— MYRIOPHYL'LUM. Vaill. 19—12. 

(From the Greek murios, a myriad, and phullon, a leaf, in allusion to its numerous 

leaves.) 

Flowers perfect or monoecious. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4 
or none. Stamens 4 — 8. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 in dehis- 
cent carpels, cohering by the inner angles, adhering to the tube 
of the calyx. Aquatic plants. The submersed leaves pinnate, 
with filiform segments. Flowers sessile, axillary, the upper 
staminate, the middle perfect, the lower fertile. 

1. M. verticilla'tum, (L.) Stem long, branching. Leaves verticillate ; 
the upper pectinate, pinnatifid, the lower pinnate, with capillary seg- 
ments. Flowers axillary, octandrous. — If. July — Sept. In ponds 
and streams. Water Milfoil. 

2. M. heterophyl'lum, (Mich.) Stem thick, branching, terete, float- 
ing ; the upper leaves oval, acutely serrate ; submersed leaves numer- 
ous, verticillate, pinnate, with setaceous segments. Flowers hexandrous, 
in irregular whorls. Calyx with minute lobes. Petals minute. Sta- 
mens 4 — 6. Carpels roughened, cohering at the axis. — Purple. 2f. 
June — Sept. In ponds and streams. 1 — 2 feet. 



318 OEDER LIII. PASSIFLORACE.E. 

3. M. scabra'tum, (Mich.) Stem terete, floating, taking roots at the 
lower joints. Leaves verticillate ; the upper linear, pinnatifid, the 
lower setaceous. Flowers verticillate, small, sessile. Stamens 4 — 6. 
Carpels 2, ridged on the back. — Pale purple. If. April — June. Shal- 
low ponds. 10 — 12 inches. 

Order LI.— LOASA'CE^E. 

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, sometimes 10, the inner ones usu- 
ally smaller. Stamens numerous, the outer ones often petaloid. 
Ovary inferior, 1 -celled. Fruit a capsule, 1-celled, about 6- 
seeded. Seeds anatropous. 

Genus I.— MENTZE'LIA. L. 11—1. 

Genus same as the order. 

1. M. Florida'na, (Nutt.) Herbaceous plant, covered with rigid, 
barbed hairs. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, unequally toothed, truncate, 
and 2-lobed at the base. Petals cuneate-oval, a little longer than the 
stamens. Capsule clavate. Seeds ovate, striate. — Yellow. East 
Florida. 

Order LIL— TURNERA'CE^E. 

Sepals 5, united into a funnel-shaped tube ; segments equal. 
Petals 5, equal, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate 
with the petals. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 pa- 
rietal placentae. Ovules numerous. Styles 3. Capsule 3-valv- 
ed, with loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds numerous. Herbaceous 
plants. Leaves simple, alternate. 

Genus I.— TUR'NERA. Plum. 5—3. 
(In memory of Wm. Turner.) 

Petals longer than the calyx. Stigmas many-cleft. 

1. T. cistoi'des, (L.) Stem simple, hirsute, with bristly hairs. Leaves 
alternate, oval, obtuse, crenate, hairy, nearly sessile. Flowers solitary, 
axillary; peduncles articulated toward the summit. Petals obovate. 
Anthers sagittate. Capsule globose, villous. Seeds reniform. — Yellow. 
2f. June — Sept. Barren soils. Georgia, Florida. 12 — 18 inches. 

Order LIII.— PASSIFLORA'CEJS. 

Sepals 4 — 5, united at the base. Petals 4 — 5, inserted into 
the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4 — 5, 
monadelphous. Anthers introrse. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled, 
with 3 — 4 parietal placentas. Styles 3 — 4, clavate, a filamen- 
tous crown inserted into the calyx within the petals. Fruit 
fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, anatropous. Climbing 
herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 



ORDER LIV. CUCURBITACRE. 319 

Genus I— PASSIFLO'RA. L. 15—5. 

(From passio, passion, and^Jcs, a flower ; some fancied resemblance to the crown of 
thorns and. other appendages of the passion of our Saviour.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with a campanulate tube with a filamentous 
crown inserted into the throat. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Anthers 
]arge. Stigmas 3, clavate. Fruit pulpy. Flowers axillary, 
with a filamentous crown. 

1. P. incarna'ta, (L.) Stem climbing, herbaceous. Leaves 3-lobed, 
alternate ; lobes oblong, acute, pubescent along the veins. Petioles 
■with 2 glands near the summit. Flowers axillary, solitary, on a long 
jointed peduncle ; tendrils axillary. Calyx 5-parted, pubescent. Pet- 
als oval-oblong ; crown triple. Fruit oval, glabrous, eatable. — White. 
11 . May— July. Dry soils. 20—30 feet. May Pop. 

2. P. lu'tea, (L.) Stem herbaceous, slender, climbing, slightly hairy. 
Leaves somewhat cordate at the base, obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, 
glabrous. Flowers by pairs, on axillary peduncles. Petals narrow. 
Fruit dark purple. — Greenish-yellow. 2f.. May— July. Common. 
3—10 feet. 

Order LIV.— CUCURBITA'CE^E. 

Calyx 5-toothed, the limb sometimes obsolete. Petals 5, 
distinct. Stamens 5, usually diadelphous or triadelphous. An- 
thers long and sinuous. Ovary cohering to the calyx. Fruit 
fleshy. Seeds anatropous ; albumen none ; cotyledons foliace- 
ous. Herbaceous plants, climbing by stipular tendrils. Leaves 
alternate. Flowers axillary. 

Genus I— BRYO'KIA. L. 19—15. 
(From the Greek oruo, to sprout up, alluding to its rapid growth.) 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx with 5 short teeth. Petals 5. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style generally 3-cleft. Fruit an 
oval berry, few-seeded. 

1. B. Botkin'ii, (T. & G.) Stem climbing, pubescent; tendrils usu- 
ally simple. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the middle one longest, 
acuminate, denticulate, the lateral angled or 2-lobed. Sterile and fer- 
tile flowers usually together, on short pedicels. Fruit crimson, becom- 
ing yellow. Seeds with 2 lateral teeth. Greenish- white. If. June — 
July. Along streams. 15 — 20 feet. 

Genus II— MELOTH'RIA. L. 19—15. 

(The name of a plant, given by Theophrastus.) 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 3 — 5-toothed. Petals 5, form- 
ing a campanulate corolla ; perfect flowers sometimes apetalous. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous. Anthers contorted. Style 1. Stig- 
mas 3, dilated, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding the base of 
the style. Fruit a small many-seeded berry. 



820 OKDER LIY. — CUCUEBITACE^. 

1. M. pen'dula, (L.) Stern running over small shrubs, branching. 
Leaves somewhat reniform; repand toothed, 5-angled or 5-lobed, mid- 
dle lobe longest, mucronate, slightly hispid. Flowers axillary, the ster- 
ile in racemes, the fertile solitary ; segments of the calyx subulate. Co- 
rolla with a 5-lobed border. Stamens short. Fruit small, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Yellowish. If. June — Aug. In rich soils. 

Genus III.— SI" C YOS. L. 19—15. 
(From the Greek sieuos, a cucumber, from its resemblance.) 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-toothed, flattish ; teeth subu- 
late. Petals 5, ovate, united, forming a rotate corolla. Sta- 
mens 5, cohering into a tube. Anthers contorted. Calyx in 
the fertile flowers campanulate. Petals forming a campanulate 
corolla. Ovary 1 -celled. Ovule 1. Style 1. Stigmas 3. 
Fruit ovate, usually hispid. Sterile and fertile flowers to- 
gether, the former in racemes, the latter in clusters. Petals 
with green veins ; tendrils compound. 

1. S. angula'tus, (L.) A small, procumbent vine, viscidly pubescent. 
Leaves alternate, cordate, 5-angled, toothed, scabrous, palmately veined ; 
tendrils 3 — 5-cleft. Sterile flowers in racemose corymbs, on long pe- 
duncles. Fruit viscidly pubescent, with introrsely scabrous bristles. — 
White. 0. June — Sept. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 

Genus IV.— CUCUE/BITA. L. 19—15. 
(From cucwbita, a vessel.) 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; seg- 
ments subulate or rather broad. Petals obovate, inserted within 
the margin of the calyx. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Anthers 
long, tortuous. Fruit large, 3 — 5-celled. Seeds numerous, 
compressed. Fertile flowers, with 3 nearly sessile, thick stig- 
mas. Lagenaria vulgaris (lagena, a bottle), D. C. 

1. C. lagena'ria, (L.) A large vine, tomentose. Leaves cordate, 
nearly circular, pubescent, with 2 glands at the base ; tendrils 3 — 4- 
cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary. Petals spreading. Fruit varying in 
form; exterior coat ligneous. — White. @. Through the summer. 
Rich soils. Calabash or Gourd. 

2. C. pe'po. Running vine. Leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, 
denticulate. Fruit round or nearly so, more or less ribbed, smooth. — 
Asia. Pumpkin. 

3. C. citrul'lus. Leaves 5-lobed ; lobes sinuate, pinnatifid, obtuse. 
Fruit more or less oval, smooth, often marked with various stripes, 3 — 
6-celled, fleshy at the center. — Southern Asia and Africa. Watermelon. 

The various kinds of Squash belong to this genus. 



ORDER LY. GROSSULACEiE. 321 

Gemjs V.— MOMOR'DICA. L. 19—15. 

(From mordio, to bite, the seeds appearing as if bitten.) 

Flowers monoecious or filiform. Stamens triadelphous. 
Style trifid. Fruit a pepo, muricate, bursting elastically when 
mature. Seeds inclosed in a fleshy arillus. 

1, M. balsa'mia, (L.) A running annual plant. Leaves palmately 
5-lobed, toothed, glabrous, shining. Fruit attenuated at both ends, 
angular, tuberculated, orange-colored when ripe, splitting irregularly. 
Highly esteemed in the East for curing wounds ; hence its common 
name, Balsam. — Yellow. East Indies. 

Balsam Apple. Balsam Cucumber. 

2. M. Charan'tia, (L.) Stem pubescent. Leaves 5 — Y-lobed, den- 
tate or sinuately toothed. Ovary slender, more or less tuberculate ; 
seeds with a notched margin. — Tampa Bay, Florida. 

Genus VI— CU'CUMIS. L. 19—15. 
(Origin doubtful.) 

Flowers monoecious or perfect. Calyx campanulate ; seg- 
ments subulate. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Pepo in dehiscent, 
3 — 6-celled. Cucumber. MusJcmelon. 

1. C. me'lo, (L.) Stem running, scabrous, cirriferous. Leaves round- 
ish, angular. Staminate flowers with the calyx ventricose at the base. 
Fruit ovate or globose, 8 — 12-furrowed. Flesh sweet. — Numerous va- 
rieties in cultivation. Muskmelon. Cantelope. Nutmeg Melon. 

2. C. sati'vtjs, (L.) Stem rough, cirriferous. Leaves cordate, ob- 
scurely 5-lobed, petiolate. Flowers usually by threes. Calyx campanu- 
late. Fruit varying much in form, smooth or prickly, usually shining. 
— Great variety in cultivation. East Indies. Cucumber. 

Order LV.— GROSSULA'CEiE. 

Calyx superior, 4 — 5-cleft, tubular, campanulate. Petals usu- 
ally 5, distinct, small, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Sta- 
mens 5. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled. Styles 2. Fruit a berry, 
1-celled, usually many-seeded. Seeds anatropous ; albumen 
fleshy ; embryo minute. Shrubs. 

Genus I— ROES. L. 5—1. 
(An Arabian name of an acid plant) 

Genus same as the order. 

1. R. eotundifo'lium, (Mich.) Stems not prickly ; subaxillary spines 
short, usually solitary. Leaves roundish, 5-lobed, nearly glabrous, shi- 
ning above ; lobes obtuse, incisely toothed. Peduncles slender, 1 — 2- 
flowered. Petals spatulate, unguiculate. Fruit small, smooth. — 
Mountains. N. C. Gooseberry. 

A species is found in the neighborhood of Stone Mountain, Georgia, of which a 
stem was given me. Leaves broad-cordate, glabrous ; upper ones distinctly 3-lobed, 
obscurely 5-lobed ; lower ones 5-lobed ; lobes crenate, toothed ; subaxillary spines 3 
on the lower part of the stem, 1 or 2 toward the summit. Branches long, slender, 
white toward the summit 

14* 



322 ORDER LVm. CRASSULACEiE. 

Order LVL— CACTA'CEJE. Juss. 

Sepals numerous, indefinite, confounded with the petals, im- 
bricate. Petals numerous, indefinite, arising from the orifice of 
the calyx. Stamens numerous, indefinite, with long, filiform 
filaments, and versatile, ovate anthers. Ovary 1-celled, coher- 
ing to the calyx, with parietal placentas, fleshy. Fruit 1-celled, 
many-seeded, succulent. Seeds anatropous, with no albumen. 
Succulent plants, generally destitute of leaves. Flowers sessile. 

Genus I— OPUN'TIA. Tourn. 11— 1. (Cactus, L.) 
(From Opus, a city of Locris.) 

Sepals numerous, adhering to the ovary. Petals numerous, 
obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, shorter than the pet- 
als. Stigmas numerous, thick. Berry 1-celled, tuberculate, 
many-seeded. 

1. C. vulga'ris, (Mill.) Stem prostrate, creeping; joints compressed, 
obovate ; spines setaceous. Flowers sessile on the margins of the artic- 
ulations. Fruit obovate, pulpy. Seeds numerous, imbedded in a crim- 
son pulp. — Yellow. 2f . Through the summer. Common. 

Order LVIL— SURIANA'CE^. 

Sepcds 5, persistent. Petals 5, inserted into the bottom of 
the calyx. Stamens 5, sometimes with 5 abortive ones. Torus 
fleshy. Ovaries 5, each with a long style ; ovules in pairs, 
erect. Fruit 5 coriaceous carpels. Seeds solitary, uncinate. 
Shrubs. 

Genus I.— SURIA'NA. Plum. 5—5. 

Genus same as the order. 

1. S. mariti'ma, (L.) Leaves simple, oblong-spatulate, pubescent, 
crowded at the tops of the branches. Flowers bracteate. — Yellow. ^ . 
Sea-coast of Southern Florida. 

Order LVIII.— CRASSULA'CEiE. 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 4 — 5, with as many 
hypogynous scales at the base of the ovary. Ovaries 5, gener- 
ally distinct; ovules numerous. Carpels many-seeded, open- 
ing by the inner suture. Seeds anatropous. More or less suc- 
culent plants. 

Genus L— SE'DUM. L. 10—5. 

(From sedeo, to sit ; manner of growth, sitting upon rocks.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, inferior. Corolla 4 — 5-petaled. Stamens 10. 
Styles 5. Capsules 5, with 5 nectariferous scales at the base 
of the germ. 



OKDER LIX. 6AXIFRAGACE.E. 323 

1. S. telephioi'des, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves broad- 
lanceolate, alternate at the base, glabrous, toothed. Flowers in termi- 
nal corymbs, dense. Stamens 10. Petals ovate-lanceolate. — Pale pur- 
ple. If. June — Aug. Mountains. 1 foot. Live Forever. 

2. S. terna'tum, (Mich.) Stem creeping, branching from the base. 
Leaves flat, glabrous, entire; the lower ones verticillate by threes, 
broad, cuneiform, obovate ; the upper ones sessile, oval, or lanceolate. 
Ftoivers in a 3-spiked cyme. Stamens 8, with the exception of the ter- 
minal ones, which have 10. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute. — White. 
If. May — June. Mountains. Stone-crop. 

3. S. pulchel'lum, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, assurgent. Leaves linear, 
flattish, obtuse, scattered, sessile, numerous. Flowers in a many-spiked 
cyme, crowded, unilateral, sessile, octandrous; terminal one commonly 
decandrous. Sepals lanceolate, obtuse. Petals lanceolate, acute. — 
Purple or rose-color. If. May — June. Mountains. 4 — 12 inches. 

Genus II.— DIAMORTHA. Nutt. 8—4. 

(From the Greek diamorphoo, to deform, from the irregular form of the fruit in ref- 
erence to the order.) 

Sepals 4, united at the base, obtuse. Petals 4, concave. 
Stamens 8, with purple, nearly round anthers. Carpels 4, with 
minute, obcordate scales at their base. Seeds 4 — 8. A succu- 
lent, biennial herb, branching from the base. 

1. D. fusii/la, (Nutt.) Leaves alternate, oblong, nearly terete. 
Flowers small, in corymbose cymes. Fruit not dehiscing by either 
suture. — White. $ . March. On flat rocks. Upper part of Geo. 

Genus III— PEN'THORUM. Gron. 10—5. 

(Prom the Greek pente, five, and horos, a boundary, in reference to the five beaks by 
which the capsule is bounded.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, 
united into a 5-angled, 5-celled capsule, with 5 diverging 
beaks. Seeds minute, numerous. Perennial plants, with al- 
ternate, serrate leaves. 

1. P. sedoi'des, (L.) Stem branching, terete at the base, angled 
above. Leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous, doubly serrate. 
Flowers in paniculate spikes ; calyx with ovate, serrate segments. 
Seeds elliptical. — Greenish-yellow. 2f . July — Sept. Wet places. 1 
— 2 feet. Virginia Stone-crop. 

Order LIX.— -SAXIFRAGA'CEtE. 

Sepals 4 — 5, united or distinct. Petals as many as the sepals. 
Stamens usually as many as the petals, inserted with the petals 
into the calyx. Ovary of 2 — 5 carpels, either free from or co- 
hering to the calyx, 1 -celled, with parietal placentae, or with as 
many cells as carpels, with central placentae ; ovules usually 
numerous. Fruit a capsule, and generally with a septicidal 



324 ORDER LIX. — SAXIFKAGACEiE. 

dehiscence. Seeds anatropous, numerous, and small. Embryo 
straight. 

ANALYSIS, 
i. Stems herbaceous 2 

Stems woody 7 

2. Petals none Chrysosplenium, 5 

Petals present 3 

S. Leaves compound Astilbe, 4 

Leaves simple 4 

4. Stamens 5 5 

Stamens 10 Saxifraga, 1 

5. Capsule 2— 8-celled Boykinia, 2 

Capsule 1-celled 6 

6. Styles 2 Heuchera, 3 

Styles 3 Lepitropetalon, 6 

7. Climbing plants Decumaria, 9 

Shrubs or small trees 8 

8. Style 1 Itea, 7 

Styles 2 Hydrangea, 8 

Styles 4 Philaclelphus, 10 

Genus I.— SAXIF'RAGA. L. 10—2. 

(From saxvm, a stone, and frango, to break, from the supposed virtues of some of 
the species in curing the stone.) 

Sepals 5, more or less united. Carpels 2-beaked, 2-celled, 
many-seeded, free or attached to the calyx, opening by a hole 
between the beaks. 

1. S. leucanthemifo'lia, (Lap.) Stem with viscous hairs. Leaves 
spatulate, oval, attenuate into a long marginal petiole, with acute and 
large teeth. Flowers in a long, diffuse, much-branched panicle. Calyx 
reflexed, persistent. Petals unequal. — White, variegated with pink and 
yellow. If. June — Sept. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 10 — 20 in. 

2. S. Yirginien'sis, (Mich.) Stem pubescent. Leaves oblong, ovate, 
or spatulate, obovate, attenuate into a broad petiole. Flowers in 
dense, cymose clusters. Calyx with erect segments, obtuse. Petals 
oblong, obtuse. Carpels united by the base to the calyx. — White, 
tinged with purple. 2f. Mountains. 4 — 12 inches. 

Genus IL— BOYKIN'IA. Eutt. 5—2. 
(In honor of Dr. Boykin, of Georgia.) 

Calyx turbinate or urceolate, cohering to the ovary, 5-cleft ; 
segments acute, triangular. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5. 
Styles 2 — 3, short. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, with central pla- 
centae, many-seeded, 2-beaked, dehiscent by pores between the 
beaks. Perennial plants, with alternate, lobed, and palmately 
round leaves. Flowers in corymbose cymes, small. 

1. B. aconitifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem glandular. Leaves 5 — T-lobed, 
glabrous ; cyme fastigiate, viscid. Flowers secund ; teeth of the calyx 
broadly triangular, 3-nerved. — Petals longer than the calyx, obovate, 
sometimes wanting. — White. %. June—July. Mountains. 



ORDER LIX. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 325 

Genus HI— HEUCHE'RA. L. 5—2. 
(In honor of Professor Keucher, of Wittemberg.) 

Calyx 5-parted, campanulate, with obtuse segments. Petals 
5, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, many- 
seeded, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. Seeds oval, 
hispid. Perennial herbs, with numerous, palmately veined, rad- 
ical leaves, on long petioles. 

1. H. America'na, (L.) Stem somewhat viscid, generally naked. 
Leaves 7 — 9-lobed ; lobes rounded, obtuse, dentate ; teeth mucronate, 
ciliate. Flowers numerous, in loose, elongated panicles, bracteate. 
Petals spatulate, small. Seeds small, numerous. — White. 2f. April 
— May. Rich, damp soils. Common. 1 — 2 feet. Alum-root. 

2. H. caules'cens, (Pursh.) Scape hairy at the base, 2-leaved or 
naked. Leaves cordate, 5 — 7 -lobed ; lobes acute, glabrous, unequally 
toothed, ciliate. Flowers in slender, loose panicles. Petals linear-spat- 
ulate, about the length of the stamens ; segments of the calyx short, 
hairy. — White. If. May — June. Mountains. 

3. H. his'pida, (Pursh.) Scape glabrous, 1 — 2-leaved. Leaves ob- 
tusely 5 — 7 -lobed, with broad, mucronate teeth, hispidly ciliate ; upper 
surface hispid, lower glabrous. Flowers few. Petals unguiculate, 
broadly spatulate. Stamens exserted. — Violet-purple. If. May — 
June. Mountains. 

Genus IV.— ASTIL'BE. 10—2. {Tiarella of Elliott) 
(From a, privative, and stilbe, brightness ; opake plants.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, inserted 
on the calyx, spatulate, marcescent. Stamens 10, exserted. 
Anthers cordate, 2-celled, on subulate filaments. Capsule 2- 
celled, dehiscing longitudinally along the inside of the carpels, 
which separate after maturity. Perennial plants, with com- 
pound leaves ; leaflets serrate. Flowers in crowded panicles, 
bracteate. 

1. A. decan'dea, (Don.) Stem herbaceous, angular, branching. Leaves 
biternate ; leaflets cordate, oblique, lobed ; lobes serrate; lower sur- 
face and petioles glandular, pubescent. Flowers in axillary and termi- 
nal panicles ; segments of the calyx ovate. Petals linear-spatulate, 
longer than the calyx. Carpels united at the base. — Yellowish-white. 
If . June — Aug. Mountains. 

Genus V.— CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Tourn. 8—2. 

(From the Greek chrusos, gold, and splen, the spleen, in reference to the color of the 
flowers and supposed effect on the spleen.) 

Calyx 4-cleft ; segments obtuse, colored within. Petals 
none. Stamens 8 — 10 ; filaments short, subulate. Anthers 
reniform, 2-celled. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parie- 
tal placentae, cohering to the tube of the calyx. Seeds numer- 
ous. Herbaceous plants, with fleshy, crenate leaves. 



326 ORDER LIX. — SAXIFRAGACE.E. 

1. C. America'num, (Schwein.) Stem slender, decumbent, dichoto 
mous above. Leaves roundish-ovate, crenate ; the upper ones alter- 
nate, the lower ones opposite. Flowers sessile, scattered. Seeds his 
pid, reddish-brown. — Yellowish-green. If. April — May. Mountains. 

Water Carpet. Golden Saxifrage. 

Genus VI— LEPUROPET'AXON". Ell. 5—3. 
(From the Greek lepurion, a little scale, and petalon, a petal.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with ovate, obtuse lobes ; tube turbinate, co- 
hering to the lower portion of the ovary. Petals 5, minute, 
spatulate, persistent. Stamens 5, with short filaments. Cap- 
sule 1 -celled, many-seeded, globose. Seeds numerous. A 
small, annual herb, growing in tufts. Leaves alternate, spatu- 
late, entire, marked with brownish dots. Flowers terminal. 

1. L. spathula'tum, (Ell.) Stem glabrous, somewhat succulent, slightly 
angled, branching from the base. Flowers large for the size of the 
plant. Calyx persistent ; segments ovate. Petals scale-like, ovate. 
Capsule 3-valved at the summit. — White. %. March — April. Close 
soils. 1 inch. 

Genus VII.— ITE'A. L. 5—1. 

(From itea, the Greek name.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with subulate segments. Petals 
5, inserted into the tube of the calyx, linear-lanceolate, with in- 
curved points. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Style 1. 
Stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, with a central pla- 
centa. 

1. J. Virgin'ica, (L.) A shrub with flexible, pubescent branches. 
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. 
Petals pubescent on the inside. Style furrowed. Flowers in terminal, 
simple racemes. Seeds numerous. — White. 2£, April — May. Wet 
soils. Common. 3 — 6 feet. 

Genus VIIL— HYDRAN'GEA. Gron. 10—2. 

(From the Greek hudor, water, and angeion, a vine; suggested by the capsules of 
some of the species resembling a cup and growing in water.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers fertile or sterile; calyx of the 
sterile flowers membranaceous, colored,, flat, dilated ; the re- 
maining organs rudimentary or none ; tube of the calyx in fer- 
tile flowers, hemispherical, cohering to the ovary, ribbed. Pet- 
als 5, ovate, sessile. Stamens double the number of the petals. 
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, dehiscing by an aperture between 
the styles. Seeds numerous. Shrubs, with opposite leaves, 
with cymose flowers. 

1. H. arbores'cens, (L.) Stem with opposite branches, pubescent 
when young. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, dentate, nearly glabrous. 
Flowers in fastigiate cymes, generally fertile. — White. ^ . May- 
June. Mountains. 6 — 8 feet. 



ORDER LX. HAMAMELACEiE. 327 

2. H. corda'ta, (Pursh.) Eesembling the preceding species. Leaves 
broad-ovate, slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, coarsely toothed, 
glabrous underneath. Flowers generally in radiate cymes. — White. 
^ . May — June. Mountains. 6 — 8 feet. 

3. H. niv'ea, (Mich.) Leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate, serrate, pu- 
bescent along the veins on the upper surface, silvery, tomentose be- 
neath. Flowers in terminal, radiate cymes, with few sterile florets in 
the circumference ; by cultivation all become sterile. — White. T <> . 
May — June. Upper Car. and Middle and Upper Geo. 6 — 8 feet. 

4. H. quercifo'lia, (Bar.) A showy shrub. Leaves deeply 3 — 5- 
lobed, serrate, tomentose beneath. Flowers in paniculate, radiate 
cymes ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — White, becoming purple. *? . 
May — June. Middle Geo. Common on the banks of the Ocmulgee and 
Flint rivers. 

Genus IX.— DECUMA'PJA. L. 11—1. 

(From decuma, a tenth, in reference to the tenfold structure of some of the flowers.) 

Calyx 8 — 12-cleft; tube campanulate, adhering to the ovary. 
Petals 8 — 12, narrow, oblong, with margins somewhat indupli- 
cate. Stamens three times the number of the petals. Cap- 
sule 5 — 10-celled, ribbed, opening between the ribs ; placentae 
central. Seeds numerous. A shrub, with opposite leaves. 
Flowers in compound, cymes, fragrant. 

1. D. bar'bara, (L.) Stem climbing, by rootlets, large trees. Leaves 
broadly ovate, slightly serrate, acute at each end or obtuse at the base. 
Flowers in corymbose panicles. — White. "£ . July. In Middle Geo. 
20—40 feet. 

Genus X.— PHILADEL'PHUS. L. 11—1. 

(The Greek name of a plant, given by Aristotle.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, persistent ; tube adhering to the ovary. 
Petals 4 — 5, broadly obovate. Stamens numerous. Styles 4, 
more or less united. Capsule 4 — 5 -celled, with a loculicidal 
dehiscence. Seeds numerous. Shrubs, with opposite leaves. 

1. P. ino'dorus, (L.) Stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3- 
nerved, nearly entire. Flowers at the extremity of the branches, 1 — 3 ; 
segments of the calyx acute. Petals large. — White. ^ . May. Mid- 
dle Geo., near Culloden. 5 — 7 feet. Syringa. 

2. P. grandiflo'rus, (Willd.) A shrub, with long, flexible branches, 
slightly angled. Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-nerved. Flow- 
ers at the extremity of the branches, 1 — 3, large; segments of the 
calyx ovate, lanceolate, acuminate. Petals large, twice as long as the 
stamens. — White. ^. April — May. Middle Geo. Common. 6 — 10 
feet. 

Order LX.— HAMAMELA'CE^E. 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, or with 5 — 7 obscure teeth, or truncate ; 
the tube somewhat adhering to the ovary. Petals 4 — 5, lin- 
ear, spiral at the apex, sometimes none. Stamens twice the 



328 ORDER LXI. UMBELLIFER.E. 

number of the petals or indefinite. Capsule ligneous, 2-beaked, 
2-celled, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds anatropous. Shrubs, 
with alternate leaves, feather-veined. 

Genus I.— HAMAME'LIS. L. 4—1. 

(Origin uncertain.) 

Calyx 4-parted, with 2 — 3 bracts at the base. Petals 4, 
marcescent. Stamens 4 that are fertile and 4 sterile, the latter 
opposite the petals. Styles 2. Capsule bony, cohering at the 
base to the calyx, 2-celled. Seeds 1 in each cell, shining. 

1. H. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem with flexuous branches. Leaves obo- 
vate, cordate, acutely toothed, slightly scabrous ; margins undulate, on 
short petioles. Flowers axillary, in clusters. — Yellow. ^ . Oct. — 
Nov. Common. 8—12 feet. Witch Hazel. 

Genus II.— FOTHERGIL'LA. L. 11—2. 
(In honor of Dr. Fothergill.) 

Calyx 5 — Y-toothed or truncate, campanulate. Petals none. 
Stamens numerous, inserted on the margin of the calyx. Ova- 
ry cohering to the base of the calyx. Styles 2, filiform, dis- 
tinct. Capsule 2-lobed, opening at the top, 2-celled. Seed 1 
in each cell, bony. Flowers in terminal, amentaceous spikes. 

1. F. alnifo'lia, (L.) A shrub, with virgate branches. Leaves oval, 
acute, or obtuse, crenate near the summit, pubescent underneath. 
Flowers with imbricated bracts, each inclosing a single flower. Stamens 
numerous, long, white or tinged with pink. — White.' *? . March — 
April. Margin of swamps. 2 — 4 feet. 

Order LXI.— UMBELLIF'EfLE. 

Calyx adhering to the ovary. Limb 5-toothed or entire. 
Petals 5, usually inflexed at the point. Stamens 5, alternate 
with the petals. Ovary consisting of 2 united carpels, covered 
by the coherent calyx, 2-celled, an ovule in each cell. Styles 2. 
Fruit consisting of 2 carpels, adhering to a common axis, inde- 
hiscent, marked with 5 longitudinal ribs.- Seeds anatropous ; 
embryo minute. Herbaceous plants, usually with fistular 
stems. Leaves usually compound, with sheathing petioles. 
Flowers in umbels. 

~ ^> ANALYSIS. 

1. Flowers in heads Eryngium, 4 

Flowers in umbels 2 

2. Umbels simple 3 

Umbels compound 4 

3. Leaves peltate or cordate Hydrocotyle, 1 

Leaves linear Crantzia, 2 

Leaves digitately divided Sanicula, 3 



ORDER LXI. UMBELLIFER^E. 329 

4. Flowers yellow or greenish 5 

Flowers white or blue 7 

5. Leaves pinnately divided JJaucus, 22 

Leaves ternately divided 6 

6. Seed nearly terete Tliaspium, 13 

Seed flat on one side, convex on the other Zizia, 12 

7. Seeds compressed 8 

Seeds scarcely compressed 18 

8. Seeds compressed on the sides 9 

Seeds compressed on the back 16 

9. Leaves 3-parted Cryptotcenia, 11 

Leaves triternate or quinnate Cicuta, 8 

Leaves dissected, pinnate, or ternate 10 

10. Leaves bipinnate, segments pinnatifid Chceroph yllum, 23 

Leaves dissected, pinnate, or ternate 11 

11. Leaves much dissected 15 

Leaves pinnate or ternate 12 

12. Leaves ternate 13 

Leaves pinnate 14 

13. Involucre none Ilelosciadium, 5 

Involucre 2 — i-leaved Neurophyllum, 10 

14. Involucre 1 — 3-leaved Ilelosciadium, 5 

Involucre 5 — 6-leaved Slum, 9 

15. Involucre with parted leaflets Discopleura, 6 

Involucre none Leptocaulis, 7 

16. Leaves simple, terete Tiedmannia, 17 

Leaves compound 17 

17 Petioles inflated, 3-parted Archangelica, 16 

Petioles simple Archcmora, 18 

18. Seeds linear Osmorhlsa, 24 

Seeds ovate-oblong Ligusbicum, 15 

Tribe I.— HYDRO COT YLE'Ji. 

Fruit laterally compressed. Seeds flat on the face. Vittce 
2 or none. Umbels simple, 

Genus I.— HYDRO COT' YLE. Tourn. 5—2. 

(From the Greek 7iudor, water, and cotule, a cavity, from the locality of the plants 
in the water, and the cup-like appearance the leaves sometimes assume.) 

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals entire, ovate, acute. 
Fruit flattened laterally, 5-ribbed. Herbaceous plants, aquatic, 
creeping stems and peltate or cordate leaves. Floivers in sim- 
ple umbels. Involucre 4-leaved. 

1. H. Amemca'na, (L.) Stem glabrous. Leaves orbicular, reniforni, 
slightly Y-lobed, crenate. Flowers few, sessile, in axillary umbels. — 
White or greenish. 2[. May — June. Mountains. 2 — 3 inches. 

2. H. interrup'ta, (Muhl.) Stem terete, glabrous, creeping, branch- 
ing. Leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate. Flowers in small, 
nearly sessile, capitate umbels, 4 — 8-flowered. Fruit broad. — White. 
21 . Through the summer. In wet soils. 3 — 4 inches. 

3. H. umbella'ta, (L.) Stem glabrous, creeping or floating. Leaves 
peltate, crenate, emarginate at the base. Umbels many-flowered, on 
long peduncles. Fruit somewhat tumid. Calyx slightly toothed. — 
White. If. Through the summer. Grows in bogs. 4—6 inches. 



330 OKDER LXI. — UMBELLIFEE^J. 

4. H. repan'da, (Pers.) Stem creeping. Leaves cordate, rounded, re- 
pandly toothed, hairy when young. Flowers in capitate umbels, 3 — 4- 
flowered. Fruit reniforru, 4-ribbed on each side ; involucre 2 concave 
bracts. — White. U . Through the summer. Damp soils. 

5. H. ranunculoi'des, (L.) Stem creeping or floating, glabrous. 
Leaves reniform, 3 — 5-lobed, crenate. Umbels 5 — 10-flowered, on pe- 
duncles shorter than the petioles. Fruit orbicular, smooth, obscurely 
2-ribbed on each side. — White. U- July — Aug. Around ponds. 

Genus II— CRANT'ZIA. Nutt. 5—2. 
(In honor of Crantz, an Austrian.) 

- Calyx with a subglobose tube ; margin obsolete. Petals 
roundish, entire, obtuse. Fruit subglobose, nearly orbicular. 
Carpels unequal, small, glabrous. Umbels few-flowered, sim- 
ple. Creeping plant, with linear, entire, succulent leaves. 

1. C. linea'ta, (Nutt.) (Hydrocotyle lineata of Elliott.) Leaves erect, 
1 — 2 inches long, marked with transverse lines, cuneate, linear, obtuse. 
Umbels 8 — 12-flowered. Involucre 5 — 6-leaved. — White. 2f. April 
— May. Low country. 

Tribe II.— SANICULE'JE. 

Seed flat on the face. Umbels simple. Vittce usually none. 
Fruit ovate, globose. 

Genus III.— SANIC'ITLA. Tourn. 5—2. 
(From sano, to heal.) 

Calyx with 5 somewhat foliaeeous teeth. Petals obovate, 
erect, with a long inflexed point. Carpels clothed with hooked 
bristles, without ribs. Seeds hemispherical. Radical leaves on 
long petioles. 

1. S. Marilan'dica, (L.) Stem terete, glabrous, dichotomously branch- 
ed toward the summit. Leaves digitately 5-parted ; segments incisely 
serrate, the middle lobe distinct to the base, lateral ones slightly conflu- 
ent at the base. Flowers in somewhat capitate umbels, a part sterile ; 
fertile ones nearly sessile ; tube of the calyx echinate. Fruit oval. 
Seed flat on one side. — White. 2f. May — Aug. Damp soils. Com- 
mon. 

Genus IV.— ERYN'GIUM. Tourn. 5—2. 
(Fom the Greek ereugo, to belch ; supposed to be a cure for flatulency) 

Flowers capitate. Calyx with a roughened tube, with some- 
what foliaeeous lobes. Petals oblong, ovate, emarginate, with 
a long inflexed point. Fruit obovate, crowned. Carpels semi- 
terete. Flowers bracteate, the lower large, the others inter- 
mixed with the flowers, small, scale-like. 

1. E. aquat'icum, (L.) Stem glabrous, fistular, small. Leaves broadly 
linear, remotely ciliate, with soft spines ; floral leaves undivided, equal, 



ORDER LXI. UMBELLIFERjE. 331 

ovate, acuminate. Flowers in heads. Petals chaffy. — White. If. June 
— July. Damp soils. Button Snake-root. 

2. E. Virginia'num, (Lam.) Stem glabrous, fistular, branched, thick- 
ened at the joints. Leaves long, lanceolate, incisely serrate, tapering 
at each extremity, with prominent midrib. Flowers in numerous heads. 
Involucre long, subulate, sessile, whitish on the under surface. — White. 
2f . June. Damp soils. 4 — 6 feet. 

3. E. aromat'icum, (Bald.) Stem branching toward the summit, 
leafy, many from each root. Leaves pinnately parted, crowded on the 
stem, bristly, with a silvery, cartilaginous margin. Flowers in numer- 
ous heads, on long peduncles. Involucre 5-leaved ; leaves 3-cleft. — 
White. 2f. Aug. — Nov. Pine-barrens. Florida. 

4. E. virga'tum, (Lam.) Stem erect or decumbent, glabrous, fistular. 
Leaves spatulate, ovate, membranaceous ; cauline ones on short peti- 
oles, toothed or sharply serrate. Involucre 6 — 8 leaves, longer than 
the head ; chaff bicuspidate. Flowers in heads, in the angles of the 
branches near the summit. — Pale blue. If. July — Sept. In pine- 
barrens. 1 — 3 feet. 

5. E. Baldwin'!!, (Spreng.) Stem prostrate, often creeping, branch- 
ing, filiform. Leaves oval or ovate, petiolate, entire or somewhat lobed, 
remotely toothed ; upper ones usually sessile, 3-cleft, with narrow, en- 
tire, lateral segments ; middle segment entire or 2 — 3-toothed. Flow- 
ers in small heads, on axillary peduncles, with the involucre shorter 
than the heads. — White. 2f . June — July. Southern Geo. 

Tribe III.— AMMIN'E^E. 

Fruit compressed laterally, with primary ribs only. Umbels 
compound. 

Genus V.— HELOSCIA'DIUM. Koch. 5—2. 

(From the Greek 7idos, a marsh, and sMadion, an umbel.) 

Calyx with an obsolete or 5-toothed margin. Petals ovate, 
entire. Carpels with 5 prominent ribs. Fruit compressed lat- 
erally, ovate-oblong. Herbaceous plants, with compound or 
many-parted leaves. 

1. H. nodlflo'rum, (Koch.) (Siu?n nodiflorum of Ell.) Stem pro- 
cumbent, striate. Leaves pinnate ; segments oblong, serrate ; upper 
ones sometimes ternate, with acute leaflets. Flowers in umbels, oppo- 
site the leaves, generally destitute of an involucre, sessile or on short 
peduncles. Petals expanding, acuminate. — White. %. April — June. 
About Charleston. In wet places. 2 feet. 

2. H. leptophyl'lum, (D. C.) Stem glabrous, slender, erect or diffuse. 
Leaves ternate, with linear segments ; cauline ones sessile or nearly so. 
Umbels opposite the leaves, subsessile. Involucre none. Fruit small, 
glabrous. — White. June — July. Lou. 6 — 24 inches. 

Genus VI.— DISCOPLEU'RA. D. C. 5—2. Ammi, Ell. 
(From the Greek diskos, a disk, and pleura, a rib.) 

Calyx with subulate teeth, persistent. Petals ovate, entire, 



332 ORDER LXI. TJMBELLBJERiE. 

with a minute infiexed point. Fruit ovate. Carpels 3-ribbed. 
Seeds somewhat terete. Annual, glabrous plants, with dis- 
sected leaves. 

1. D. capilla'cea, (D. C.) Stem geniculate, slightly angled and fur- 
rowed, glabrous. Leaves alternate, ternately dissected ; segments capil- 
lary, spreading. Flowers in compound umbels. Involucre many-leaved, 
shorter than the rays of the umbel ; involucel many -leaved, linear, un- 
equal. Petals ovate, acute. Anthers purple. Seeds flat on one side, 
furrowed on the other. — White. f|. May — June. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. D. costa'ta, (D. C.) Stem branching toward the summit, slightly 
angled, glabrous. Leaves very compound ; leaflets parted to the base, 
somewhat verticillate. Umbels terminal, large, 10 — 12-leaved, dissect- 
ed ; involucel many-leaved, as long as the pedicels. Petals acuminate. 
Seeds glabrous, ribbed. — White. @. Oct. — Nov. Swamps on the 
Ogeechee. 4 — 5 feet. 

3. D. ISTuttal'lu, (D. C.) Stem erect, branching toward the summit. 
Umbels large ; involucre half the length of the rays. Leaves with 
somewhat verticillate segments. — White. #. Florida. 

Genus VII.— LEPTOCAU'LIS. Nutt 5—2. Sison, Ell. 
(From the Greek leptos, slender, and Jcaulos, stem.) 

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals oval, entire. Fruit 
laterally compressed, ovate. Capsules slightly ribbed. Seed 
flat on one side, convex on the other. Herbaceous plants, with 
glabrous, terete, slender stems. Leaves dissected with linear 
segments. Umbels opposite the leaves and terminal. Involu- 
cre none ; involucel few-leaved. 

1. L. divarica'tus, (D. C.) Fruit muricated, with short, somewhat 
appressed scales. Leaves alternate, divided with linear segments. 
Umbel with 5 — 6 unequal rays ; middle one frequently sessile ; involu- 
cel 3-leaved. Petals oval, flat. — White. @. March — April. Sandy 
pastures. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus VIIL— CICU'TA. L. 5—2. 
(Origin doubtful.) 

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed, somewhat foliaceous. Petals 
obcordate, with an infiexed point. Fruit laterally compressed. 
Carpels ribbed. Seed terete. Involucre few-leaved or none ; 
involucels many-leaved. Aquatic, perennial, glabrous herbs, 
with fistulous stems. 

1. C. macula'ta, (L.) Stem striped with green and purple, slightly 
geniculate. Leaves triternate or quinate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
with acuminate serratures, somewhat scabrous on the under surface ; 
petioles of the lower leaves long, sheathing, with membranaceous wings ; 
segments of the calyx expanding. Petals with long, inflected points. — 
White. 71. July — Aug. Common. 2 — 5 feet. 

Water Hemlock. Spotted Cow-bane. Beaver Poison. Musquash. 



OKDEE LXI. TTMBELLIFERjE. 333 

Genus IX.— SI'UM. L. 5—2. 
(From a Celtic word meaning water.) 

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, with an in- 
flexed point. Fruit subglobose, laterally compressed. Carpels 
ribbed. Seeds nearly terete. Flowers in many-rayed umbels. 
Perennial herbs, with pinnately divided leaves. 

1. S. linea're, (Mich.) Stem angular; segments of the leaves linear- 
lanceolate, serrate. Involucre 5 — 6-leaved. Umbels with about 20 
rays. Petals with an obtuse, infiexed point. Fruit strongly ribbed, 
obovate. — White. If. June — July. Florida. 2 — 5 feet. 

Water Parsnep. 

Genus X.— NEUROPHYL'LUM. T. & G. 5—2. 
(From the Greek neuron, a nerve, and phullon, a leaf.) 

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Petals obovate, 
with an intlexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed, mi- 
nutely ribbed. Seed nearly flat on one side, convex on the 
other. 

1. N. longifo'mum, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous, slender, striate above. 
Leaves ternately divided, with long, linear, entire segments, the upper 
ones undivided ; rays of the umbel 10, slender. Involucre 2 — 4-leaved ; 
involucels 5 — 6-leaved. — White. If. Sept. Near Macon, Geo. 3 — 4 
feet. 

Genus XI— CRYPTOT^E'NIA. D. C. 5—2. Chcerophilum, Ell. 

(From the Greek kruptos, hidden, and tainia, vitta ; the vittae of the mericarps are 
invisible unless cut.) 

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an in- 
flexed, narrow point. Fruit linear-oblong. Carpels obtusely 
ribbed. Seed teretely convex on one side, the other slightly 
concave. Perennial herbs, with ternate leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, (D. C.) Stem erect, glabrous, with many branches ; 
leaflets ovate, acute, sometimes notched ; radical ones 2 — 3-lobed, ser- 
rate. Umbels numerous ; rays unequal. Involucre none ; involucels 
few-leaved, small, subulate, with abortive flowers in each umbel. Seeds 
acuminate, pointed with persistent styles. — White. 2f . June — Sept. 
In shady, rich soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XII— ZIZ'IA. Koch. 5—2. Smyrnium, Ell. 
(In honor of Zizi, a German botanist.) 

Margin of the calyx obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals oblong, 
with an intlexed point. Fruit compressed, roundish, or oval. 
Carpels ribbed. Seed convex on one side, flat on the other. 
Leaves ternately divided. Perennial herbs. 

1. Z. au'rea, (Koch.) Stem erect, glabrous, terete. Leaves biter- 
nate ; segments oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; terminal one alternate at 



334 ORDER LXI. TJMBELLIFER^E. 

the base, serrulate, glabrous. Umbel 10 — 15-rayed; involucel of 2 — 3 
very small leaflets. Fruit elliptical, nearly black when mature. — Yel- 
low. If. May. Common. 1—2 feet. 

2. Z. integer'rima, (D. C.) Stem glabrous and slightly glaucous. 
Leaves 2 — 3, ternately divided ; terminal leaflet usually 2 — 3-lobed ; 
segments oblong-ovate, entire. Umbels on slender peduncles, with 
long, slender rays. Involucels of 1 — 3 subulate leaflets. Fruit round- 
ish-ovate, with prominent ribs. — Yellow. If. May — June. Common. 
1 — 2 inches. 

Tribe IV.— SESELIN'E^E. 

Umbels compound. Fruit with primary ribs only ; trans- 
verse section orbicular. 

Genus XIII— THASTIUM. Nutt. 5—2. 
(From the Isle of Thaspia.) 

Limb of the calyx toothed or nearly obsolete. Petals ellip- 
tical, with an attenuated, inflexed point. Fruit elliptical. Car- 
pels convex, ribbed. Seed nearly terete. Perennial plants, 
with ternate or biternate leaves. Flowers in terminal umbels 
or opposite the leaves. Involucre none ; involucels lateral, 3- 
leaved. 

1. T. corda'tum, (T. & G.) Stem terete, usually glabrous. Radical 
leaves nearly orbicular, cordate, toothed ; cauline ones ternate ; seg- 
ments ovate, serrate. Carpels with winged ribs. — Yellowish, white, or 
purple. If. May — June. On high lands. 1—2 feet. 

Smyrnium cordatum, Walt. 

2. T. barbino'de, (Nutt.) Stem pubescent at the nodes. Leaves biter- 
nate or triternate ; segments cuneate, ovate, unequally serrate. Umbels 
terminal and opposite to the leaves. Fruit elliptical or ovate, some of 
the ribs only winged. — Deep yellow. If. June. Banks of rivers. 1 
—2 feet. 

Genus XIV.— CYNOSCIA'DIUM. D. C. 5—2. 

(From the Greek kuon, a dog, and skiadion, an nmbel.) 

Calyx with subulate teeth, persistent. Petals ovate or nearly 
orbicular, entire. Fruit ovate ; carpels with 5 thick ribs. 

1. C. digita'tum, (D. C.) Stem angular, slender. Leaves digitate; 
lower ones 5-parted ; upper ones 3-parted ; radical ones often entire. 
Petals ovate, with an inflexed point. Fruit contracted toward the 
summit. — White. @. Louisiana. 

Genus XV.— LIGUS'TICUM. L. 5—2. 
(From Liguria, in which one of the species grows abundantly.) 

Limb of the calyx toothed or obsolete. Petals ung*uiculate, 
obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Fruit slightly 
compressed or nearly terete. Carpels ribbed, somewhat winged. 






ORDER LXI. TJMBELLIFERjE. 335 

Seeds somewhat semi-terete. Leaves ternate or 2 — 3 ternate. 
Involucre composed of a few short, subulate leaflets ; involucels 
nearly the same. 

1. L. act^ifo'lium, (Mich.) (Angelica lucida of Elliott.) Root 
large, with a strong odor ; a favorite food for hogs. Leaves triter- 
nately divided ; segments ovate, with deep serratures. Umbels numer- 
ous, forming loose, naked, somewhat verticillate panicles, all but the 
terminal one abortive. Fruit ovate-oblong. — White. 2f. July. Mid- 
dle Geo. 3 — 6 feet. Lovage. White-root 

Tribe V.— ANGELICE'^E. 

Fruit with a double-winged margin. Umbels compound. 
Seeds convex on the back. 

Genus XVI.— ARCHANGEL'ICA. Eaf. 5—2. 
(From the Greek arche, original, and angelica.) 

Limb of the calyx 5 -toothed. Petals ovate, entire, with an 
incurved point. Fruit compressed on the back. Carpels with 
3 dorsal ribs, with 2 marginal wings. Perennial herbs. Leaves 
bipinnately divided ; petioles dilated at the base. Lnvolucre 
almost wanting ; involucels many-leaved. 

1. A. hirsu'ta, (T. & G.) (Angelica triquinata of Elliott.) Stem pu- 
bescent near the summit. Leaves pinnate ; segments ovate-oblong, 
serrate, the upper connate. Umbels on long peduncles, densely pubes- 
cent ; rays rather long, spreading ; involucels 6 — 10-leaved, sometimes 
unilateral. Fruit slightly winged, oblong. — "White or greenish. 2£, 
July — Aug. So. Car. and Geo. 2 — 5 feet. 

2. A. denta'ta, (Chap.) Stem slender, glabrous, finely striate. Lower 
leaves ternately divided ; petioles long and slender; segments ovate- 
lanceolate, coarsely toothed, cuneate ; upper leaves with narrow seg- 
ments and pinnatifid, toothed. Involucel 4 — 6-leaved. Petals broadly 
ovate ; wings of the seed thin. — Middle Florida. 

Tribe VI.— PEUCEDA'NEJE. 

Fruit compressed on the back, with an entire, marginal 
wing. Umbels compound. 

Genus XVII— TIEDMAN'NIA. D. C. 5—2. 
(In honor of Prof. Tiedmann, of Heidelberg.) 

Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Petals ovate, with a narrow, 
inflexed point. Fruit compressed on the back, obovate. Car- 
pels ribbed ; lateral ones dilated into a broad margin. Seeds 
flat. A biennial plant. 

1. T. teretifo'lia, (I). C.) Stem fistulous, erect, branching above. 
Leaves simple, terete, 4 — 8 inches long, divided by numerous transverse 
partitions. Involucre many-leaved, subulate, persistent ; involucel aim- 



336 OEDER LXL TJMBELLIFEK^;. 

ilar, but smaller. Flowers sessile ; filaments red near the summit. 
Seeds compressed. — White. $ . Aug. — Sept. Middle Geo. 3 — 6 feet. 

Genus XVIIL— AKCHEMO'RA. D. C. 5—2. 
(From Archemous, son of Lycurgus.) 

Limb of the calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, with an in- 
flexed point. Fruit somewhat elliptic, lenticularly compressed. 
Carpels ribbed; lateral ones dilated. Involucre wanting or 
few-leaved ; involucels many-leaved. Perennial, aquatic herbs. 

1. A. rig'ida, (D. C.) Stem erect, rigid, terete, striate, fistulous. 
Leaves pinnately divided ; segments ovate, oblong, remotely toothed or 
entire, with a cartilaginous margin. Umbel of many slender rays. 
Fruit with the dorsal ribs greenish ; lateral ones with a membranace- 
ous margin. — White. If. Sept* Georgia — Florida. 3 — 5 feet. 

2. A. terna'ta, (ISutt.) Stem striate, slender. Leaves ternately di- 
vided, on long petioles ; segments linear, acute, entire, alternate. Invo- 
lucre nearly wanting ; involucel 5 — 6-leaved. Fruit oblong, elliptic, 
surrounded with a thick, winged margin. — White. If. Middle Car. 
and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

Genus XIX.— PASTINA'CA. Tourn. 5—2. 
(From pastinum, a forked tool, which the roots resemble.) 

Calyx teeth obsolete or minute. Petals nearly orbicular, en- 
tire. Fruit much compressed, with a flat margin. 

1. P. sati'va, (L.) Stem glabrous. Hoot fusiform. Leaves pinnate ; 
leaflets glabrous, ovate-oblong, obtuse, unequally toothed and serrate, 
incised at the base, terminal one 3-lobed. — Yellow. Europe. Parsnep. 

Genus XX.— POLYT^E'NIA D. C. 5—2. 
(From the Greek polus, many, and tainia, vitta.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals oblong, with the apex emarginate, 
inflexed. Fruit oval, glabrous, compressed on the back, with a 
broad margin. 

1. P. Nuttal'lia, (D. C.) Stem glabrous, sulcate, leafy. Leaves on 
long petioles, bipinnate ; segments incised or toothed ; upper ones only 
3-cleft. Rays of the umbel 12— 20.— Yellow. Lou. 2—3 feet 

Tribe VII.— CUMINE'^E. 

Fruit contracted at the sides. Carpels with 5 primary ribs 
and 4 secondary ones. Umbels compound. 

Genus XXL— TKEPOCAR'PUS. Nutt. 5—2. 
(From the Greek trepo, to turn, and Jcarpos, fruit) 

Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth subulate. Petals obcordate. Fruit 
linear-oblong, 8-angled, straight. 



OKDER LXI. UMBELLIFER/E. 337 

1. T. JEthuse, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous. Leaves many-parted; leaf- 
lets thin, those of the stem linear. Umbels opposite the leaves, 3 — 5 
rays. — White. 0. Lou. 2 feet. 

Tribe VIII.— DAUCIN'EJS. 

Fruit with 5 primary bristly ribs and 4 more prominent sec- 
ondary ones, prickly. Umbels compound. 

Genus XXII— DAU'CUS. Tourn. 5—2. 
(A name given by Dioscorides.) 

Margin of the calyx 5-toothed. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
with an inflexed point ; the exterior ones often larger and deep- 
ly 2-cleft. Fruit compressed, ovate, or oblong. Carpels with 
5 filiform, bristly ribs. Biennial plants, with pinnately divided 
leaves. 

1. D. caro'ta, (L.) Root fusiform. Stem hispid, branching. Leaves 
2 — 3, pinnatifid ; segments pinnatifid, with lanceolate, cuspidate lobes. 
Involucre consisting of pinnatifid leaves, about the length of the umbel. 
Umbels concave, the central one of each secondary one abortive. — Yel- 
low. $ . Naturalized. Carrot. 

2. D. fusil'lus, (Mich.) Stem retrorsely hispid. Leaves bipinnate, 
with pinnatifid segments, with narrow, linear lobes ; leaves of the in- 
volucre bipinnatifid. Seeds murieate, with 8 crested ribs. — Greenish- 
yellow. $ . May — July. Common in middle Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXIIL— CH^EROPHYL'LUM. L. 5—2. 
(From the Greek chairo, to rejoice, m&phullon, a leaf, alluding to the smell of the leaf.) 

Limb of the calyx obsolete. Petals cordate, emarginate, 
with an inflexed point. Fruit compressed. Carpels ribbed. 
Seed convex. Leaves compound, with toothed or many-cleft 
segments. Involucel many-leaved. 

1. C. pko cum 'bens, (Lam.) Stem decumbent, glabrous, small. Leaves 
alternate, bipinnately divided ; segments pinnatifid ; divisions lanceo- 
late, mucronate. Involucre none. Umbels usually sessile, opposite the 
leaves, consisting of 2 — 4 rays; involucels 4 — 5-leaved. Fruit oblong, 
striate, pointed at the summit. — White. 0. April — May. Shady 
places. 6 — 18 inches. 

Genus XXIV.— OSMORHI'ZA. Raf. 5—2. 
(From the Greek osme, scent, and rhiza, a root.) 

Margin of the calyx obsolete. Petals oblong, with an in- 
curved, cuspidate point. Fruit long, alternate, smooth. Car- 
pels ribbed. Seed terete. Perennial plants, with fusiform roots. 

1. O. brevisty'lis, (D. C.) Stem pubescent when young, glabrous in 
shady places, erect. Leaves biternate ; segments oblong, serrate, sprin- 

15 



338 ORDER LXn. ARALIACEJS* 

Med with hairs. Umbels opposite the leaves. Styles conical, short. 
Fruit tapering at the summit. — White. If. May — June. Moist woods. 
1—2 feet. 

Order LXIL— ARALIA'CEJ?. 

Calyx obscurely 5-toothed, adhering to the ovary. Petals 
5 ; aestivation valvate. Stamens equal in number to the petals, 
and alternate with them ; filaments short. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, 
with a solitary ovule in each cell. Styles 2, erect or spreading. 
Fruit drupaceous, 2 — 3-celled. Seed anatropous. Herbace- 
ous plants, with compound leaves. Flowers umbellate. 

Genus I.— ARA'LIA. L. 5—5. 
(Meaning unknown.) 

Flowers usually perfect. Calyx entire or 5-toothed, superior. 
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, 
short. Styles 5. Fruit baccate, 5-lobed, 5-celled, with a soli- 
tary suspended seed in each cell. Herbs and shrubs ; when 
the latter, prickly. 

1. A. racemo'sa, (L.) Stem much branched, glabrous. Leaves com- 
pound, 3-parted, with the divisious 3 — 5-leaved; leaflets glabrous, 
ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, frequently cordate. Petioles pubes- 
cent. Flowers in umbels, disposed in racemose panicles, small, green- 
ish-white. — If. July. Mountains. 3 — 5 feet. Spikenard. 

2. A. spino'sa, (L.) A shrub or small tree. Stem usually prickly, 
scarcely branched. Leaves crowded at the summit of the stem, bipin- 
nate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate. Petioles often 2 — 3 feet long. Leaves 
obscurely serrate ; upper surface a few stiff hairs, under surface glau- 
cous. Flowers in umbels, arranged in a large racemose panicle. Styles 
5, connivent at first, then spreading. Petals oval, refiexed, caducous. 
Styles 5, short. — White. ^ . June — Aug. Common. 5 — 40 feet. 

Hercules' Club. Prickly Ash. Angelica Tree. 

3. A. nudicau'lis, (L.) Stem short or none. Leaf 1, radical, with the 
petiole elongated, 3-cleft ; each division pinnately 5-foliate ; leaflets 
oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. Floivers in 3 umbels, without an in- 
volucre. — Greenish- white. June — July. Mountains. 12 — 18 inches. 

Sarsaparilla. 
Genus II.— PA'JS T AX. L. 5—2. 
(From the Greek pan, all, and akos, a remedy; that is, a remedy for all diseases.) 

Limb of the calyx very short. Fruit orbicular or didymous. 
Perennial herbs, with sheathing petioles. 

1. P. quinquefo'lium, (L.) Root fusiform, wrinkled, somewhat 
branching, aromatic. Leaves verticillate at the summit of the stem, 
compounded of 5 — 7 leaflets; leaflets petiolate, obovate, acuminate. 
Umbels solitary, simple, on long peduncles. Styles 2. Fruit 2-celled, 
red. — Yellowish-green. If. July. Mountains. 10 — 12 inches. 

Ginseng. 



OEDEE LXIV. LOEANTHACEjE. 339 

2. P. trtfo'lhtm, (L.) Stem herbaceous, glabrous. Root nearly glo- 
bose, pungent to the taste. Leaves as in the preceding ; leaflets 8 — 5, 
lanceolate, -without petioles. Flowers sometimes dioecious. Styles 3. 
Fruit 3-celled. — Yellowish-green. 2£. April. Mountains. 

Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut. 

Order LXITL— CORNA'CE^E. 

Calyx 4-toothed, minute, adhering to the ovary. Petals 4, 
distinct, oblong, spreading, inserted with the calyx into an epigy- 
nous disk ; aestivation valvate. Drupes baccate, with a 1 — • 
2-celled nucleus, crowned with the calyx. Seeds anatropous. 
Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs, with an astringent bark. 

Genus I.— COR'NUS. Tourn. 4—1. 
(From comus, a horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood.) 

Stamens 4 — 5, with filiform filaments. Style sub-clavate. 
Leaves entire, covered with appressed hairs. Dogwood. 

1. C. panioula ta, (L'Her.) A shrub, with erect, glabrous branches. 
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, hairy beneath. Flowers in com- 
pact paniculate cymes. Petals lanceolate. Drupes globose, depressed, 
white or bluish- white. — White. T 2 . May — June. 4 — 6 feet. 

2. C. stric'ta, (Lam.) A shrub, with opposite branches, glabrous, 
red ; branchlets quadrangular. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, en- 
tire, nearly glabrous. Flowers in loose cymes. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 
acute. Anthers blue. Fruit sub-globose, pale blue, with white pulp. 
— White. ^. April. Common in swamps. 8 — 15 feet. 

3. C. asperifo'lia, (Mich.) A shrub, with erect pubescent branches. 
Leaves oval, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath. 
Flowers in fastigiate cymes, pubescent. Petals oblong-lanceolate, pu- 
bescent. Anthers blue or purple. — White. "£ . June. In dry, sandy 
soils. 4 — 10 feet. 

4. C. seri'cea, (L.) A shrub, with expanded branches. Leaves ovate, 
acuminate, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath. Flowers in de- 
pressed woolly cymes ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate. Petals lanceo- 
late, obtuse. Drupes pale blue. — Yellowish- white. ^ . June. Moun- 
tains. 5 — 10 feet. 

5. C. flor'ida, (L.) A tree, with expanding branches, with hard, 
close-grained wood, used in manufactures. Leaves opposite, ovate, lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, entire, whitish beneath, pubescent when young. 
Floioers in terminal heads. Involucre conspicuous, 4-leaved. Leaves 
obcordate, nerved, white. Calyx tubular, 4-cleft. Petals 4, linear, 
lanceolate. Drupe red. — Yellowish. ^ . March — April. In rich 
soils. Dogwood. 

Order LXIV.— LORANTHA'CELE. 

Calyx attached to the ovary in fertile flowers ; in perfect 
flowers double. Corolla 3 — 4 — 8 petals, distinct or adhering 
to the base ; aestivation valvate. Stamens equal in number to 
the petals and opposite them, or as many as the segments of 



340 ORDER LXV. CAPRIFQLIACE^. 

the calyx when the corolla is wanting and inserted upon them. 
Ovary 1-celled. Fruit baccate, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed ana- 
tropous ; cotyledons sometimes united. Flowers dioecious. 
Parasitical, evergreen plants, with fleshy, coriaceous leaves. 

Genus I— VIS' CUM. Tourn. 20—4. 
(From viscus, sticky, on account of the sticky nature of the seeds.) 

Sterile florets with a coriaceous, 3 — 4-parted calyx ; segments 
triangular, erect. Anthers many-celled, opening by pores. 
Fertile flowers, with the limb of the calyx obsolete. Petals 4, 
coriaceous. Stigma sessile. Fruit pulpy ; branches terete. 

Mistletoe. 

1. V. flaves'cens, (Pursh.) A small shrub, growing parasitically on 
the branches of most trees ; branches opposite or verticillate. Leaves 
cuneate, obovate, nearly sessile, 3-nerved, obtuse. Flowers in spikes. 
Fruit yellowish- white, pellucid. — Yellowish. ^ . April — May. Com- 



lONOPETALil. 

Flowers in which the petals are firmly united, forming a tube 
of greater or less length. There are a few cases in which the 
petals are separate, or nearly so. 

Order LX V.— CAPRIFOLIA'CE^E. {Honeysuckle Family.) 

Calyx superior, 4 — 5-toothed, generally bracteate. Corolla 
superior, lobed, sometimes irregular, with the segments alter- 
nating with those of the calyx. Stamens 4 — 5. Ovary 1 — 5- 
celled, cohering with the calyx. Ovules pendulous, few. Style 
1, exserted. Stigmas 1 — 3. Fruit indehiscent, genera] ly 
fleshy, crowned by the limb of the calyx, 1 — o-celled. Seeds 
1 — 2, or several in each cell. Shrubs with opposite leaves, ex- 
stipulate. 

Genus I— SYMPHOKICAE/PUS. Dill. 5—1. (Symphoria, Pers.) 
(From sumphoreo, to bear together, and karpos, fruit.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with 5 nearly equal segments. 
Stamens 5. Fruit 4-celled, 4-seeded, sometimes 2-celled by 
abortion. 

1. S. vulga'ris, (Mich.) A small shrub. Leaves broad-lanceolate, en- 
tire, nearly sessile. Flowers small, numerous, clustered, axillary. Fruit 
purple, crowned by the calyx. — Red and yellow. %. July — Sept. 
Mountains. 3^-4 feet. Indian Currant. 



ORDER LXV. — CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 341 

Genus II— DIERVIL'LA. Tourn. 5—1. 
(In honor of M. Dierville, who sent the species to Europe.) 

Calyx oblong, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 unequal 
segments. Stamens 5. Style 1. Capsule 2 — 4-celled, many- 
seeded. 

1. D. Canadensis, (Mubl.) A small shrub. Leaven ovate, serrate, 
acuminate, on short petioles, glabrous; peduncles axillary and terminal, 
3-flowered. Corolla small. — Yellow. ^ . June — July. Mountains. 

D. triftda, Mcench. Bush- Honey suckle. 

Genus III.— CAPRIPO'LIUM. Romer, 5— 1. {Lonicera,L.) 
(From caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, 
often irregular, with a long tube. Stamens 5. Style 1, fili- 
form. Fruit 3-celled, few-seeded. Leaves entire, often connate, 

1. C. semper vi'rens, (Mich.) Stem twining, running over trees. 
Leaves oblong, oval, smooth on the upper surface, glaucous, and some- 
what hairy on the under, the lower ones petiolate, the upper connate. 
Flowers in verticillate spikes. Calyx very small, persistent. Corolla 
funnel-form, with 5 acute segments. Stamens inserted into the tube 
near the summit. Fruit red, with 4 seeds in each cell. — Bright red. 
t? . April — Oct. In damp soils. 

English Honeysuckle. Woodbine. Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. 

2. C. fla'vum, (Ell.) Stem twining, running over shrubs. Leaves 
oval, slightly cordate, glabrous, obtuse, deciduous, glaucous underneath, 
connate at the base. Flowers in terminal, verticillate spikes. Corolla 
ringent, the upper lip broad, 4-cleft, reflexed, lower one entire, reflexed ; 
tube hairy within. — Yellow, or orange. If. March — April. Upper 
dist. Car. Lonicera flava, Sims. 

3. C. gra'tum, (Pursh.) Stem twining. Leaves perennial, obovate, 
mucronate, pale underneath, upper ones connate. Flowers in verticil- 
late spikes. Corolla ringent, with a long tube. — Scarlet. If. June — 
Sept. Mountains. Lonicera grata, Ait. 

4. C. parviflo'rum, (Pursh.) Stem twining. Leaves deciduous, con- 
nate, glaucous beneath. Flowers nearly capitate, with large, perfoliate 
bracts. Corolla ringent, gibbous at the base. — Yellow. If. June — 
July. Mountains. Lonicera parviflora, Lam. 

Genus IV.— TRIOS'TEUM. L. 5—1. 
(From treis, three, and osteon, a bone, having three bony seeds.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, with linear-lanceolate lobes, as long as the co- 
rolla. Corolla tubular, nearly equally 5-lobed, gibbous at the 
base. Stamens 5. Style 1. Berry 3-celled, 3-seeded, crown- 
ed by the calyx. 

1. T. perfolia'tum, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves connate, 
spatulate, lanceolate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, acuminate. 
Flowers axillary, verticillate, sessile. Calyx persistent, with linear seg* 



342 ORDER LXV. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

ments. Fruit a dry purple berry, crowned with the calyx. — Purple. 
If. June — Aug. tipper dist. Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

Horse Gentian. Feverwort. 
2. T. angustifo'lium, (L.) Stem erect, hairy. Leaves scarcely con- 
nate. Flowers solitary, on short opposite peduncles. — Yellow. If. 
June — July. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. Dr. Tinker's Weed. 

Genus V.— VIBURNUM. L. 5—3. 
(The Latin name.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate, or rotate, 
5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Style none. Fruit an 
ovate, 1 -seeded berry, crowned by the calyx. 

1. V. aceripo'lium, (L.) A small shrub. Leaves slightly cordate, 3- 
lobed, acuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath ; petioles hairy. 
Floivers in cymes, on long peduncles. Fruit oval, compressed, black. — 
White. ^ . May — June. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. Arrow-wood. 

2. V. denta'tum, (L.) A shrub, nearly glabrous. Leaves orbicular, 
ovate, on long petioles, with large serratures, plaited. Flowers in large 
terminal cymes. Fruit nearly globose, blue, small. — White. *> . 
March — April. Common. 8 — 15 feet. Arrow-wood. 

3. V. lenta'go, (L.) A shrub, glabrous. Leaves broad-ovate, acu- 
minate, sharply serrate, sometimes slightly cordate or ovaL Fruit 
black. — White. ^ . June. Banks of streams. 10 — 20 feet. 

4. V. pruxifo'lium, (L.) A shrub, with glabrous, virgate branches. 
Leaves obovate, acute, sometimes nearly orbicular or oval, glabrous, 
sharply serrate. Flowers in large cymes, lateral. Fruit oval, dark-blue. 
— White, t? . April — May. Common. Black haw. Sloe. 

5. V. nu'dum, (L.) A shrub, with virgate branches, the old ones gla- 
brous, the young clothed with a ferruginous pubescence. Leaves oppo- 
site, oval, glabrous on the upper surface, with veins beneath, pubes- 
cent ; petioles margined. Flowers in naked, terminal cymes, on jointed 
peduncles. Calyx white. Corolla with obtuse segments. Fruit blue. 
— White. "£ . April — May. Common. 4 — 12 feet. 

6. V. obova'tum, (Walt.) A shrub, with virgate branches. Leaves 
obovate, cuneate, crenulate, dentate, or entire, crowded near the sum- 
mit, the lower leaves broader than the upper. Flowers in sessile cymes. 
Fruit nearly globular, black. — White. ^ . April — May. Common in 
middle Car. and Geo. 4 — 8 feet. 

1. V. cassinoi'des, (L.) A shrub, glabrous/ Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
the lower ones obovate, the upper lanceolate, the intermediate ovate, 
margin slightly revolute ; petioles keeled, without glands. Berries 
nearly black, in other respects resembles the preceding species. 

8. V. ljeviga'tum, (Ait.) A small shrub, much branched ; branches 
sprinkled with a brown dust. Leaves small, lanceolate, cuneate, nearly 
sessile, upper ones dentate, shining on the upper surface, the under 
dotted with brown dust. Flowers in small cymes, nearly sessile. — 
White. ^ . March — April. Low country. 2 — 4 feet. 

9. V. nit'idum, (Pursh.) A low, glabrous shrub, with quadrangular 
branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, shining on the upper surface, en- 



OEDER LXVI. RUBIACEiE. 343 

tire, or slightly serrate. — White. ^ . April— May. Low country. 
2—3 feet. 

Genus VI.— SAMBU'CUS. Tourn. 5—3. 
(From sambuJce, a musical instrument made- from the wood.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. 
Fruit a globose, 3 -seeded berry. 

1. S. Canadensis, (L.) A shrub, thickened at the joints with glabrous 
branches. Leaves generally bipinnate ; leaflets oblong-oval, acutely 
serrate, acuminate, glabrous, shining. Calyx small. Corolla rotate, 
with revolute, oval segments. Flowers in axillary cymes. Fruit glo- 
bose, black. — White. ^> . April — May. Wet grounds. Common. 
8—15 feet. Elder. 

Order LXVL— RUBIA'CE^E. (Peruvian-bark Family) 

Calyx superior, or sometimes nearly inferior, mostly 4 — 5- 
toothed, occasionally obsolete* Corolla inserted in the calyx, 
4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted into the corolla. Ovary 
2 — 3-celled, 1 — many ovules. Fruit various. Trees, shrubs, 
or herbaceous plants, with opposite or verticillate, stipulate 
leaves. [This order includes the orders Stellatece, and Cincho- 
naceazA 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Leaves in whorls , 2 

Leaves opposite 3 

2. Corolla rotate, small Galium, 1 

Corolla campanulate Bubia, 2 

8. Shrubs 4 

Herbaceous plants 5 

4. Stamens 4 Cephalanthus, 5 

Stamens 5 Pinckneya, 8 

5. Stamens 5 Mitreola, 9 

Stamens 4 6 

6. Evergreen, creeping plants Mitcliella, 6 

Not evergreen plants 7 

7. Calyx 2-leaved Diodia, 4 

Calyx 4-leaved or 4-parted 8 

8. Corolla rotate Polypremitm, 10 

Corolla not rotate 9 

9. Fruit many-seeded Hedyotis, 7 

Fruit few-seeded Spermacoce, 3 

Sub-order I.— STELLA'TE^E. 

Leaves whorled. Ovary inferior. Herbaceous plants. 

Genus I— GA'LIUM. L. 4—1. 
(From gala, milk, which some species curdle.) 

Calyx with the tube ovate-globose, or oblong ; limb nearly 
wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-parted. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. 
Fruit clidymous. 



344 OKDER LXVI. KUBIACE.E. 

1. G. trif'idum, (L.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, much branched, 
with the angles retrorsely aculeate. Leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl, linear, ob- 
tuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib. Flowers axillary, 1 — 3 in 
each whorl. Fruit purple, smooth.— White. U- April — July. Damp 
soils. 

2. G. latifo'lium, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves by fours, 
narrowed at the base, fiat, oval, with hispid margins, acute. Flowers 
on divaricate peduncles. Fruit frequently 1-seeded from the abortion 
of the other, smooth. — Purple. 2f. June — July. Mountains. 

3. G. uniflo'rum, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, smooth, spar- 
ingly branched. Leaves generally by fours, linear, acute, with re volute 
margins, somewhat scabrous ; peduncles usually solitary, with a whorl 
of small leaves in the middle. Fruit purple, smooth. — White. If. 
May — July. In rich shaded grounds. 12 inches. 

4. G. hispidu'lum, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, much branched, pu- 
bescent, rough. Leaves by fours, lanceolate, scabrous, dotted. Flowers 
axillary, terminal, on simple or compound peduncles. Corolla hairy. 
Fruit purple, scabrous, with short rigid hairs. — White. If. May — 
Oct. Sandy soils. Common. 

5. G. pilo'sum, (Ait.) Stem scabrous, with the angles hairy, branch- 
es axillary, expanding. Leaves by fours, oval, entire, ciliate, sprinkled 
with hairs; peduncles dichotomous, axillary, solitary or by threes. 
Fruit hispid, while. — Purple. 2f. May — Sept. In dry soils. 

6. G. cuspida'tdm, (Muhl.) Stem prostrate, small, glabrous. Leaves 
by sixes, attenuate at the base, very acute at the summit, somewhat 
hairy, slightly ciliate ; peduncles trifid. Fruit villous, with white 
hooked hairs. — White. %. June — Aug. Damp shaded soils. 

G. triforum, Mich. 

7. G. circle'zans, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, sparingly branched. 
Leaves by fours, ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Flowers alternate, usually soli- 
tary, peduncles short. Fruit hispid, with hooked hairs, nodding. — 
White. U- June — Aug. In shaded rich soils. Wild Liquorice. 

Genus II.— RU'BIA. Tourn. 4—1. 
(From ruber, red, from the dye obtained from its roots.) 

Calyx 4 -toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 
4 — 5. Berries 2, roundish and smooth, single-seeded. Nuttall. 

1. R. Brown'ii. Stem hispid, decumbent. Leaves by fours, oval, pe- 
duncles solitary, single-flowered. Flowers yellow. Berries purple, 
smooth. — In shady woods from Car. to Florida. Pursh. Madder. 

Sub-order II.— CINCHO'NE^E. 

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them. Ovary mostly 

inferior. 

Genus III.— SPERMACO'CE. Dill. 4—1. 

(From sperma, a seed, and akol:e, a point, in allusion to the capsule being crowned 
by the calyx points.) 

Calyx 4-leaved. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a 4-parted 
limb. Capsules 2-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. 



ORDER LXVI. RUBIACE.'E. 34:5 

1. S. gla'bra, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, glabrous. Leaves lanceo- 
late. Flowers numerous, in whorls. Calyx 4-toothed ; corolla cam- 
panulate, funnel-form, woolly in the throat. — 2f . S. Western States. 
1—2 feet. 

2. S. Ciiapman'ii, (T. & G.) Stem slightly angled, glabrous, with 
elevated lines. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, scabrous above. 
Stipules 5 — 6 bristles. Floicers numerous, axillary ; corolla 3 times as 
long as the calyx ; stamens exserted. Capsule oblong. — Mid. Flor. 

3. S. ten'uior. Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous on 
the upper surface. Flowers verticillate. Stamens included. Seeds 
hirsute. — Florida. 

4. S. diodi'na, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, terete, sometimes branch- 
ing, hirsute. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, finely serrulate, hairy, a 
membranaceous stipule, embracing the base of the leaves, with seta- 
ceous segments. Flowers axillary, sessile, clustered, or solitary. Ca- 
lyx 4-leaved. Corolla hairy, with a S-parted limb. Carpels 2, connate, 
crowned with the calyx, each 1-seeded. — White. #. July — Sept. 
Poor soils. Common. Diodia teres, Walt. 

5. S. involucra'ta, (Pursh.) Stem hirsute. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, somewhat oblique ; stipules with many setaceous segments. 
Flowers in terminal heads, surrounded with an involucre ; tube long. 
— White. ©. June — July. Carolina. 

Genus IV.— DIO'DIA. L. 4—1. 
(From diodos, a passage ; growing by the way-side.) 

Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 
1 seed in each cell. 

1. D. Virginia'na, (L.) Stem glabrous, procumbent, slender, nearly 
terete, purple, narrow-lanceolate. Corolla glabrous. Fruit oblong, 
glabrous. — White. If. May — August. Near Columbia, S. C. 

2. D. tetrago'na, (Walt.) Stem procumbent, creeping, slightly an- 
gled, hairy at the joints. Leaves opposite, oval, or cordate-ovate, joined 
by stipules ; stipules with subulate, ciliate segments. Flowers axilla- 
ry. Calyx 2-leaved, subulate, persistent. Corolla pubescent within. 
Fruit composed of 2 connate carpels, each containing 1 seed. — White. 
11. May — Oct. Damp soils, very common. 

3. D. hirsu'ta, (Pursh.) Stem hirsute, slender, procumbent. Leaves 
narrow-lanceolate, the whole plant hispid. In other respects it resem- 
bles the preceding species. 

Genus V.— CEPHALAN'THUS. L. 4—1. 
(From kephale, a head, and antlws, a flower ; the flowers in heads.) 

Flowers in globose heads. Calyx superior, small, 4-cleft. 
Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Style exserted. Capsule 
2-celled, 2-seeded. 

1. C. occidenta'lis, (L.) A shrub, much branched. Leaves opposite 
and ternate, ovate-lanceolate, entire, upper surface glabrous, lower pu- 
bescent on the veins ; petioles short, winged. Flowers axillary and 
terminal ; peduncles pubescent. Corolla hairy within, with 4 obtuse 

15* 



346 OBDER LXVI. — EUBIACE^l. 

segments. Anthers sagittate. Capsule angled ; receptacle globose. — 
White. £ . July. In wet places. Common. 6 — 15 feet. 

Button-nvood. 
Genus VI— MITCHEL'LA. L. 4—1. 
(In honor of John Mitchell, of Virginia.) 

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla superior, in pairs upon the same 
germ. Stamens 4. Style 1. Fruit didymous, 4-seeded. 

1. M. ke'pens, (L.) Stem creeping, branching, glabrous, rooting at 
the joints. Leaves ovate, or nearly cordate, entire, glabrous, deep green, 
with whitish veins, evergreen. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short pe- 
duncles. Corolla hairy on the inside, fragrant. Fruit red, eatable. — 
White. If. Early spring. Rich soils. Partridge Berry. 

Genus VIL— HEDYO'TIS. L. 4—1. 
(From hedus, sweet, and ous, an ear, alluding to the sweet-scented, ear-like leaves.) 

Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-form ; limb 4- 
?left. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seed- 
ed, inferior. 

1. H. coeru'lea, (Hook.) (Houstonia ccerulea, L.) Stem erect, slen- 
der, square, sparingly branched. Leaves of the root spatulate, those 
of the stem lanceolate. Flowers on axillary, long peduncles, each one- 
flowered. — White. 2f. May — Aug. Common in mid. Car. and Geo. 
4 — 6 inches. 

2. H. serpyllifo'lia, (T. & G.) (Houstonia serpyllifolia, Mich.) 
Stem procumbent, cespitose, filiform. Leaves spatulate, obtuse. Flow- 
ers on terminal peduncles, each 1 -flowered. 

3. H. rotundifo'lia, (T. & G.) (Houstonia rotundifolia, Mich.) 
Stem prostrate, rootiug at the joints, glabrous. Leaves ovate, narrowed 
at the base, slightly ciliate. Floioers on axillary peduncles, each 1- 
fiowered. Corolla salver-form, pubescent within ; tube long; segments 
lanceolate. Capsule emarginate. — White. 2f . Through the summer. 
On the sea-coast. 

4. H. purpu'rea, (T. & G.) (Houstonia purpurea, L.) Stem erect, 
much branched, glabrous, hairy at the joints, and with the angles ciliate. 
Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base ; nerves pubescent. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs. Calyx pubescent, with ciliate segments. 
— Purple. 2f. June — Aug. Abundant on the Ocmulgee, near Ma- 
con. 10 — 15 inches. 

5. H. longifo'lia, (Hook.) (Houstonia longifolia, Gaert.) Stem 
erect, square, branching, glabrous. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, attenuate. 
Flowers in corymbs, on very short peduncles. — Purple. If. June — 
Aug. Mid. and upper dist. 8 — 16 inches. 

6. H. stenophtl'la, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous, suffructicose, erect, 
branched. Leaves narrow, linear, often smaller ones in the axils. Floio- 
ers numerous, in many-divided cymules, central flower nearly sessile, 
throat of the corolla villous. Capsule small. — Pale purple. ©. Com- 
mon on banks of streams. June — July. 10 — 18 inches. 

7. H. Bos'cn, (D. C.) Stem much branched, glabrous, branches slen- 
der. Leaves linear, acute. Flowers on short pedicels, corolla nearly 



ORDER LXVI. RUBIACE^. 347 

rotate. Fruit roundish. — Purple. 0. Marshy places. July — Sept. 
6 — 10 inches. 

8. EL glomera'ta, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, pubescent, 
branched. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, cuneate, sessile, entire, connect- 
ed by stipules, with 2 or more subulate teeth. Flowers in clusters, 
whorled, axillary and terminal. Calyx persistent, hispid, with 1 — 3 
bracts at the base. Corolla with a very short tube. Stamens short, 
inserted into the tube of the corolla. Capsule globose. Seeds 3-angled, 
attached to a central placentas. — White. U- June — Oct. Damp soils. 
Common. 10 — 18 inches. 

Genus Till.— PINCKXE'YA. Mich. 5—1. 
(In honor of Mr. Pinckney.) 

Calyx superior, 5-parted, persistent, somewhat colored. Co- 
rolla, with a 5-cleft border. Stamens 5. Style 1. Capsule 
2-celled. 

1. P. pu'bens, (Mich.) A large shrub, with numerous stems from each 
root ; young branches tomentose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, 
shining on the upper surface, with a few hairs, tomentose on the lower; 
petiole tomentose. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles ; segments 
of the calyx sometimes equal, at others one or two of them resembling 
bracts. Corolla tomentose, with a somewhat greenish tube ; segments 
oval. Capsule nearly globose. Seeds flat. — Purple. ^ . May — June. 
Wet soils. 15—20 feet. 

Sub-order III.— LOGAMA'CE^E. 
Leaves opposite. Ovary superior. Herbs or shrubs. 

Genus IX.— MITREO'LA. L. 5—1. (Ophiorhiza, L.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 5. 
Stigmas 2. Fruit 2-lobed. 

1. M. petiola'ta, (T. & G.) Stem erect, somewhat branched, nearly 
square, scabrous toward the summit. Leaves ovate, opposite, appressed. 
Flowers in secund spikes, erect at first, afterward recurved ; throat of 
the corolla closed by jointed hairs, segments expanding, tube short. 
Fruit consisting of 2 carpels united at the base and apex. Seeds nu- 
merous. [Sent to me by Wm. S. Rockwell, Esq., of Baldwin county.] 
— White. %. July — Aug. Wet places. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. M. sessilifo'lia, (T. & G.) Stem erect, 4-angled, 4-furrowed, gla- 
brous. Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the base, scabrous on the upper 
surface. Tube of the corolla as long as the calyx, purple, segments white. 
— Purple and white. g|. Aug. — Sept. Wet soils. Common. 12 — 18 in. 

Genus X.— POLYPRE'MTJM. Tourn. 4—1. 

(From polus, many, and premnon, a stalk.) 

Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft, with the 
throat hairy. Stamens 4, very short. Style 1, slender. Cap- 
sule compressed, 2-celled. 



34:8 ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 

1. P. proctjm'bens, (L.) Stern procumbent, furrowed, diehotomously 
branched. Leaves sessile, linear, opposite, connected by a stipular mem- 
brane. Flowers terminal, and in the divisions of the branches sessile, 
2 — 4 leafy bracts at the base of the calyx ; segments of the calyx sub- 
ulate, serrulate. Seed angular. — White. 2f. May — Sept. Very com- 
mon. 6 — 12 inches. 

Order LXVIL— VALERIANA'CE^E. 

Calyx a border, 3 — 4-tootlied, or pappus-like. Corolla tu- 
bular, rather irregular, with the border 5-parted, inserted on the 
top of the ovary, slightly calcarate at the base. Stamens 1 — 5, 
but usually 3. Style 1. Ovary 1 — 3 -celled, with only 1 fertile ; 
ovule suspended. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with two empty cells, 
and one with a single seed. Herbaceous, rather succulent plants, 
with opposite, or whorled leaves. Flowers in crowded corymbs. 

Genus I.— FE'DIA. Moench. 3—1. 

(From plieido, harmlessness ; others from fedus, a kid.) 

Genus same as the Order. 

1. F. eadia'ta, (L.) Stem erect, winged or furrowed by the decur- 
rent leaves and midribs, pubescent on the angles and wings, leaves 
opposite; lower ones somewhat spatulate, upper ones sessile, broad- 
lanceolate, rather obtuse, finely ciliate, irregularly dentate, sometimes 
nearly panduriform. Flowers terminal ; in dichotomous corymbs, with 
a fiowtr in each division, crowded, each corymb having the appearance 
of only 4 flowers, with a several-leaved involucre ; corolla slightly ir- 
regular at the summit, slightly calcarate near the base. — White. 
March — May. On the Ocmulgee above Macon. 10 — 15 inches. 

Order LXVIIL— COMPOSITE. 

Calyx united to the ovary, with the limb either wanting, or 
membranous, or divided into hair-like segments called pappus. 
Corolla ligulate, or tubular. Stamens 5, alternate with the 
teeth of the corolla. Anthers cohering into a cylinder. Ovary 
inferior, 1-celled. Style simple. Stigmas 2, distinct or united. 
Fruit an indehiscent dry pericarp, crowned with the limb of the 
calyx. Seeds solitary, erect; albumen none. Flowers collected 
into dense heads, surrounded by an involucre. 

The obvious characteristics of this order are its compound flowers, and 
the union of the anthers. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Flowers of the disk tubular 2 

Flowers bilabiate Chaptalia, S2 

Flowers ligulate 77 

2. Heads radiate 3 

Heads discoid 50 

8. Flowers yellow 4 

Flowers not yellow 37 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 349 

4. Leaves alternate 5 

Leaves, the lower ones opposite or whorled 22 

5. Peceptacle naked 6 

Receptacle chaffy 15 

6. Pappus pilose or bristly 7 

Pappus consisting of scales 13 

7. Pappus different in the ray and disk florets Heterotheca, 25 

Pappus similar in the ray and disk florets 8 

8. Involucre consisting of a single series of scales Senecio, 77 

Involucre consisting of more than one series 9 

9. Pay florets few, inconspicuous 10 

Pay florets conspicuous 11 

10. Lower leaves cordate Brachychceta, 20 

Lower leaves not cordate Solidago, 21 

11. Achenia glabrous Prionopsis, 24 

Achenia hairy or villous 12 

12. Pappus simple, of a single series Isopappus, 23 

Pappus double, the exterior chaffy Chrysopsis, 26 

13. Pays pistillate Relenium, 62 

Pays neutral 14 

14. Pappus awned Gaillardia, 59 

Pappus not awned Lcptopoda, 63 

15. Pappus none, or rudimentary 20 

Pappus consisting of scales, teeth, or awns 16 

16. Leaves sessile, entire 17 

Leaves petiolate, entire Coreopsis, 53 

Leaves more or less divided 19 

17. Scales of the involucre in 4 series , Baldwinia, 64 

Scales of the involucre in 1 or 2 6eries 18 

18. Achenia glabrous Relianthella, 51 

Achenia silky Actinospernium, 65 

19. The inner scales of the involucre smallest Silphium, 35 

The inner scales the largest Berlandiera, 36 

20. Receptacle conical RudbecMa, 47 

Receptacle elongated 21 

21. Leaves pinnately divided Lepachys, 48 

Leaves not divided Dracopis, 49 

22. Pappus none 23 

Pappus present 26 

23. Leaves lobed or cleft Polymnia, 33 

Leaves not divided 24 

24. Leaves petiolate 25 

Leaves not petiolate Tetragonotheca, 44 

25. Achenia of the disk quadrangular Heliopsis, 43 

Achenia not quadrangular Sjrilanthes, 55 — Acmella. 

26. Receptacle naked Arnica, 78 

Receptacle chaffy 27 

27. Pappus consisting of many scales Halea, 45 

Pappus consisting of awns or teeth 28 

28. Shrubby plants Borrichia — Bxiphthalrnum, 81 

Herbaceous plants 29 

29. Rays pistillate, disk sterile 30 

Pays neutral or pistillate, disk perfect 31 

80. Low plants Chrysogonwn, 34 

Tall plants Silphium, 35 

31. Rays sterile 33 

Rays fertile 32 

32. Peceptacle flat, rays few Yeroesina, 56 

Receptacle convex, rays numerous Ximenesia, 57 

83. Kay florets inconspicuous Bidens, 54 

Ray florets conspicuous 84 



350 ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

34. Achenia 4-sided Helianthus, 50 

Achenia not 4-sided 35 

35. Achenia compressed 36 

Achenia obcompressed Coreopsis, 53 

36. Stem winged Actinomeris, 52 

Stem not winged Bidens, 54 

37. Leaves opposite , 3S 

Leaves alternate 39 

38. Pappus none Eclipta, 32 

Pappus 1-awn Zinnia, 42 

39. Eeceptacle naked 40 

Eeceptacle chaffy 47 

40. Pappus none Leucanthemum, 69 

Pappus present 41 

41. Pappus pilose or bristly 42 

Pappus consisting of scales Palafoxia, 60—Polypteris. 

42. Pappus double Diplopappus, 18 

Pappus simple 43 

43. Pays sterile Galatella, 14 

Pays fertile 44 

44. Pappus of the ray and disk similar 45 

Pappus of the ray and disk dissimilar Boltonia, 19 

45. Achenia usually glabrous, compressed Aster, 16 

Achenia usually pubescent 46 

46. Achenia obconic, silky Sericoearpus, 15 

Achenia pubescent, compressed Erigeron, 17 

47. Kays neutral 48 

Pays pistillate 49 

4S. Leaves undivided Echinacea, 46 

Leaves divided Maruta, 67 — Anthemis. 

49. Pappus consisting of 2 scales Parthenium, 37 

Pappus none Achillea, 68 

50. Heads homogamous 51 

Heads not homogamous 69 

51. Leaves alternate - 52 

Leaves opposite or verticillate 61 

52. Eeceptacle naked 54 

Eecepracle chaffy 53 

Eeceptacle bristly Oirsium, 81 

53. Pappus setose Carph ophorus, 7 

Pappus scaly Marshallia, 66 

54. Pappus consisting of 4 or 5 scales Stokesia, 2 

Pappus consisting of 12 — 20 scales Ilymenopappus, 61 

Pappus capillary "or setose 55 

55. Scales of the involucre in a single series 56 

Scales of the involucre in more than one series 57 

56. Heads white, brownish, or rose color Oacalia, 76 

Heads yellow » Senecio, 77 

57. Heads paniculate Eupaiorium, 1 1 

Heads in spikes or racemes Liatris, 8 

Heads'more or less corymbose 58 

58. Corolla expanded at the base Xuhnia, 9 

Corolla expanded at the summit 59 

Corolla nearly straight Eupatorium, 11 

59. Corolla palmately divided ElephantojJus, 3 

Corolla not palmately divided 60 

60. Achenia oblong, with double pappus Vernonia, 1 

Achenia obconic, hairy Biahvia, 22 

Achenia 10-striate • Brickettia, 10 

61. Eeceptacle chaffy Melanthera, 41 

Eeceptacle naked 62 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 351 

62. Pappus coroniform Cwlestina, 4 

Pappus not coroniform 63 

63. Pappus consisting of scales 64 

Pappus capillar}' or setose 65 

64. Flowers blue or white Ageratwn, 5 

Flowers purple Sclerolepis—Sparganophorus, 6 

65. Achenia striate or ribbed 66 

Achenia angled 67 

66. Pappus plumose Kuhnia, 9 

Pappus scabrous Brickellia, 10 

67. Receptacle conic Conoclinium, 13 

Receptacle flat 68 

6S. Scales of the involucre numerous Eupatorium, 11 

Scales of the involucre few Mikania, 12 

69. Heads monoecious, fertile flowers petalous Conyzn, 27 

Heads monoecious, fertile flowers apetalous Soliva—Gymnostylis, 72 

Heads heterogamous 70 

Heads heterocephalous 75 

Heads dioecious 76 

70. Receptacle chaffy Tva, -38 

Receptacle hirsute Pterocaulon, 30 

Receptacle setose or naked 71 

71. Receptacle setose 72 

Receptacle naked 78 

72. Flowers purple Centawea, 79 

Flowers yellow Cnicus. 80 

73. Flowers yellow, with divided leaves Artemisia, 71 

Flowers purple Pluchea, 29 

Flowers white 74 

74. Scales of the involucre in one series Erechtites, 75 

Scales of the involucre imbricate Gnaphalium, 73 

75. Fertile heads 1-flowered Ambrosia, 39 

Fertile heads 2-flowered Xanthium, 40 

76. Shrubs Bacctoris, 28 

Herbs Antennaria, 74 

77. Pappus none Apogon, 83 

Pappus present 78 

78. Pappus capillary SO 

Pappus not capillary 79 

79. Pappus few scales and bristles Krigia, 84 

Pappus numerous scales and bristles Cynthia, 85 

80. Achenia beaked 84 

Achenia not beaked 81 

81. Flowers yellow 83 

Flowers not yellow S2 

82. Flowers usually nodding Nalalus — Prenanthes, S7 

Flowers erect Lygodesmia, 88 

83. Achenia flattened Sonchus, 93 

Achenia not flattened Hieracium, 86 

84. Flowers blue Mulgedium, 92 

Flowers not blue 85 

85. Heads paniculate, numerous Lactuca, 91 

Heads solitary or very few 86 

86. Heads on a fistulous, naked scape Taraxicum, S9 

Stem simple Py rrhopappus, 90 



352 oeder Lxvrn. — composite. 

Sub-order L— TUBULIFLO'R^E. 

Perfect flowers tubular, usually regularly 5-cleft. 

Tribe I.— VERNONIA'CE/E. 

Flowers discoid. Style divided, with the branches elon- 
gated, subulate, hispid. Corolla 5-cleft, regular, or with the 
limb somewhat palmately divided or bilabiate. Flowers blue 
or purple. 

Genus I.— VERNO'NIA. Schreb. 
(In honor of Win. Vernon.) 

Involucre ovate, imbricate. Florets all perfect and tubular. 
Receptacle naked. Stigma bifid ; pappus mostly double, the 
exterior chaffy, the interior capillary. Flowers purple. 

1. Y. oligophyl'la, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, branching toward 
the summit, pubescent, scabrous. Radical leaves oval, coarsely den- 
tate, acute ; cauline ones crowded toward the base, scattered toward 
the summit, toothed or serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 
Flowers in paniculate corymbs ; scales of the involucre ciliate, pubes- 
cent, ovate-lanceolate. Seeds oblong, hairy. — Purple. 2f. June — 
July. Damp pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. Black-root. 

2. V. scaber'rima, (Nutt.) Stem simple, slender, pubescent toward 
the base, nearly glabrous toward the summit. Leaves crowded on the 
lower part of the stem, sessile, linear-lanceolate, scabrous, and hairy on 
both surfaces ; margins revolute, denticulate. Flowers in terminal co- 
rymbs ; involuerum with lanceolate, ciliate scales, with a subulate point. 
Seeds striate, hairy. — Purple. If. June — Aug. Pine-barrens. 2 — 3 
feet. 

3. V. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem simple, erect, scabrous. Leaves 
long-linear, numerous, entire, or slightly denticulate ; margins revolute, 
pubescent beneath. Floivers in terminal corymbs; involucre with 
ovate, lanceolate scales, terminated by a subulate point. Seeds striate, 
hairy. — Purple. 2f . June — Aug. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

4. V. Noveboracen'sis, (Willd.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching 
toward the summit. Leaves numerous, narrow, lanceolate, long; upper 
surface glabrous, the lower pubescent. Flowers in large fastigiate co- 
rymbs ; involucre hemispherical, with ovate-lanceolate scales, terminated 
by a long subulate point. Seeds striate, somewhat hairy ; exterior pap- 
pus subulate. — Purple. 2f . July — September, Moist rich lands. 5 
—10 feet. 

5. Y. tomento'sa, (Ell.) Stem erect, slender, tomentose toward the 
summit. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, long, acutely serrate ; upper sur- 
face scabrous, lower tomentose. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; invo- 
lucre with ovate-lanceolate scales, with a long filiform point, hairy. — 
Purple. If. July — August. Wet soils. 3 — 6 feet. 

6. y. pr^eal'ta. Stem erect, angled, branching toward the summit, 
pubescent. Leaves numerous, lanceolate-serrate, somewhat scabrous, 
pubescent beneath. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre with 
ovate, acute scales, unarmed. — Purple. 2f. Aug. Upper districts of 
Car. and Geo. 4 — 8 feet. 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 353 

7. V. altis'sima, (Nutt.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, 
serrate, slightly scabrous. Flowers in small, terminal corymbs ; invo- 
lucre small, with ovate, ciliate, appressed scales, slightly mucronate. 
Seeds striate. — Purple. It- Aug. — Oct. Geo. Damp places. 6 — 10 
feet. V. fasciculata, Mich. 

8. V. ovalifo'lia, (T. & G.) Stem simple, pubescent. Leaves oval, 
acute, serrate, glabrous ; heads numerous, about 20-flowered ; scales 
of the involucre ovate, appressed. Achenia a little hairy ; pappus 
purple. — Purple. If. Middle Florida. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus II— STOKE'SIA. I/Her. 

(In honor of John Stokes.) 

Involucre leafy, imbricate. Corolla radiate. Florets of the 
ray funnel -form, irregular, all perfect. Receptacle naked ; pap- 
pus consisting of 4 bristles. Achenia 4-sided, glabrous. 

1. S. cya'nea, (L'Her.) Stem herbaceous, leafy. Leaves lanceolate. 
Flowers solitary, large, ornamental ; florets all perfect. — Blue or purple. 
If. May. Carolina and Georgia. 

Genus III— ELEPHANTO'PTJS. L. 

(From elephaa, an elephant, and pous, a foot, from the shape of the leaf of some 
species.) 

Involucre 4-flowered ; florets all ligulate, perfect. Pappus 
bristly, consisting of 5 awns. Receptacle naked. Achenia 
hairy. 

1. E. Carolinia'nus, (Willd.) Stem leafy, erect, terete, branching 
toward the summit, villous. Leaves oblong, attenuate at the base, 
hairy, slightly scabrous. Flowers iu sessile, terminal clusters, with 3 
unequal cordate bracts at the base of each capitulum; involucre 9 — 10- 
leaved, the interior longest, hairy on the outside. Corolla ligulate at 
the summit, tubular toward the base, 4-cleft. Seed oblong. — Purple. 
2f • July — Sept. Common. 

2. E. nudicau'lis, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching toward the summit, 
scabrous and hispid, usually purple, generally destitute of leaves ; rad- 
ical leaves large, oval-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous on the upper surface 
and villous beneath ; bracts tomentose ; involucre with rigid leaves. — 
Purple. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Common. E. tomentosus, L. 

Tribe II.— EUPATORIA'CE^E. 

Flowers discoid. Style divided ; branches elongated, obtuse, 
or clavate, papillose externally toward the summit. Corolla 
regular, 5-cleft, blue or purple, seldom white. 

Genus IV.— CffiLESTI'NA. 
(From cadeeUs, heavenly, in allusion to its blue color.) 

Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre cylindrical, 
hemispherical, many-leaved, sub-imbricate. Receptacle convex. 



354: ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

Corolla tubular, 5-parted. Achenia 5-angled ; pappus coroni- 
form, usually toothed. Herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves. 

1. 0. mariti'ma, (T. & G.) Stem decumbent, branching, terete. Leaves 
ovate, serrate, petiolate ; heads in dense corymbs, pedicellate. — Blue. 
Florida. 

Genus V.—AGERATUM. L. 

(From privative a, without, and geras, old age ; retains its color.) 

Heads many-flowered, homogamous, sub-globose. Involucre 
many-leaved, imbricate. Leaves linear, acuminate. Receptacle 
naked. Corolla tubular, 5-parted ; pappus paleaceous, 5 scales. 
Achenia 5-angled, tapering at the base. Herbaceous plants, 
with opposite leaves. 

1. A. conyzoi'des, (L.) Stem branching. Leaves varying from ovate 
to cordate, on long petioles ; pappus terminated by arms as long as 
the corolla. — Blue or white. %• hiow country of Geo. 

Genus VI— SPARGANOPH'ORUS. Mich. (Sclerolepis, Cass.) 
(From sparganon, a fillet, and phero, I bear ; the seed is crowned.) 

Involucre imbricate, sub-globose, pubescent, with the leaves 
recurved at the summit. Ray florets wanting, those of the disk 
perfect. Receptacle naked. Seed glabrous, pentangular. Pap- 
pus membranaceous, 5-cleft. 

1. S. verticilla'tus, (Mich.) Stem pubescent, simple. Leaves linear, 
glabrous, verticillate, generally 6 in a whorl. Flowers generally termi- 
nal and solitary. Involucre with lanceolate, colored leaves. — Purple. 
If. July — Aug. Pine-barrens. Mid. Car. and Geo. 10 — 16 inches. 

Genus VII.— CARPHEPHO'RUS. Cass. (Liatris.) 
(From Tcarpfie, chaff, and^Aero, I bear, in allusion to its chaffy receptacle.) 

Heads many-flowered ; scales of the involucre in 3 series, 
imbricate. Receptacle chaffy. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft. Stig- 
ma clavate. Achenia nearly terete, 10-ribbed ; pappus one or 
several series of unequal bristles. Flowers purple. Herbaceous 
plants, with simple stem, corymbose flowers, and entire leaves. 
A genus made up of species formerly belonging to Liatris. 

1. C. pseu'do-lia'tris, (Cass.) Stem virgate, tomentose. Leaves sub- 
ulate, rigid, sessile, numerous, appressed ; heads few ; pedicels leafy 
beneath the flowers. — Purple. 2f. Alabama. 18 — 24 inches. 

2. C. tomento'sus, (T. & G.) (Liatris Walteri, Ell.) Stem simple, gla- 
brous at the base, hairy near the summit. Radical leaves lanceolate, 
attenuate at the base, glabrous ; cauline ones smaller, diminishing in 
size toward the summit, sessile, hairy. Flowers in corymbs ; involucre 
with many florets ; scales colored, tomentose. Seeds hairy ; pappus col- 
ored ; chaff linear. — Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Southern Geo. 

3. C. bellidifo'lius, (T. & G.) Stems several from the same root, 
paniculately branched, low, nearly glabrous. Radical leaves spatulate, 



ORDER LXYin. COMPOSITE. 355 

3-nerved, cauline, sub-linear ; pappus plumose ; scales of the involucre 
in about 3 series, the outer oues expanding. — Purple, 2f . N. C. 8 — 
17 inches. 

4. C. corymbo'sus, (T. & G.) Stem erect, branching near the sum- 
mit ; branches hirsute, tomentose. Radical leaves cuneate-lanceolate, 
tomentose ; cauline leaves oblong, sessile. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; 
involucre with about 20 florets ; scales hairy at the base, with a mem- 
branaceous margin ; pappus colored ; chaff linear. — Purple. 2f. Sept. 
— Oct. Wet places. 2 — 3 feet. Liatris tomentosa, Ell. 

Genus VIIL— LIA'TRIS. Schreb. 
(Probably from liazo, I come forth, from the early appearance of its leaves.) 

Involucre imbricate, oblong ; florets perfect. Receptacle 
naked. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed ; branches of the style much 
exserted ; pappus plumose, persistent, generally colored. Fruit 
pubescent, striate, obconic. Anthers entire at the base. Style 
bifid. Flowers usually purple, all tubular. Perennial, herba- 
ceous plants, with alternate, entire leaves. 

a. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Root tuberous. Leaves linear or grass- 
like. 

1. L. spica'ta, (Willd.) Stem simple, glabrous, leafy. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, glabrous, acute, dotted, somewhat ciliate at the base ; upper 
ones very short. Flowers in terminal spikes, with bracteal leaves ; in- 
volucre cylindrical; scales oblong, shorter than the flowers; outer 
scales shortest. Generally 8 florets in a capitulum, longer than the invo- 
lucre. Seeds hairy, furrowed. — Purple. 2f. Aug. — Oct. Pine-bar- 
rens. 2 — 4 feet. Gay-feather. Button Snakeroot. 

2. L. graminifo'lia, (Walt.) Stem simple, glabrous or slightly hairy. 
Leaves linear, long, with the midrib hairy and the margin scabrous. 
Flowers in a terminal spike, with bracts as long as the involucre ; invo- 
lucre cylindrical, with about 6 florets ; scales pubescent along the mar- 
gin, mucronate. Corolla covered with glandular dots. Seeds hairy ; 
pappus uncolored. — Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. In pine-barrens. 2 — 4 ft. 

3. L. Boykin'ii, (T. & G.) Stem slender, erect, nearly glabrous. 
Leaves linear, punctate ; lower ones long, upper short and setaceous. 
Spike virgate ; heads 3 — 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre glabrous ; 
pappus plumose. Achenia villous. — Pale purple. Aug. — Sept. West- 
ern Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. L. tenuifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem simple, slender, glabrous. Lower 
leaves crowded, narrow, or linear, slightly hairy at the base ; upper 
leaves setaceous, scattered. Flowers in long racemes, with leafy pedi- 
cels ; involucre oblong, about 5-flowered ; scales membranaceous along 
the margins. Corolla with glandular dots. Seeds hairy ; pappus not 
colored. — Purple. If. Aug. — Oct. Dry pine-barrens. 2 — 4 feet. 

5. L. cylindra'cea, (Mich.) Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves linear, 
long, narrow, glabrous ; upper ones pubescent along the margin, lower 
ones alternate at the base. Flowers few, in a terminal spike ; involucre 
cylindrical, containing 14 — 20 florets ; scales oblong, abruptly acumi- 
nate, pubescent along the margin. Corolla glandular ; pappus plu- 
mose. — Purple. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Dry, sandy soils. Mid. Geo. 1 — 2 ft. 



356 ORDER LXVIII. — COMPOSITE. 

6. L. heterophyl'la, (Br.) Stem simple, glabrous. Leaves lance- 
olate, glabrous ; upper ones smaller, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in 
spiked heads, squarrose ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, naked. 
—Purple. If. Aug.— Oct. So. Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

7. L. pilo'sa, (L.) Stem simple, pubescent, streaked. Leaves linear, 
the lower linear -lanceolate, pubescent, fringed near the base. Flowers 
in long, leafy racemes ; the lower peduncles compound ; involucre ob- 
long, with 10 — 14 florets ; scales fringed. Seeds hairy ; pappus not 
colored. — Purple. 2f. Aug. — Oct. Pine-barrens of Car. and Geo. 

8. L. gra'cilis, (Pursh.) Stem slender, pubescent, streaked. Leaves 
linear, glabrous, slightly fringed at the base ; upper leaves much smaller 
than the lower. Floivers in terminal racemes ; peduncles hairy, with a 
few scales ; involucre generally with 7 florets ; scales obovate, dotted, 
ciliate, colored at the summit. Seeds hairy ; pappus colored. — Purple. 
%. Sept. — Oct. Dry pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 

9. L. secun'da, (Ell.) Stem reclining, usually curved, pubescent. 
Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat fringed at the base. Flowers 
in long, terminal racemes, secund ; peduncles with 1 — 2 subulate scales ; 
involucre with 4 — 5 florets, generally 10-leaved. Leaves glabrous, pu- 
bescent along the margin. Seeds hairy ; pappus slightly plumose. — 
Purple. If. Aug. — Sept. Dry sand-hills. Middle Car. and Geo. 2 
—3 feet. 

10. L. resino'sa, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous. Radical leaves long ; cau- 
line leaves numerous, crowded, all linear. Flowers in spikes, bracteo- 
late ; involucre with obtuse scales, resinous, becoming hoary. Seed vil- 
lous. — Purple. 2f. Aug. — Sept. Pine-forests of Car. 1 — 2 feet. 

11. L. el'egans, (L.) Stem erect, very pubescent. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, scabrous beneath, cartilaginous along the margins. Flowers 
in a compact cylindrical raceme ; peduncles with small leaves ; involu- 
cre with 5 florets. Leaves about 12, lanceolate, villous; interior ones 
colored. Seeds villous; pappus colored. — Purple. If. Aug. — Sept. 
Dry soils. 3 — 5 feet. 

12. L. scario'sa, (L.) Stem erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous 
along the margin, pubescent ; lower ones very long, attenuate at the 
base. Flowers in a terminal raceme; peduncles short, pubescent ; in- 
volucre with 14 florets; scales with scarious margins, slightly colored 
at the summit. Seeds hairy ; pappus colored. — Purple. If. Aug. — 
Oct. Dry soils. Common. 2 — 4 feet. 

13. L. sph^eroi'dea, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves lanceo- 
late, acute, slightly coriaceous, glabrous, the lower broader than the 
upper ones. Flowers in terminal racemes ; involucre nearly globular, 
with many florets ; scales obtuse, colored, sometimes fimbriate, dotted. 
Seeds hairy ; pappus slightly plumose. — Purple. If. Aug. — Oct 
Middle and upper districts of Car. and Geo. 

14. L. squarro'sa, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, leafy. Leaves long, lin- 
ear, rigid ; lower ones 3 — 5-nerved, radical ones very long, glabrous, the 
upper ones frequently ciliate. Flowers few, in a terminal raceme ; in- 
volucre cylindrical, with ovate, ciliate scales, with expanding points. 
Corolla deeply cleft ; segments hairy. Seeds hairy ; pappus colored. — 
Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Dry pine-barrens. 

Blazing Star. Rattlesnake's Master. 

15. L. pauciflo'ra, (Pursh.) Stem simple, glabrous. Leaves linear 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 357 

Flowers in leafy, virgate panicles, with the branches few-flowered ; in- 
volucre sessile^ secund, 8 — 5-flowered ; scales erect, lanceolate-acute, 
glabrous. Elliott, 

b. Suffructicose. 

16. L. fructico'sa, (Nutt.) Leaves obovate, glabrous, branching; 
lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, cuneate, oblong, entire. 
Branches corymbose, naked toward the summit; involucre campan- 
ulate, about 5-flowered; scales imbricate, in about 3 series; outer 
shortest. Achenia pubescent. — If. East Florida, 

c. Root a rhizoma. Leaves dilated. 

17. L. paxicula ta, (Willd.) Stem erect, hairy, viscid, colored, and 
branching toward the summit. Radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate, 
dentate, glabrous ; cauline leaves sessile, nerved, ovate-lanceolate, hairy. 
Flowers in terminal panicles ; branches 4 — 6 flowered ; involucre 4 — 5 
florets, 6 — 8-leaved. Corolla viscid. Seeds hairy ; pappus purple. — 
Purple. If. Sept.— Oct. Pine-barrens. 1—2 feet. 

18. L. odoratis'sima, (Willd.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous, striate, 
purple. Leaves ovate or lanceolate ; radical ones spatulate, somewhat 
dentate; cauline ones clasping. Flowers in corymbose panicles ; invo- 
lucre usually with 7 florets, 10— 12-leaved. Leaves appressed, gla- 
brous. Seeds hairy ; pappus colored. — Purple. If. Sept, — Oct. 3 — 
4 feet. Vanilla-plant. 

The root of the Liatris spicata is said to possess powerful diuretic properties, and 
is used in the form of a decoction, as a gargle for sore throat 

The L. scariosa and squarrosa are said to be an antidote to the poison of the rat- 
tlesnake, and is used to cure the bite of this animal: the former is known by our plan- 
tation negroes as the rattlesnake's master. 

Genus IX.— KUHN"IA. L. 
(In honor of Adam Kubn, a pupil of Linnceus.) 

Involucre cylindrical, imbricate, 10 — 2 5-fiowered ; florets all 
perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked ; pappus plumose, sessile. 
Seed pubescent, striate. 

1. K. eupatorioi'des, (L.) Stem glabrous, branching, the young 
branches very pubescent. Leaves broad-lanceolate, irregularly serrate, 
petiolate, slightly scabrous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, 
spotted. Flowers in panicles, terminal ; involucre about 10-fluwered, 
with linear, pubescent leaves, the outer ones small. Seeds pubescent. — 
White. If. Sept.— Oct. Middle and Western Geo. and Ala. 2— 3 ft. 

2. K. Critonia, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, slender, striate. Leaves lan- 
ceolate or linear, petiolate, entire, with the margin revolute when 
young, dotted beneath. Flowers in terminal, divaricate panicles ; in- 
volucre imbricate, with 8 — 10 flowers. Lea ves linear, pubescent; outer 
ones reflexed at the summit. Seed cylindrical ; pappus of numerous 
plumose rays. — White. 21. Sept, — Oct. In dry soils. Common. 2 
—3 feet. 

Genus X.— BRICKEL'LIA. EU. 

(In honor of Dr. Brickell, of Savannah.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate, imbricate. 
Receptacle naked, flat, or slightly convex. Achenia 10, striate, 



358 OBDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 

elongated ; pappus setaceous, pale purple, persistent. Flowers 
pale purple. Herbaceous plant, with opposite, 3 -nerved leaves 
and corymbose heads. 

1. B. cordifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem simple, pubescent, corymbose at the 
summit. Leaves opposite, cordate, dentate, finely pubescent ; branches 
of the style much exserted. — Pale purple. 2f. Western Geo. and 
Florida. 3 feet. 

Genus XL— EUPATO'RIUM. Tourn. 
(From Eupator, King of Pontus.) 

Involucre cylindrical, imbricate, campanulate, scales. Florets 
all perfect, tubular, 5-toothed. Style long, deeply cleft. Re- 
ceptacle naked. Seed glabrous, 5 -striate or angled. Pappus 
plumose, usually scabrous. 

a. Involucre 3 — ^-flowered. 

1. E. fcenicula'ceum, (L.) Stem striate, finely pubescent, with pa- 
niculate branches ; lower leaves compoundly pinnate, with filiform seg- 
ments, glabrous, furrowed on the upper surface ; the upper ones seta- 
ceous, in clusters. Flowers in compound erect panicles, very small and 
very numerous ; involucre with 5 interior equal leaves, and 5 small 
exterior ones, all pubescent. Seeds cylindrical ; receptacle naked. — 
Yellowish- white. 2f . Sept. — Oct. Very abundant. 3 — 10 feet. 

2. E. coronopifo'lium, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, paniculately 
branched ; lower leaves pinnatifid, with 5 — 7 linear-lanceolate seg- 
ments, denticulate ; upper leaves linear, clustered, all pubescent. Flow- 
ers in compound panicles; involucre with 8 — 10 unequal, pubescent 
leaves. Seed glabrous, pappus scabrous. — White. If. Sept. — Oct. 
Poor soils. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

3. E. pinnatif'idum, (Ell.) Stem erect, striate, pubescent, branching, 
with the branches pubescent ; lower leaves pinnatifid, verticillate, with 
linear segments, pubescent ; upper leaves generally alternate. Flowers 
in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre 8 — 10-leaved, with glandular dots on 
the back. Seed oblong, deeply striate ; pappus scabrous. — White. If. 
Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

4. E. linearifo'lium, (Walt.) Stem usually procumbent, very pu- 
bescent toward the summit, branching. Leaves sessile, pubescent, lin- 
ear-lanceolate, with clusters of small leaves at the axil. Flowers in 
irregular corymbs ; involucre with 10 linear villous leaves, glandular 
on the outer surface. Seed deeply striate, pappus scabrous. — White. 
2f . Aug. — Sept. Dry soils. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. E. hyssopifo'lium, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves sessile, 
the lower ones linear-lanceolate, opposite, somewhat toothed, upper 
ones alternate, pubescent, with clusters of small leaves in the axils. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre 10-leaved, sprinkled with 
glandular dots, purplish at the summit. Seed furrowed, glandular ; 
pappus scabrous. — White. If. Sept. — Oct. Very common. 2 — 3 ft. 

6. E. glauces'cens, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves broad- 
lanceolate, slightly serrate toward the summit, 3-nerved, pubescent, 
with a pair of small leaves in the axil. Leaves of the branches usually 
alternate, small, glaucous. Flowers in corymbs ; involucre with 8 — 10 



ORDER LXVIII. — COMPOSITE. 359 

lanceolate leaves, pappus scabrous. — White. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Rich 
soils. Mid. and upper Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

7. E. sessifo'lium, (L.) Stem somewhat angled. Leaves sessile, am- 
plexicaul, rounded at the base, dotted beneath, opposite, serrate. Flow- 
ers in terminal corymbs; peduncles pubescent. — White. If. Aug. — 
Sept. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

8. E, trunca'tum, (Muhl.) Stem erect, pubescent, particularly to- 
ward the summit. Leaves sessile, am plexicaul, lanceolate- serrate, gla- 
brous on the upper surface, pubescent along the veins, beneath dotted, 
truncate at the base ; involucre pubescent. — White. If. Aug. — Sept. 
Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

9. E. ai/bum, (L.) Stem erect, striate, villous ; lower leaves opposite, 
the upper alternate, all pubescent, coarsely toothed, sessile, lanceolate. 
Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre 10-leaved, the 5 interior long, 
white, with glandular dots. Seed furrowed, pappus scabrous. — White. 
2f . Aug. — Sept. Poor soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

10. E. parviflo'rum, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves sessile, 
lower ones opposite, upper ones alternate, lanceolate, serrate toward the 
apex, entire and alternate at the base. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; 
involucre with the interior leaves ligulate, the exterior small, all pubes- 
cent, dotted. Seeds angled. — White. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Southern 
Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

11. E. scab'ridum, (E1L) Stem pubescent, with the lower branches 
brachiate, the upper ones alternate. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
opposite, serrate toward the summit, acute, and entire at the base. 
Flowers in corymbs ; involucre with acute lanceolate leaves, dotted. 
Seed angled. — White. 2f. Aug. — Oct. Dry soils. Common, 2 — :. ft. 

12. E. rotundlfo'lium, (L.) Stem pubescent. Leaves sessile, decus- 
sate, deltoid, obtusely serrate, slightly scabrous, glaucous. Flowers in 
fastigiate corymbs ; involucre with pubescent, acute scales. Seed an- 
gled ; pappus scabrous. — White. If. July — Sept. Dry pine-barrens. 
2 — 3 feet. Wild-horehound. 

13. E. verben^efo'litim, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ses- 
sile, decussate, coarsely toothed, dotted, hairy on the under surface, 
somewhat deltoid. Flowers in corymbs ; involucre with hairy, lanceo- 
late leaves. Seed angled ; pappus scabrous. — White. 2f. Aug. — Sept. 
Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. E. tenuifolium, Willd. 

14. E. pubes'cens, (Muhl.) Stem erect, pubescent, lower branches op- 
posite, upper alternate. Leaves sessile, ovate, alternate at the summit, 
obtuse at the base, slightly scabrous ; the lower doubly serrate and op- 
posite, the upper slightly serrate and alternate. Flowers in fastigiate 
corymbs ; involucre with hairy, linear-lanceolate leaves. Seed angled ; 
pappus scabrous. — White. 2f . Aug. — Oct. Sandy woods. 2 — 3 ft. 

15. E. cuneifo'lium, (Willd.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves obo- 
vate, lanceolate, petiolate ; lower ones obtusely serrate, the upper with 
few serratures toward the apex. Flowers in corymbs. Involucre 8 — 
10-leaved — White. If. Aug. — Sept. 10— 12 inches. 

b. Involucre many-flowered. 

16. E. perfolia'tum, (L.) Stem, erect, striate, villous, covered with 
glandular dots ; lower leaves perfoliate, tapering from the base to the 
summit, serrate, pubescent on the upper surface, tomentose beneath; 



360 ORDER LXVIH. COMPOSITE. 

the upper leaves distinct, truncate at the base. Flowers in large co- 
rymbs ; involucre many-leaved, with acute, linear-lanceolate, pubescent 
leaves. Seed angular. — White. 2f. Sept. — Oct. At Barhamville, 
near Columbia. 3 — 6 feet. Boneset. 

17. E. ceanothifo'lium, (Muhl.) Stem erect, glabrous, or slightly pu- 
bescent Leaves opposite, on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
toothed, slightly scabrous, obtuse at the base. Flowers in terminal co- 
rymbs; involucre with 10 nearly equal leaves, pubescent. Seeds an- 
gled ; pappus plumose. — White. 2£ . Sept. — Oct. In rich soils, low 
country. 2 — 3 feet. 

18. E. ageratoi'des, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves usually op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, glabrous, on rather 
long petioles. Flowers in corymbs ; involucre with 10 nearly equal 
leaves. Seeds angled ; pappus slightly scabrous. — White. If. Sept 
— Oct. On the seacoast 2 — 3 feet. 

19. E. aromat'icum, (L.) Stem erect, terete, finely pubescent. 
Leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, finely pubes- 
cent beneath. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre with 10 nearly 
equal leaves. Seed angled. — White. 2f. Fragrant. Aug. — Oct. 
Dry rich soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

20. E. seroti'num, (Mich.) Stem erect, almost tomentose. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, large, tapering toward the summit ; the lower ones 
opposite, the upper alternate, on rather long petioles. Flowers nu- 
merous, in fastigiate corymbs; involucre with 10 linear, villous leaves. 
Seeds angled; pappus scabrous. — White. U- Sept. — Oct. On the 
seacoast. 5 — 6 feet. 

21. E. incarna'tum, (Walt.) Stem erect, very finely pubescent. 
Leaves opposite, on long petioles, cordate, deltoid, obtusely toothed. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs; involucre with 15 — 20 nearly equal 
scales, slightly pubescent. Seed angled ; pappus pilose.— Purple. 
Oct — Nov. In rich soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

c. Involucre with the scales scarious. Leaves verticillate. 

22. E. ternifo'lium, (Ell.) Stem erect, striate, pubescent. Leaves 
usually ternate, petiolate, ovate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, tooth- 
ed, dotted on the under surface. Flowers in terminal corymbs -/invo- 
lucre with about 15 linear-lanceolate leaves, the exterior ones shorter 
and broader. Seed angled ; pappus pilose. — Light-purple. 2£. Sept. 
— Oct. Damp soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

23. E. purpu'reum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, or nearly so, tinged 
with purple. Leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl, oval, lanceolate, petiolate, ser- 
rate, somewhat pubescent on the under surface, dotted. Flowers in 
large, terminal corymbs ; involucre generally 5-flowered, with the leaves 
slightly pubescent. Seed angled; pappus pilose. — Pale purple. 2£. 
Sept.— Oct Moist soils. 4—8 feet. 

24. E. maoula'tum, (L.) Stem erect, furrowed, with purple dots. 
Leaves 4 — 5 in a whorl, ovate, lanceolate, acute at each end, pubescent 
beneath, unequally serrate. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre 
5 — 8-flowered. Seed angled. — Pale purple. U. Aug. — Sept. Moist 
soils. 4—5 feet. 

25. E. verticilla'tum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent to- 
ward the summit, tinged with purple. Leaves 3 — 1 in a whorl, ovate- 



OKDER LXVIII. — COMPOSITE. 361 

lanceolate, coarsely serrate, glabrous, doted on the under surface. 
Floicers in terminal corymbs ; involucre with 10 — 12 ovate, obtuse 
leaves. Seeds angled; pappus scabrous. — Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. 
Middle and upper Car. and Geo. 4 — 6 feet. 

Many of the species of Enpatorium possess decided medical properties. The E. 
perfo'iiituni is a well-known domestic medicine, and has been used with much success 
in arresting disease in its incipient state. It is a tonic and diaphoretic, and in large 
doses an emetic. 

Genus XII— MIKA'NIA. Willd. 
(In honor of Prof. James Mikan.) 

Involucre 4 — 6-leaved, equal, with 4 — 6 florets. Corolla 5- 
tootbed, dilated. Receptacle naked ; florets all perfect, tubular. 
Style long, deeply cleft. Pappus pilose. Achenia angled. 
Twining plants. 

1. M. scan'oens, (Willd.) Stem twining, glabrous. Leaves cordate, 
acuminate, repand toothed, with unequal divaricate lobes. Flowers in 
axillary corymbs. — Bluish- white. 2f . July — Sept. Margins of rivu- 
lets. Common. 10 — 15 feet. Climbing Thoroughwort. 

2. M. pubes'cens, (Muhl.) Stem twining, pubescent ; striate. Leaves 
cordate, acuminate, angularly toothed, somewhat hastate at the base. 
Floicers in axillary and terminal paniculate corymbs ; involucre 5- 
leaved, one smaller than the rest, hairy. Floicers fragrant. Seed ob- 
long, striate ; receptacle dotted. — Pale purple. If . July — August. 
Common. 15 — 20 feet. 

Genus XIIL— CONOCLIN'IUM. D. C. {Fupatorium coelestinum, L.) 
(From koiws, a cone, and klino, a bud, in allusion to the receptacle, which is conic.) 

Heads many-flowered Involucre campanulate, scales in 2 — 
3 series, linear, acute. Receptacle naked, conical. Corolla 5- 
cleft. Pappus pilose, scabrous, in one series. Achenia angled, 
glabrous. Herbaceous plants with opposite, toothed leaver 
Heads in terminal crowded corymbs. 

1. C. ccelestinum, (L.) Stem pubescent. Leaves opposite, cordate- 
ovate, on short petioles, deltoid, slightly scabrous, obtusely toothed. 
Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre with numerous linear, pubes- 
cent leaves. Seed angled ; pappus scabrous. Receptacle conic. — Light 
blue, with red dots. Fragrant. If. Sept. — Oct. Rich shaded soils. 
2—3 feet. 

Tribe III.— ASTEROI'DE^E. 

Capitula heterogamous, rarely homogamous or dioecious. 
Staminate flowers tubular, regularly toothed. Style with the 
branches flat, linear or lanceolate, pubescent externally at the 
base. 

Genus XIV.— GALATEL'LA. Cass. {Aster hyssopifolia, Nees.) 
(From gala, milk.) 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; ray florets neutral, 
those of the disk perfect. Involucre shorter than the disk, with 

16 



362 ORDER LXVHI. COMPOSITE. 

the scale imbricate. Receptacle alveolate. Corolla of the disk 
deeply 5-cleft. Achenia hirsute or villous. Pappus setaceous, 
in many series. Herbaceous plants, with alternate, entire leaves, 
and fastigiate branches. 

1. G. htssopifo'lia, (Nees.) Stem erect, glabrous, striate, with fasti- 
giate branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute, with scabrous 
margins. Flowers in terminal fastigiate corymbs ; involucre ovate, the 
interior scales obtuse, the exterior acute, florets of the ray from 3 — 10. 
— "White, tinged with purple, if. Aug. — Oct. Common. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XV— SERICOCAR'PUS. Nees. (Aster solidaginoides, Mich, 

A. conyzoides, Willd., A. tortifolius, Mich.) 

(From serikos, silky, and karpos, fruit) 

Involucre obovate,' oblong, with scales in several series, the 
tips herbaceous and spreading. Receptacle alveolate. Achenia 
obpyramidal, short, densely silky. Pappus simple, rigid. Her- 
baceous plants, with alternate sessile leaves, and corymbose 
flowers and branches, and white flowers. 

1. S. solidagin'eus, (Nees.) Stem glabrous, slightly angled. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire, scabrous on the margin. Flowers sessile, 
in small clusters on corymbose fastigiate branches ; involucre cylindrical, 
with obtuse reflexed scales. Seeds oblong, silky, pubescent, angled. — 
"White. 2f . July — September. Rich soils. Common. 

2. S. conyzoi'des, (Nees.) Stem simple, striate, slightly pubescent, 
or somewhat rigid. Leaves sessile, the lower ones cuneate-lanceolate, 
serrate, ciliate, and scabrous along the margins, upper ones entire, 
lanceolate. Flowers in sessile clusters, on fastigiate corymbose branch- 
es ; involucre cylindrical, with oblong ciliate scales ; ray florets some- 
times 6, 2 — 3-cleft at the summit. Seeds villous ; pappus scabrous. — 
White, tinged with purple. 2f . June — Aug. Middle upper dist. 
Car. and Geo. 

3. S. tortifo'lius, (Nees.) Stem pubescent, branching toward the 
summit. Leaves sessile, tortuous, obovate, acute or obtuse, entire, pu- 
bescent. Flowers in sessile clusters, on fastigiate corymbose branches ; 
involucre cylindrical, with appressed linear-lanceolate scales ; ray flo- 
rets 2-cleft. Seeds oblong, pubescent. — White. If. Low country. 
2 feet. 

Genus XVI.— AS'TER. t L. 

(From aster, a star.) 

Involucre imbricate, with the lower scales generally expand- 
ing, florets of the ray usually more than 10, never yellow; 
those of the disk hispid. Receptacle naked; pappus simple, 
pilose. 

a. Leaves entire, florets of the ray generally numerous. Seeds silky, 
pubescent. 
1. A. flexuo'sus, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, glabrous. 
Leaves subulate, linear, sessile, 3-nerved, somewhat fleshy, very long. 



ORDEK LXVin. COMPOSITE. 363 

Flowers terminal, on scattered branches ; involucre with numerous lin- 
ear-lanceolate scales, tinged with purple ; ray florets 3-toothed, gener- 
ally 20. Seed angled, oblong. — Pale purple. If. Sept. — Oct. On 
the seaooast. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. A. Chapmak'h, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous, simple, or branched at 
the base, slender, corymbose at the summit, branches terminated by 
single heads. Leaves numerous, linear, subulate, appressed. Rays 
elongated, 20 or more ; achenia oblong, compressed, glabrous. — Flor. 

3. A. paludo'sus, (L.) Stem pubescent near the summit. Leaves 
sessile, subulate, acute, glabrous beneath, scabrous on the upper surface 
and margins, sometimes ciliate. Flowers solitary, large, on naked pe- 
duncles; involucre squarrose, the lower scales leaf-like, reflexed; ray 
florets long, numerous. Seeds glabrous, angled. — Purple. 2f . Oct. — 
Nov. Pine-barrens. Common. 

4. A. grandiflo'rus, (L.) Stem pubescent toward the summit. 
Leaves scabrous, linear, sessile, rigid, reflexed, with the margin ciliate. 
Flowers solitary at the extremities of the branches ; scales of the invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate, reflexed ; ray florets numerous, large. Seeds 
scarcely pubescent. — Purple. Oct. — Nov. Sandy woods. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. A. exi'lis, (Ell.) Stem erect, slender, with corymbose branches. 
Leaves long, linear, slightly scabrous, diminishing in size toward the 
summit. Flowers on the upper branches in racemes ; involucre with 
glabrous, linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous, narrow. — Pur- 
ple. 21. Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 4 — 5 feet. 

6. A. subula'tus, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, much branched. 
Leaves long, linear, subulate, appressed. Flowers numerous, on termi- 
nal peduncles ; involucre cylindrical, with the summit of the scales 
slightly reflexed; ray florets numerous, 3-cleft, short. — Purple. 2f. 
Sept. — Oct. Seacoast. 2 — 3 feet. A. linifolius, L. 

7. A. foliolo'sus, (Ait.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
sessile, linear-lanceolate, appressed, with scabrous margins, those of the 
branches minute and numerous. Flowers in compound panicles ; invo- 
lucre with acute appressed scales, hairy, or ciliate at the summit ; ray 
florets numerous, linear-lanceolate. Seed glabrous. — Purple. If. Sept. 
— Oct. In dry soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. In part, A. dumosus, L. 

8. A. sparsiflo'kxs, (Ait.) Stem slender, erect, with expanding 
branches, glabrous. Leaves linear, reflexed, entire. Flowers solitary, 
at the extremity of the branches ; involucre with acute, appressed scales. 
— Purple. If. Aug. — Sept. Low country. 2 — 3 feet. 

9. A. TENUiFo'Lrus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous near the base, branch- 
ing. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, slightly 
scabrous along the margins, upper ones minute. Flowers in racemes, on 
short peduncles ; involucre with appressed linear acute scales ; ray flo- 
rets numerous, narrow. Seed oblong. — Purple. If. Oct. — JN T ov. 
Mid. upper dist. Car. and Geo. 

10. A. Dumo'sus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, much less branched than 
the preceding species. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, with the mar- 
gins slightly scabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal at the summit of 
the paniculate branches ; involucre with acute glabrous, linear-lanceo- 
late scales ; ray florets numerous, narrow. Seeds scarcely pubescent. 
— Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. In damp, rich soils. 1 — 2 feet. 



364 ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

11. A. ericoi'des, (Willd.) Stem erect, slender, with numerous ex- 
panding branches. Leaves of the stem linear, glabrous, acute at each 
end, those of the branches subulate, numerous, very small. Flowers in 
racemes, on short peduncles ; involucre with lanceolate scales; raj flo- 
rets numerous, linear. — Purple. 2£. Oct. — Nov. Barren soils. Com- 
mon. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. A. kacemo'sus, (Ell.) Stem diffuse, with slender, slightly pubes- 
cent branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with the margins scabrous, 
pubescent beneath, those of the branches very small. Flowers in sim- 
ple racemes at the summit of the branches ; involucre with linear- 
lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous, linear. — Purple. 2£. Sept. — 
Oct. On the coast. 1 — 2 feet. 

13. A. multiflo'eus, (L.) Stem diffusely branched, almost hispid. 
Leaves linear, acute, pubescent, and fringed along the margin. Flow- 
ers in terminal racemes, somewhat secund ; involucre with ciliate, obo- 
vate scales, squarrose. — Almost white. 2£. Aug. — Sept. In open 
fields. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

14. A. adna'tus, (Nutt.) Stems minutely hispid, branches virgate. 
Leaves small, appressed, joined to the stem, except the tips. — Pale pur- 
ple. Mid. Car. and Geo. Oct. — Nov. 18 — 24 inches. 

15. A. squarro'sus, (Walt.) Stem procumbent, branching, hispid, 
hairy. Leaves small, numerous, ovate, reflexed, hispid along the mar- 
gin, scabrous. Flowers terminal, in a loose panicle ; involucre with 
lanceolate hairy scales ; ray florets numerous, 3-toothed, rather large. 
— Blue. 2[. Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

16. A. conco'lor, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, sparingly branched 
toward the summit. Leaves pubescent, almost tomentose, oblong-lance- 
olate. Flowers in terminal racemes; involucre with lanceolate, silky 
scales; ray florets linear-lanceolate. — Blue. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Dry 
soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

17. A. reticula'tus, (Pursh.) Stem erect, tomentose, branching to- 
ward the summit. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, margins 
revolute, tomentose, 3-nerved. Flowers in racemes; involucre with 
acute scales. — White. 21. Aug. — Oct. Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

18. A. ~Novm An'glde, (L.) Stem erect, with diffuse, spreading 
branches, hairy. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, amplexicaul, auriculate 
at the base, hairy, and scabrous along the margin. Flowers in termi- 
nal panicles ; involucre with lanceolate scales, somewhat hispid ; ray 
florets numerous, narrow. — Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Western Geo. 
4—10 feet. 

19. A. Cya'neus, (Ell.) Stem glabrous, young branches slightly 
pubescent, expanding. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous, 
slightly amplexicaul. Flowers in paniculate racemes ; involucre with 
appressed linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous, narrow. Seed 
pubescent. — Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Middle Car. and Geo. 3 — 4 
feet. A. concinus, Willd. 

20. A. virga'tus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, with long erect virgate 
branches, slightly pubescent at the summit. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
amplexicaul, long, glabrous, margins slightly scabrous. Flowers in 
terminal racemes ; involucre with the scale slightly squarrose, slightly 
mucronate ; ray florets small. Seeds scarcely pubescent. — Purple. U . 
Sept.— Oct. Middle Geo. 3—4 feet. 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 365 

21. A. CAROLrNiA'Nus, (Walt.) Stem shrubby, flexuous and decum- 
bent, much branched, pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, at- 
tenuate at each end, pubescent, dilated and amplexicaul at the stem. 
Flowers large, numerous, solitary, on short peduncles ; involucre with 
pubescent scales ; ray florets numerous. — Purple. ^ . Oct. — Nov. In 
swamps. 8 — 12 feet. 

b. Leaves serrate. Flowers in corymbs. 

22. A. surculo'sus, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent toward 
the summit. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, glabrous, ciliate when young, 
slightly serrate ; upper leaves generally entire. Flowers large, in ter- 
minal corymbs ; involucre with oblong, ovate, pubescent scales, reflex- 
ed; ray florets numerous, large. Seeds nearly glabrous. — Purple. If. 
Oct. — Nov. Car. and Geo. 6 — 11 inches. 

28. A. Curtis'ii, (T. <fc G.) Stem smooth, glabrous, simple, leafy, co- 
rymbose or racemose at the summit ; branches short, bearing a single 
or few heads. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, serrate ; involucre hemispher- 
ical, scales unequal, imbricate, coriaceous, rays large, 20 or more. Ache- 
nia glabrous. — Blue or purple. 2f . N. Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

24. A. puni'ceus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, shining, branches striate, 
pubescent. Leaves spatulate, sessile, clasping, serrate, scabrous on the 
upper surface, large. Flowers in corymbose panicles, large ; involucre 
with ciliate, linear reflexed scales ; ray florets numerous, linear-lance- 
olate. — Purple. 2£. Oct. — Nov. On the banks of rivers in Sou. Geo. 
2—3 feet. A. Flliottii, T. & G. 

25. A. dracunchloi'des, (Willd.) Stem erect, with corymbose branch- 
es marked with a hairy line. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, serrate in the middle, upper ones entire. Flowers small, in co- 
rymbs; involucre with lanceolate expanding scales. — Nearly white. If. 
Sept. — Nov. In low grounds. Upper Car. 

c. Leaves serrate. 

26. A. jun'oeus, (Ait.) Stem erect, with long, slender branches, 
slightly pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, 
upper ones entire. Flowers in racemes; involucre with linear-lanceo- 
late scales, nearly glabrous ; ray florets small, narrow. — Purple. 2£ . 
Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

27. A. diver'gens, (Ait.) Stem erect, pubescent toward the summit, 
branching. Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, upper ones en- 
tire. Flowers in crowded racemes ; involucre with linear-lanceolate, 
glabrous scales. — White, tinged with purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Com- 
mon. 3 — 4 feet. A. miser, L. 

28. A. tradescan'ti, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, with numerous vir- 
gate branches. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end, up- 
per ones small, entire. Flowers numerous, in compound racemes ; in- 
volucre with linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous, narrow. — 
Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Near the mountains. 8 — 4 feet. 

29. A. versicolor, (Willd.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
broad, lanceolate, amplexicaul, glabrous, serrate in the middle, upper 
ones entire. Flowers clustered toward the summit of the branches ; 
involucre with loose, lanceolate scales. — White or purple, Sept. — Oct. 
In damp soils. 2—3 feet. 



366 ORDER LXVIH. COMPOSITE. 

30. A. ljeviga'tus, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, much branched. Leaves 
broad, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly serrate, somewhat amplexicaul, 
the upper ones narrower and entire. Flowers large, in racemose pani- 
cles ; involucre with linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous, 
linear. Seed pubescent. — Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Damp rich soils. 
2 — 4 feet. A. Novi-Belgii, L. 

31. A. amplexicau'lis, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, somewhat branched. 
Leaves oblong, lanceolate, acute, amplexicaul, cordate, serrate, gla- 
brous, the lower more attenuate and less cordate at the base. Flowers 
in terminal panicles ; involucre with thick, glabrous, lanceolate scales ; 
ray florets numerous, narrow. Seed nearly glabrous. — Purple. 2f. 
Sept. — Oct. In dry soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

d. Leaves cordate, generally serrate. 

32. A. undtjla'tus, (L.) Stem erect, scabrous, branching. Leaves 
oblong, cordate, amplexicaul, scabrous, somewhat undulate, dentate 
near the summit. Flowers in loose, terminal panicles ; involucre with 
pubescent, linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets numerous. Seeds hairy. 
— Purple. 2f. Sept. — Oct. In dry soils. 2 — 3 ft. A. patens, Ait. 

33. A. mversifo'lius, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent, scabrous, much 
branched toward the summit. Leaves entire or slightly toothed, petioles 
of the lower leaves winged, amplexicaul, those of the branches small, 
pubescent underneath, scabrous above. Flowers in terminal panicles ; 
involucre with numerous, ciliate, pubescent scales. Seeds slightly an- 
gled, hairy. — Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

A. undulatus. 

34. A. sagittifo'lius, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, much branched. 
Radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate and sagittate at the base, une- 
qually serrate, glabrous, petiolate ; cauline leaves acuminate, on wing- 
ed petioles, upper ones oblong, lanceolate, sessile. Flowers in racemes ; 
peduncles leafy, involucre with lanceolate scales. — -Purple. 2f. Sept. 
— Oct. Upper district of Carolina. 2 — 3 feet 

35. A. sca'ber, (Ell.) Stem erect, striate, scabrous, somewhat hairy. 
Radical leaves on long petioles, cordate, with round lobes, acute at the 
apex ; cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, attenuate 
at the apex, rigid, scabrous. Flowers in long, terminal panicles ; invo- 
lucre with acute, appressed scales, pubescent ; ray florets oval, numer- 
ous. Seed angled, hairy. — Purple. 2$. Sept. — Oct. In dry soils. 
2—3 feet. 

36. A. panicula'tus, (Muhl.) Stem erect, striate, glabrous, much 
branched, young branches pubescent. Leave^ ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
slightly pubescent along the margins and veins, petiolate. Flowers in 
compact, racemose panicles ; involucre with numerous, subulate scales ; 
ray florets narrow, about 12. Seeds glabrous. — Purple. 21. Sept. 
— Oct. In rich soils. 3 — i feet. A. sagittifolius, Willd. 

37. A. cordifo'lius, (L.) Stem erect, with pubescent branches. Rad- 
ical leaves cordate, attenuate at the apex, serrate, on slightly winged 
petioles, pubescent beneath. Flowers in racemose panicles, numerous ; 
involucre with linear-lanceolate scales, slightly appressed ; ray florets 
narrow, about 12. Seed glabrous. — White, tinged with purple. If. 
Sept. — Nov. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 

38. A. oorymbo'sus, (Ait.) Stem erect, glabrous, with slightly jpubes- 



OKDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 367 

cent branches. Leaves ovate, cordate, the upper spatulate, lanceolate, 
glabrous, acutely serrate. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs; involucre 
with pubescent, ovate-lanceolate scales ; ray florets narrow, about 12. 
Seeds glabrous. — White, tinged with purple. If. Sept. — Oct. Upper 
dist. Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

39. A. azure'us, (Lind.) Stem erect, scabrous, branches rigid, slen- 
der, racemose. Leaves scabrous, lowest cordate, slightly serrate, higher 
ones ovate-lanceolate, all on long petioles, the upper ones lanceolate- 
linear, sessile, usually entire, those of the branches subulate, numerous, 
appressed ; involucre obconic, scales closely imbricated. Achenia near- 
ly glabrous. — Western and Southwestern States. Aug. — Oct. 1 — 3 ft. 

40. A. Short'ii, (Hook.) Stem slender, nearly glabrous. Leaves 
more or less cordate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous 
above, minutely pubescent beneath, mostly entire ; involucre campanu- 
late, scales closely imbricate. Achenia glabrous. Heads racemose, nu- 
merous, crowded, showy. — Violet- blue. Mountains. Sept. — Oct. 2 — 4 ft. 

41. A. asperu'lus, (T. & G.) Stem simple, racemose, paniculate at 
the summit, scabrous, pubescent. Radical leaves subcordate, oblong- 
ovate, slightly serrate, on slender petioles ; cauline ones oblong or spat- 
ulate, sessile, rameal ones minute, scattered. Heads small, paniculate ; 
involucre nearly hemispherical, scales oblong, closely imbricated ; ache- 
nia minutely pubescent. — Blue or purple. Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

42. A. Baldwin'ii, (T. & G.) Plant minutely hispid, pubescent. 
Stem paniculately branched. Leaves sessile, rigid, entire, scabrous 
above, oblong-linear ; those of the branches short, erect, acuminate, mu- 
cronate. Scales of the involucre linear, acute, minutely pubescent, 
loosely imbricated. Achenia slightly pubescent. — Blue or purple. 
Georgia. Dry soils. 1 — 3 feet. 

43.-A. mirab'ilis, (T. & G.) Stem simple, corymbose, paniculate at 
the summit, scabrous, pubescent. Leaves ovate, serrate, the lower ones 
petiolate, the upper sessile, those of the branches small, roundish ; invo- 
lucre hemispherical, scales imbricate, oblong-linear; rays numerous, 
large. Achenia slender, striate. — Blue or violet. Columbia, S. C. 
1—2 feet. 

Genus XVII— ERIG'ERON. L. 

(From er, spring, and ger, old, from their early fading.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets numerous, pistillate ; those 
of the disk tubular, perfect; scales of the involucre narrow, 
mostly in a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia 
compressed. Pappus usually in a single series of scabrous 
bristles. Heads solitary. 

1. E. nudicau'le, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent and scabrous near 
the summit. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly 
toothed, glabrous ; cauline ones smaller, ciliate near the base. Flowers 
in small terminal corymbs ; involucre with acute subulate leaves, pu- 
bescent near the base ; ray florets numerous, somewhat 3-toothed at 
the summit ; disk florets numerous, greenish-yellow, 5-toothed. Seed 
hispid; receptacle flat, dotted. — White. 2£. Through the summer. 
Common. 1 — 2 feet. E. vernum, T. & G. 

2. E. bellidifo'lium, (L.) Stem hirsute, very hairy. Radical leaves 



368 ORDER LXVIHV — COMPOSITE. 

obovate, slightly serrate ; cauline leaves sessile, scattered, oblong-Ian- 
ceolat.e, the lower ones similar to the radical. Flowers 3 — 5, terminal, 
central one the largest ; involucre leaves in a double series, linear-lan- 
ceolate ; ray florets linear ; disk florets yellowish. Seed compressed, 
nearly glabrous; receptacle somewhat convex, dotted. — Pale blue. 2f. 
March — April. Common. 1 — 2 feet. Robin's Plantain. 

3. E. strigo'sum, (Muhl.) Stem pubescent, slightly scabrous. Radical 
leaves linear-lanceolate, denticulate ; cauline ones long, linear, entire. 
Flowers in a terminal panicle ; involucre with subulate leaves, pubes- 
cent ; ray florets 2 — 3-cleft at the summit. Seeds hispid ; exterior pap- 
pus minute scales, interior wanting, or a few pilose rays ; disk florets 
yellow. — White. If. May — Aug. Common in sandy pastures. 2 — 3 
feet. 

4. E. ambig'uum, (Nutt.) Stem erect, pubescent, somewhat scabrous. 
Leaves linear, lower ones serrulate. Flowers usually in pairs, axillary 
and terminal ; involucre hemispherical. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. 
Middle Geo. 1—2 feet. 

5. E. Philadel'phicum, (L.) Stem pubescent, slightly furrowed. 
Radical leaves cuneate, obovate, sometimes incisely toothed ; cauline 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, amplexicaul, entire. Flowers in loose co- 
rymbs ; ray florets capillary, numerous ; involucre many-leaved, with 
the leaves arranged in two series, subulate. — White or pale purple. 2{. 
Feb. — June. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. E. quercifo'lium, (Lam.) Stem pubescent. Radical leaves lyrate 
and coarsely toothed ; cauline ones entire. Flowers few, terminal ; ray 
florets numerous ; involucre with numerous subulate leaves. — Pale 
blue or white. If. July — Aug. Middle Car. 8 — 12 inches. 

1. E. Canaden'se, (L.) Stem hispid, paniculately branched. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, narrow, ciliate. Flowers in racemose panicles ; invo- 
lucre cylindrical, with acute linear leaves ; ray florets numerous, short, 
capillary; disk florets 4-cleft. Seeds somewhat hairy ; pappus simple, 
pilose. — White. %. June — Sept. Common. 1 — 8 feet. 

8. E. pxjsil'lum, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous, slender. Leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, entire, with scabrous margins. Flowers in simple panicles, 
with divaricate branches ; involucre with narrow, acute leaves ; ray 
florets numerous, capillary ; pappus simple. — White. %. July — Sept. 
Common. 6 — 8 inches. 

The two preceding species, we think, ought certainly to constitute a distinct genus, 
and we might add several varieties of these, differing from each other in a greater or 
less degree. 

Genus XVIIL— DIPLOPAP'PTJS. Cass. {Aster of Ell) 
(From diploos, double, and pappus.) 

Heads many-flowered; rays 8 — 12; disk tubular, perfect; 
scales of the involucre imbricate, subulate, lanceolate. Recepta- 
cle fiat. Pappus double ; interior of scabrous bristles, exterior 
very short. 

1. D. linariifo'lius, (Hook.) (Chrysopsis linariifolia, Kutt.) Stem 
erect, pubescent when young. Leaves numerous, linear, mucronate, 
scabrous, rigid. Floivers in umbellate corymbs, with one at the ex- 
tremity of each branch ; involucre imbricate ; scales numerous, linear- 



ORDER Lxvni. — COMPOSITE. 369 

lanceolate, fringed ; ray florets linear-lanceolate, 3-cleft. Seed oblong, 
villous ; pappus double, consisting of long and short hairs. — Pale pur- 
ple and yellow. 2f . Sept, — Oct. Dry soils. Common. 

2. D. dichot'omus, (Hook.) Stem pubescent, dichotoniously divided 
toward the summit. Leaves sessile, oblong-oval, obtuse, pubescent. 
Flowers in corymbs, on long, naked peduncles; involucre with linear- 
lanceolate scales, pubescent, short. Seeds hairy ; pappus double. — 
White, tinged with purple. 2f . Oct. On the sea-coast. 2 feet. 

3. D. cornifo'lius, (Darl.) {Chrysopsis humilis, ISutt.) Stem erect, 
pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or somewhat rhomboidal, acuminate, gla- 
brous, hispid along the margin and veins. Flowers in dichotomous co- 
rymbs ; involucre with lanceolate, hairy scales ; ray florets generally 
8. Seeds glabrous. — White. If. Sept. — Oct. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. D. amygdali'nus, (T. & G.) (Chrysopsis amygdalina, Nutt.) Stem 
striate, simple, branching, and finely pubescent toward the summit, 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, slightly pubescent, and scabrous on the 
upper surface. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre with short, 
lanceolate, pubescent scales; ray florets generally 12, narrow. Seeds 
pubescent. — White. If. Aug. — Sept. On the borders of swamps. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 2 feet. 

5. D. obova'tus, (T. & G.) (Chrysopsis obovata, Nutt.) Stem erect, 
pubescent, somewhat viscid when young, branching toward the sum- 
mit. Leaves sessile, oval, mucronate, tomentose beneath, somewhat ru- 
gose. Floicers in paniculate corymbs ; involucre with short, appressed 
scales ; ray florets 10 — 13, 3-toothed. Seed hispid. — White. If. May 
— June. Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XIX— BOLTO'NIA. L'Her. 
(In honor of James Bolton.) 

Involucre imbricate ; ray florets numerous, pistillate ; those 
of the disk perfect. Receptacle conic, dotted. Seeds flat, mar- 
gined. Pappus awned, with two opposite ones larger than the 
rest. 

1. B. asteroi'des, (L'Her.) Stem erect, somewhat striate, glabrous. 
Leaves alternate, sessile, entire, lanceolate, glabrous, with scabrous mar- 
gins. Flowers in panicles, on long peduncles ; involucre with subulate 
scales ; ray florets entire, linear ; those of the disk yellow. Seeds com- 
pressed. — White or reddish. If. Aug. — Sept. On the margins of 
swamps. Middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. B. glastifo'lia, (L'Her.) Stem erect, branching, slightly angled, 
glabrous. Leaves long, lanceolate, serrate, acute, with cartilaginous 
margins ; lower ones somewhat toothed. Flowers solitary, on short 
peduncles ; involucre with glabrous, subulate leaves, with the margins 
slightly serrulate ; ray florets numerous ; those of the disk numerous, 
yellow. Seeds pubescent, winged, obcordate ; pappus consisting of 
scabrous bristles, unequal. — White or reddish. 2f . July — Aug. Mid- 
dle and Southern Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. B. diffu'sa. Stem diffusely branched. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, 
entire ; those of the branches linear, of the branchlets subulate. Ache- 
nia obovate, narrowly winged ; pappus of several short bristles and 2 

16* 



370 ORDER LXVni. COMPOSITE. 

subulate awns. — White. Sept. — Oct. Western Geo. and Ala. 2 — Y 
feet. 



Genus XX.— BRACHYCH^E'TA. T. & G. 

(From, we presume, brakus, short, and diaite, hair, in allusion to its stem.) 

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, imbricate ; outer 
ones the shortest. Receptacle naked ; disk florets about as long 
as the ray florets. Pappus consisting of short, scabrous bristles, 
in one series. Achenia obconic. Herbaceous plants, with 'al- 
ternate serrate leaves. 

1. B. coeda'ta, (T. & G.) Stem pubescent, simple or paniculately 
branched at the summit. Leaves cordate at the base of the stem, be- 
coming less so toward the summit, finely veined. Flowers in a unilat- 
eral raceme or spike. — Yellow. 11 . N". Car. and Northern Geo. 2 — 4 
feet. 

Genus XXI— SOLID A' GO. L. 

(From solido, I make firm.) 

Involucre imbricate, with appressed scales ; florets of the ray 
usually 5, pistillate ; those of the disk perfect. Receptacle 
naked, punctate. Pappus pilose, simple. 

1. S. discoi'deus, (Ell.) Stem erect, usually villous, with few erect, 
virgate branches. Leaves spatulate, coarsely serrate, acute, pubescent. 
Flowers in long, virgate panicles ; involucre with villous, subulate 
scales; ray florets wanting ; those of the disk deeply 5-cl eft, 12 — 15. 
Seed glabrous. — Purple. If. Sept. — Oct. In rich, high lands. North- 
ern Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. S. Canadensis, (L.) Stem erect, villous. Leaves lanceolate, ser- 
rate, 3-nerved, scabrous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath. 
Flowers in long, recurved racemes, secund; involucre with 12 — 16 ob- 
long, appressed scales ; ray florets very short. — Yellow. If. Sept. — 
Oct. Mountains of Car. Golden Bod. 

3. S. pu'bens, (Rev. M. A. Curtis.) Stem virgate, nearly terete, pu- 
bescent, tomentose-villous above. Leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, ser- 
rate, nearly glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath. Heads in 
small axillary clusters ; involucre villous ; rays small, 4 — 7 ; disk flo- 
rets as many. Achenia canescent. — Aug. — Sept. N. C. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. S. Bucklet'i, (T. & G.) Stem villous, le^afy. Leaves oblong, ses- 
sile, villous on the under surface, coarsely serrate. Heads in small ax- 
illary clusters ; scales of the involucre nearly glabrous ; rays 4 — 6 ; 
disk florets 9 — 12. Achenia glabrous. — Yellow. Oct. Ala. 2 — 3 
feet. 

5. S. peoce'ra, (Ait.) Stem erect, villous. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerv- 
ed, acute at each end, finely serrate, scabrous on the upper surface, 
finely villous beneath. Floioers in erect racemes, paniculate ; involu- 
cre with linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets small. — Yellow. 2f . 
Sept.— Oct. Middle Geo. 3—5 feet. 

6. S. rugo'sa, (Willd.) Stem erect, hispid, branching toward the 
summit. Lower leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, hairy un- 



OEDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 371 

derneath ; upper leaves ovate, sparingly serrate. Flowers in expand- 
ing, paniculate racemes; racemes secund, recurved; involucre with lin- 
ear, lanceolate scales; ray florets small. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. 
Rich soils. Variable in its characters. 8 — 7 feet. S. altissi?7ia, L. 

7. S. as'pera, (Ait.) Stem erect, hairy, terete, slightly scabrous. 
Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, or somewhat elliptic, scabrous on the 
upper surface, hairy beneath, serrate. Flowers in paniculate, recurved 
racemes; involucre with linear-lanceolate scales; ray florets small. — 
Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. Middle Car. and Geo. 3 — 5 feet. 

S. altissima, L. 

8. S. Cuetis'ii, (T. & G.) Stem virgate, simple, nearly glabrous, 
leafy to the summit, striate, angled. Leaves long-lanceolate, mostly 
glabrous, serrate, sessile, acuminate. Heads in dense axillary clusters ; 
involucre minutely pubescent ; exterior scales short ; rays 4 — 6 ; disk 
as many. Achenia minutely pubescent. — Yellow. Mountains of N. C. 
3 — 5 feet. 

9. S. altis'sima, (L.) Stem erect, hispid, stout, much branched at the 
summit. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, acute; lower ones deeply serrate, 
very scabrous, rugose. Flowers in large, paniculate racemes ; racemes 
recurved. Perhaps a variety of the rugosa. — Yellow. If. Aug. — 
Sept. Common. 3 — 7 feet. 

10. S. villo'sa, (Pursh.) Stem erect, villous, with many recurved 
branches near the summit. Leaves sessile, the lower ones oblong-lan- 
ceolate, serrulate, with a few hairs along the veins; the upper ones en- 
tire, ovate-lanceolate, with several small leaves in the axils. Flowers 
in a terminal panicle ; racemes recurved, secund : involucre with linear 
scales; ray florets small. — Yellow. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Common. 3 — 
5 feet. S. pilosa, Walt. 

11. S. xemora'lis, (Ait.) Stem erect, tomentose, sparingly branched. 
Leaves lanceolate, alternate at the base of the stem, slightly hispid, 
with axillary clusters of small leaves ; those of the root serrate, some- 
what cuneate. Flowers in paniculate racemes, secund ; involucre with 
linear-lanceolate scales, pubescent along the margins. — Yellow. If. 
Sept. — Oct. In dry soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. S. ulmifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, villous when young, tomen- 
tose, striate, with numerous recurved branches. Cauline leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, serrate, acute, scabrous on the upper surface, hairy beneath. 
Flowers in paniculate racemes ; racemes secund and recurved ; involucre 
with narrow, oblong scales ; ray florets short. Seed pubescent. — Yel- 
low. 2f. Sept. — Oct. In rich soils. S. Drummondii, T. <fe G. 

13. S. ver'na, (Rev. M. A. Curtis.) Stem erect, paniculate at the 
summit, cinerous-pubescent. Lower leaves ovate or oval, finely ser- 
rate, narrowed into winged petiole ; upper ones sessile, mostly entire, 
few. Heads loosely racemose, many-flowered. — Yellow. IS". O, near 
Wilmington. 2—3 feet. 

14. S. argu'ta, (Ait.) Stem erect, glabrous, striate, with long virgate 
branches. Radical leaves spatulate, acutely serrate, with a long, at- 
tenuated base ; cauline leaves elliptic, serrate ; those of the branches 
entire, 3-nerved. Flowers in long, paniculate racemes ; involucre with 
linear-lanceolate scales. — Yellow. If. Sept. Shaded soils. 

15. S. spiTHA'MiEA, (Rev. M. A. Curtis.) Stems growing in tufts, vil- 
lous, pubescent, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, ciliate, nearly 



372 ORDER LXYm. COMPOSITE. 

glabrous, serrate above the middle. Heads many-flowered ; rays small. 
— N. C, Roan Mountain. 8 — 10 inches. 

16. S. cineras'cens, (Schw.) Stem erect, pubescent, slender, with nu- 
merous slender, expanding branches toward the summit. Leaven long, 
linear-lanceolate ; radical ones with a long, tapering base, slightly ser- 
rate ; cauline ones small, and scattered toward the summit. Flowers 
in paniculate racemes ; racemes secund, with the pedicels often 3-flow- 
ered.— Yellow. If. Sept.— Oct. Middle Geo. 

IT. S. jun'cea, (L.) Stem erect, slender, glabrous, sometimes pubes- 
cent ; branches pubescent when young. Leaves long-lanceolate, gla- 
brous, or pubescent, with scabrous margins ; the lower ones serrate, ob- 
scurely 3- veined. Flowers in loose, terminal, paniculate racemes ; ra- 
cemes secund, recurved ; involucre with oval, slightly pubescent scales. 
— Yellow. 2f . Sept. — Oct. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 

S. Boottii, Hook. 

18. S. ellip'tica, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, with numerous recurv- 
ed branches toward the summit. Leaves oval-lanceolate or elliptic, ser- 
rate, glabrous, with scabrous margins. Floioers in paniculate racemes; 
racemes secund, expanding, leafy ; involucre with acute, linear scales, 
glabrous; rays 8 — 10; disk 5 — 7. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. In rich 
soils. Low country. S. Elliottii, T. & G. 

19. S. odo'ra, (Ait.) Stem erect, pubescent toward the summit, 
branching. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, entire, with sca- 
brous margins. Flowers in paniculate racemes; racemes recurved; 
involucre with linear-lanceolate scales. — Yellow. 2f. Sept. — Oct. 
Mountains. 

20. S. retror'sa, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous or pubescent toward 
the summit. Leaves linear, sessile, tapering at the summit, glabrous, 
reflexed, scabrous along the margin. Flowers in paniculate racemes ; 
racemes recurved ; involucre with ciliate-lanceolate scales; ray florets 
3; of the disk 3 — 4. — Yellow. 2f. Aug. — Oct. Very common. 

21. S. tortifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent toward the summit. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, slightly serrate, obscurely 3-veined, usually 
twisted. Flowers in compact, paniculate racemes, recurved ; involucre 
with linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets 3 — 5.— Yellow. If. Aug. — 
Oct. Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

22. S. pyramida'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, terete, hispid. Leaves ob- 
long, ovate ; margin serrulate, scabrous, somewhat amplexicaul ; mid- 
rib pubescent. Flowers in paniculate, filiform racemes : racemes se- 
cund, recurved, pubescent. Corolla smalL_ ligulate, minute. Seed 
smooth. — Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Pine-barrens. 4 — 6 feet. 

23. S. gracil'lima, (T. & G.) Stem virgate, glabrous, branched to- 
ward the summit ; branches long and slender, leafy. Leaves spatulate, 
linear, entire, sometimes the lower serrate. Heads obconic, in secund 
racemes, 10 — 15 florets ; rays mostly wanting. Achenia pubescent. — 
Middle Florida. 2—3 feet. 

24. S. cortmbo'sa, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching near the summit, 
glabrous, with the young branches hirsute. Radical leaves long, in- 
dented along the margin, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat fleshy ; the upper 
entire, ciliate along the margin. Flowers in corymbose racemes, lower 
branches recurved ; involucre with pubescent, ciliate scales ; ray florets 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 373 

10. Seed glabrous.— Yellow. 2f. Sept.— Oct. Middle Geo. 4—6 
feet. 

25. S. sempervi'rens, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, with recurved 
branches toward the summit. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long, acute, 
scabrous along the margin, entire. Flowers in axillary racemes, small ; 
involucre with linear-lanceolate scales; ray florets generally 5. — Yel- 
low. 2f. Sept. — Oct. In rich soils. Common. 3 — 6 feet. 

a. Racemes erect. 

26. S. limonifo'lia, (Pers.) Stem oblique, glabrous, usually colored. 
Leaves sessile, lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, entire, glabrous. Flowers 
in erect, paniculate racemes ; involucre with linear, acute scales ; ray 
florets 7 — 10. Seed pubescent. — Yellow. 2f. Aug. — Oct. On the 
sea- coast. 3 — 5 feet. 

27. S. amplexicau'lis, (Mar.) Stem velvety pubescent, loosely branch- 
ed. Leaves ovate or oblong, serrate ; lower ones acuminate, clasping 
the stem, pubescent beneath ; upper ones ovate-lanceolate. Heads 
small, in paniculate, secund racemes ; ray florets 1 — 2 ; disk 5 — 8. 
Achenia pubescent. — Florida. 2 — 4 feet. 

28. S. brachyphyl'la, (Chap.) Stem scabrous, pubescent, leafy. 
Leaves spatulate, oval, or ovate, glabrous; lower ones serrate. Branches 
in virgate panicles. Heads racemose, secund ; ray florets none ; disk 5 
— 6. Achenia canescent. — Geo. and Flor. 4 — 6 feet. 

29. S. specio'sa, (Nutt.) Stem erect, slightly furrowed, glabrous, 
with virgate branches, pubescent when young. Leaves broad-lanceo- 
late, coriaceous ; upper ones entire, the lower slightly serrate. Flow- 
ers in numerous erect racemes ; involucre with oblong, obtuse scales ; 
ray florets 5. Seed glabrous. — Yellow. 2{. Sept. — Oct. Middle 
Geo. 3—8 feet. 

30. S. tubes'cens, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent, with numerous erect 
brunches. Leaves long, lanceolate ; the upper ones generally entire, 
pubescent ; the lower serrate, slightly scabrous, spatulate. Flowers in 
paniculate racemes ; involucre with pubescent, subulate scales ; ray 
florets 7 — 10. Seeds pubescent. — Yellow. If. Oct. Damp soils. 
Middle Geo. 3 — 5 feet. S. puberula, Nutt. 

31. S. pauciflosculo'sa, (Mich.) Stem erect, somewhat shrubby, gla- 
brous. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse. Flowers in compound panicles ; in- 
volucre oblong, 5-flowered; ray floret 1. — Yellow. 2f. Aug. — Oct. 
In pine-barrens, on the coast. 

32. S. bico'lor, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late ; the lower ones serrate, attenuate at the base, pubescent. ^Flow- 
ers in compact racemes ; involucre with obtuse, linear -lanceolate scales ; 
ray florets 5 — 8. — Nearly white. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Dry pastures. 2 
—3 feet. 

33. S. petiola'ris, (Ait.) Stem erect, striate, villous. Leaves oval- 
lanceolate, pubescent ; upper ones nearly sessile ; the lower attenuate, 
with a sheath-like petiole, serrate. Flowers in long, terminal racemes ; 
involucre with oblong, pubescent scales ; ray florets 6 — 8. Seed gla- 
brous. — Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

84. S. stric'ta, (Ait.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, en- 
tire, glabrous, with scabrous margins; radical ones serrate. Flowers in 



374: ORDER LXVDX COMPOSITE. 

erect, paniculate racemes. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. In sandy- 
woods. 2 feet. 

35. S. gigan'tea, (Ait.) Stem stout, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acu- 
minate, glabrous, sharply serrate. Flowers in racemose panicles ; heads 
large; ray florets conspicuous. Achenia pubescent. — Yellow. Ala. 
and North and West. 3 — 7 feet. 

36. S. virga'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, striate, slender toward the sum- 
mit, nearly glabrous. Radical leaves very long, spatulate-lanceolate ; 
cauline ones diminishing toward the summit, oblong-lanceolate, some- 
what fleshy, scabrous along the margins, appressed ; involucre with 
linear-lanceolate pubescent scales ; raj florets 5 — 7. Seed hairy. — Yel- 
low. If. June — Oct. Damp soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

37. S. pulverulen'ta, (Nutt.) Stem erect, slender toward the sum- 
mit, reddish, covered with a pulverulent pubescence. Leaves sessile ; 
the lower ones acute, serrate, elliptic ; the upper entire, with scabrous 
margins, obovate. Flowers in erect racemes ; ray florets long. — Yellow. 
If. Aug. — Sept. Low country. 3 — 4 feet. 

38. S. erec'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple, somewhat pubescent 
toward the summit. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, acute at each end ; 
the lower ones somewhat petiolate. Flowers in short, erect, axillary, 
and terminal racemes; involucre with linear scales; ray florets 7 — 10. 
Seed glabrous. — Pale yellow. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 2 — 3 
feet. S. speciosa. 

39. S. ce'sia, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, with numerous slender, 
expanding branches, slightly tinged with purple. Leaves sessile, lance- 
olate, acuminate, finely serrate, with the margins slightly scabrous. 
Flowers in erect racemes ; involucre with linear scales; ray florets gen- 
erally 5. Seed nearly glabrous. — Yellow. If. Sept, — Oct, Upper 
districts of Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

40. S. flexicau'lis, (Ait.) Stem slender, flexuous, glabrous, angled. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, attenuate at the 
base. Flowers in erect, axillary racemes ; involucre with linear scales ; 
ray florets generally 5 ; disk 7 — 8. Seed hairy. — Yellow. If. Sept. 
— Oct. Upper district of Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. S. latifolia, L. 

41. S. glomera'ta, (Mich.) Stem simple, small. Leaves glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; lower ones broad, acuminate. Flowers in 
simple racemes, composed of axillary heads, the upper ones clustered ; 
involucre swollen, many-flowered. — Yellow. 2f. Aug. — Sept. Moun- 
tains. 

42. S. squarro'sa, (Muhl.) Stem erect, pubescent, striate, branching. 
Leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate toward the apex, pubescent beneath ; 
the lower ones tapering at the base into a petiole. Flowers in com- 
pound, erect racemes, large ; involucre with reflexed, linear scales ; ray 
florets generally 10, the disk numerous. Seed glabrous. — Yellow. 2f. 
Sept. — Oct. Sandy soils. 3 — 5 feet. 

43. S. angustifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, with numerous 
erect branches, generally colored. Leaves sessile, subulate, entire, 
nearly linear, somewhat scabrous along the margins, sometimes with 
axillary clusters of setaceous leaves. Flowers in erect, paniculate ra- 
cemes ; involucre with glabrous, linear-lanceolate scales ; ray florets 7 
— 10. — Yellow. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Rich soils. On the sea-coast. 2 — 
3 feet. 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITES. 375 

44. S. salici'na, (Ell.) Stem erect, slender, pubescent when young, 
nearly glabrous when old, with long, erect, virgate branches. Leaves 
sessile ; the lower ones long, narrow-lanceolate, scabrous on the upper 
surface, glabrous on the under ; upper leaves smaller. Flowers in long, 
slender racemes; involucre with oblong scales; ray florets slender, gen- 
erally 5. — Yellow. U ■ Sept. — Oct. Middle Geo. 4 — 5 feet. 

S. patula, Muhl. 

45. S. ela'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, terete, pubescent, with erect, to- 
rnentose branches. Leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, acute, tomentose be- 
neath, nearly entire. Flowers in erect, paniculate racemes ; involucre 
with pubescent, linear-lanceolate scales; ray florets 7 — 10. Seed gla- 
brous.— Yellow. If. Sept.— Oct. Middle Geo. 2—3 feet. 

S. petiolaris. 

46. S. eig'ida, (L.) Stem erect, slightly angled, tomentose when 
young ; branches numerous, fastigiate. Leaves ovate, sessile, pubescent, 
scabrous ; upper ones entire, the lower serrate. Flowers clustered near 
the summit of the branches, large ; involucre with oblong, pubescent 
scales ; ray florets 7 — 10, those of the disk numerous. Seed glabrous. 
— Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. Mountains. 3 — 4 feet. 

47. S. graminifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem angled, slightly furrowed ; branch- 
es numerous, expanding ; angles pubescent. Leaves linear, numerous, 
obscurely veined, pubescent along the veins on the under surface. 
Flowers in fastigiate, terminal corymbs ; involucre with numerous, vis- 
cid, linear-lanceolate scales; ray florets 10, short. Seeds villous. — Yel- 
low. If. Sept. — Oct. Damp rich soils. 2 — 3 ft. S. lanceolata, L. 

48. S. tenuifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem erect, angled, scabrous, with fas- 
tigiate branches. Leaves linear, expanding, obscurely veined, scabrous, 
clusters of small leaves in the axils. Flowers in fastigiate, terminal co- 
rymbs ; involucre with viscid scales ; ray florets about 10, very short. 
Seed villous. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. In dry pastures. Very 
common. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus XXII— BIGELO' VIA. D. C. 

(In honor of Dr. Bigelow, of Boston.) 

Heads few-flowered, the florets all perfect, tubular. Involu- 
cre oblong, scales few, erect. Receptacle naked, narrow, with a 
setaceous scale among the central flowers, equaling the achenia. 
Achenia oblong, pubescent. Pappus pilose, in one series. 
Herbaceous plants, with alternate entire leaves. Heads in co- 
rymbs, flowers yellow. 

1. B. nuda'ta, (D. C.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching near the 
summit. Radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, entire, 
glabrous ; cauline leaves with the upper ones small and linear. Flowers 
in a compound fastigiate corymb ; involucre with appressed linear 
leaflets, colored, containing 3 — 4 flowers. Style about the length of the 
stamens, 2-eleft ; pappus unequal. — Yellow. If. Oct. — Xov. Com- 
mon. 1 — 2 feet. Ch ry socoma nudata, Mich. 

Genus XXIII— ISOPAP'PUS. T. <fc G. 
(From isos, equal, and pappus, from the equality of the pappus bristles.) 

Meads many-flowered; rays 5 — 12, ligulate, pistillate; disk 



376 ORDER LXVIII.— COMPOSITE. 

florets perfect. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, subulate, im- 
bricate, appressed. Achenia villous, terete, linear. Hirsute 
herbs. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile. 

1. I. divarica'ta. Stem erect, slender, hispid, scabrous, branching 
toward the summit. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, ciliate, serrate, 
hispid, the lower ones attenuate at the base. Flowers in long divaricate 
panicles ; involucre many-leaved, scales pubescent on the back, linear- 
lanceolate. Seed hispid ; pappus reddish-brown, the exterior wanting. 
— Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Southern Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXIV.— PRIONOFSIS. Xutt. 
(From prion, a saw, and opsis, resemblance, in allusion to the teeth of the leaf.) 

Heads many-flowered, hemispherical, ray florets in a single 
series, numerous, pistillate, disk perfect. Scales of the invo- 
lucre numerous, imbricate, squarrose, with the exterior ones 
squarrose. Receptacle alveolate, flat. Achenia short, glabrous, 
striate. Pappus deciduous, consisting of unequal, scabrous bris- 
tles, some longer than the corolla of the disk. Herbaceous 
plants, with alternate, serrate leaves. Flowers yellow. 

1. P. Chapman'ii, (T. & G.) Stem simple, virgate, hirsute-pubescent. 
Leaves numerous, lanceolate or linear, glabrous, setaceously serrate. — 
Yellow. If. Middle Florida. 1—2 feet, 

Genus XXV.— HETEROTHE'CA. Cass. 
(From hetero, different, and tlieka, envelope.) 

Heads many-flowered, those of the ray pistillate in one series, 
those of the disk perfect. Scales of the involucre in a few se- 
ries, linear, appressed, with spreading points. Receptacle plain, 
alveolate. Achenia of the ray oblong, smooth, without pappus, 
those of the disk cuneate, villous. Pappus of the disk double, 
the exterior of short chaffy bristles, the interior of capillary 
bristles. Herbaceous plants, hirsute or strigose, paniculately 
branched. Flowers yellow, pappus colored. 

1. H. sca'bra, (D. C.) Stem branching from the base, scabrous, divar- 
icate, glandular, hairy. Radical leaves oval, on petioles, dilated at the 
base, coarsely toothed, cauline ones cordate-ovate, acute, amplexicaul, 
all scabrous. Flowers in compound terminal panicles ; involucre cylin- 
drical; leaflets numerous, acute, linear, viscid ; ray florets lanceolate, 
nerved ; exterior pappus a marginal ring, the interior wanting. — Yellow. 
21 . October. On the seacoast. 2 — 8 feet. 

Genus XXVI— CHRYSOP'SIS. Nutt. 

(From chrusos, gold, and opsis, like.) 

Involucre imbricate ; ray florets pistillate, those of the disk 
perfect. Anthers naked at the base ; pappus double, the outer 
chaffy and minute, the inner pilose and scabrous, many-rayed. 
Seeds obovate, villous. Receptacle naked. 






OEDEE LXVIIL' — 'COMPOSITE;. 377 

1. C. argexte'a, (Nutt.) Stem branching toward the summit, silky. 
Leaves lanceolate, long, linear, entire, somewhat rigid, covered with a 
silky pubescence. Flowers in terminal corymbs; involucre pubescent, 
imbricate; leaflets subulate, acute; ray florets 10 — 11, those of the 
disk numerous. Seeds oblong, villous or hispid ; pappus colored. — Yel- 
low. If. J»ly — Oct. Dry soils. 

2. C. graminifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect, silky, leafy toward the sum- 
mit. Leaves entire, lanceolate, linear, covered with a silky pubescence. 
Flowers in compound corymbs. Stamens at first yellow, afterward 
white. Seed oblong ; pappus colored, but lighter than the preceding. — 
Yellow. If. July — Oct. Sandy soils. Common. ] — 2 feet, 

3. C. oligan'tha, (Chap.) Stem simple, slender, leafy and silky be- 
low the middle, glandular and naked above. Leaves lanceolate orspat- 
ulate. silky pubescent, entire. Heads on elongated peduncles, 2 — 4 ; 
involucre campanulate, glandular ; achenia linear, villous. — Middle 
Florida. April — May. 1 — 1£ foot. 

4. C. tinifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem glabrous, rigid. Leaves numerous, 
crowded, linear, rigid, those of the branches small, linear. Flowers in 
terminal corymbs ; involucre imbricate, with linear-lanceolate scales, 
woolly at the point. Anthers white, conspicuous. Seeds long, hairy, 
hispid ; exterior pappus subulate, whitish, the interior scabrous, brown. 
—Yellow. Sept.— Oct. Sandhills, middle Geo. 18—20 inches. 

5. C Marta'na, (Nutt.) Stem erect, hairy, simple. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, serrate, acute, the upper ones sessile, the lower ones spatu- 
late, hairy on the under surface. Flowers in a simple corymb ; invo- 
lucre many-leaved, viscidly and glandular pubescent. Anthers 2-cleft 
at the base, with the apex white. Seed oblong, villous ; pappus scarce- 
ly colored. — Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Oct. Dry sandy soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. C. TiucnoPHYL'LA, (Nutt.) Stem hairy, erect. Leaves oblong, ses- 
sile, obtuse, lower ones attenuate at the base, woolly. Flowers in sim- 
ple corymbs ; involucre many-leaved ; leaflets narrow, glandular ; florets 
of the ray narrow, long. Seed oblong, almost hispid ; pappus colored. 
— Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Dry soils. 12 — 18 inches. 

1. C. gossypi'na, (Nutt.) Stem covered with a white woolly tomen- 
tum, hoary. Leaves oblong, spatulate, sessile, obtuse, entire. Flowers 
in simple corymbs ; involucre many-leaved, woolly ; ray florets numer- 
ous. Anthers white at the summit. Seed viscid, the exterior pappus 
white, the interior brownish. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Pine lands, 
middle Geo. 

8. C. denta'ta, (Ell.) Stem woolly. Zraws tomentose, cuneate, obo- 
vate, obtuse, deeply-toothed, the lower ones with a long tapering base, 
obtusely-toothed toward the apex, upper leaves entire, sessile, amplex- 
icaul. Flowers in simple corymbs; involucre with subulate woolly 
leaves ; ra} 7 florets numerous, nerved. Seed hispid, exterior pappus 
white, interior brown. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Middle Georgia. 
1—2 feet. 

Genus XXVIL— CONY'ZA. L. 
(From Tconis, dust, from the use made of its powder.) 

Heads many-flowered, with all the flowers tubular, those of 
the margin pistillate, those of the center perfect or staminate. 
Seeds of the involucre in many series. Achenia compressed, 



378 ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 

alternate at the base. Pappus in 1 series of capillary bristles. 
Herbaceous plants with alternate variously incised leaves. 
Flowers white. 

1. C. sinua'ta, (Ell.) Stem hairy, somewhat scabrous ; lower leaves 
sinuate-lobed, the upper linear, entire. Heads paniculate. — White. 
If . Charleston. 

Genus XXVIIL— BACCHA'RIS. L. (From Bacchus.) 

Involucre imbricate, cylindric ; scales sub-coriaceous, ovate. 
Receptacle naked ; florets tubular, monoecious, with sterile and 
fertile intermixed. Staminate florets with exserted anthers, 
unawned at the base ; pappus slightly plumose. Fertile florets 
with capillary pappus. Achenia ribbed. 

1. B. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) A shrub. Stem erect, glabrous, branch- 
ing, young branches angled, dotted. Leaves sessile, entire, linear, ob- 
scurely 3-nerved. Flowers in compound panicles, generally axillary, 
solitary ; involucre slightly ventricose, with glabrous, ovate, lanceolate 
leaflets ; sterile florets tubular, white, with a short, undivided style ; 
fertile florets 5-cleft. Stamens wanting. Style 2-cleft. Seeds striate, 
cylindric. — White. *> . Sept. — Oct. On the coast. 6 — 10 feet. 

2. B. halimifo'lia, (L.) A shrub, with erect branches, glabrous, young 
branches angled. Leaves sessile, obovate, cuneate, dentate toward the 
summit, upper ones usually entire, covered with whitish scales or dust. 
Flowers in leafy, compound panicles, axillary and terminal. Style of 
the fertile florets 2-cleft, rather shorter than the stamens. Seeds stri- 
ate, oblong. — White. ^ . Sept. — Oct. Low country. 6 — 12 feet. 

3. B. sessiliflo'ra, (Mich.) A shrub, with angular, erect, virgate 
branches, glabrous. Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, cuneate, dentate 
toward the summit. Flowers sessile, axillary, scattered ; involucre with 
obtuse scales, reddish at the summit. — White. "•? . Sept. — Oct. On 
the seacoast. 3 — 5 feet. B. glomerulijlora, Pers. 

Genus XXIX— PLU'CHEA. Cass. 
(From a French botanist, N. Pluche.) 

Heads many -flowered, all tubular, those of the margin pistil- 
late and fertile, those of the center staminate or perfect, but 
sterile. Involucre with the scales in many series. Receptacle 
flat. Anthers bicaudate. Achenia cylindrical. Pappus in one 
series, pilose. Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves and 
heads in corymbs. 

1. P. bifrons', (D. C.) Stern pubescent. Leaves clasping at the base, 
somewhat cordate, oval or lanceolate, oblong, serrulate, sprinkled with 
resinous dots. Heads in corymbs.-— Purple. 2f. Car. — Flor. Low 
country. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. P. fcet'ida, (D. C.) Stem pubescent. Leaves petiolate, oval- 
lanceolate, acuminate, feather-veined, serrate. Heads in paniculate, 
compound corymbs. Fetid. — 2£. Penn. — Ala. 2 — £ feet. 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 379 

3. P. camphora'ta, (Ell.) Stem herbaceous, succulent, slightly pu- 
bescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, denticulate. Flowers in axil- 
lary terminal corymbs, shorter than the leaves; scales of the involucre 
acute, as long as the florets. This plant, when bruised, gives out a 
strong, disagreeable odor. — Purple. 2f,. Aug. — Sept. Salt mai*shes. 

Marsh Flea-bane. 

4. P. Maryland'ica, (Mich.) Stem erect, rather succulent. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, pubescent. Flowers in corymbs, scales of 
the involucre linear or ovate. Seeds minute ; pappus short, consisting 
of 20 — 30 rays. — Purple. %. July — Aug. On the coast of Car. and Geo. 

Genus XXX.— PTEROCAU'LOX. Ell. 
(From pteron, a ring, and kaulon, a stem.) 

Involucre imbricate, leaflets somewhat obovate, acute, ap- 
pressed, tomentose. Flowers pistillate and perfect, intermin- 
gled, the pistillate ones slender, with the border 3-toothed ; the 
perfect ones with the border 5-cleft. Anthers very short. Style 
2-cleft. Stigmas glandular. 

1. P. pycnosta'chyum, (Ell.) Stem erect, simple, winged, densely to- 
mentose, white. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, decurrent, dentate, white, 
tomentose beneath. Flowers in compact spikes ; involucre densely to- 
mentose. Seeds angled, pubescent; receptacle naked. — White. If. 
May — Aug. Dry sandy soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXXI— BUPHTHAL/MUM. L. (Borrichia, Adans.) 
(From bous, a bull, ophthalmos, the eye, from the resemblance of its flowers.) 

Involucre many-leaved ; florets of the disk 5-cleft, perfect, 
numerous, those of the ray pistillate. Seeds winged. Pappus 
4-toothed, or an obsolete margin. Receptacle chaffy. 

1. B. frutes'cens, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching, pubescent 
toward the summit. Leaves opposite, sessile, cuneate, lanceolate, glau- 
cous, sparingly toothed at the base. Flowers solitary, terminal ; in- 
volucre many-leaved, imbricate. Leaves mucronate, expanding; ray 
florets lanceolate, 10 — 12; seeds of the ray triangular ; pappus 4-tooth- 
ed ; chaff pubescent, with a stiff point. — Yellow. ^ or 2f. June — 
Oct. On the seacoast. 

2. B. angustifo'lium, (Pursh.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves alter- 
nate, linear, entire, glabrous; involucre with acute, lanceolate leaves. 
— Yellow. ^ or If. July — Sept. Southern Geo. and Flor. 

Genus XXXIL— ECLIP'TA. L. 

(From ekleipo, deficient, from its wingless seeds.) 

Involucre many-leaved, the leaves nearly equal ; florets of 
the disk perfect, 4-cleft, those of the ray pistillate ; pappus 
wanting ; receptacle bristly. 

1. E. erec'ta, (L.) Stem erect, strigose ; dichotomous. Leaves op- 
posite, lanceolate, serrate, or entire, attenuate at the base, 3-nerved, 



380 OSDER Lxvm. COMPOSITE. 

sessile. Flowers on long peduncles, in pairs ; involucre with ovate, acu- 
minate leaves. — White. %. June — July. Gravelly soils. 

2. E. procum'bens. Stem procumbent, assurgent, terete, with numer- 
ous opposite branches, with appressed han*s. Leaves sessile, opposite, 
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved ; involucre with acute lance- 
olate leaves. Flowers on peduncles, generally in pairs ; involucre with 
8 — 10 leaves, lanceolate, ciliate, unequal ; ray florets numerous, 2- 
toothed. — White. %. June — Oct. Damp soils. Common. 12 — 18 
inches. 

3. E. brachypo'da. Stem prostrate, divaricately branched. Leaves 
lanceolate, slightly serrulate. Flowers on short peduncles, solitary or 
in pairs ; involucre with oval lanceolate leaves; florets 4 — 5-cleft. — 
White. %. July — Sept. Sandy soils. 

Tribe IV.-SENECIOI'DE^E. 

Style cylindrical at the apex ; in perfect flowers bifid, branch- 
es elongated, linear, pencillate, or truncate at the apex ; pro- 
duced beyond the pencil into a short cone, or an elongated ap- 
pendix, narrow and hispid. Corolla of the disk regular, pellucid. 

Genus XXXIIL— POLYM'NIA. L. 

(Named from one of the Muses.) 

Involucre double, the exterior usually 5-leaved, the interior 
10-leaved. Ray florets pistillate, those of the disk starainate. 
Receptacle chany. Pappus none. 

1. P. Canadensis, (L.) Stem erect, viscid, villous, somewhat scabrous. 
Lower leaves deeply lobed, or pinnatifid, the upper ones entire or 3- 
lobed, all finely serrate, somewhat ovate, slightly scabrous. Flowers 
in terminal panicles ; involucre viscid and villous ; ray florets 10, small. 
— Yellow. If. July — Sept. Mountains. 2 — 4 feet. 

2. P. Uveda'lta, (L). Stem erect, villous, terete, scabrous. Leaves 
opposite, 3 — 5-lobed or ternate ; leaflets or lobes tomentose, ovate, sca- 
brous, petiole winged. Flowers in a terminal panicle, with opposite or 
ternate branches ; involucre with the exterior scales largest, ciliate, 
ovate; the interior lanceolate, villous; ray florets 10, 3 toothed at the 
summit. Seeds globose, somewhat compressed, glabrous. — Yellow. If. 
June — Aug. Common. 3 — 5 feet. 

Genus XXXIV— CHRYSOG'ONUM. L. 
(From chrusos, golden, and gone, joint, the flowers being at the joint.) 

Involucre 5-leaved, oblong, villous. Ray florets pistillate, 
those of the disk staminate. Receptacle chaffy. Seed enfolded 
in a 4-leaved calyx. Pappus 1 -leaved, pubescent at the summit. 

1. C. Virginia'num, (L.) Stem decumbent, villous. Leaves opposite, 
oblong, lanceolate-oval, crenately dentate, attenuate at the base into a 
long petiole, villous. Flowers solitary; involucre villous; ray florets 
5, broad. Seeds compressed, somewhat pubescent. — Yellow. If. April 
—June. Common. 4 — 12 inches. 



OEDER XLVin. COMPOSITE. 381 

Genus XXXV.— SILPHI'TJM. L. 

(From silphion, a name of an ancient plant, transferred to this genus.) 

Involucre leafy, squarrose. Ray florets pistillate, those of 
the disk staminate. Seed compressed, obcordate, emarginate, 
2-toothed. Receptacle chaffy. 

1. S. lacinia'tum, (L.) Stem hispid, simple, nearly glabrous toward 
the base. Leaves alternate, about 2 feet long and 1 wide, pinnatifid, 
the segments toothed and sinuate, scabrous. Involucre consisting of 10 
leaves, subulate. Ray florets numerous, about as long as the involucre. 
Pappus 2 small awns. — Yellow. If. Aug.— Sept. Western Georgia 
and Alabama. 8 — 12 feet. 

2. S. pinnatifi'dum, (Ell.) Stem glabrous. Leaves large, pinnatifid, 
sinuate ; segments usually acute, upper surface glabrous, the under 
slightly scabrous. Flowers in panicles, large ; involucre glabrous, with 
the exterior leaves orbicular, the interior oval. — Yellow. If. July. 
Western Geo. and Ala. 4 — 6 feet. 

3. S. compos'itum, (Mich.) Stem glabrous. Leaves irregularly lobed, 
sinuate, sometimes pinnatifid, glabrous above, somewhat hairy beneath. 
Flowers in terminal panicles; involucre with the leaves slightly ciliate. 
— Yellow, if. May — Aug. Pine -barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. S. terebinthina'ceum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Radical leaves 
cordate or nearly orbicular, or reniform, sometimes lobed and dentate ; 
cauline ones alternate, serrate, scabrous, ovate. Flowers numerous, in 
corymbose panicles; exterior leaves of the involucre ovate, acute, the 
interior obtuse ; ray florets 10 — 12. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. Moun- 
tains. 4 — 5 feet. 

5. S. trifolia'tum, (L.) Stem glabrous, somewhat hexagonal, usually 
purple. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, slightly scabrous on the 
upper surface, glabrous beneath, the upper ones nearly sessile, the 
lower ternate. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre with ovate, 
ciliate, loosely appressed leaves; ray florets about 14. — Yellow. If. 
Aug. — Oct. Mountains. 4 — 5 feet. 

6. S. terna'tum. Stem terete, or slightly angled, glabrous. Leaves 
verticil! ate, by threes, lanceolate, acute, denticulate or serrate, slightly 
scabrous on the upper surface, pubescent along the veins beneath. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre ciliate, with ovate, loosely ap- 
pressed leaves; ray florets 12 — 14, long. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. 
Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

7. S. atropurpu'reum. Stem erect, terete, purple, glabrous. Leaves 
mostly verticillate, by fours, numerous, the lower ones alternate, and 
the uppermost scattered, the intermediate ones sometimes by threes ; 
all lanceolate, scabrous, dentate, on ciliate petioles; midrib purple. 
Flowers in dichotomous panicles ; involucre ciliate, with ovate scales ; 
ray florets long, narrow. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Upper districts. 
4—5 feet. 

8. S. denta'ttjm, (Ell.) Stem erect, purple, glabrous. Leaves broad- 
lanceolate, sinuate, toothed, hairy, scabrous, the lower ones opposite, 
upper ones alternate, sessile. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre 
ciliate, with broad-ovate leaves ; ray florets about 10, oval. — Yellow. 
If. Aug. — Sept. Common, near Culloden. 2 — 3 ft. 



382 ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 

9. S. asteris'cus, (L.) Stem erect, terete, hispid. Leaves lanceolate, 
acute, serrate, scabrous ; the lower ones opposite, petiolate, the upper 
ones alternate, sessile. Involucre ciliate, with ovate leaves. Ray flo- 
rets 8 — 10. — Yellow. 2f. June — Aug. Sandy soils. Common. 2 — 3 ft. 

10. S. l^eviga'tum, (Pursh.) Stem quadrangular, glabrous. Radical 
leaves lanceolate, oblong ; the lower cauline ones oval-lanceolate, on 
short petioles, which are connate at the base ; the upper ones sessile, 
ovate, the highest cordate, glabrous. Flowers in corymbs ; involucre 
with ciliate leaves, the inner ones largest.— Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. 
Middle Geo. 2—3 feet. 

11. S. scaber'rimum, (Ell.) Stem angled when young, becoming te- 
rete when old, scabrous toward the summit. Leaves on short petioles, 
connate at the base, ovate, serrate, rigid, scabrous. Flowers in corymbs ; 
involucre with ovate, ciliate leaves, exterior ones smallest. Seed nearly 
circular, winged. — Yellow. 2f. Aug. — Sept. Middle and western 
Geo. 3—4 feet. 

12. S. integrifo'lium, (Mich.) Stem quadrangular, hispid. Leaves 
opposite, sessile, oblong, entire, scabrous on the upper surface. Flowers 
few, on short peduncles ; involucre with oblong, ovate leaves. — Yellow. 
If. Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 3 — 4 feet. 

13. S. perfolia'tum, (L.) Stem glabrous, quadrangular. Leaves op- 
posite, connate, serrate, ovate, the upper ones perfoliate, broad. Flow- 
ers on axillary peduncles; involucre squarrose ; ray florets 24. — Yel- 
low. If. July — Sept. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

14. S. conna'tum. Stem erect, terete, hispid, with reflexed hairs. 
Leaves opposite, perfoliate, scabrous, serrate. Flowers in terminal pan- 
icles ; involucre squarrose, with ovate leaves, reflexed at the summit ; 
ray florets 12. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Middle and western Geo. 
4—5 feet. 

Genus XXXVI— BERLANDIE'RA. D. C. 

(In honor of Berlandier.) 

Heads many-flowered, with the ray florets in one series, pis- 
tillate ; those of the disk tubular, hermaphrodite, but sterile. 
Scales of the involucre in 3 series, the exterior smallest, the in- 
nermost the largest. Achenia in a single series, flat-obovate, 
plain at the summit, each more or less attached to the scales of 
the involucre. Pappus of two minute teeth. Herbaceous plants 
with alternate sessile leaves more or less pubescent. 

1. B. Texa'na, (D. C.) Stem herbaceous, branches and peduncles hir- 
sute, with purplish hairs. Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, simply or 
doubly crenate, minutely hispid, scabrous above, corruscently pubescent 
or hairy beneath ; the lowest petioled. — Louisiana. 

2. B. tomento'sa, (T. & G.) (Silphium pumilum, Pursh.) Stem erect 
or procumbent, terete, tomentose. Leaves alternate, oblong, irregular- 
ly dentate, acute, petiolate, pubescent on the upper surface, tomentose 
beneath. Flowers in irregular corymbs ; involucre tomentose, with 
the leaves ovate, 8 — 10 ; ray florets 8 — 10, tomentose on the under sur- 
face. — Yellow. 2;. July — Aug. Pine-barrens. Mid. Car. and Geo. 
2—3 feet. 



ORDER LXVIH. COMPOSITE. 383 

3. B. subacau'lis, (Nutt.) Minutely strigose, pubescent at first 
Leaves radical, deeply sinuate, bipinnatifid, often lyrate, somewhat peti- 
oled ; scapes bearing a single head. Torr. & Gray. 

Genus XXXVIL— PARTHE'NIUM. L. 
(From parthenos, a virgin.) 

Involucre 5-leaved, villous. Ray florets small, pistillate, those 
of the disk staminate. Receptacle flat, chany. Seed obovate. 
Pappus none. 

1. P. integrifo'lium, (L.) Stem erect, slightly scabrous, striate. 
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed, sessile, scabrous, 
the upper ones amplexicaul. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; ray florets 
5, small, the exterior chaff, broad. — White or yellowish. If. June — 
Sept. Upper and middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. P. hysteropho'rits, (L.) Stem hirsute, diffusely branched or de- 
cumbent. Leaves bipinnatifid, the uppermost linear, undivided. Heads 
small, paniculate. — Florida. 

Genus XXXVIIL— PVA. L. 

(Origin of the name unknown.) 

Involucre 5 — 10-leaved. Ray florets pistillate, those of the 
disk staminate. Anthers not united. Receptacle bristly. Seed 
obovate. Pappus none. 

1. I. frutes'oens, (L.) A shrub, with numerous opposite branches, 
slightly furrowed, somewhat scabrous and pubescent when young. 
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, attenuate at the base, deeply serrate, sca- 
brous, of a greenish hue. Flowers axillary, forming terminal panicles ; 
involucre viscidly pubescent, 5-leaved, leaves nearly round. Ray flo- 
rets 5, those of the disk 6 — 1. — Pale purple. ^ . July — Sept. On the 
seacoast. 3 — 8 feet. Marsh Elder. 

2. I. imbrica'ta, (Walt.) Stem herbaceous, terete, slightly angled to- 
ward the summit, glabrous, becoming purple. Leaves sessile, linear- 
lanceolate, cuneate, succulent, the upper ones usually alternate and 
entire, the lower frequently opposite and toothed. Flowers axillary, 
pendulous ; involucre with 6 — 9 fleshy leaves, with the margins lacer- 
ate. Ray florets 2, those of the disk numerous. — White. If. July — 
Oct. On the seacoast. 

Genus XXXIX.— AMBRO'SIA. Tourn. 
(From ambrosia, food of the gods.) 

Flowers numerous, staminate florets with the involucre hem- 
ispherical, 1 -leaved, many -flowered. Anthers approximate, but 
not united. Receptacle naked, pistillate florets, with the invo- 
lucre 1 -leaved, entire, or 5-toothed, 1-flowered. Corolla none. 
Styles 2. Fruit a nut formed from the indurated calyx, 1 -seeded. 

1. A. trif'ida, (L.) Stem erect, rough, hirsute. Leaves usually op- 
posite, 3-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy, ser- 
rate. Flowers in small axillary and terminal spikes, forming a large 



384: OBDEK LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

panicle ; staminate florets numerous, solitary at the summit of the 
spike ; pistillate ones in small clusters at the base. Involucre of the 
staminate florets 5 — 8-lobed, hairy. Corolla tubular. Involucre of the 
fertile florets persistent, 5-lobed. Fruit with 6 spines. — White. %. 
Aug. — Sept. Common. 4 — 6 feet. Bitter-weed. 

2. A. ela'tior, (L.) Stem virgate, pubescent when young. Leaves 
bipinnatifid, nearly glabrous ; petioles ciliate. Flowers in paniculate 
racemes. Involucre of the staminate florets globular, somewhat hairy; 
fertile florets in small clusters. Nut with 6 short spines. — "White. %. 
July — Sept. Middle, upper Car. and Geo. 4 — 8 feet. 

Hog-weed. Roman Wormwood. 

3. A. artemisi^efo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, slightlypubescent, fastigiately 
branched. Leaves toward the base bipinnatifid, opposite ; those toward 
the summit pinnatifid, opposite, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, 
pubescent beneath. Racemes terminal by threes. Involucre of the 
staminate florets globular ; fertile florets axillary, sessile ; spines short. 
— White. @. Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

4. A. Fanicula'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, paniculately branched, villous. 
Leaves alternate toward the base, bipinnatifid toward the summit; 
segments all lanceolate-acute, pubescent. Flowers in terminal and ax- 
illary racemes, the upper staminate, the lower fertile. Involucre of the 
staminate florets 10-toothed, 10-flowered. Fruit muricate, clustered, 
small, obovate. — White. 0. July — Sept. Cultivated grounds, very 
common. 2 — 6 feet. 

Genus XL.— XAN'THIUM. Tourn. 
(From xanthos, yellow, from the color said to be produced on the hair by this plant.) 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate florets, involucre imbricate. 
Anthers approximate, not united. Receptacle chaffy. Fertile 
florets. Involucre 2 -leaved, 2-flowered. Corolla none. Drupe 
dry, muricate, 2-cleft. Nut 2-celled. 

1. X. struma'rium, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, scabrous, angled. 
leaves alternate, cordate, usually 3-lobed, serrate, pubescent, very large, 
on long petioles. Pistillate Jlorets in axillary racemes; involucre con- 
sisting of subulate leaves. Chaff subulate. Fertile Jlorets at the base 
of each raceme ; involucre 10-leaved, 2-flowered. Fruit elliptic, pu- 
bescent, armed with hooked bristles. — White. 0. July — Oct. Very 
common. 3 — 6 feet. Cockle Bur. Clott Bur. Sheep Bur. 



2. X. echina'tum, (L.) Stem rough, spotted. Leaves broad, sub- 
cordate, irregularly toothed, obscurely lobed. Involucre oval, with 
rigid prickles. — Near salt water. Mass. — Car. Aug. — Oct. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. X. spino'sum, (L.) Stem pubescent, terete, with ternate spine3 
from each side of the petiole. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, ovate-lanceo- 
late, pubescent on the upper surface, tomentose beneath. Staminate 
florets solitary, at the base of each spine ; involucre many-leaved. Fer- 
tile Jlorets axillary, solitary. Fruit armed with short prickles. Fruit 
2-celled. — White. %. July — Oct. Common along the coast. 3 — 5 
feet. Prickly Clotweed. 



ORDER LXVin. — COMPOSITE. 385 

Genus XLL— MEL ANTHER A. Rohr. 
(From melas, black, and anthera, the anther.) 

Involcure many-leaved. Leaves in a double series, equal, 
oblong-lanceolate. Florets all perfect. Seeds quadrangular, 
compressed. Pappus consisting of a few bristles. Receptacle 
chaffy, convex. 

1. M. hasta'ta, (Mich.) Stern erect, quadrangular, furrowed, sca- 
brous, branching. Leaves hastate, 3-lobed, decussate, lanceolate, den- 
tate, scabrous, and somewhat hispid, petiolate. Flowers solitary, on 
peduncles, usually in pairs ; involucre hispid. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft. 
Seed slightly winged at the angles ; chaff leaf-like. — White. 21.. Aug. 
— Sept. Rich soils. 4 — 6 feet. 

2. M. deltoid'ea, (Mich.) Stem quadrangular. Leaves opposite, ovate- 
deltoid, evanescent. Scales of the involucre ovate. — Florida. 

Genus XLIL— ZIN'NIA. L. 

(In honor of Godfrey Zinn, a German.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets pistillate, those of the disk 
perfect. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Rays obovate, coriaceous, 
lobes of the disk villous. Achenia of the ray 3-sided, mostly 
destitute of pappus. Herbaceous plants, with opposite, entire, 
and sessile leaves. Heads solitary. 

1. Z. multiflo'ea, (L.) Stem erect, hirsute. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
peduncles larger than the leaves, with the apex hollow and inflated. — 
Yellow or purple. Car. and Ala. 

Genus XLIIL— HELIOP'SIS. Pers. 
(From Tielios, the sun, and opsis, appearance ; from its resemblance to the sun-flower.) 

Involucre imbricate, many-leaved ; ray florets pistillate, those 
of the disk perfect. Receptacle conic. Seed quadrangular 
Pappus wanting. 

1. H. L^e'vis, (Pers.) Stem erect, glabrous, dichotomously branched. 
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved, glabrous. Flowers 
terminal, and in the angles of the stem, on long peduncles. Leaves of 
the involucre oblong. Seed naked ; receptacle convex. — Yellow. 2f. 
May — June. Sandy soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

Genus XLIV.— TETRAGONOTHE'CA. Dill. 
(From tetra, four, gonia, angle, and iheka, a capsule.) 

Involucre gamosepalous, deeply 4-parted, 4-angled, with 
broad hairy segments. Receptacle chaffy. Seed obovate, pu- 
bescent at the summit. Pappus wanting. 

_ 1. T. helianthoi'des, (L.) Stem erect, branching, scabrous, somewhat 
hispid. Leaves opposite, sessile, spatulate, lanceolate, dentate, hairy. 
Flowers axillary and terminal ; segments of the involucre ovate-lanceo- 

17 



386 ORDER LXVIII. — COMPOSITE. 

late, with reflexed margins ; ray florets 6-8, large, of the disk numer- 
ous Seeds slightly angled ; scales of the receptacle covered with glan- 
dular dots.-Yellow. If. May-June. Sandy sods. 1-2 feet. 

Genus XLV.— HA'LEA. T. & G. 
(In honor of Dr. Joseph Hale, of Louisiana.) 

Reads many-flowered ; the ray florets pistillate, those of the 
disk perfect. Involucre double, the outer of 4—5 ovate loha- 
ceous scales, the inner of numerous chaffy scales. Achenia 4- 
sided, pubescent, with a short scaly pappus. 

1. EL Ludovicia'na, (T. & G.) Stem striate quadrangular below 
Leaves opposite, sessile, sometimes verticillate by threes, toothed the 
leaves oval-oblong, the upper ovate, or ovate-oblong, connate, perfoh- 
a te. — Louisiana. 2 — 4 feet. 

Genus XLVL— ECHINACEA. 
Heads many-flowered; ray florets in a single series much 
elongated, sterile, those of the disk perfect and tubular. Scales 
of the involucre ciliate, imbricate. Receptacle conic Achenia 
4-sided, ob-pyramidal. Pappus coroniform, unequally toothed. 
Rays 2 — 3-toothed at the apex. 

E purpurea, (Moench.) {Rudbeckia purpurea, L.) Stem somewhat 
branched! smooth, or a little roughened. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sca- 
brous tapermg toward the base; those toward the upper part of he 
stem narrower, all coarsely serrate. Flowers terminal ; involucre many- 
eaved imbricate, ciliate, in several series, squarrose ; ray florets long 
nanow, deleft, reflexed.' Seed angled, enlarged at the summit. Og 
of the receptacle with rigid points, longer than the florets.-Puiple. 
n Au «, _Oct. Upper Car. and Geo. 4— o feet. 

2 E. a'ngustifo'lia, (D. 0.) Stem hispid naked above Leaves lance- 
olate, hairy, hispid, entire, 3-nerved.-Alabama. 1-3 leet. 

3 E. atroru'bens, (NutO Stem slender, glabrous, terete. Leaves 
lineardanceolate, entire, tapering into long petioles • rays dark-red.- 
Georgia and Florida. 

Genus XLVIL— RUDBECK'IA. L. 
(In honor of Prof. Rudbeck, of Sweden, predecessor of Linnaeus.) 

Involucre in a double series, nearly equal. Ray florets neu- 
tral, the disk perfect. Receptacle conic, chaffy. Pappus a 4- 
toothed margin. 

1 R pinna'ta, (Mich.) Stem hispid, furrowed. Leaves pinnate, low- 

4 — 5 feet. , , a , 

9 -R ful'gida (L.) Stem hispid, with long, virgate, 1-flowered 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 387 

■what foliaceous ; ray florets 12 — 14, 2-cleft ; pappus, a slight margin. 
Chaff glabrous. — Yellow. Aug. — Oct. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

8. R. trilo'ba, (L.) Stem hairy, hispid, paniculately branched, branch- 
es leafy, divaricate. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, serrate, 
the lower ones 8-lobed, hairy, upper ones lanceolate, serrate, sessile. 
Flowers numerous at the extremities of the branches ; involucre with 
reflexed leaves; ray florets lanceolate, reflexed, about 8; pappus a 
4-toothed margin. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Dry soils. 4 — 5 feet. 

4. R. moi/lis, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, covered with a hispid 
pubescence. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dentate, slight- 
ly cordate, pubescent. Flowers at the extremities of the branches ; in- 
volucre hairy, with reflexed leaves; ray florets 12 — 20; pappus nearly 
wanting. — Yellow, if. Aug. — Oct. Western Geo. 2 — 8 feet. 

5. R. heliopsi'dis, (T. & G.) Stem erect, simple, somewhat pubes- 
cent, few branches at the summit. Leaves ovate or oval, slightly ser- 
rate, 5-nerved, glabrous, or slightly pubescent ; involucre minutely pu- 
bescent, scales somewhat spatulate. Florets of the disk brownish-purple. 
Achenia of the rays 3-angled, of the disk 4-angled. — Pale yellow. In 
wet places. Ala. and Geo. Aug. — Sept. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. R. digita'ta, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching, lower leaves 
pinnate, with pinnatifid segments ; the upper ones simple, pinnate, the 
highest 8-cleft. Involucre shorter than the disk, somewhat pubescent, 
with ovate-lanceolate leaves. Pappus a 4-toothed margin. Chaff to- 
mentose at the summit. — Yellow. 2f. August — Oct. Mountains. 
6—8 feet. 

7. R. lacinia'ta, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching. Leaves sca- 
brous, the lower ones pinnate, with 3-lobed segments, coarsely toothed, 
sometimes laciniate, upper leaves nearly sessile, ovate or 3-cleft, some- 
times dentate. Flowers in terminal panicles ; involucre shorter than 
the disk, with small ovate-lanceolate leaves ; ray florets about 6, dila- 
ted at the summit, 3-toothed ; pappus a crenate margin ; chaff tomen- 
tose. — Yellow. 2$. Aug. — Sept. In moist places. Middle Georgia, 
4—6 feet. 

8. R. heterophyl'la, (T. & G.) Stem erect, cinerous-pubescent. 
Leaves 3 — 5-parted, the terminal divisions cuneiform, and mostly 3-cleft, 
upper leaves simple, ovate, serrate. Achenia prismatic. — Mid. Flor. 

9. R. nit'ida, (Nutt.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves oval-ob- 
long and lanceolate, coriaceous, often toothed ; lower leaves petiolate, 
upper clasping. Heads large, showy. — Geo. and Flor. 3 — 5 feet. 

10. R. i^eviga'ta, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
somewhat coriaceous, shining. Radical leaves ovate-spatulate, dentate. 
Flowers on long, naked peduncles ; involucre with long lanceolate 
leaves; ray florets rather short. — Pale yellow. If. July — Aug. 
Pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 

11. R. disco'lor, (Pursh.) Stem pubescent, branching. Leaves alter- 
nate, sessile, strigose, pubescent, lanceolate, entire, or finely denticulate. 
Flowers terminal ; involucre somewhat pubescent ; ray florets 12 — 14, 
hairy on the outer surface ; pappus a minute margin ; chaff purple, 
fringed at the summit. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Middle and west- 
ern Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. R. spathula'ta, (Mich.) Stem pubescent, slender. Leaves entire, 
obovate-spatulate. Flowers solitary, terminal ; involucre imbricate, 



388 ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

expanding; ray florets 3-toothed. — Yellow. 2f. July — Aug. Mount- 
ains. 10 — 18 inches. 

13. R. hib/ta, (L.) Stem hirsute, sparingly branched. Leaves alter- 
nate, sessile, spatulate, lanceolate, hirsute, upper ones narrower. Flow- 
ers solitary, terminal ; involucre many-leaved, hairy ; exterior leaves 
the largest ; pappus wanting ; chaff fringed at the summit. — Yellow. 
If. June — Sept. Sandy soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

14.. R. arista'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, corymbosely branched. Leaves 
serrate, lanceolate, hispid. Flowers at the extremities of the branches ; 
involucre many -leaved, disk nearly hemispherical ; pappus subulate. — 
Yellow. If. 

Genus XLVIII— LEPA'CHYS. Raf. 

(From lepis, a scale, and pachus, thick.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets in a single series, neutral ; 
those of the disk perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, spread- 
ing, few. Receptacle elongated ; chaff truncated, thickened at 
the summit, partly inclosing the achenia. Achenia of the ray 
5-angled, hairy, abortive ; of the disk compressed, with a wing- 
like margin on one or both sides. 

1. L. pinna'ta, (T. & G.) {RudbecJcia tomentosa, Ell.) Stem erect, 
pubescent, slightly furrowed, much branched, branches erect, virgate. 
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, scabrous, tomentose, the lower ones 
somewhat trifoliate, upper leaves entire. Flowers at the extremities of 
the branches ; involucre tomentose, with nearly subulate reflexed leaves ; 
ray florets about 8 ; pappus almost wanting. — Yellow. 2f . Sept. — 
Oct. Middle and western Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus XLIX.— DRACOTIS. Cass. 
(From drakon, a dragon, and opsis, like.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets neutral, those of the disk 
perfect. Scales of the involucre in 2 series, the exterior largest, 
the inner very small. Receptacle cylindrical, pointed. Chaff 
linear. Achenia terete. Pappus none. 

1. D. amplexicau'lis, (Cass.) Stem branching, glabrous, striate ; up- 
per leaves cordate, clasping, entire, lower ones serrate. Heads solitary. 
—Yellow. Louisiana. 

Genus L.— HELIAN'THUS. L. 

(From helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower.) 

Involucre imbricate, leafy, generally squarrose; ray florets 
neutral, those of the disk perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
2-leaved, caducous. 

a. Florets of the disk dark purple. 

1. H. deb'ilis, (Nutt.) Stem decumbent, slender, branching. Leaves 
mostly alternate, ovate, serrulate. Heads terminal, on slender pedun- 
cles ; achenia pubescent ; pappus 2 chaffy awns. — %. E. Florida and 
Louisiana. 1 — 2 feet. 



ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 389 

2. H. angustifo'lius, (L.) Stem pubescent, slender, sparingly branched. 
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, withrevolute margins, scabrous on the upper 
surface, pubescent beneath, lower ones opposite, upper ones alternate. 
Floioers terminal ; ray florets about 12 ; pappus setaceous, ciliate. — Yel- 
low. U- Aug. — Oct. N. Jer. — Flor. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. H. rad'ula, (T. & G.) Stem erect, simple, hirsute, bearing a single 
head. Leaves opposite, obovate, or spatulate, entire, hispid, sessile, or 
nearly so. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, purple ; pappus 1 — 2 
awns. Achenia compressed ; rays 7 — 10. — %. Geo., Ala., and Flor. 
Aug.— Sept. 1—3 feet. 

4. H. heterophyl'lus, (Nutt.) Stem slender, simple, hispid below. 
Leaves hispid, lower ones oval or elliptical, upper lanceolate or linear ; 
all nearly sessile. Heads large; rays 14 — 18. — %. N. Car. and Flor. 
Dry soiL 1 — 2 feet. 

5. H. atroru'bens, (L.) Stem hispid, naked toward the summit, pa- 
niculately branched. Leaves opposite, spatulate, acute, crenate, sca- 
brous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, those toward the base 
very long, upper ones small, sessile. Flowers in terminal panicles ; in- 
volucre many-leaved, ciliate ; ray florets lanceolate, nerved. Seed com- 
pressed : pappus 2 long deciduous awns ; receptacle convex, with the 
chaff 3-cleft at the summit. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. 
Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

6. H. scaber'rimus, (Ell.) Stem scabrous, slightly branched. Leaves 
opposite, lanceolate, scabrous, nearly entire, whitish. Flowers few ; in- 
volucre with ciliate leaves ; ray florets from 16 — 26 ; pappus subulate. 
— Yellow. Sept. — Oct. Western Geo. 

7. H. tricus'pis, (Ell.) Stem scabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate- 
lanceolate, scabrous, whitish on the upper surface, brownish beneath, 
with revolute margins. Flowers terminal ; involucre with subulate 
leaves; ray florets 14 — 16; pappus subulate. — Yellow. 2f. Sept. — 
Oct. Western Georgia. 3 — 4 feet. 

8. H. mol'lis, (Willd.) Stem glabrous toward the base, scabrous at 
the summit, purple. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent 
beneath, lower ones opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers in a termi- 
nal panicle; involucre with numerous, pubescent, ciliate leaves; ray 
florets about 10, hairy ; pappus acuminate, pubescent. — Yellow. 2f . 
July — Aug. Common. 3 — 6 feet. 

9. H. gigan'teus, (L.) Stem somewhat scabrous toward the summit, 
branching. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, tapering at 
each end, on short petioles, ciliate at the base. Flowers in terminal 
panicles ; involucre many-leaved, fringed ; ray florets 12 — 14 ; pappus 
subulate. — Yellow. % . Aug. — Oct. Mountains. 5 — 8 feet. 

10. H. tomento'sus, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, scabrous, branched. 
Leaves long, ovate-lanceolate, tapering toward the summit, serrulate, 
scabrous on the upper surface, tomentose beneath, upper leaves alter- 
nate. Flowers terminal ; involucre with long, ciliate leaves, summits 
hispid ; ray florets 10 — 14 ; pappus subulate ; chaff 3-cleft, hairy to- 
ward the summit. — Yellow. 2£. Aug. — Oct. Western Geo. 4 — 6 ft. 

11. H. spathula'tus, (Ell.) Stem striate, scabrous toward the summit, 
sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, ovate, spatulate, tapering toward 
the summit, on short petioles, pubescent beneath. Flowers at the ex- 
tremities of the branches ; involucre with subulate leaves ; ray florets 



390 ORDER LXVni. COMPOSITE. 

pubescent, 10 — 12 ; pappus subulate, chaff hispid. — Yellow. 2£. Aug. 
— Oct. Middle and Western Geo. 4 — 6 feet. 

12. H. doroxicoi'des, (Lam.) Stem branching, hirsute above, gla- 
brous below. Leaves ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, pu- 
bescent beneath, nearly or quite sessile, usually opposite. Meads large, 
chaff hairy at the summit. — Wet places. 5 — 8 feet. 

13. H. steumo'sus, (L.) Ste?n erect, slender, glabrous, sparingly 
branched. Leaves opposite, narrow, tapering toward the summit, long, 
pubescent beneath. Flowers few, terminal, small for this genus ; in- 
volucre shorter than the disk, with fringed leaves ; ray florets about 6 ; 
pappus setaceous ; chaff pubescent. — Yellow. 2f. Aug.— Sept. 3 — 4 ft. 

b. Florets of the disk yellowish. 

14. H. hirsu'tus, (Raf.) Stem simple, or dichotomously branched 
above, hirsute, glaucous. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, ovate- 
lanceolate, broad or narrow, entire, or slightly serrate, acuminate, sca- 
brous, pubescent above, hirsute, pubescent beneath, 3-nerved. Heads 
few, 12-rayed; leaves of the involucre spreading, recurved, narrow- 
lanceolate, larger than the disk. — Yellow. 2f. July — Aug. Dry 
woods. Middle Georgia. 

A very variable species, especially in regard to the leaves, varying 
from a broad ovate-lanceolate leaf, 6 inches long 2 wide, to a very nar- 
row lanceolate leaf 2 inches long and 4 lines wide. The lower leaves 
often the smallest and narrowest, increasing in breadth upward. — H di- 
versifolius, Ell. y H. trachyphylhis, T. & G. 6 H. stenophyllus, T. & G. 

15. H. tkunca'tus, (Schw.) Stem glabrous, slender, simple, or divided 
at the base. Leaves opposite, rounded at the base, ovate, serrate, ta- 
pering toward the summit, hairy, sessile. Floioers terminal; involucre 
with the leaves somewhat hispid on the inner surface; ray florets 10 — 
12; pappus subulate; chaff of the receptacle pubescent. — Yellow. 2£. 
Aug. — Oct. Western Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. H. divaricatus, L. 

16. H. divarica'tus, (Ell.) Stem glabrous, branching. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, serrulate, tapering toward the summit, scabrous on the up- 
per surface, glabrous beneath. Flowers numerous, small, in terminal 
panicles ; involucre with acute ciliate leaves ; ray florets 5 — 10 ; pap- 
pus consisting of 2 hairy awns. — Yellow. 2£. Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 
5 — 6 feet. H. microcephalics, T. & G. 

17. H. Schweinit'zti, (T. & G.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching. 
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, sparingly serrulate, almost sessile, scabrous 
above, tomentose beneath. Heads on slender canescent peduncles ; 
scales of the involucre hairy ; rays 8 ; pappus short. — 1ST. Car. 3 — 6 ft. 

18. H. loxgifo'lius, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, tinged with purple, pa- 
niculately branched. Leaves long-lanceolate, nearly sessile, glabrous, 
the upper ones entire, the lower ones serrate and connate. Flowers 
at the extremities of the branches in corymbs ; involucre with nearly 
glabrous leaves ; ray florets about 10 ; pappus subulate ; chaff of the 
receptacle 3-toothed. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. In damp soils. 
Western Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

19. H. hispidu'lus, (Ell.) Stem erect, scabrous. Leaves opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering toward the summit, serrulate, slightly hispid 
beneath ; involucre with scabrous, ciliate leaves ; pappus subulate, pu- 
bescent ; chaff 3-toothed. — Yellow. June — Sept. Mid. Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 



ORDER LXVIH. COMPOSITE. 391 

20. H. sparsifo'lius, (Ell.) Stem scabrous, with long slender branch- 
es, nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate, coarsely toothed, hispid, 
scabrous, the upper ones nearly sessile. Flowers in loose panicles ; in- 
volucre with the leaves finely ciliate ; ray florets about 14; pappus 
subulate. — Yellow. U . Aug. — Oct. Western Geo. 

21. H. pubes'cens, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, hoary, nearly simple. 
Leaves sessile, opposite, cordate-ovate, pubescent, with scabrous margins. 
Floivers at the extremities of the branches ; involucre with villous, near- 
ly subulate scales; ray florets lanceolate, 14 — 16. Seed compressed; 
pappus 2 subulate scales, ciliate. — Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Middle 
Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. 

22. II. tentjifo'lius, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves opposite, 
on rather long petioles, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat tapering at the 
base, coarsely serrate, slightly scabrous on the upper surface, and 
slightly pubescent beneath. Floivers few, terminal ; involucre as long 
as the di^k, with ciliate leaves ; ray florets about 10; pappus subulate. 
— Yellow. U- Aug. — Oct. "Western Georgia. 

23. H. trachelifo'lius, (L.) Stem scabrous, branching. Leaves ovate - 
lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at the base, scabrous, tomentose beneath, 
whitish above. Flowers in terminal panicles ; involucre with subulate 
ciliate leaves; ray florets 10 — 12 ; pappus subulate ; chaff hairy at the 
summit. — Yellow. 2£. Sept. — Oct. Mountains. 3 — 4 feet. 

24. II. decapet'alus, (L.) Stem pubescent, scabrous, branched. 
Leaves ovate, somewhat spatulate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent 
beneath, upper ones alternate. Flowers in large panicles ; involucre 
with long ciliate leaves; ray florets 10 — 12, long; pappus subulate, 
pubescent. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Middle Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

25. H. multiflo'rtjs, (L.) Stem scabrous. Leaves scabrous, the low- 
er ones cordate, the upper ovate ; involucre many-leaved, smooth ; ray 
florets numerous. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

26. II. altis'simus, (L.) Stem glabrous, purple. Leaves alternate, 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, tapering toward the summit, on 
short fringed petioles ; ray florets about 16 ; involucre with ciliate 
lanceolate leaves; chaff green. — Yellow. 2£. July — Sept. Mount- 
ains. 6 — 8 feet. 

27. H. tubero'sus, (L.) Stem erect, scabrous, branching. Leaves 
ovate and cordate ovate, alternate, scabrous, serrate, the lower ones 
opposite; involucre with ciliate, linear-lanceolate scales; rays 12 — 15 ; 
pappus 1 — 4 subulate scales or chaffy awns. Foots bearing tubers, 
used as pickles. — From Brazil. Artichoke or Jerusalem Artichoke. 

Genus LI.— HELIANTHEL'LA. T. & G. 

(Diminutive of Helianthus.) 

Heads in any-flowered ; ray florets neutral ; those of the disk 
perfect ; scales of the involucre loose, somewhat foliaceous. 
Ovary compressed, with the margins winged more or less, and 
produced into a varying appendage. 

1. H. grandiflo'ra, (T. & G.) Stem pubescent, simple. Leaves lance- 
linear, hispid ; ray florets about 20 ; chaff 3-toothed. Achenia oval, 
compressed. — 3 — 4 feet. East Florida. 



392 OEDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

2. H. tenuifo'lia, (T. & G.) Stem scabrous. Leaves linear ; rays 
10 — 12 ; chaff 3-lobed. Achenia quadrangular, glabrous. — Sand-hills. 
Middle Florida. 

Genus LIT.— ACTESiOM'ERIS. Nutt. 
(From aktin, a ra^, and rneris, a part, alluding to the few rays.) 

Involucre many-leaved, with leaves nearly equal ; ray florets 
4 — 12, neutral ; those of the disk perfect. Receptacle chaffy. 
Seed compressed, margined, inclosed by the chaff; pappus 2- 
awned. 

1. A. helianthoi'des, (Nutt.) Stem erect, winged, hirsute, pubescent. 
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, acute, scabrous, villous beneath. Flowers in 
terminal corymbs ; involucre with leaves arranged in two series, ovate- 
lanceolate, hispid ; ray florets 10 — 12 ; those of the disk numerous, 
slightly winged, hairy. — Yellow. If. June — July. Middle Geo. 8 
4 feet. 

2. A. al'ba. Stem smooth and glabrous, or scabrous puberulent to- 
ward the summit. Leaves scabrous, serrate, narrow-lanceolate, upper 
ones often decurrent. Heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre shorter 
than the disk ; rays none ; pappus two slender awns. — White. Com- 
mon. Aug.— Oct. 3—10 feet. 

3. A. squareo'sa, (Nutt.) Stem erect, winged, glabrous when old, or 
pubescent toward the summit. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, on 
short petioles. Flowers in leafy panicles ; scales of the involucre ex- 
panding, arranged in 1 — 2 series ; ray florets about 4 beneath, lanceo- 
late. Seed slightly winged, somewhat hairy. — Yellow. U. Aug. — 
Oct. Middle and low country of Car. and Geo. 3 — 1 feet. 

4. A. nudicau'lis, (Nutt.) {Helianthus aristatus, Ell.) Stem scabrous, 
with slender branches. Leaves oval-lanceolate, toothed, sessile, acute ; 
upper ones alternate, the lower opposite. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; 
involucre pubescent ; ray florets small ; pappus consisting of two per- 
sistent awns. — Yellow. 2£. Sept. — Oct. Western Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus LIII— COREOP'SIS. L. 
(From Jcoris, a bug, and opsis, resemblance, from the form of the achenia.) 

Involucre double, each many-leaved ; the exterior equal, the 
inner one sub-coriaceous and colored. Receptacle chaffy, with 
flat scales. Seeds compressed, emarginate ; pappus consisting 
of 2 awns ; ray florets neutral ; those of the disk perfect, 

a. Leaves opposite, entire. 

1. C. lanceola'ta, (L.) Stem procumbent, glabrous toward the sum- 
mit, branching at the base. Leaves sessile, entire, linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate toward the base. Flowers solitary and terminal, on long, naked 
branches; involucre with the leaves about equal in both series; ray 
florets toothed at the summit, about 8. Seed compressed, winged ; 
pappus two subulate, hairy awns ; chaff narrow. — Yellow. If. April 
— May. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. C. crassifo'lia, (Ait.) (C. lanceolata, L.) Stem pubescent, striate, 



ORDER LXVin. — COMPOSITE. 393 

branched at the base. Leaves opposite, oblong; the lower ones alter- 
nate at the base, hirsute. Flowers terminal ; involucre glabrous ; ray- 
florets toothed, about 8. — Yellow. If. June — July. Pine-barrens. 
Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. C. latifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, smooth. Leaves opposite, 
undivided, ovate or ovate-oblong, dentate or serrate ; teeth mucronate. 
Heads in corymbs ; scales of the involucre linear, the outer spreading ; 
rays large, 5 — 6. — Yellow. Aug. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

4. C. argu'ta, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate. Flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles, dichoto- 
mously divided. — Yellow. If. Carolina. 

5. C. (Emle'ri, (Ell.) (C integrifolia, Poir.) Stem glabrous, angular. 
Leaves sessile, glabrous, acute at each end, clasping, and somewhat 
connate. Flowers opposite, axillary ; the upper ones in corymbs ; the 
exterior involucre smaller than the interior ; ray florets about 8, entire. 
Seeds compressed, margined. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. Upper Car. 

6. C. rose' a, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous, simple or branching. Leaves 
opposite, connate, linear, entire. Flowers on axillary and terminal pe- 
duncles ; exterior involucre small; ray florets about 8. Seed entire. — 
Pale red. If. Aug. — Sept. In damp pine-barrens. Common. 10 — 
12 inches. 

b. Leaves opposite, divided. 

7. C. auricula'ta, (L.) Stem pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves 
sessile, entire, oblong-lanceolate, finely pubescent, the lower ones di- 
vided, with 2 small lateral leaflets at the base. Flowers axillary and 
terminal ; exterior involucre equal to the interior ; ray florets about 8, 
toothed. — Yellow. 2f . Aug. — Oct. Mountains. 3 — 4 feet. 

8. C. diversifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, dichotomously divided. 
Lower leaves trifoliate, the leaflets obovate or nearly orbicular ; the 
upper ones spatulate-lanceolate, all entire, sprinkled with glandular 
hairs. Flowers on long peduncles ; exterior involucre equal to the inte- 
rior. Seed nearly round. — Yellow. If. May — July. Middle Car. 
and Geo. 

9. C. senifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem pubescent, branching toward the sum- 
mit, angled. Leaves sessile, opposite, trifoliate ; leaflets pubescent, lan- 
ceolate. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; exterior involucre equal to the 
interior, both pubescent ; ray florets pubescent on the outer surface, 
about 8. — Yellow. If. June — Aug. Pine lands. 2 — 3 feet. 

10. C. tincto'ria, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous. Leaves opposite, pinnately 
divided ; lobes linear, entire ; rays 3-lobed, twice the length of the in- 
volucre. Achenia oblong, wingless. A cultivated plant. — Yellow and 
purple. July — Oct. Lou. and Texas. 1 — 3 feet. 

11. C. verticilla'ta, (Ehr.) (C. delphinifolia, Lam.) Stem erect, angled, 
striate, glabrous, branching near the summit. Leaves opposite, trifoliate, 
sessile ; middle leaflet frequently 3-parted ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, 
entire. Flowers in corymbs; exterior involucre usually 10-leaved, in- 
terior 8 ; ray florets 8. Seed compressed ; chaff filiform, dilated at the 
summit. — Yellow. If. June — Aug. Dry soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. C. angustifo'lia, (Ait.) Stem simple, corymbose at the summit, 
glabrous, angled, slender. Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, linear 
or lanceolate, narrowed toward the base ; rays obovate, tapering at the 

17* 



394 ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 

base, 3-lobed. Achenia elliptic, winged ; pappus 2 short awns ; disk 
dark purple. — Yellow. June — Sept. Pine-barrens. H". C, Florida, and 
Texas. 1—3 feet. 

13. C. tenuifo'lia, (Ehr.) (C. verticillata, L.) Stem glabrous, slightly- 
angled, branching toward the summit. Leaves trifoliate, sessile ; leaf- 
lets many-parted, with linear, entire segments. Flowers in corymbs; 
exterior involucre with about 8 lanceolate leaves. — Yellow. If. July 
— Aug. Upper Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

14. C. trichosper'ma, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, branching, angular. 
Leaves opposite, pinnate ; leaflets serrate. Flowers in corymbs ; exte- 
rior involucre with 8 ciliate leaves ; ray florets 8, entire ; chaff linear -lan- 
ceolate. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Swamps. Upper Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

Tichseed. Sunflower. 

15. C. mi'tis, (Mich.) (C. Aurea, Ait.) Stem obtusely angled, glabrous, 
much branched. Leaves decussate, bipinnatifid ; segments linear-serru- 
late, slightly scabrous. Flowers in terminal panicles ; exterior involu- 
cre with serrulate, linear leaves ; interior pubescent at the base ; ray 
florets 8, obovate. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Wet grounds. 3 — 4 
feet. 

16. C. arista'ta, (Mich.) Stem pubescent. Leaves quinnate ; leaflets 
pinnate, serrate. Flowers large ; florets of the ray entire, broad, oval. 
Seed cuneate, obovate, 2-awned ; awns very long, divaricate. — Yellow. 
2f. Aug. — Sept. 

1*7. C. pcbes'cens, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, obtusely angled, sparingly 
branched. Leaves quinnate, pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 
the lateral ones small. Flotvers terminal, on long branches ; exterior 
involucre about equal to the interior ; ray florets 8, broader at the sum- 
mit. Seed slightly winged. — Yellow. If . Aug. — -Sept. Western Geo. 
2—3 feet. 

18. C. trip'teris, (L.) Stem glabrous, branching toward the summit, 
fistular. Leaves opposite, the upper ones trifoliate ; leaflets lanceolate, 
glabrous, entire, scabrous along the margin ; radical leaves pinnate ; ex- 
terior involucre not as long as the interior ; ray florets entire, 8. Seed 
slightly winged. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Oct. Western Geo. 4 — 6 ft. 

19. C. nuda'ta, (Nutt.) Stem erect, glabrous, striate, dichotomously 
divided toward the summit. Leaves subulate, linear, glabrous, those 
near the summit smaller. Flowers terminal; exterior involucre minute. 
—Red. 2f . July— Aug. Southern Geo. 2—3 feet. 

c. Leaves alternate. „ 

20. C. gladia'ta, (Walt.) Stem glabrous, striate, dichotomously di- 
vided toward the summit. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire, succu- 
lent ; radical ones on long petioles. Flowers terminal ; exterior invo- 
lucre smaller than the interior, expanding ; ray florets 3-lobed at the 
summit, 8. Seed with serrulate wings ; pappus pilose ; chaff purple. — 
Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Damp pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 395 

Genus LIV.— BI'DENS. L. 

(From bidens, two teeth, from the two awns of the fruit.) 

Involucre double, the outer unequal ; ray florets neutral when 
present, frequently wanting ; those of the disk perfect. Recep- 
tacle flat, chaffy ; pappus consisting of 4 retrorsely scabrous 
awns. Seed quadrangular. 

1. B. chrysanthemoi'des, (Mich.) Stem glabrous below, somewhat 
pubescent toward the summit, with opposite branches. Leaves sessile, 
opposite, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, somewhat connate ; invo- 
lucre double, the exterior one consisting of about 8 unequal, foliaceous 
leaves ; the interior of about the same number of equal, membranace- 
ous leaves ; ray florets lanceolate, 8. Seed compressed, oblong ; pap- 
pus consisting of 2 awns which are distinct, and 2 others very minute ; 
receptacle convex. — Yellow. If. Oct. — Nov. In wet, cultivated 
lands. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. B. conna'ta, (Muhl.) Stem glabrous, with opposite branches. 
Leaven opposite, lanceolate, toothed, glabrous, attenuate at the base ; 
the lower ones ternate, the upper ones simple, all sessile. Flowers sol- 
itary, on opposite peduncles ; the exterior involucre foliaceous, the in- 
terior chaffy; ray florets none. — Yellow. If. July — Oct. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

3. B. frondo'sa, (L.) Stem slightly pubescent, branching. Leaves 
lanceolate ; the lower ones pinnate, the upper ternate and simple, 
slightly pubescent. Flowers solitary, on opposite and terminal pedun- 
cles ; exterior involucre with unequal, ciliate scales ; the exterior chaff}' 1 ; 
ray florets none. — Yellow. If. June — Sept. Damp soils. Common. 

4. B. bipinna'ta, (L.) Stem glabrous, obtusely angled, with opposite 
branches. Leaves opposite, decussate, bipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, 
pinnatifid, slightly pubescent along the margin. Flowers on long, usu- 
ally terminal, peduncles ; exterior involucre with linear-lanceolate 
leaves ; interior leaves ciliate toward the summit. Seed slightly angled. 
— Yellow. If. July — Oct. Common. 2 — 4 feet. 

Genus LV. — ACMEL'LA. L. (Spilanthes, Jacq.) 
(From o,7cme, a point.) 

Involucre consisting of 12 leaves, arranged in a double series, 
pubescent, equal ; florets of the ray pistillate, of the disk per- 
fect. Seed quadrangular, compressed. Receptacle chaffy, with 
yellow scales. 

1. A. re'pens, (Pers.) Stem procumbent, rooting at the lower joints, 
pubescent. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, 
slightly pubescent. Flowers solitary, on axillary and terminal pedun- 
cles. Leaves of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acute ; ray florets about 
12. Seed oblong, naked, truncate at the summit. — Yellow. If. Sept. 
—Oct. Wet soils. 1—2 feet. 

2. A. Nuttall'ii, (T. & G.) Stem pubescent, diffusely branched. 
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate. Achenia with ciliate 
margins. — Lou. 



396 OEDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

Genus LYI— YERBESI'NA. L. 

(Name altered from Verbena.) 

Involucre many-leaved, in a double series ; ray florets pistil- 
late, about 5 ; disk florets perfect. Receptacle chaffy ; pappus 
2-awned. 

1. V. Yirgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, irregularly winged, pubescent, 
slightly furrowed. Leaves alternate, broad-lanceolate, acute, attenuate 
at the base, dentate, pubescent and scabrous on the upper surface, to- 
mentose beneath. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre imbricate, 
pubescent, shorter than the disk ; ray florets about 3, of the disk about 
15. Seed hairy, compressed ; chaff hairy. — White. 2f. Aug. — Sept 
Middle Car. and Geo. 3 — 6 feet. 

2. V. sinua'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent, winged toward the base, 
striate. Leaves alternate, sessile, spatulate, or ovate ; those on the 
middle of the stem sinuate, with acute lobes, scabrous on the upper sur- 
face, pubescent beneath ; involucre pubescent, shorter than the disk ; 
ray florets 3 — 5. Seed winged, cune ate. — White. %. Oct. — Nov. On 
the sea-coast. 4 — 6 feet, 

3. V. siegesbeck'ia, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent, 4 winged branch- 
es, bracteate. Leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, denticulate, pubes- 
cent, alternate at the base. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre 
pubescent ; ray florets 1 — 3, 3-toothed. Seed hispid, obovate ; chaff 
pubescent. — Yellow. If. June — Aug. Common. 4 — 6 feet. 

Genus LYIL— XIMENE'SIA. Cav. 
(Dedicated to Ximenes.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets in a single series, pistillate ; 
disk florets perfect ; scales of the involucre in 2 series. Recepta- 
cle flat, chaffy ; chaff embracing the achenia. Achenia flat, 2- 
awned. 

1. X. encelioi'des, (Cav.) Stem erect, canescent. Leaves opposite, 
or sometimes alternate, cordate-ovate, serrate ; petiole dilated at the 
base. — Yellow. Probably introduced. 

Sub-tribe III. 

Genus LVIIL— FLAVE'RIA. Juss. 

(From flavus, yellow.) 

Heads few-flowered, in glomerate fascicles, discoid, or with 1 
ray floret. Involucre oblong, with 3 — 4 scales, the outer ones 
broadest. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate, glabrous. 

1. F. linea'ris, (Laga.) Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent, suffruc- 
ticose. Leaves opposite, sessile, entire or toothed, linear, somewhat 
fleshy. — Pale yellow. Coast of East Florida. 



OKDEK LXYin. — COMPOSITE. 397 



Sub-tribe IV.— HELENIE'^E. 

Capitula usually heterogamous and radiate, with the rays in 
one series ; flowers of the disk perfect. Anthers usually black- 
ish. Pappus chaffy, rarely none. Leaves mostly alternate, 
rarely opposite. 

Genus LIX.— GAILLAR'DIA Fou. 
(In honor of Mr. Gaillard) 

Involucre many-leaved. Leaves in two series, with a foliace- 
ous appendix. Receptacle convex, hairy; ray florets neutral, 
3-parted ; disk florets perfect. Pappus chaffy, awned. Seeds 
oblong, villous. 

1. G-. lanceola'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent, slightly branched. 
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, sessile, with a few serratures, ciliate. 
Flowers solitary, terminal ; florets of the ray dilated at the summit, 8- 
cleft ; pappus 8 or 9 leaved ; leaves terminated by a long awn. — Yel- 
lowish or purple. 2f. May — Aug. Middle Geo. Pine-barrens. 1 — 
2 feet. 

2. G. pulchel'la, (Fou.) Stem branching, hirsute. Leaves lanceo- 
late ; the lower ones petioled, toothed ; the upper entire, acuminate ; 
involucre very hirsute ; corolla of the disk with subulate teeth ; chaff 
of the pappus with long awns. — Lou. 

Genus LX.— POLYP'TERIS, Nutt., or PALAFOX'IA, Laga, 
(From polu8, many, and pteron, a wing.) 

Involucre many-leaved, oblong, membranaceous ; florets all 
perfect, tubular. Seed quadrangular. Pappus chaffy. 

1. P. integrifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect, slightly scabrous, branching 
toward the summit. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, entire ; invo- 
lucre 8 — 12-leaved ; florets numerous, with a 5-cleft border. Seed some- 
what scabrous, tapering at the base ; pappus consisting of 9 membrana- 
ceous scales. — Southern Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus LXI.— HYMEjS t OPAP'PTJS. L'Her. 
(From Tinmen, a membrane, and pappus, a pappus.) 

Involucre many-leaved. Leaves obovate, nearly round, col- 
ored, expanding. Seed conical, somewhat pubescent. Pappus 
chaffy, consisting of short, obtuse, denticulate scales. Recepta- 
cle naked. 

1. H. scabios^'us, (L'Her.) Stem erect, angular, woolly, tomentose. 
Leaves alternate, long, pinnatifid, with remote segments, linear, den- 
tate ; the upper ones with entire segments, all tomentose beneath. 
Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre tomentose, the interior leaves 
large, colored ; florets all perfect, tubular. — White. 2f. April — May. 
Near Macon. 2 — 3 feet. 



398 ORDER Lxvm. — COMPOSITE. 

Genus LXIL— HELE'NIUM. L. 

(Named from Helen, the celebrated Grecian.) 

Involucre gamosepalous, many-parted ; florets of the ray pis- 
tillate, of the disk perfect. Pappus chaffy, 5-awned. Recepta- 
cle globose, naked. 

1. H. autumna'le, (L.) Stem erect, branching toward the summit, 
glabrous, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves sessile, alternate, 
lanceolate, doubly serrate, glabrous. Flowers in small corymbs ; invo- 
lucre 8-parted, with subulate segments, longer than the disk ; ray flo- 
rets about 10, 3-toothed at the summit. Seed angular, larger at the 
summit; scales of the pappus lacerate, mucronate. — Yellow, 2[. Oct. 
— Nov. In wet soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. H. paviflo'rum, (Nutt.) Stem branched, glabrous, slightly angu- 
lar. Leaves lanceolate, sub-serrulate ; scales of the involucre filiform ; 
rays 5-toothed ; pappus awned. Heads solitary or in pairs. — Geo. 

3. H. tenuifo'lium, (Nutt.) Stem much branched. Leaves crowded, 
narrow, linear, entire. — Miss. 

4. H. quadridenta'tuat, (Lab.) Stem erect, pubescent, slightly wing- 
ed by the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, entire, pubes- 
cent. Flowers solitary and terminal ; ray florets obovate, 3 — 4-toothed. 
Seeds hispid ; pappus consisting of 6 mucronate scales; receptacle ob- 
long. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. Swampy lands. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus LXIIL— LEPTOPO'DA. Nutt. 
(From leptos, slender, and pous, foot or support, from its slender stem.) 

Involucre many-leaved, in double series ; ray florets neutral, 
dilated at the summit, 3-cleft ; those of the disk perfect. Re- 
ceptacle convex, naked. Seed cylindrical. Pappus membrana- 
ceous, 8 — 12-leaved. 

1. L. Hele'nium, (Nutt.) (L. decurrens, Mac.) Stem glabrous, sim- 
ple, striate, solid. Leaves decurrent, somewhat denticulate. Flowers 
solitary, terminal ; involucre with the interior leaves subulate, pubes- 
cent at the summit ; ray florets somewhat pubescent. Seed glabrous ; 
pappus awned, fimbriate. — Yellow. 2£. March — April. Middle Geo. 
1—2 feet. 

2. L. inci'sa, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, 
sessile, not decurrent, pinnatifid or incised ; rays in 2 or 3 series. Ache- 
nia glabrous, striate. — Geo. 

3. L. fimbria'ta, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous. Leaves lanceolate-acute, 
usually decurrent ; radical ones oblanceolate ; scales of the pappus 
deeply fimbriate. — Florida. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. L. puber'ula, (Mac.) Stein simple, viscidly pubescent, striate, fist- 
ular. Radical leaves obovate or linear-lanceolate, slightly serrate ; 
cauline leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, notched, and tooth- 
ed. Flowers terminal, solitary ; involucre with the outer leaves subu- 
late, pubescent, longer than the interior ; ray florets numerous. Seeds 
hairy; pappus fimbriate. — Yellow. 2f. April — May. In damp soils. 
Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 



OKDEK LXVin. COMPOSITE. 399 

6. L. brevifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous below, pubescent at the 
summit. Leaves entire ; the lower ones spatulate, upper ones lanceo- 
late, decurrent. — North Carolina and Alabama. 

6. L. brachypo'da, (T. & G.) Stem, leafy, pubescent, or glabrous 
below, corymbose at the summit. Leaves lanceolate, entire or denticu- 
late, decurrent ; scales of the involucre shorter than the disk. Achenia 
hairy on the angles. — Yellow. Damp soils. N. Car. and Flor. 1 — 3 feet. 

Genus LXIV.— BALDWIN'IA. Nutt. 
(In honor of Dr. Baldwin.) 

Involucre many-leaved, imbricate, squarrose ; ray florets neu- 
tral, those of the disk perfect. Receptacle convex, pitted. Seeds 
immersed in the receptacle. Pappus membranaceous, consist- 
ing of 10 acute leaves. 

1. B. uniflo'ra, (Nutt.) Stem simple, slightly angled, pubescent. 
Leaves obovate, tapering at the base, narrow, entire, pubescent when 
young ; involucre squarrose, with the leaflets ovate, the interior mucro- 
nate ; ray florets numerous, pubescent, 3-toothed at the summit. Seed 
hairy, enlarged toward the summit ; pappus consisting of acute, mem- 
branaceous scales. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Damp soils. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus LXV.— ACTINOSPER'MUM. E1L 

(From akUn, a ray, and sperrna, a seed.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets 8 — 10, neutral ; those of 
the disk perfect. Involucre shorter than the disk ; scales in 2 
series, somewhat foliaceous. Receptacle with subulate chaff, 
united together. Achenia turbinate, silky, 12-radiate at the 
summit. 

1. A. angustifo'lium, (T. & G.) (Baldwinia multiflora, Nutt.) Stem 
glabrous, much branched, terete. Leaves linear, glabrous, sessile, alter- 
nate. Flowers at the extremities of the branches; involucre imbricate, 
many -leaved, glandular, oval ; ray florets small. Seed enlarged at the 
summit, pubescent ; pappus with numerous scales, expanding, obtuse. — 
Yellow. 71. Sept. — Oct. Middle and Southern Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus LXVL— MARSHAL'LIA. Schreb. 
(In honor of Humphrey Marshall.) 

Involucre imbricate ; florets all perfect, tubular. Receptacle 
chaffy. Pappus consisting of 5 membranaceous scales. 

1. M. latifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem leafy, branched above, glabrous. 
Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate ; involucre with acute, rigid scales ; pap- 
pus tawny. — Purple. May — June. Mountains. 1 foot. 

2. M. lanceola'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple, striate, pubescent 
toward the summit. Radical leaves obovate ; cauline ones lanceolate, 
all glabrous, entire, attenuate at the base, dilated at the stem, and 
clasping it. Flowers terminal ; involucre many-leaved, with membra- 



400 ORDER LXVin.— COMPOSITE. 

naceous margins ; florets numerous, covered externally with a glandu- 
lar pubescence. Seeds angular, striate ; receptacle flat. — Pale purple. 
If. April — May. Middle and upper districts of Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 
feet. 

3. M. angustifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem erect, branching, angular, gla- 
brous, or slightly pubescent toward the summit. Leaves long, narrow- 
lanceolate, glabrous ; the upper ones linear. Flowers solitary, terminal ; 
involucre with numerous subulate leaves. Corolla pubescent without. 
Seed angular. — Pale purple. 2£ . May — June. In pine-barrens. 1 — 
2 feet. 

Sub-tribe VL— ANTHEMIDE'^E. 

Heads mostly heterogamous ; ray florets pistillate, ligulate, 
or tubular ; disk florets usually perfect. Pappus small or none. 

Genus LXVIL— AN'THEMIS. L. (Maruta, Cass.) 
(From anthemon, a flower, in allusion to the great number of flowers.) 

Involucre hemispherical, many-leaved, with leaves nearly 
equal ; ray florets pistillate ; disk florets perfect. Receptacle 
chaffy, with the chaff rigid and acuminate. Seed naked. Pap- 
pus wanting or none. 

1. A. cot'ula, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, slightly angled, much 
branched. Leaves bipinnate, with subulate, 3-parted segments. Flow 
ers in terminal corymbs ; involucre many-leaved, pubescent ; ray florets 
10 — 12. Seed slightly angular ; receptacle conic, with subulate chaff. 
— White. 0. May — June. Moist soils. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

(3Iarutu cotula, D. C.) May-weed. 

Genus LXVIII.— ACHILLE'A. L. 

(Named after Achilles, a pupil of Chiron.) 

Involucre ovate, imbricate, many-leaved ; ray florets pistil- 
late, those of the disk perfect. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
none. 

1. A. millefolium, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, furrowed, branched 
at the top. Leaves bipinnate, with the segments linear, acute, glabrous. 
Flowers in dense, terminal corymbs ; involucre with the leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, pubescent ; ray florets 4 — 5. — White or pale red. 2£. July 
— Aug. 1 — 2 feet. * Yarrow. 

Genus LXIX.— LETJCAN'THEMTJM. Tourn. 
(From leuTcos, white, and anthemon, a flower.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray florets numerous, pistillate. In- 
volucre imbricate, broad. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. 
Achenia of the disk and ray similar. Pappus none. 

1. L. vulga're. Stem erect. Leaves laciniate toothed ; the cauline 
ones clasping, the radical ones spatulate. — White. 10 — 18 inches. 

Daisy. 



ORDER LXVni. COMPOSITE. 401 

Genus LXX.— TANACETUM. L. 

(Name uncertain, said to be altered from Athanasia.) 

Heads discoid, homogamous ; florets tubular and perfect, or 
heterogenous, with the lateral ones pistillate. Receptacle naked, 
convex. Achenia glabrous, angled. 

1. T. vulga're, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, suffructicose. Leaves bi- 
pinnately divided, incisely serrate. Heads in corymbs. — Yellow. June 
— Aug. Naturalized. Tansey. 

Genus LXXI.— ARTEMI'SIA. L. 

(Dedicated to the goddess Artemis.) 

Involucre imbricate, with the leaves round, connivent ; ray 
florets none. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. 

1. A. cauda'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous, paniculately 
branched. Radical and lower cauline leaves sub-bipinnate, pubescent ; 
upper ones sub-pinnate ; segments sub-setaceous, convex, alternate, di- 
varicate. Flowers erect, pedicillate, globose, in dense panicles. — Yel- 
low. 2f . July — Aug. On the sea-shore. 2 — 6 feet. Wormwood. 

Genus LXXII— SOL'IVA. Ruiz & Pav. 

(In honor of Salvator Soliva.) 

Involucre many-leaved. Flowers of the circumference sterile, 
of the center fertile ; fertile flowers apetalous. Stamens none ; 
sterile florets with the corolla funnel-shaped, slender. Seeds 
compressed. Pappus a winged margin, toothed. Receptacle 
naked. Gimnostyles. 

1. G. stolonif'era, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous, creeping. Leaves pin- 
natifid, with linear and sometimes toothed segments, somewhat succu- 
lent, sprinkled with a soft pubescence, tapering into a long base, all 
radical. Flowers sessile at the root ; involucre with oblong, hairy leaf- 
lets, in a single series. Seed terminated by the persistent style, en- 
larged at the summit. — 2f . Feb. — May. Damp soils. Low country. 

Sub-tribe VII.— GNAPHA'LEJE. 

Heads discoid, homogamous or heterogamous ; florets all tu- 
bular. Pappus capillary or setaceous, sometimes none. 

Genus LXXIIL— GNAPHA'LIUM. L. 
(From gnaphalon, soft down.) 

Involucre imbricate, with scales oblong, membranaceous, 
usually colored. Pistillate and perfect florets intermingled. 
Pistillate florets slender, 5-toothed. Stamens none. Perfect 
florets, stamens as long as the corolla. Seeds glabrous ; pappus 
pilose. Receptacle naked. 



402 OEDEK LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

1. G. polyceph'alum, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching toward the sum- 
mit, white, tomentose. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceoJate, slightly un- 
dulate, glabrous above, tomentose and white beneath. Flowers in ter- 
minal corymbs ; involucre conical, leaflets oblong, tomentose at the 
base. Seeds cylindrical glabrous ; pappus pilose. — "White. 0. Sept. 
— Oct. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. G. purpu'reum, (L.) Stem erect or decumbent, simple, tomentose. 
Leaves linear-spatulate, tomentose beneath, slightly mucronate, undu- 
late. Flowers in sessile, axillary clusters ; involucre with the leaflets 
ovate, glabrous, inner ones tinged with purple. Seed oblong, scabrous. 
— Purple. 2£. March — May. Common. 1 — 12 inches. 

Genus LXXIV.— ANTEOTA'RIA. Gsert. 

(From the resemblance of the pappus to the antenna of insects.) 

Involucre many-leaved, imbricate; scales oblong, scarious, 
colored. Flowers dioecious. Seeds glabrous. Pappus plu- 
mose. Receptacle naked. 

1. A. margarita'cea, (R. Br.) Stem erect, branching near the sum- 
mit. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute, tomentose beneath, 
entire. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs ; involucre many-leaved, with 
ovate, obtuse, white scales. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 
1—2 feet. 

2. A. plantaginifo'lia, (Hook.) Stem simple, with procumbent shoots, 
white, tomentose. Radical leaves spatulate, ovate, entire, nerved, to- 
mentose beneath ; cauline ones spatulate, lanceolate. Flowers in small, 
terminal corymbs ; involucre with the inner scales long, obtuse, colored. 
— Reddish-white. If. May — June. Car. and Geo. 

Sub-tribe VIII.— SENECIO'NEiE. 

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate ; 
rays in a single series. Pappus capillary. 

Genus LXXV— ERECHTI'TES. Raf. 

(Probably named after Erectheus.) 

Heads many-flowered, discoid, with the marginal flowers pis- 
tillate, the center ones perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 
in one series, linear. Receptacle naked. Ackenia oblong, stri- 
ate. Pappus setaceous, abundant. Herbaceous plants, with 
alternate simple leaves. 

1. E. hieracifo'lia, (Raf.) (Senecio hieracifolius, L.) Stem erect, 
pubescent, branching toward the summit, succulent. Leaves alternate, 
oblong, sessile, unequally notched, or pinnatifid, with acute lobes, pu- 
bescent. Flowers in compound terminal panicles ; involucre with gla- 
brous leaves, ventricose, with irregular setaceous leaflets at the base. 
Seeds slightly pubescent ; pappus bristly. — Yellowish-white. #. June 
— Sept. Rich soils. Middle Geo. 4 — 8 feet. Fire-weed. 



ORDER LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 403 

Genus LXXVI.— CACA'LIA. L. 

(An ancient name.) 

Involucre cylindric, oblong, scaly at the base; florets all 
perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose. 

1. C. suaveo'lens. (Senecio suaveolens.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves 
ovate-hastate, serrate, mucronate, petioles winged, colored. Flowers 
in erect corymbs; involucre many-leaved, slightly pubescent at the 
summit, with irregular subulate scales at the base ; disk florets numer- 
ous. Seed striate ; pappus pilose. — Yellow. If . Aug. — Oct. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 3 — 5 feet. 

2. C. atriplicifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous, slightly 
glaucous. Leaves cordate, somewhat reniform, glabrous, toothed, up- 
per ones lanceolate-ovate, glaucous beneath. Flowers in terminal co- 
rymbs ; involucre with 5 equal linear leaves, 5-flowered. Seed oblong, 
ovate, glabrous ; pappus scabrous ; receptacle with an irregular mass 
in the center, 3-cleft at the summit. — White, tinged with purple. If. 
July — Sept. In rich soils in Car. and Geo. 8 — 8 feet. 

3. C. ova'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching at the summit. Leaves 
ovate, obtusely toothed, 7-nerved, glaucous beneath. Flowers in fasti- 
giate corymbs ; involucre composed of 5 equal linear leaves. Seed gla- 
brous ; pappus pilose ; receptacle naked, with an irregular projection 
in the center. — White. If. Sept. — Oct. West Georgia and Alabama. 
3 — 1 feet. 

4. C. lanceola'ta, (Nutt.) Stem erect, branching toward the summit. 
Leaves long, narrow, lanceolate, remotely dentate, 7-nerved, glaucous 
beneath. Flowers in terminal corymbs ; involucre with 5 linear-lance- 
olate leaves, with membranaceous margins. Seed glabrous, striate ; 
pappus pilose ; receptacle small, with a projection in the center. — 
White. 2f . Aug.— Sept. Middle Geo. 4—6 feet. 

5. C. diversifo'lia, (T. & G.) Stem angled. Leaves not glaucous, 
somewhat 3-nerved, the lower ones ovate, somewhat cordate, obtusely 
toothed, upper leaves 3 — 5-lobed, somewhat hastate. — Flor. Swamps. 

Genus LXXVIL— SENE'CIO. L. 
(From senex, an old man, in allusion to the hoary appearance of sdme species.) 

Involucre cylindrical, scaly at the base; scales withered at 
the point. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray pistillate. 
Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose, abundant. 

1. S. loba'tus, (Pers.) Stem erect, glabrous, angled, fistulous, succu- 
lent. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, with spatulate lobes, dentate, glabrous. 
Flowers in corymbose panicles ; involucre with linear leaves ; ray flo- 
rets about 12, 3-toothed at the summit. Seed striate ; pappus bristly. 
— Yellow. #. Jan. — May. Common. 1 — 3 feet. Butter-weed. 

2. S. au'reus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, slender, sometimes pubes- 
cent near the base. Radical leaves cordate, or nearly orbicular, ser- 
rate, glabrous, supported on long petioles ; cauline leaves, the upper 
ones amplexicaul, pinnatifid, small, lower ones nearly orbicular. Flow- 



404: ORDER Li V 111. COMPOSITE. 

ers in terminal umbels. Seed striate ; pappus bristly. — Yellow. %. 
June— July. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. S. obova'tus, (Muhl.) Stem simple, glabrous. Radical leaves ob- 
ovate, or nearly orbicular, crenate, with an attenuated base ; cauline 
leaves much smaller, sessile, pinnatifid, tomentose at the base. Flowers 
in terminal panicles ; involucre many-leaved, glabrous ; ray florets 10 
— 12, those of the disk numerous. Seed striate ; pappus pilose. — Yel- 
low. 2f . June — July. Middle Carolina. 12 — 18 inches. 

4. S. tomento'sus, (Mich.) Stem tomentose or woolly. Radical leaves 
oblong, oval, serrulate, on long petioles ; cauline ones oval-lanceolate, 
more or less divided. Flowers in terminal umbels ; involucre many- 
leaved, tomentose at the base ; ray florets 12 — 15, nerved, slightly 3- 
toothed; pappus setaceous. — White. If. April — May. Middle Car- 
olina. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. S. millefolium, (T. & G.) Stem striate, lanuginous when young, 
ccespitose. Leaves bipinnately divided, segments parted, linear, mostly 
radical, somewhat fleshy. Heads in dense corymbs. — June. 12 — 18 in. 

6. S. balsami'ta. Stem erect, simple, slender, glabrous. Radical 
leaves oblong or ovate, serrate, glabrous, on long petioles ; cauline ones 
pinnatifid, toothed. Flowers in terminal umbels ; involucre many- 
leaved, membranaceous along the margins ; ray florets 10 — 12-cleft. 
Seed striate ; pappus bristly. — Yellow. % . April — May. Pine-bar- 
rens. 1 — 2 feet. 

1. S. fastigia'tus, (Schw.) Stem erect, glabrous. Radical leaves 
oblong-ovate, somewhat acute, dentate, glabrous ; cauline ones pinnati- 
fid, with the segments notched and toothed, the terminal segment ovate ; 
involucre with subulate leaflets. Seed striate ; pappus abundant, seta- 
ceous. — Yellow. If. May — June. Middle Car. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus LXXVIIL— AR'NICA. L. 

(From arnikis, a lamb's skin, from the resemblance of the leaves.) 

Involucre hemispherical ; leaflets equal, longer than the disk ; 
receptacle naked ; pappus simple ; florets of the ray often with 
5 filaments, destitute of anthers. 

1. A. nudicau'lis, (Ell.) Stem simple, hirsute, somewhat viscid. Rad- 
ical leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat viscid, decussate, dentate ; stem 
nearly leafless, or with 1 — 2 pair of ovate sessile leaves. Flowers in 
terminal racemes, on small branches at the summit of the stem ; leaves 
of the involucre hirsute, in a single series. Style 2-cleft. Seed obovate, 
striate ; pappus pilose.— Yellow. If. April — May. Damp pine-bar- 
rens. Common. 1 — 2 feet. Leopard 1 s-bane. 

Tribe V.— CYNA'RE^E. 

Heads sometimes dioecious, mostly homogamous or heterog- 
amous, discoid. 

Genus LXXIX.— CENTAU'REA. L. 

(From the Centaur^ Chiron.) 

Involucre scaly; scales lanceolate, imbricate. Receptacle 



OKDEK LXVm. COMPOSITE. 405 

bristly. Florets of the ray pistillate, funnel-shaped, irregular ; 
those of the disk staminate. Pappus consisting of three series, 
the exterior a toothed margin, the middle one composed of 10 
or 12 awns, the interior one short, hairy. 

1. C. America'na, (Nutt.) Stem erect, striate, somewhat branched. 
Leaves glabrous, sessile, oblong-ovate, repand toothed, the upper lance- 
olate ; scales of the involucre with pectinate appendages. Heads large, 
6howy. — Pale purple. Cultivated. Louisiana, Texas. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus LXXX.— CNI'CUS. Vaill. 
(From knizo, to prick.) 

Heads many-flowered ; florets of the disk and ray similar. 
Scales of the involucre coriaceous, produced into long, hard, 
spiny, pinnate appendages. Receptacle flat, covered with capil- 
lary bristles. Achenia longitudinally striate. Pappus triple. 

1. C. benedic'tus. Stem villous, branching. Leaves subpinnatifid, 
clasping, decurrent. Flowers yellow. — Q. Louisiana. 

Genus LXXXL— CIR'SIUM. Tourn. (Cnicus.) 
(From kirsos, a swelled vein, for which the thistle was supposed to be a remedy.) 

Involucre ventricose, imbricate, with spinose scales. Florets 
perfect. Receptacle hairy. Pappus plumose, or pilose. 

1. C. disco'lor, (Spren.) Stem erect, hairy. Leaves sessile, pinnati- 
fid ; segments 2-lobed, spinous, hairy on the upper surface, tomentose 
beneath. Flowers solitary, terminal, on leafy branches ; scales of the 
involucre ovate, terminated by a long spine. Seed smooth ; pappus 
plumose. — Purple. If. June — July. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 

2. C. altis'simum, (Spren.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate, scabrous, tomentose beneath, dentate, ciliate, radical 
ones pinnatifid. Flowers terminal ; involucre cylindrical, ovate ; scales 
ovate, spinous, appressed, pale ; receptacle villous. — Purple. If. July 
— Sept. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. C. Virginia'num, (Mich.) Stem simple, angled, tomentose toward 
the summit. Leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, with spiny teeth, acute, 
slightly hairy on the upper surface, tomentose beneath. Flowers soli- 
tary, terminal ; involucre ventricose ; scales appressed, carinate, ovate. 
Seeds slightly angled, oblong ; pappus plumose ; receptacle bristly. — 
Purple. If. June — Sept. Pine-barrens. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. C. mu'ticum, (Mich.) Stem erect, slender, branching. L,eaves pin- 
natifid, woolly, tomentose beneath; segments with spines, somewhat 
bracteolate, occasionally 3-lobed, pale, acute ; branches naked, 1-flow- 
ered ; involucre globose ; scales without spines, lanuginous. — Purple, 
If July — Sept. Mountains. 2 — 6 feet. Cnicus muticus, Pursh. 

5. C. gla'ber. (C muticum, Mich.) Stem erect, furrowed, sprinkled 
with hairs, branching. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, very long, hairy along the 
veins, spiny along the margins and angles ; segments 3 — 5-lobed. Flow- 
ers in panicles. Peduncles slender, slightly hairy; scales of the involu- 



406 ORDER LXVTQ. COMPOSITE. 

ere viscid, with a short spine. Seeds glabrous ; pappus plumose ; re- 
ceptacle bristly. — Purple. 2{ . May — Aug. Jn cultivated lands. 4 — 
6 feet. 

6. C. Lecon'tei, (T. <fe G.) Stem slender, angled, terminated by a 
single head. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with few spinous teeth, underside 
woolly, upper glabrous, decurrent ; scales of the involucre appressed, 
outer ones mucronate, inner ones longest and subulate-acuminate. — Pine 
woods. 2 feet. 

*7. H. horkid'ulum, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, woolly. Leaves ses- 
sile, pinnatifid, crowded near the base ; segments lobed, dentate, spi- 
nous, hairy on the upper surface, woolly beneath. Flowers solitary, 
axillary and terminal, on short peduncles. Bracts numerous, spinous ; 
spines arranged in pairs. Involucre ventricose ; scales lanceolate, slight- 
ly hairy. Seeds shining; pappus plumose. — Purple. If. March — 
April. Poor soils. Common. 

8. C. repan'dtjm, (Mich.) Stem erect, sometimes branching, but 
usually simple, woolly. Leaves oblong, narrow, amplexicaul, repand, 
sinuate, fringed with spines, woolly beneath ; branches 1 -flowered, leafy. 
Involucre with ovate-lanceolate scales, erect, spinous, slightly woolly ; 
receptacle bristly ; pappus plumose. — Purple. 2£. June — July. 2 — 3 ft. 

Sub-order IL— LABIATIFLO'RJE. 

Corolla mostly bilabiate, lower lip usually 3-lobed, the upper 
2-lobed or 2-toothed. 

Genus LXXXII— CHAPTAL'IA Vent. 
(In honor of the French chemist Chaptal.) 

Involucre imbricate; florets of the ray in a double series, the 
inner series pistillate, with long styles ; disk florets staminate, 
bilabiate. Receptacle naked. Seed oblong, striate, glabrous. 
Pappus pilose. 

1. C. tomento'sa, (Vent.) Root tuberous ; scapes several from each 
root, tomentose, 1-flowered. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, retrorsely den- 
tate, white, tomentose beneath. Flowers solitary, nodding, leaves of 
the calyx linear-lanceolate, tomentose ; ray florets 16 — 20 in the outer 
series. — White and purple. 2£ . March — April. Damp pine-barrens. 
12—18 inches. 

Sub-order III.— LIGULIFLO'R^E. 

Flowers all ligulate and perfect, arranged in a radiate manner. 

Tribe VI.— CICHORA'CE^E. 
Plants with a milky juice. Leaves alternate. 



ORDER LXYIII. COMPOSITE. 407 

Genus LXXXIII— APO'GON. Ell. 
(From a, without, and pagon, a beard.) 

Heads few-flowered, 10 — 12. Involucre 8-leaved, in a double 
series. Receptacle naked, flat. Achenia lanceolate, transversely 
striate. Pappus none. 

1. A. iiu'milis, (Ell.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves sessile, ligu- 
late, entire. Flowers terminal. — Yellow. April. 6 — 12 inches. 

Genus LXXXIV.— KRI'GIA. Schreb. 

(In honor of David Krieg.) 

Involucrum many-leaved, simple ; receptacle naked, pitted ; 
pappus double, exterior one chaffy, short, the interior pilose, 
rough. Stigmas linear-ligulate. 

1. K. Virgin'ica, (Willd.) A very small plant, glaucous, the primary 
leaves nearly round, entire, the rest lyrate, nearly glabrous. Scapes gla- 
brous, 1-flowered, becoming elongated by age ; involucrum glabrous. — 
Bright yellow. 0. April — May. Sandy soils. Xear Columbia. 

Dwarf Dandelion. 

2. K. Carolinia'na, (Xutt.) Scapes hairy, glandular, long. Leaves 
runcinate, pinnatifid, or lanceolate, lateral lobes acute, much smaller 
than the terminal one, sometimes dentate, sprinkled with jointed hairs; 
involucrum 10 — 20-parted, with linear-lanceolate segments, glabrous. 
Corolla slightly hairy at the base. Seeds obconic, striate ; pappus com- 
posed of 5 nearly round scales, and 5 scabrous bristles. — Bright yellow. 
2f . Feb. — April. Sandy soils. Common. 

Genus LXXXV.— CYN'THIA. Don. 

(Probably named from Mount Cynthus.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre many-leaved, scales in 2 
series, exterior the shortest. Receptacle flat. Achenia short, 
4-angled. Pappus in many series, the exterior paleaceous, the 
interior pilose. Harbaceous plants, glabrous, with glabrous leaves. 

1. C. Virginia'na, (Don.) (Krigia amplexicaulis, Xutt.) Stem bear- 
ing leaves, somewhat branched, glaucous; radical leaves spatulate, 
lanceolate, dentate, cauline ones somewhat amplexicaul, lanceolate or 
ovate; involucrum generally 12-parted. Flowers solitary, at the ex- 
tremity of the branches, large ; exterior pappus consisting of 8 scales. 
— Yellow. If . June— July. Middle and upper dist. of Car. and Geo. 
12 — 14 inches. 

2. C. dandeli'on, (D. C.) (Krigia dandelion, Xutt.) Scape bearing a 
few glandular hairs near the summit, slightly glaucous. Leaves oblong, 
narrow, slightly obovate ; secondary leaves linear-lanceolate, long, 
somewhat glaucous; involucrum 10 — 13-parted. — Yellow. If. April 
— May. Southern Georgia. 



408 ORDER LXVni. COMPOSITE. 

Genus LXXXVL— HIERA'CITJM. Tourn. 
(From hierax, a hawk.) 

Involucre imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus simple, per- 
sistent, setaceous. Flowers yellow, solitary or corymbose, 
perfect. 

1. H. Maria'num, (Willd.) {H. scabrum, Mich.) Stem erect, villous and 
scabrous, leafy. Leaves sessile, obovate, oblong, strigose, upper leaves 
small, lower ones denticulate. Flowers in irregular panicles ; involucre 
hispid, tomentose ; florets numerous. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. 
Mountains. 2 — 4 feet. 

2. H. Grono'vii, (L.) Stem leafy, erect, hairy, with a glandular pu- 
bescence. Leaves few, near the base of the stem, ovate, sessile, ciliate, 
pubescent. Flowers in terminal panicles; involucre cylindric, covered 
with hispid glands. Seed oblong, furrowed. — Yellow. If. June — 
Sept. In dry soils. Common. 

3. H. veno'sum, (L.) Stein herbaceous, glabrous toward the summit, 
hairy at the base. Leaves all radical, ovate-oblong, little hairy on the 
upper surface, entire, margins ciliate, with dark red veins. Flowers in 
corymbose panicles ; involucre glabrous. Seed striate, receptacle dot- 
ted. — Yellow. 2f . May — June. In shaded soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

Hawkweed. 



4. H. panicula'tum, (L.) Stem leafy, erect, pubescent beneath, gla- 
brous above. Leaves lanceolate, denticulate, glabrous. Flowers in large 
compound panicles, on slender peduncles ; involucre with the interior 
leaves very narrow, glabrous. Seed furrowed. — Yellow. 2f . July — 
Sept. Mountains. 

Genus LXXXVIL— NAB ALUS. Cass. (Prenanthes, L.) 
(From nabla, a harp, alluding to the lyrate leaves.) 

Involucre cylindric, in a single row, somewhat imbricate at 
the base with a few appressed scales ; receptacle slightly pitted. 
Florets perfect. Stigmas somewhat hispid, filiform. Fruit nar- 
row, angled ; pappus pilose, erect, persistent, colored, scabrous. 

1. K al'bus. {P. serpentaria, Pursh.) Stem erect, nearly glabrous. 
Leaves hastate, radical ones palmate, cauline ones on long petioles, sin 
uate, pinnatifid, somewhat 3-lobed, middle segment 3-parted, with a 
long, attenuated base, upper leaves lanceolate. Flowers in terminal, 
paniculate racemes, nodding ; florets 12 in each capitulum ; involucrum 
8-cleft. — Purple. 2f. Mountains. Aug. — Oct. JJpper district of Car- 
olina. Rattlesnake-root. White Lettuce. Liorts-foot. 

2. N". altis'simus, (Hook) {Prenanthes altissima, L.) Stem erect, 
branching, glabrous. Leaves 3-lobed, alternate, angled, nearly hastate, 
slightly dentate, scabrous on the margin. Flowers in axillary racemes, 
nodding ; involucre about 5-flowered, cylindrical. Seeds angular, stri- 
ate. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. 4 — 6 feet. 

8. N. Fra'seri, (D. C.) {Prenanthes alba, Ell.) Stem herbaceous, 
much branched, pubescent, slightly angled ; radical leaves hastate, an- 
gled, toothed; upper leaves spatulate, obovate-lanceolate, toothed and 
angled. Flowers in loose panicles, in terminal clusters, nodding ; florets 
8 — 12 in a capitulum; involucrum with 8 oblong pubescent leaves 



ORDER LXVin. COMPOSITE. 409 

fringed at the summit. Seeds cylindrical, striate ; pappus 1, scabrous. — 
Pale yellow. 2f. Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. 2 ft. Gall of the earth. 

4. N. barba'tus, (T. & G.) (P. crepidinea, Ell.) Stem branching to- 
ward the summit. Leaves broad-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, up- 
per ones sessile, denticulate, scabrous. Flowers in terminal panicles, 
composed of nodding clusters; involucrum with 8 — 10 nearly glabrous 
leaves; florets numerous; pappus scabrous. — If. Sept. Mountains. 
4—6 feet. 

5. N. virga'tus, (D. C.) (P. virgata, Mich.) Stem erect, simple, gla- 
brous. Leaves sessile, runcinate, somewhat amplexicaul, upper leaves 
narrow-lanceolate. Flowers in long terminal racemes, pendulous, 10 — 
12 florets in a capitulum ; involucrum with 8 oblong, obtuse leaves, 
fringed at the summit. Seeds cylindric, striate ; pappus scabrous. — 
Pale purple. If. Oct. Pine-barrens. Common. 

6. N". corda'tus, (Hook.) Stem erect, generally glabrous. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, cordate at the base, irregularly toothed, cil- 
iate, upper leaves lanceolate. Flowers in racemose panicles, nodding, 
6 — 8 flowers in a head ; leaves of the involucrum usually 8, with mem- 
branaceous margins. Seeds striate, with scabrous pappus. — Yellow. 
2f . July — Aug. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

7. N. peltoi'deus, (Hook.) Stem simple, slender. Leaves on long 
petioles, deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate, lower ones triangular, 
glabrous, slightly glaucous beneath. Flowers in axillary racemes, 5 in 
each capitulum ; involucrum with 5 equal linear leaves, with membra- 
naceous margin. Seeds glabrous, angled ; pappus hairy. — Purple. If. 
Sept. Mountains. 2 feet. 

Genus LXXXVIIL— LYGODES'MIA. Don. 
(From lugodes, pliant, and mia, one, the allusion not apparent.) 

Heads 5 — 10-flowered. Florets in 1 or 2 series. Involucre 
5-leaved, cylindrical, elongated, with a few scales at the base. 
Achenia linear, compressed, sulcate. Pappus abundant, pilose, 
colored, scabrous. Herbaceous plants, glabrous, and somewhat 
glaucous, with linear, subulate, entire leaves. 

1. L. aphyl'la, (D. C.) Stem slender, angled, dichotomously divided 
at the summit. Leaves radical, linear, filiform, minute bracts at the 
origin of the branches. Heads showy, involucre cylindrical. Achenia 
long, slender. — Rose-color. Pine-barrens. Geo., Flor. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus LXXXIX.— TARAX'ACUM. Haller. {Leontodon, L.) 
(From tarasso, to disorder.) 

Involucre imbricate, with a few loose scales at the base ; flo- 
rets perfect ; receptacle naked ; pappus stiped. 

1. T. dens-lionis, (Dis.) (L. taraxacum, L.) Scapes several from each 
root, terete, glabrous, each 1-flowered. Leaves all radical, runcinate, 
oblong ; segments lanceolate, toothed, slightly hairy when young ; in- 
volucrum with numerous leaves, equal, sometimes colored ; scales re- 
flexed. Seeds oblong, angled ; pappus stipitate, hairy ; receptacle con- 
vex. — Yellow If . March — April. Damp soils. Introduced. 

Dandelion. 
18 



410 ORDER LXVm. COMPOSITES. 

Genus XC.— PYRRHOPAP'PUS. D. C. (Borkhausia.) 
(From purros, reddish, and pappus.) 

Involucre many-leaved, with a dorsal tooth near the summit, 
surrounded at the base with a few short subulate scales. Pap- 
pus hairy, stipitate. Receptacle naked. Florets perfect. 

1. P. Carolinia'nus, (D. C.) (B. Caroliniana, Nutt.) Stem erect, few- 
flowered, pubescent toward the summit. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, old 
ones pmnatifid, pubescent along the margins, narrow. Flowers few, 
solitary, on the summit of the branches ; florets numerous. Seed com- 
pressed, striate. — Yellow. 2f. March — July. Common. 

Genus XCL— LACTU'CA. Tourn. 
(From lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.) 

Involucre cylindrical, imbricate, scales membranaceous at the 
margin. Receptacle naked. Florets perfect. Seeds smooth ; 
pappus simple, stipitate. 

1. L. elonga'ta, (Muhl.) Stem glabrous. Leaves long, smooth be- 
neath, the lower ones runcinate, amplexicaul, entire, toothed, the upper 
ones lanceolate ; involucre imbricate, reflexed when old ; florets nu- 
merous. Flowers in corymbose panicles. Seeds compressed • pappus 
stipitate, hairy. — Yellow. 2f . July — Sept. 4 — 7 feet. Fire-weed. 

2. L. geaminifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves 
sessile, long, tapering to an acute point, narrow, sometimes amplexicaul, 
usually undivided. Flowers in loose, leafless panicles ; leaves of the 
involucre subulate. Seeds compressed, lanceolate. — Purple. 2f . April 
— Sept. In dry soils. 

3. L. sagittifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves ses- 
sile, sagittate, tapering toward the apex, entire, glabrous. Flowers in 
loose, terminal panicles; involucre with glabrous, subulate leaves. Seed 
compressed; pappus hairy. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Middle Car- 
olina. 4 — 6 feet. 

Genus XCIL— -MULGE'DIUM. Cass. 
(From mulgeo, to milk.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre many-leaved, imbricate. 
Receptacle alveolate, naked. Achenia glabrous, compressed, 
with the summit extending into a short beak. Pappus capil- 
lary. Herbaceous plants, with undivided or pinnatifid leaves. 
Flowers blue. 

1. M. acuminatum, (D. C.) (Sonchus acuminatus, "Willd.) Radical 
leaves slightly runcinate, spatulate, ovate, sometimes angled, acutely 
toothed. Petiole winged, upper surface glabrous, lower pubescent. 
Cauline leaves ovate, acuminate, toothed in the middle, petioled. — Pur- 
ple. If. Aug. — Sept. Rich soils. 

2. M. Florid a'num, (D. C.) {Sonchus Floridanus, L.) Stem erect, 
glabrous. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, lyrate, sometimes with 1 or 2 
runcinate segments, acutely denticulate. Flowers in long slender pani- 
cles. Peduncles scabrous. — Blue. If. July — Sept. Upper districts 
Car. and Geo. 3 — 5 feet. 



OBDER LXIX. L0BELIACEJ3. 411 

Genus XCIIL— SON'CHUS. L. 

(The Greek name.) 

Involucre many-leaved, imbricate, connivent at the summit. 
Florets perfect. 'Receptacle pitted, naked or scabrous. Stigma 
hispid. Pappus hairy. 

1. S. Carolinia'nus, (Willd.) (S. asper, Vill.) Stem erect, glabrous, 
fistulous. Leaves lanceolate, acute, toothed, undulate, auriculate, 
somewhat clasping at the base. Flowers in lateral and terminal um- 
bels. Seed compressed, striate; pappus sessile. — Yellow. ©. March 
— April. Common. 1 — 3 feet. 

2. S. olera'ceus, (L.) Stem terete, fistulous, succulent, glabrous, 
branching. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sinuate, pinnatifid, 
segments acute, slightly toothed. Flowers in axillary umbels, with to- 
mentose spots on the peduncles. Seed oblong, compressed, sulcate. — 
Yellow. %. March — July. Common. Sow-thistle. 

3. S. macrophyl'lus. Stem erect. Leaves lyrate, pubescent, and 
hispid on the under surface, cordate at the base, large. Flowers in pan- 
icles. Peduncles hirsute. — Blue. If. Aug. — Sept. In shaded, damp 
soils. 4 — 7 feet 

Order LXIX.— LOBELIA 'CE^E. (Lobelia Family) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, inserted into the calyx, 
5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted into the calyx, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Ovary 2 — 3-celled ; 
ovules numerous. Styles simple. Stigma surrounded by a 
cup-like fringe. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, many-seeded, dehiscing 
at the apex. Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 

Genus I— LOBE' LI A. L. 5—1. 
(In honor of Lobel, a French botanist.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side 
nearly to the base. Stamens united into a tube. Stigma 2- 
lobed. Capsule sometimes attached to the calyx. Seeds mi- 
nute, scabrous. 

1. L. Kal'mii, (L.) Stem erect, slender. Radical leaves spatulate, 
ovate or nearly orbicular, pubescent ; cauline leaves linear, nearly sub- 
ulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, small, scattered, on short pedun- 
cles. Calyx 4-cleft, with subulate segments. Corolla with a 3-cleft 
border ; the lateral segments subulate, reflexed, the middle segment 3- 
cleft. Anthers cohering into a tube, villous at the summit. Stigyna 
villous. Capsule 2-valved, 2-celled, surrounded by the calyx. — Blue. 
If. May — Aug. Damp soils. Common. L. NuttaUii, Roem. 

2. L. pallida, (Muhl.) (Spicata.) Stem slender, glabrous, slightly 
angled. Leaves lanceolate, cuneate, denticulate, the upper ones small, 
the lower ones 2 inches long. Flowers in racemes, remote. Calyx 
small. Anthers exserted. — Blue. 1$.. Through the summer. Damp 
soils. 



412 ORDER LXIX. LOBELIACE.E. 

Yar. Claytonia'na, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves sessile, 
oblong, serrulate ; radical ones entire. Flowers in crowded spikes. 
Stamens longer than the tube of the corolla. — Blue. If . July — Sept. 
Near Columbia. L. spicata, Lam. 

3. L. Boykin'ii, (T. & G.) Stem glabrous, branching ; branches erect, 
virgate. Leaves narrow-linear, erect, glandular-denticulate ; racemes 
lax, elongated ; pedicels slender, flattened. Calyx turbinate ; lobes 
narrow, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. — Blue. Wet places. Geo. and 
Flor. 

4. L. Dortman'na, (L.) Stem erect, simple, nearly naked ; cauline 
leaves minute ; radical leaves in a tuft, terete, fleshy, consisting of two 
tubes. Flowers 3 — 4, in a terminal raceme, nodding. — Pale blue. 2f . 
July — Sept. Ponds and swamps. Geo. and northward. 9 — 18 inches. 

Water Gladiole. 

5. L. paludo'sa, (Nutt.) Stem erect, smooth, nearly naked ; small 
stems from each root, fistulous. Leaves smooth, fleshy, crenulate; rad- 
ical ones linear-oblong, crowded, obtuse ; cauline ones linear. Flowers few, 
remote, with minute bracts. — Pale blue. 2f. Swamps. Geo. and 
northward. 2 feet. Marsh Lobelia. 

6. L. leptosta'chys, (D. C.) Stem erect. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
denticulate, sessile ; racemes elongated ; bracts linear-lanceolate, den- 
tate ; lobes of the calyx narrow, linear ; lower lip of the corolla pilose. 
—Blue. If . Geo. and Car. 1—2 feet. 

7. L. buvifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves scat- 
tered, dentate, oblong-linear, smooth ; lower ones narrowed into a short 
petiole. Flowers in spicate racemes ; pedicels much shorter than the 
linear dentate bracts ; tube of the calyx short, pilose ; lobes lanceo- 
late. Corolla much longer than the lobes of the calyx. — Blue. 2f. Ala. 

8. L. glandulo'sa, (Walt.) Stem erect, glabrous, leafy near the base. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat anrplexicaul and ciliate at 
the base. Flowers in racemes ; pedicels bracteate. Calyx hairy ; seg- 
ments dentate ; margin of the corolla hairy. — Blue. If. Sept. — Oct. 
Damp pine-barrens. Common. 

9. L. infla'ta, (L.) Stem erect, branching, hirsute. Leaves oval-lan- 
ceolate, sessile, serrate. Flowers in paniculate racemes. Calyx inflated, 
glabrous. Corolla small. Stamens about as long as the tube of the co- 
rolla. — Pale blue. If. July — Sept. Upper country of Car. and Geo. 

The seeds of this species are used in large quantities in the Botanico- 
medical practice, as an emetic. 

10. L. syphtlit'ica, (L.) Stem erect, hirsute, angled, nearly glabrous 
near the base. Leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, large, crenulate ; lower 
ones nearly glabrous. Flowers in leafy racemes. Calyx hispid, with 
reflexed margins. Corolla large. — Blue. If. July — Sept. Moun- 
tains. 2 — 3 feet. 

11. L. puber'ula, (Mich.) Stem erect, slightly angled, silky, pubes 
cent. Leaves sessile ; the lower ones obovate, obtuse, serrulate ; the 
upper ones lanceolate, finely serrulate, with a silky luster. Flowers in 
racemes, on short pedicels, all turning to one side ; segments of the 
calyx villous, lanceolate, ciliate. — Blue. If. Sept. — Oct. Wet soils. 
Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. L. am^e'na, (Mich.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent, angled near the 



ORDER LXX.- — OAMPANULACE.E. 413 

summit. Leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, decurrent, sometimes incised, 
pubescent. Flowers in leafy racemes, secund. Calyx with subulate 
segments. Anthers blue. Stigma compressed. — Bright blue. 2f.. 
Sept. — Oct. In wet places. Common. 2 — 4 feet. 

13. L. cardina'lis, (L.) Stem erect, terete, simple, pubescent toward 
the summit. Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, cuneate, sprinkled with 
hairs. Flowers in terminal, secund racemes ; segments of the calyx 
subulate ; filaments red. Anthers blue. — A bright scarlet flower. If . 
Sept. Damp rich soils. 2 — 3 feet. Cardinal Flower. 

The L. inflata and syphilitica are possessed of powerful medical properties; the 
former of which has long been esteemed by the profession as a remedial agent in 
asthma and other pectoral affections. It is now considered by a respectable and in- 
fluential class of practitioners, as of prime importance in the'cure of almost all dis- 
eases. Its being of universal application, we believe they found on the hypothesis of 
its possessing alterative powers in a high degree. Of the truth of these assertions we 
are entirely unable to judge. 

Order LXX.— CAMPANULA'CEJS. 

Calyx superior, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla inserted into 
the top of the calyx, with a 5-cleft border, marcescent, regular ; 
aestivation valvate. Stamens 5, inserted into the calyx. An- 
thers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with many ovules. Style sim- 
ple, hairy. Fruit dry, crowned by the persistent calyx and 
corolla, dehiscing by pores. Seeds numerous, attached to a 
central placentae. Herbaceous plants. 

Genus I— CAMPANULA. Tourn. 5—1. 
(From campana, a bell, from the shape of its flower.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, closed with valves, 
bearing the stamens. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule inferior, 3- 
celled, dehiscing by lateral pores. 

1. C. amplexicau'lis, (Mich.) Stem generally simple, erect, pentan- 
gular, with the angles retrorsely aculeate. Leaves cordate, sessile, pu- 
bescent, persistent, 5-parted, with lanceolate segments. Corolla with 
5 acute segments. Anthers purple. Style pubescent toward the sum- 
mit. Capsule oblong, angled. — Purple. %. April. Very common. 6 
— 12 inches. Specularia perfoliata, D. C. 

2. C. acumina'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, remotely serrate, cuneate, glabrous. Flowers generally 3 in 
the axil of each leaf. — Blue. 2f.. July — Aug. Mountains. 

C. Americana, L. 

3. C. divarica'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves sessile, lan- 
ceolate, with a long, tapering summit, a cluster of small leaves in each 
axil. Flowers small, solitary, in terminal panicles, with subulate leaves 
at each division. — Sept. Mountains. 2 feet. 

4. C. erixoi des, (L.) Stem decumbent, diffuse, flexuous, angled by 
the decurrent leaves. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, decurrent, with mar- 
gins and midrib retrorsely aculeate. Flowers in panicles, small, solitary, 
terminal, nodding. — Aug. Mountains. 



414: OEDER LXXI. VACCINACE.E. 



Order LXXI.— VACCINA'CEJE. 

Calyx adhering to the ovary, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla urceo- 
late, or sometimes campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 8 — 10, 
inserted into an epigynous disk. Anthers with 2 horns at the 
base, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 4 — 5-celled, many-seeded. Style 
simple. Fruit a berry, crowned by the limb of the calyx, suc- 
culent. Shrubs, with alternate, coriaceous leaves. 

Genus I— VACCIN'IUM. L. 10—1. 
(Latin name of the plant) 

Calyx superior, 4 — 5-cleft. Fruit globose, 4— 5-celled, 
many-seeded. Stamens 8 — 10. 

a. Leaves deciduous. Corolla campanulate. 

1. V. frondo'stjm, (Willd.) ( V. glaucum, Mich. Gaylussacia fron- 
dosa, T. & G.) A branching shrub, with the young branches pubescent. 
Leaves oval, lanceolate, entire, rugose, somewhat glaucous, slightly pu- 
bescent, sprinkled with glandular dots. Flowers 6 — 8, in racemes. Co- 
rolla contracted at the mouth, somewhat urceolate. Fruit large, blue. — 
White. ^ . April. In close soils. 3 feet. 

Whortleberry. Blue-tangle. 

2. V. resino'sum, (Ait.) (Gaylussacia resinosa, T. & G.) A branch- 
ing shrub. Leaves oblong, oval, entire, sprinkled with resinous dots 
on the under surface. Flowers in lateral racemes, secund. Corolla 
short, ovate. Stame?is exserted. Berries large, black. — White. April 
— May. Mountains. Black Whortleberry. 

3. V. dumo'sum, (Curt.) (Gaylussacia hirtella, T. & G.) A small 
shrub, with the young branches sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaves 
cuneate, obovate, nearly sessile, finely serrulate, with revolute margins. 
Flowers in leafy racemes ; pedicels solitary, axillary ; peduncles and 
calyx roughened with glandular dots. Corolla angled. Berries nearly 
black. — White. ^ . June. Pine-woods. 12 — 18 inches. 

Low Swamp Whortleberry. 

4. V. hirtel'lum, (Ait.) Branches virgate, somewhat cinerous. Leaves 
narrow, obovate-oblong, mucronate, entire, somewhat hispid beneath. 
Racemes leafy ; pedicels hispid, bracteate. Stamens somewhat exserted. 
Anthers not awned. ^ . Car. 

5. V. arbore'um, (Mich.) A small tree ; young branches long, 
straight, pubescent ; old ones crooked. Leaves broad, lanceolate, ser- 
rulate, pubescent on the under surface, on short petioles, sometimes 
nearly round. Flowers in leafy racemes, nodding. Calyx small. Co- 
rolla 5-cleft, angled ; segments reflected. Stamens very short. Berry 
globular, black, dry. — White. ^ . April — May. Dry fertile soils. 

Farkle Berry. 

6. V. DiFFu'suM, (Ait.) Branches diffuse, smooth. Leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, obsoletely serrate. Racemes leafy ; pedicels 1-flow- 
ered, naked. Fruit globose, black. — Red and white. ^ . A 
shrub. S. Car. 10—15 feet. 



ORDER LXXI. VACCINES. 415 

7. V. stamin'eum, (L.) A shrub, erect, branching ; young branches 
pubescent. Leaves oval, lanceolate, nearly acute, entire, glaucous be- 
neath. Flowers solitary, axillary, nodding, on filiform peduncles ; seg- 
ments of the corolla oblong, acute. Antlters exserted, awned. Berry 
blue.— White. ^ . April— May. Dry soils. 2—3 feet. 

Whortle or Huckle Berry. 

8. V. eleva'tum, (Banks & Sol.) Branches smooth ; young ones pu- 
bescent. Leaves oval, obovate, lanceolate, elliptic-oblong, acute, entire, 
glaucous beneath, pubescent; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform. Co- 
rolla campanulate. Anthers exserted, awned. Fruit globose, white. — 
White. £. Car. 

b. Leaves perennial. 

9. V. myrtifo'lium, (Mich.) A creeping shrub, glabrous. Leaves 
oval, petiolate, denticulate, shining. Flowers small, in sessile, axillary 
clusters. Corolla campanulate, 5-toothed. Anthers unawned. Fruit 
small, on pedicels, globose, black. — White. ^ . April — May. Car. 
and Geo. 

10. V. mtrsini'tes, (Mich.) A small shrub, erect, branching ; young 
branches pubescent. Leaves small, sessile, ovate, mucronate, serrulate, 

{>ubescent when young, dotted on the under surface. Flowers in axil- 
ary and terminal racemes ; segments of the calyx acute, red. Corolla 
oblong or nearly urceolate. — Pale purple. *> . March — April. Pine- 
barrens. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

c. Corolla urceolate. 

11. V. corymbo'sum, (L.) A shrub, with few, geniculate, straggling 
branches. Leaves nearly sessile, long-lanceolate, acute, finely serrulate, 
pubescent when young. Flowers in crowded racemes, near the summit 
of the stem, bracteate. Corolla oblong, slightly angled. Stamens 
short, with unawned anthers ; filaments hairy. Style longer than the 
stamens. Berries black. — White, tinged with purple. ^ . March- 
April. In damp soils. Common. 4 — 8 feet. Bilberry. 

Var. amce'num, (Pursh.) Corolla cylindric. Calyx reflexed. Flow- 
ers large ; young branches reddish. 

Var. fusca'tum, (Ait.) Leaves serrulate. Flowers in terminal, co- 
rymbose racemes, nodding. Corolla cylindric, striped with red. Calyx 
brown. 

12. V. virga'tum, (L.) A shrub, with the flower-bearing branches 
nearly leafless. Leaves oblong-serrulate, glabrous on both surfaces. 
Flowers in sessile racemes, bracteate. Calyx with reflexed segments. 
Corolla contracted at the throat. — White, tinged with red. March — 
April. Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

13. V. gale'zans, (Mich.) A small shrub, with pubescent, dotted 
branches and creeping roots. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, cuneate, serru- 
late, pubescent, with the margins often tinged with purple. Flowers 
in sessile fascicles, axillary, with 3 — 4 bracts at the base of each pedun- 
cle. Corolla long, nearly cylindrical, slightly angled ; filaments hairy. 
Anthers uncrowned. Fruit small, black. — White, tinged with red. ^ . 
March — April. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

14. V. tenel'lum, (Ait.) A small shrub, with numerous green branch- 
es ; branches angled. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, ser- 
rulate, shining on both sides. Flowers in dense terminal fascicles. Calyx 



416 ORDER LXXn. ERICACEAE. 

green. Corolla ovate. Fruit bluish-black, large. — Pale red. *> , 
March — April. In dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

15. V. myrtiloi'des, (Mich.) A large shrub, with long, slender, nu- 
merous branches. Leaves small, sessile, lanceolate, crenulate, glabrous, 
shining. Flowers usually solitary, axillary. Fruit black. — White. ^ . 
March — April. On the banks of rivers. Middle and Southern Geo. 
6—8 feet. 

Genus II— OXYCOC'CUS. L. 8—1. 

(From oxus, sour, and kokkus, berry.) 

Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla with 4 linear segments. Stamens 
8 ; filaments connivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. Fruit 
many-seeded. Cranberry. 

1. 0. ertthrocar'pus, (Pers.) A small shrub, with erect, flexuous 
branches. Leaves oval, membranaceous, acuminate, serrulate, and cili- 
ate, hairy along the veins. Flowers axillary. Calyx minute, 4-cleft ; 
segments acxite. Corolla long, revolute. Fruit red, transparent. — 
Red. ">? . June. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

Order LXXIL— ERICA'CEJE. {Heath Tribe.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, nearly equal, persistent. Corolla 4 — 5- 
cleft, regular or irregular. Stamens definite. Anthers 2 -celled, 
dehiscing by pores. Ovary many-celled ; ovules numerous, at- 
tached to a central placentae. Style 1. Fruit capsular or 
baccate, many-seeded. Leaves verticillate or opposite, exstipu- 
late, often evergreen. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Stamens 5 2 

Stamens more than 5 4 

2. Shrubs 3 

Herbaceous plants Galax, 17 

3. Style long Azalea, 13 

Style short Cyrilla, 1 

4 Stamens 8 5 

Stamens more than 8 6 

5. Flowers white Mliottii, 3 

Flowers not white Ifenziesia, 6 

6. Stamens 10 7 

Stamens 14 Bejaria, 12 

7. Shrubs or small trees ." 8 

Herbaceous plants, or small, scarcely shrubby plants 11 

8. Capsule 3-celled 9 

Capsule 5-celled 10 

9. Leaves perennial . Mylocarium, 2 

Leaves not perennial Clethra, 5 

10. Corolla ovate or cylindrical Andromeda, 7 

Corolla salver-form, with a regular border Kalmia, 8 

Corolla funnel-form, with an irregular border Rhododendron, 9 

11. Parasitic plants 12 

Not parasitic plants 13 

12. Anthers 1-celled Schweinitzia, 18 

Anthers 2-celled Monotropa, 16 



ORDEK LXXH. ERICACEAE. 417 

18. Creeping plants 14 

Plants not creeping 15 

14. Flowers in spikes Pyrola, 14 

Flowers in corymbs Chimaphila, 15 

Flowers in racemes Epigcea, 10 

15. Fruit a berry Gaultheria, 4 

Fruit a capsule Leiophyllum, 11 

Genus I.— CYKIL'LA. L. 

(In honor of Dr. Cyrilli, of Naples.) 

Calyx minute, 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx. 
Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigmas 2. Fruit a berry, 2-celled. 
Seeds solitary. 

1. C. racemiflo'ra, (Walt.) A large shrub, with vertieillate branch- 
es, which spring from the summit of the wood of the preceding year. 
Leaves alternate, cuneate, lanceolate, coriaceous, alternate, growing 
only on the new wood ; petioles slightly decurrent. Flowers in simple 
racemes, clustered at the summit of the branches of the preceding year. 
Calyx small. Petals scarcely united, inserted into the calyx. Anthers 
bifid at the base, 2-celled. Style short, thick. Stigmas 2, obtuse. — 
White. t& . June— July. 10—15 feet. 

Genus IT.— MYLOCA'MUM. Willd. 
(From mule, a mill, and karua, a kernel, from the nuts resembling millstones.) 

Calyx 5 -cleft. Petals 5. Style with winged angles. Stiff- 
ma 3 — 4-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, angular. 

1. M. ligustri'num, (Willd.) A shrub. Leaves perennial, lanceolate, 
cuneate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, alternate, sessile, somewhat glau- 
cous underneath. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx small. Petals 
obovate. — White. "£ . March — April. Southern Geo. and Flor. 6 — 
15 feet. Buckwheat-tree. 

Genus III.— ELLIOTT' I A. Muhl 
(In honor of Stephen Elliott, one of the most distinguished American botanists.) 

Calyx 4-toothed, inferior. Corolla 4-parted. Stigma capi- 
tate or clavate, undivided. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. 

1. E. racemo'sa, (Muhl.) A shrub, with numerous virgate branches. 
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, mucronate, entire, on short petioles, pu- 
bescent on the under surface. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx 
small. Corolla with the segments very slightly cohering at the base. 
Stamens 8, hypogynous. Anthers sagittate. — White. ^ . June — 
July. Southern Geo. 4 — 8 feet. 

Genus IV.— GAULTHE'BIA. L. 

(In honor of Dr. Gaulther, of Quebec.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, bracteolate. Corolla ovate. Capsule 5-celled. 
Stamens 10. 

18* 



418 OEDEK LXXn. ERICACEAE. 

1. G. procum'bens, (Pursh.) A very small shrub. Stem procumbent ; 
branches erect. Leaves obovate, acute at the base, crowded toward 
the summit, coriaceous, with fine serratures. Flowers few, terminal, 
nodding. Fruit a berry, red, eatable. — White. ^ . May — July. 
Mountains. 

Genus V.— CLE'THRA. L. 10—1. 

(.From Methra, name of the Alder.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 
1 — 3-cleft at the summit, persistent. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, 
inclosed by the calyx. 

1. C. alnifo'lia, (Pursh.) A small under-shrub. Leaves cuneate, 
obtuse, acute, serrate, glabrous, of the same color on both surfaces. 
Flowers in simple, terminal racemose spikes, bracteate, tomentose. — 
White, *? . July — Aug. Middle Car. and Geo. 

Spiked Alder. White-bush. 

2. C. tomento'sa, (La Marsh.) A shrub, with the young branches 
clothed with a stellular pubescence. Leaves cuneate, obovate, acute, 
serrate, scabrous, pubescent on the upper surface, tomentose and white 
underneath. Flowers in terminal racemose spikes, bracteate. Petals 
obovate, double the length of the calyx. Anthers sagittate. Seeds nu- 
merous, compressed. — White. ^ . July — Aug. Common. 2 — 4 ft. 

3. C. sca'bea, (Pers.) Similar to the preceding. Leaves scabrous on 
both surfaces, with large uncinate serratures. Flowers in somewhat 
paniculate spikes, tomentose. — White. £ . July. Near Flint River, 
Middle Geo. 3—4 feet. 

4. C. panicula'ta, (Pursh.) Leaves narrow, cuneate, lanceolate, acute, 
with acuminate serratures, glabrous on both surfaces. Panicle termi- 
nal, with the branches racemose, tomentose, and white. 

5. C. acumina'ta, (Mich.) A small tree. Leaves on long petioles, 
oval, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous beneath. Flow- 
ers in racemose spikes, bracteate, with bracts longer than the flowers. — 
White. *> . Mountains. 

Genus VI— MENZIE'SIA. Smith, 8—1. 
(In honor of Archibald Menzies.) 

Calyx 4-cleft, Corolla globose, 4 — 5-cleft. Stamens 8, 
hypogynous. Style 1. Capsule 4-celled ; dissepiments pro- 
duced by the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds numerous, 
oblong. 

1. M. globula'ris, (Salis.) A small shrub. Leaves lanceolate, very 
pubescent when young, and glaucous beneath, except the nerves. Flow- 
ers globose. — Yellowish-brown. \ • Mountains. 2 — 4 feet. 

Genus VII— ANDROM'EDA. L. 10—1. 
(From Andromeda.) 

Calyx small, 5-parted, inferior. Corolla ovate or cylindrical ; 
border 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; fil- 
ament 1. 



OEDER LXXn. ERICACEAE. 419 

1. A. specio'sa, (Mich.) (Zenobia spcciosa, Don.) A small, branch- 
ing, glabrous shrub. Leaves oval, obtuse, eremite. Flowers in naked 
terminal racemes. Corolla campanulate. Anthers 4-awned. — White. 
5 . May — June. Southern Car. and Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. A. eacemo'sa, (L.) (Zcnobia racemosa, D. C.) A small shrub, with 
irregular branches. Leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, pubescent on 
the under surface. Floioers in terminal racemes. Calyx purple, ciliate. 
Corolla oblong-ovate, furrowed. Anthers 4-awned. — White. ^ . March 
— May. Wet places. 3 — 5 feet. 

3. A. floribun'da, (Pursh.) (Zenobia floribunda, D. C.) Stem gla- 
brous. Leaves ovate-oblong, coriaceous, acute, slightly serrulate ; ra- 
cemes axillary, secund. — White. ^ . May — June. Mountains. 

4. A. akbore' a, (L.) ( Oxydendrum arboreum, D. C.) A shrub or tree, 
much branched. Leaves lanceolate-oval, acuminate, finely serrate or 
entire, glabrous, sour to the taste. Flowers in terminal racemose pani- 
cles. Corolla pubescent, ovate-oblong. Anthers unawned, linear. — 
White. *> . Middle and upper Geo. and Car. June — July. 15 — 20 
feet. Sorrel-tree. 

5. A. axilla'ris, (Mich.) (Leucothoe spinidosa, Don.) A shrub, with 
flexuous branches, terete, sparingly branched ; young branches pubes- 
cent. Leaves lanceolate-oval, acuminate, glabrous, somewhat coriace- 
ous, finely serrulate, paler on the under surface, sprinkled with hairs. 
Flowers in axillary racemes, numerous. Calyx deeply cleft. Corolla 
cylindrical-ovate ; bracteas pubescent. — White. ^ . February — ApriL 
Margin of swamps. 2 — 4 feet. 

6. A. acdmina'ta, (Willd.) (Leucothoe acuminata, D. C.) A glabrous 
shrub : branches fistular. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly 
entire, coriaceous, slightly serrate. Flowers in axillary racemes. Corolla 
cylindrical. Anthers gibbous at the base. — White. ^ . April. On 
the margins of swamps. Middle and Southern Geo. 

7. A. nit'ida, (Mich.) (Leucothoe coreacea, D. C. A. rhomboidalis, 
Vaill.) A shrub, glabrous, with slender, angled branches. Leaves oval, 
acuminate, entire, 3-nerved. Floioers clustered in the axils of the 
leaves, 6 — 10. Calyx purple ; segments acute. Corolla cylindrical. 
Anthers horned at the base. — White, tinged with red. *? . March — 
ApriL In wet lands. 3 — 6 feet. Sour-wood. Sorrel-tree. 

8. A. Maria'na, (L.) (Leucothoe Mariana, D. C.) A small shrub, 
sparingly branched. Leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, entire, coriaceous, 
sour to the taste. Flowers in clusters, near the summit of the old 
branches ; peduncles 1 -flowered. Corolla ovate ; filaments hairy at 
the base. — White, tinged with red. ""? . May — Aug. Dry sandy soils. 

9. A. caltcula'ta, (L.) (Cassandra calyculata, Don.) A shrub. 
Leaves oval or lanceolate, oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, peren- 
nial, sub-revolute, ferruginous beneath. Flowers in leafy, terminal ra- 
cemes, secund ; peduncles axillary, solitary ; segments of the calyx 
acute, bracteolate. Corolla cylindrical. — White. ^ . April — May. 
Mountains. 2 — 5 feet. 

10. A. angustifo'lia, (Pursh.) (Cassandra angustifolia, Don.) Re- 
sembles the preceding. Leaves slightly ferruginous beneath, with rev- 
olute margins ; segments of the calyx acuminate. Corolla oblong-oval. 
— White. "^ . April — May. In wet places. Middle Car. and Geo. 2 
— 5 feet. 



420 OEDEE LXXn. — EEICACE.E. 

11. A. ligustri'na, (Muhl.) {Lyonia ligustrina, D. C.) A shrub, 
with irregular branches, pubescent. Leaves obovate, lanceolate, acu- 
minate, nearly entire, or finely serrulate. Flowers in terminal panicles ; 
peduncles 3 — 6 at each bud, 1-fiowered. Corolla nearly globose, pu- 
bescent. — White. ^ . May — June. Damp soils. 3 — 15 feet. 

12. A. fkondo'sa, (Pursh.) {Lyonia frondosa. Nutt.) A small shrub, 
pubescent. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute or acumi- 
nate, tomentose. Flowers on leafy paniculate branches ; pedicels axil- 
lary, 2 — 5 at each bud. Corolla globose. Anthers awned. — Whitish. 
"£ . May — June. Damp soils. 3 — 5 feet. 

13. A ferrugine'a, (Walt.) {Lyonia ferruginea, Nutt.) A shrub, 
■with flexuous branches. Leaves obovate, entire, scaly beneath, coria- 
ceous, on long petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers axillary, clus- 
tered. Corolla globose, ferruginous on the outside. Anthers unawned. 
— White, t? . June — July. Pine-barrens. 3 — 5 feet. 

14. A. rig'ida, (Pursh.) {Lyonia rigida, Nutt.) A small tree, with 
rigid branches. Leaves lanceolate, on short petioles, crowded, tomen- 
tose underneath ; margins revolute. Flowers in axillary clusters. Co- 
rolla globose, ferruginous. — Yellowish. ^ . June — July. Southern 
Geo. and Flor. 15—20 feet. 

Genus VIIL— KAL'MIA. L. 10—1. 
(In honor of Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, with a border contin- 
uing at the base into 10 cornute protuberances, in the cavities 
of which the anthers are concealed. Stamens 10. Style 1. 
Capsule 5-celled. 

1. K. latifo'lia, (L.) A small shrub, with irregular, crooked branch- 
es. Leaves on long petioles, scattered, and by threes, oval, coriaceous, 
glabrous and green on both sides, perennial, shining. Flowers in large, 
terminal corymbs, pubescent, viscid. Calico-Jlower. Ivy-bush. 

2. K. angustifo'lia, (L.) A very small shrub, with creeping roots. 
Leaves scattered or ternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly ferruginous under- 
neath. Flowers in lateral corymbs ; peduncles and calyx glandular, 
pubescent. — Red. ^ . April — May. Sandy woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. K. cunea'ta, (Pursh.) Leaves cuneate, oblong, pubescent under- 
neath, scattered, slightly awned at the apex. Flowers few, in lateral 
corymbs. — White, with red near the base. ^ . June — July. South- 
ern Car. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. K. hiesu'ta, (Walt.) A small shrub, with hairy branches. Leaves 
alternate and opposite, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute, hairy. Flow- 
ers solitary, on axillary peduncles, longer than the leaves. — Red. ^ . 
May — Sept. In wet, sandy pine-barrens. 10 — 18 inches. 

The Kalrnias afford some of the most splendid ornaments of the forest The leaves 
are all poisonous ; nevertheless some animals, it is said, eat them with impunity, and 
that too to such an extent as to make their flesh poisonous to man, it becoming so 
impregnated with the poison of tho leaves. This has proved the case with partridges 
after a winter of deep snows among the mountains, when the bird is compelled to 
live almost entirely on these leaves. An ointment made from the leaves has been 
used in cases of scald-head* itch, and other cutaneous affections. Care should be had 
in its use, lest the system should be injuriously affected by the cutaneous absorption 
of the poison. 



OKDER LXXII. ERICACEAE. 421 

Genus IX.— RHODODEN'JJROK L. 10—1. 
(From rododendron, rose-tree.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an unequal 
border. Stamens declined, 10. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled. 

1. R. max'imum, (L.) A large shrub. Leaves oblong, acute, the 
under surface lighter than the upper, coriaceous, thick, perennial, en- 
tire, ferruginous on the under surface. Flowers in compact terminal 
racemes, covered when young with large ferruginous braeteas. Corolla 
large, irregular. Stamens declining, longer than the corolla. Styles as 
long as the stamens. The leaves of this species vary considerably in 
form, some being obtuse and the others acute at the base : the flowers 
also vary from purple, white, to rose-eolor. — ^. Mountains. 4 — 20 
feet. Mountain-laurel. 

2. R. puncta'tum, (L.) A small shrub, with straggling branches. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, ferruginous underneath, with resinous dots, 
glabrous above. Flowers in compact terminal racemes. Corolla with 
oval or ovate segments, a little undulate. — Pale red. ^ . June — July. 
4—6 feet. 

Genus X.— EPIG^E'A. L. 10—1. 
(From epi, upon, and ge, the ground, from its trailing on the ground.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts at the base, large. Corolla 
hypocrateriform ; border 5-parted, spreading ; tube villous 
within. Stamens 10. Style 1. Capsule 5-celled. 

1. E. ee'pens, (L.) A very small prostrate shrub, creeping. Leaves 
cordate, ovate, entire, reticulate, when young slightly fringed, hispid 
along the midrib. Flowers in axillary racemes ; bracts a3 long as the 
calyx. Corolla sub-cylindrical. — White, tinged with red, fragrant. 
Jan. — March. Common in sandy soils. 

Trailing Arbutus. Ground-laurel. 

Genus XI— LEIOPHYL'LUM. Pers. 10—1. 

(From leios, smooth, and phullon, foliage.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Petals scarcely united. Stamens 
10, exserted. Capsule 5-celled, opening at the summit. 

1. L. buxifo'lium, (Ell.) A very small shrub, branching, glabrous. 
Leaves small, oval, lanceolate, entire, glabrous, revolute at the margin. 
Flowers in small terminal corymbs, with persistent calyx. — White. ^ . 
Mountains. 6 — 8 inches. Sand-myrtle. Sleek-leaf. 

Genus XII— BEJA'RIA. Juss. 12—1. 
(In honor of Bejar, a Spanish botanist.) 

Calyx Y-cleft. Corolla 7-petaled. Stamens 14. Style 1. 
Capsule 7-celled, many-seeded. 

1. B. racemo'sa, (Pursh.) A handsome shrub, erect, branching, his- 
pid, and glutinous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, alternate, perennial, en- 
tire, glaucous on the under surface. Flowers in long, simple racemes. 
Calyx campanulate, with very short segments. Petals obovate, as long 



ORDER LXXII. ERICACEAE. 

as the stamens. Style persistent. Capsule globular. — White. ^. 
June — July. Southern Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus XIII— AZA'LEA. L. 5—1. 

(From asaleos, arid ; inappropriate to our species.) 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, with somewhat 
unequal segments. Stamens 5, inserted on the receptacle. 
Style 1, straight. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, dehiscing at the 
summit. 

1. calendula' ce a, (Mich.) A small shrub. Leaves ovate, pubescent 
on both sides. Flowers in clusters, large, not viscid ; teeth of the calyx 
oblong. Corolla with rather a short tube. Flowers vary in color from 
deep red variegated with yellow to bright yellow and rose-colored, all 
of which are often found growing near each other. — *> . April — June. 
Abundant near Culloden, Geo. 2 — 6 feet. 

2. A. canes'cens, (Mich.) A small shrub. Leaves obovate, pubes- 
cent above, tomentose beneath. Flowers not viscid, rather naked ; teeth 
of the calyx short, rounded. — Rose-color. ^ . April — May. Lower 
Car. and Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

3. A. bico'lob, (Pursh.) A small shrub, with the young branches 
hairy, hispid. Leaves oblong, hairy on both sides. Flowers small, na- 
ked, not viscid. Calyx very short, with one long narrow segment. 
Stamens longer than the tube. — Nearly white, with red tube. 2£. 
May — June. Sandy hills, Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. A. nudiflo'ra, (L.) A small shrub, producing many stems from 
the root. Stem branching toward the summit, young branches pubes- 
cent. Leaves pubescent, lanceolate-oblong, the veins beneath bristly, 
alternate, crowded toward the summit, margins of under surface pubes- 
cent. Flowers in terminal racemes ; tube of the corolla pubescent, vis- 
cid ; segments of the border unequal, filaments longer than the corolla. 
Capsule hairy. A very variable plant, from which has arisen numer- 
ous varieties, but the preceding description, we believe, will include all 
the essential characteristics. — White, pale red, deep red, scarlet, and 
yellow, t? . March — May. Common. 

5. A. visco'sa, (Walt.) A small shrub, with young hispid branches. 
Leaves lanceolate, oval, or obovate, with scabrous margins ; nerves of 
the leaves hispid. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx minute. Co- 
rolla hispid and viscid. Stamens hardly as long as the corolla. Style 
longer than the stamens. — White or red. ^ . May — July. Damp soils. 
3—6 feet. 

Genus XIV.— I*YRO'LA. 10—1. 

(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx minute, 5-parted. Stamens 10, slightly united at the 
base. Anthers opening by 2 pores at the base. Corolla rotate, 
5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled. Seeds arilled. 

1. P. eotundifo'lia, (Mich.) A small, creeping plant. Leaves nearly 
round, entire or crenulate, coriaceous, perennial. Flowers in spikes ; 
scape triquetrous, many-flowered ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, 
acute. — White. U. July. Sandy soils. Near Macon, Geo. 

Hound-leaved Wintergreen. 



ORDER LXXn. ERICACEAE. 423 

Genus XV.— CHIMAPHI'LA. L. 10—1. 
(From cheima, winter, and phileo, to love.) 

Calyx and corolla as in the preceding. Stigma sessile, or- 
bicular. Anthers beaked. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscing at the 
angles. 

1. C. macula'ta, (Pursh.) A small, creeping plant. Leaves lanceo- 
late, acuminate, incisely serrate, variegated in the middle with white, 
opposite or by threes. Flowers in corymbs, on pubescent peduncles, 
fragrant, nodding. — Reddish-white. 11. July. Rich, shaded soil. 
Common. S — -4 inches. Spotted Wintergreen. 

This plant resembles very closely the C. umbellata in its sensible properties of 
taste and smell, and we (should presume, would have nearly the same effect on the 
human system. The C. umbellata is a well-known remedy, under the names of Py- 
rola umbellata and jripsissewa; the latter, no doubt, its Indian name. The Indi- 
ans, it is well known, highly esteemed it as a remedy in scrofula, rheumatism, &c. It 
is astringent, tonic, and diuretic, and has been recommended in dropsy. 

Genus XVI.— MONOTRO'PA. 10—1. 
(From monos, one, and tropos, turn, the solitary flower turning to one side.) 

Calyx 5-parted, cucullate at the base. Corolla 5-petaled. 
Stamens 1 0. Anthers 2-celled, appendaged at the base. Style 
1. Capsule 5-valved, 5-celled, many-seeded. 

1. M. uniflo'ra, (L.) Roots parasitic, growing from the roots of 
trees ; scape erect, short, glabrous, succulent, white, bearing one flower 
on its summit, generally in clusters. Leaves merely scales, ovate, 
white. Flowers solitary, terminal. Petals pubescent on the inside. 
Stamens 10, unequal. Anthers reniform. Seeds numerous. 

2. M. Morrisonia'na, (Mich.) Scape long, straight, 1-flowered. Flow- 
ers erect, solitary; scales of the stem distant. Capsule globose. — 
Shady woods. Car., and near Macon, Geo. 6 — 10 inches. 

3. M. lanuginosa, (Mich.) Scape bearing flowers in a spike. Leaves 
merely scales, membranaceous, sessile, crowded at the base. Flowers 
in terminal spikes, woolly. Petals oblong, erect ; whole plant white, 
turning black by decay. — White. @. July. Shaded soils. 8 — 10 
inches. Indian Pipe. 

Genus XVII. — GA'LAX. L. 5—1. 
(From galax, milky, from the whiteness of its flowers.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, twice as long as the 
calyx, adhering with the stamen tube at the base. Stamens 
10, united into a tube, 5 sterile, 5 shorter and fertile. Stigma 
3-lobed. Capsules 3, ovate, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, 
small. 

1. G. aphyl'la, (L.) Foot red, creeping, perennial. Leaves coriace- 
ous, radical, reniform, crenate. Scape many-flowered. Flowers small, 
in a long spike. Emits a bad odor. — White. If. Running streams. 
Mountains. Geo. and Car. Beetle-weed. 



424 OEDER LXXni. STYKACE^E. 

Genus XVIII.— SCHWEIMT'ZIA. Ell. 10—1. 
(From the botanist, Schweinitz.) 

Calyx 5-leaved ; leaves concave, equal with the corolla. Co- 
rolla campanulate, 5-cleft ; a 5-cleft paracorolla at the base. 
Stamens 10. Anthers adnate, 1 -celled, opening by pores. 
Ovary sub-globose, 4 — 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled. 

1. S. odora'ta, (Ell.) An herbaceous, parasitic plant. Scape squar- 
rose. Flowers terminal, aggregated, sessile, bracteal ; bracts large. — 
Reddish-white. N. C. In rich, shaded woods. 

Order LXXIIL— STYRA'CEJE. (Storax Family.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 4 — 5-cleft, or as many 
petaled. Stamens 10, inserted into the tube of the corolla, of 
unequal length, slightly cohering. Ovary superior, 3 — 5-celled. 
Style simple. Fruit 1 — 8-celled ; embryo imbedded in the 
albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous. Shrubs with alternate exstip- 
ulate leaves. Flowers axillary. 

Genus I.— STY'RAX. Tourn. 15—12. 
(From sturax, the ancient name of a gum this genus furnishes.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla 5-parted. Stamens 10, united 
at the base, cohering to the tube of the corolla. Drupe coria- 
ceous, dry. 

1. S. grandifo'lium, (L.) A middle-sized shrub, with the young 
branches pubescent. Leaves large, broad-obovate, acuminate, on short 
petioles, glabrous on the upper surface, hoary underneath. Flowers in 
simple axillary racemes, peduncles leafy near the base. Calyx tomen- 
tose. Corolla with expanding oblong segments. Drupe adhering to 
the calyx, many-celled. — White. "£ • April — May. In rich soils, mid- 
dle Car. and Geo. 6—12 feet. 

2. S. pulverulen'tum, (Mich.) A small shrub, growing in dense 
bunches. Leaves oblong, nearly sessile, acute, serrulate, a little hairy 
on the upper surface, tomentose beneath. Flowers on small lateral 
branches, axillary, terminal, fragrant. — White. - "*? . March — April. In 
pine-barrens. 10 — 18 inches. 

S. S. ljs've, (Walt.) A small shrub, with virgate and slightly genic- 
ulate branches. Leaves varying in size, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
thick, glabrous. Flowers in lateral, leafy racemes. Corolla tomentose, 
Fruit globular, 1-celled. — White. ^ . April On the margins of 
swamps. 4 — 6 feet. 

4. S. gla'brum, (Ell.) A shrub, with diffuse spreading branches. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, finely serrulate, thin membranaceous, 
glabrous. Flowers in lateral, leafy racemes. — White. ^ . April. Mar- 
gins of rivers. Middle Geo. 6 — 8 feet. 



ORDER LXXIY. — EBENACEiE. 425 

Genus II— HALE'SIA. Ellis, 15—12. 
(In honor of Dr. Hales.) 

Calyx 4-toothed, attached to the ovary. Corolla 4-cleft, or 
4-petaled. Stamens 8 — 12. Fruit 4-angled, 2-seeded. 

1. H. tetrap'tera, (L.) A small tree. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pu- 
bescent, acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles, generally glaucous be- 
neath. Flowers in small axillary clusters. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft. 
Stamens 10 — 12, hairy at the base. Fruit 4-winged, oblong. — White. 
March — April. Very common. 10 — 20 feet. 

2. H. dip'tera, (L.) A small tree. Leaves ovate and broad-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, serrulate. Flowers in axillary clusters, 4-petalecl. Sta- 
?nens 8. Fruit compressed, obovate, with 2 large wings. — White. ^ . 
March — April. Common. 

Genus III— HO'PEA. L. 15—12. 
(In honor of Dr. John Hope.) 

Calyx superior, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, col- 
lected into 5 parcels. Style 1. Fruit drupaceous, with a 3- 
celled nut. 

1. H. tincto'ria, (L.) A small tree or shrub, with expanding branch- 
es and smooth bark. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, crowded near the 
summit of the branches, shining on the upper surface. Flowers in ax- 
illary clusters, sessile. Calyx campanulate, with scales at the base. — 
Yellow. *> . March — April. In rich soils. 4 — 20 feet. 

Order LXXIV.— EBENA'CEJE. {Ebony Family.) 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4 — 6-cleft, nearly equal, persistent. 
Corolla urceolate, hypogynous, regular, 4 — 6-cleft, in the sterile 
florets 8 — 1 6 stamens ; filaments frequently double, each bear- 
ing an anther. Anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence ; 
in the fertile florets 4 — 5 stigmas. Fruit fleshy, nearly globu- 
lar, 8 — 1 2-seeded; embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous. 
Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves. 

Genus L— DIOSPY'ROS. L. 20—13. 

(From dios, Jupiter, and puros, fruit.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. D. Virginia'na, (L.) A tree or shrub, with irregular branches. 
Leaves alternate, on short petioles, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, some 
what pubescent along the margin. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short 
peduncles. Calyx of the fertile flowers persistent. Fruit yellowish- 
red, with several large seeds immersed in a soft pulp, eatable when 
perfectly ripe. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . May — June. Common. 6 — £0 
feet. Persimmon. 

The Persimmon is too well known to need my directing the attention of the stu- 
dent to its uses or properties. The hark is a powerful astringent, and is used in inter- 
mittent fevers. The fruit when perfectly ripe, and mixed with yeast and sugar, makes 
an agreeable and healthy drink, known as Persimmon Beer. 



ORDER LXXV. AQUIFOLIACELE. 

Order LXXV.— AQUIFOLIA'CEJS. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4 — 8-cleft. Corolla 4 — 8-parted, 
hypogynous, aestivation imbricate. Stamens 4 — 8. Filaments 
erect. Anthers adnate. Ovary 2 — 6-celled. Ovules solitary. 
Fruit fleshy, 2 — 6-seeded ; albumen fleshy, large. Embryo 2- 
lobed. Trees and shrubs, with coriaceous leaves. Flowers 
small and axillary. 

Genus L— FLEX. L. 4—4. 
(The Latin name of a species.) 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft ; 
in the sterile flowers stamens 4, alternate with the segments of 
the corolla and inserted into it ; in the fertile florets stigmas 4. 
Style none. Fruit 4-seeded. 

1. I. opa'ca, (Ait.) A large tree, with dense, irregular branches. 
Leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, spiny, dentate, glabrous, coria- 
ceous, shining on the upper surface, perennial. Floioers clustered, on 
short peduncles. Calyx with 4 minute teeth. Corolla small, rotate, 
4-cleft. Fruit scarlet, 4-seeded. — White. April — May. Dry rich soils. 
80—40 feet. Holly. 

2. I. Dah'oon, (Walt.) A small shrub, with long, virgate branches. 
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, spiny when 
young, often entire when old. Flowers in axillary, paniculate clusters. 
Corolla smalL Berry red, persistent. — White. ^ . May. Common. 
4— 12 feet. Dahoon Holly. 

3. I. ligustri'na, (Ell.) A shrub with expanding branches. Leaves 
narrow, lanceolate, cuneate, usually entire, coriaceous, perennial. Flow- 
ers generally solitary. Fruit red, scattered. — White. ^ . May — June. 
Swamps. 6 — 10 feet. 

4. I. myrtifo'lia, (Walt.) A shrub, with expanding, rigid branches, 
pubescent when young. Leaves alternate, perennial, linear-lanceolate, 
glabrous, occasionally with a few sharp serratures. Sterile flowers 
generally by threes, fertile ones solitary, axillary. — White. "£ . May 
— June. Around ponds. 10 — 20 feet. 

5. I. Cassi'na, (Walt.) A shrub, with erect, virgate branches, branch- 
lets expanding, pubescent when young. Leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, 
serrate, glabrous, shining. Flowers in axillary clusters ; peduncles gen- 
erally 3-flowered, pubescent. Corolla with obtuse segments. Fruit 
globose, 4-celled, scarlet. — White. *? . March — April. Loose soils, near 
the ocean. 6 — 15 feet. 

6. I. prinoi'des, (L.) A small shrub, with virgate branches. Leaves 
lanceolate, cuneate ; peduncles several-flowered, one of them abortive, 
the others fertile. — White. *> . April — May. Near Culloden, Geo. 

Genus II— PRI'NOS. L. 6—1. 

(The Greek name of a species.) 

Calyx 4 — 8-cleft. Corolla 4 — 8-parted, rotate. Stamens 



ORDER LXXVI. — SAPOTACE.E. 427 

4 — 8. Flowers often dioecious, with the rudiment of a pistil. 
Fertile florets ; style none ; stigma 4 — 8-cleft. Fruit baccate, 
4 — 8-seeded. 

1. P. ambig'uus, (Mich.) A small shrub, branches terete, somewhat 
virgate. Leaves deciduous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, 
slightly serrulate, pubescent underneath, on short petioles. Flowers 
with the sterile ones clustered, axillary, fertile ones generally solitary, 
or 3 — 1 in each axil ; segments of the calyx sometimes 5, and of the 
corolla the same number. Stigmas 4 — 5, furrowed. Fruit red, with 
4 — 5 seeds. — White. ^ . April — May. Southern Geo. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. P. veeticilla'tus, (L.) A large shrub or small tree. Leaves de- 
ciduous, on short petioles, oval, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent 
underneath. Flowers with the fertile ones clustered, axillary, umbellate. 
Stame?is 6. Calyx and corolla 6-cleft. Fruit red. — White. ^ . April 
— May. Fertile soils. 10 — 20 feet. Black Alder. 

3. P. ixtegrifo'lia, (ISTutt.) A small tree. Leaves deciduous, oval, 
entire, on short petioles, mucronate, glabrous ; fertile flowers solitary, 
on long peduncles. — White. ^ . 

4. P. laxceola'tus, (Pursh.) A shrub. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, 
serrulate, glabrous, acute ; fertile florets scattered, generally in pairs. 
Calyx and corolla 5-cleft ; sterile florets clustered. Stamens 3. — 
White. *? . June. Middle Car. and Geo. 6—8 feet, 

5. P. gla'ber, (L.) A small shrub, with many expanding branches. 
Leaves perennial, lanceolate, cuneate, alternate, glabrous, shining, some- 
what serrate toward the apex ; fertile flowers solitary, axillary ; sterile 
ones clustered. Stamens 6. Corolla rotate. Calyx and corolla 6 — 8 
parted. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit black, 6 — 8-seeded. — White. ^ . April 
— May. Damp soils. Ink-berry. 

6. P. coria'cehs, (Pursh.) A small shrub, with virgate branches. 
Leaves perennial, elliptical, acute, serrate near the summit, shining on 
the upper surface, dotted beneath, coriaceous ; fertile flowers solitary, 
sterile ones clustered. Calyx and corolla generally 8-parted. Stamens 
8. Fruit 6 — 8-seeded. — White. ^ . May. On the margins of swainos. 
5 — 6 feet. 

Order LXXVL— SAPOTA'CELE. 

Calyx 5-cleft, regular, persistent. Corolla 5-cleft, hypogy- 
nous, regular, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla. 
Style 1. Ovary several-celled, with an erect ovule in each cell. 
Fruit baccate, by abortion only 1-seeded ; embryo erect, large. 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, without 
stipules. 

Genus I— BUME'LIA. Sw. 5—11. 
(The Greek name of the Ash.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-cleft, salver-form. Style 1, para- 
corolla 5-leaved; drupe 1-seeded. 

1. B. lycioi'des, (Pursh.) A small tree, with smooth branches, spiny. 
Leaves lanceolate, broad, smooth on both sides, on short petioles, clus- 



428 OKDEE Lxxvni. — oleace^e. 

tered on the old alternate buds, alternate on the young branches ; spines 
axillary. Flowers clustered, on 1 -flowered peduncles ; drupe black. — 
Greenish-white. ^ . May — June. Wet soils. Middle Carolina, near 
Columbia. 

2. B. reclina'ta, (Pursh.) A small shrub, with spreading branches, 
spiny. Leaves small, obovate, smooth. Flowers in clusters, 15 — 20, on 
short pedicels. — Greenish- white. ^ . June — July. Banks of streams. 
Georgia. 

3. B. te'nax, (L.) A small tree, with slender, flexible branches. 
Leaves lanceolate, cuneate, pubescent underneath. Fruit oval. Flow- 
ers in clusters. — Greenish-white. ^ . June — July. In dry soils. 20 
—30 feet. 

4. B. lanuginosa, (Mich.) A small tree, with expanding pubescent 
branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, covered with a ferruginous pu- 
bescence on the under surface, obtuse. Drupes globose. — White. ^ . 
June — July. Dry, light soils. 8 — 12 feet. 

Order LXXVIL— JASMINA'CE^E. Br. 

Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. Co- 
rolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled ; style 
simple ; stigma 2-lobed. 

Genus I— JASMI'NUM. Tourn. 2—1. {Arabic name.) 

1. J. officinale, (L.) Stem somewhat running, striate, somewhat 
angular. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, 3 pairs. Flow- 
ers axillary and terminal. Corolla much longer than the subulate lobes 
of the calyx, 5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate. — White. Asia, from the base 
of the Caucasus. Naturalized in Europe and America. 

White Jasmine. 

2. J. fru'ticans, (L.) Stem not running, branches angular. Leaves 
alternate, ternate, rarely simple. Flowers few, mostly terminal. Co- 
rolla much longer than the subulate lobes of the calyx. — Yellow. South- 
ern Europe. Introduced. Yellow Jasmine. 

Order LXXVHL— OLEA'CEJS. {Olive Family.) 

Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx divided, persistent. 
Corolla hypogynous, 4-cleft. Stamens 2, alternate with tbe 
segments of the corolla. Ovary simple, 2-celled, 2 seeds in a 
cell. Style!. Stigma simple, or bifid. Fruit usually a drupe, 
often 1 -seeded by abortion ; cotyledons foliaceous. Trees or 
shrubs, with opposite leaves. 

Genus I— O'LEA. Tourn. 2—1. 
(From elaia, the Olive.) 

Floivers dioecious. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla with 
a short tube ; limb 4-cleft ; segments ovate. Fruit a drupe, 
1 -seeded. 



ORDER LXXVin. OLEACE^E. 429 

1. 0. America'na, (L.) A small tree. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
elliptic, coriaceous, shining, perennial. Flowers in paniculate racemes, 
with persistent bracts. — White, fragrant. ^ . April — May. Near the 
sea-coast. 10 — 20 feet. 

Genus II.— CHIONANTHUS. L. 2—1. 
(From chion, snow, and anthos, flower.) 

Calyx minute, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, with long, 
linear, pendulous segments. Stamens 2. Fruit a striated drupe. 

1. C. Virgin'ica, (L.) A beautiful shrub. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
entire, shining when mature. Flowers in panicles, composed of oppo- 
site branches. — White. *? . April — May. Common. 6 — 10 feet. 

Fringe-tree, or Old Man's Beard. 

Genus III.— FRAX'INUS. Tourn. 20—2. 
(From the Latin fraxinus, the Ash.) 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx small, 3 — 4-cleft, or none. Co- 
rolla none, or 4-petaled. Stamens 2. In the fertile florets, sta- 
mens none. Pistil 1. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, foliaceous at 
the extremity. 

1. F. acumina'ta, (Lam.) A large tree. Leaves unequally pinnate ; 
leaflets 7 — 9, elliptic, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, lucid on the upper 
surface, usually entire. Samara with a long lanceolate wing. — White. 
^ . March — April. Swamps. 50—10 feet. F. Americana, L. 

2. F. platycar'pa, (L.) A small tree. Leaves opposite ; leaflets pe- 
tiolate, oval-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent when young. Samara with 
a broad-lanceolate wing. — White. ^ . March — April. Swamps. 

3. F. trip'tera, (Nutt.) A small tree. Leaflets obovate, tomentose 
beneath, oblique at the base. Fruit unlike that of the other species of 
this genus, 3-winged, tapering at the base. Seed 3-sided. 

4. F. epip'tera, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves unequally pin- 
nate; leaflets 7 — 9, elliptic, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, slightly 
serrate. Flowers in axillary panicles. Samara cuneate, emarginate. — 
White. ^ . March — April. River swamps. 40 — 60 feet. 

5. F. pubes'cens, (L.) A large tree. Leaflets 7 — 9, ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate, on short petioles, acuminate, pubescent beneath. Samara with 
an oblong-lancQolate wing. — *> . March — April. Swamps. 50 — 60 ft. 

Red Ash. 

6. F. Carolinia'na, (L.) A small tree. Leaflets generally 7, lanceo- 
late, slightly serrulate toward the apex, entire and attenuate at the 
base, glabrous, lucid on the upper surface. Flowers having a calyx. — 
White. ^ . April — May. In high lands. F. pubescens. 

Genus IV.— SYRIN'GA. L. 2—1. 

(From suriaa, a pipe, because pipes were made of its branches.) 

Calyx short, 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla salver-form, 4- 
partecl. Stamens 2, included. Ovary 2-celled. Style inclu- 
ded, bifid. 



430 OKDER LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

1. S. vui/garis, (L.) Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate, smooth, oppo- 
site, petiolate. Flowers in a terminal thyrse, sweet-scented. — Various 
shades of purple. Persia. Common in yards. 4 — 12 feet. 

Common Lilac. 

Several other species have been introduced ; the Persian Lilac, S. Persica, with 
blue flowers, varying in color, and entire or pinnatifid leaves, is the most common, 
and is a smaller plant than the preceding. 

Genus V.— LIGUS'TRUM. Tourn. 2—1. 
(From ligo, to bind, from the use made of its branches.) 

Calyx short, tubular. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed, the 
lobes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2, included. Fruit a berry, 2- 
celled, 1 — 2-seeded. 

1. L. vulga're, (L.) A shrub. Leaves entire, on short petioles, broad- 
lanceolate, smooth, thick. Flowers in terminal panicles. Berry black. 
— White. April — May. Europe. Naturalized. Privet or Prim. 

Order LXXIX.— ASCLEPIADA'CE^E. (Asclepias Family.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, ses- 
tivation twisted. Stamens 5 ; filaments connate. Anthers 2- 
celled. Pollen in masses, adhering to the processes of the 
stigma. Ovaries 2. Styles 2. Stigma 1, dilated, with 5 
processes ; placentae attached to the suture. Follicles 1 or 2. 
Seeds numerous, imbricate, comose. Plants with a milky juice, 
sometimes twining. [This order includes the Oleander, Nerium 
oleander, and the Periwinkles, Vinca minor.] 

Genus I.— ENSLE'NIA. Nutt. 
(In honor of A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, sub-rotate ; lobes erect ; 
crown 5-leaved ; leaves membranaceous, free, upper margin trun- 
cate or lobed at the apex, with a pair of flexuous awns. An- 
thers terminated by one erect membrane ; pollen masses oblong, 
attached below the apex. Follicles cylindrical, smooth, oblong- 
lanceolate. Seeds silky. 

1. E. al'bida, (JSTutt.) A twining herb, smoothl Leaves large, ovate- 
cordate, petioles long. Flowers in racemose clusters, on slender axilla- 
ry peduncles. — River banks. July — Sept. 8 — 12 feet. 

Genus II— PODOSTIG'MA. Ell. 
(From pous, foot, and stigma, from its shape.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; lobes oblong, concave, 
erect. Staminal crown 5-leaved ; leaves short, concave. An- 
thers terminated by a membrane ; pollen masses attached at 
the apex, compressed. Follicles smooth. 



ORDER LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACEJE. 431 

1. P. pubes'cens, (Ell.) Stem erect, terete, pubescent. Leaves op- 
posite, ovate or linear-oblong ; umbels on short peduncles, few-flower- 
ed ; flowers rather large. — Yellowish-green. Dry pine-barrens. 12 — 
18 inches. 

Genus III.— ACERA'TES. Ell. 

(From a, priv., and Jceras, a horn, tho hoods of the crown being destitute of a horn.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 5-parted ; limb spreading 
or reflexed. Stamineal crown destitute of horns. 

1. A. vtridiflo'ra, (Ell.) Stem erect or ascending, hairy. Leaves 
oval, ovate or obovate, or lanceolate and nearly linear, thick, on short 
petioles, tomentose, pubescent. Flowers in sub-globose umbels, nearly 
sessile. Follicles smooth. — Green. 71 . July. Sandy fields. 1 — 2 ft. 

Gentjs IV.— ASCLETIAS. L. 18—5. 
(The Greek name of iEsculapius.) 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stami- 
neal crown 5 -leaved ; leaflets opposite the anthers, each pro- 
ducing from its base a subulate averted process. Stigma with 
5 angles. Pollen in 10 masses, arranged in pairs. Follicles 2. 
Seeds comose. 

1. A. purpuras'cens, (L.) Stem erect, simple. Leaves ovate, near- 
ly sessile, nearly glabrous above, downy beneath, purple midrib. 
Floioers in erect, terminal umbels. Horns of the nectary resupinate. — 
Purple. 2£. June — July. In swamps. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. A. phytolaccoi'des, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple. Leaves oppo- 
site, broad-lanceolate, large, acuminate, smooth, pale beneath. Flowers 
in lateral and terminal umbels, nodding. — Greenish-purple. 2£. June 
— July. Mountains. 2 — 4 feet. 

3. A. amplexicau'lis, (Mich.) Stem decumbent, terete. Leaves large, 
succulent, sessile, opposite, cordate, strongly veined. Flowers in axilla- 
ry and terminal umbels. Horns of the nectary exserted. — Dull white. 
71. April — May. Dry sandy soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. A. obtusifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem simple, erect, purple. Leaves ses- 
sile, opposite, cordate, ovate, undulate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. 
Flowers in terminal umbels, usually solitary, on long peduncles. Co- 
rolla large, tinged with purple and green. Horns of the nectary ex- 
serted. — Purple and white. If . June — July. Sandy soils. 2 — 3 ft. 

5. A. variega'ta, (L.) Stem erect, simple, terete, with 2 pubescent 
lines. Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate, undulate, glabrous beneath, 
veins and margins pubescent. Flowers in . terminal umbels, with the 
peduncles and pedicels pubescent, with a caducous bract at the base of 
each pedicel. Calyx hairy, reflexed, with subulate segments. Corolla 
glabrous, green on the outer surface ; follicle lanceolate, smooth. — 
White. 71. April — June. In rich soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. A. quadrifo'lia, (Muhl.) Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves ver- 
ticillate by fours, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate on short petioles. 
Flowers in terminal and axillary umbels ; pedicels capillary ; nectaries 
with horns, 2-toothed. — White. 2f . June — July. Dry woods. 2 — 3 ft. 



432 OEDER LXXIX. — ASCLEPIADACE^J. 

f J. A. incarna'ta, (L.) Stem erect, branching, tomentose. Leaven 
opposite, lanceolate, long, somewhat tomentose, pubescent along the 
veins and margins. Flowers in numerous umbels, generally in pairs ; 
nectaries with subulate, exsert horns. — Purple. 2f . July — Aug. On 
the banks of streams. 2 — i feet. 

8. A. tubero'sa, (L.) Stem erect, and decumbent, hirsute, branching 
toward the summit. Leaves alternate, crowded, sessile, or on short 
petioles. Flowers numerous in umbels. — Orange. If . Sandy soils. 

Pleurisy-root. Butterfly-weed. 

9. A. paevifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect and decumbent, slightly pubes- 
cent. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, tapering at the base, 
slightly pubescent, silky on the upper surface, on short petioles. Flow- 
ers in axillary and terminal umbels. Horns of the nectary long. — 
White. 2f . May— Aug. 1—2 feet. 

10. A. pauper'cuxa, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, marked by a de- 
current, hairy line. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, long, glabrous, 
margins pubescent. Flowers in umbels, on long peduncles. — Bright 
purple. If . May — July. Damp sandy soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

11. A. angustifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, terete. Leaves alter- 
nate, slightly pubescent, long, strap-shaped. Flowers in terminal um- 
bels. Horns of the nectary included. — Dull white. 2f . May — June. 
Pine-barrens. 8 — 16 inches. A. Michauxii. 

12. A. ctne'rea, (Walt.) Stem erect, slender. Leaves long, linear, 
opposite, glabrous, upper ones minute. Flowers in terminal umbels. 
Horns of the nectary exserted. — Dull white, variegated. 2f. June — 
July. Pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 

13. A. verticilla'ta, (L.) Stein erect, slender. Leaves hairy, linear, 
crowded at the base, verticillate in the middle, opposite toward the 
summit of the stem. Floiuers in axillary and terminal umbels. Horns 
of the nectary exserted. — Dull white. If. May — Aug. In rich soils. 
2—3 feet. 

14. A. obova'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, tomentose, terete. Leaves oppo- 
site, nearly sessile, obovate, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose on the under 
surface ; the upper ones smaller and lanceolate. Flowers in terminal 
and axillary umbels, nearly sessile. — Middle Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

15. A. laurifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, marked by a de- 
current hairy line. Leaves sessile, opposite, ovate, tapering at the sum- 
mit, glabrous. Flowers in axillary and terminal umbels ; peduncles 
long. Corolla green on the outer surface. — Purple. 2f . June — July. 
Damp pine-barrens. 2 feet. Ibxicarpus laurifolia. 

The root of the A. tuberosa is highly esteemed throughout the Southern States as 
a valuable remedial agent. It is a diaphoretic and expectorant, and is employed in all 
affections of the lungs, dysentery, rheumatism, and pleurisy, and it is said with great 
benefit in all of these cases. 

Genus V.— SCUTE'RA. Rich. 
(In honor of the botanist Scuter.) 

Calyx 5-leaved ; sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla sub-rotate ; 
tube short, deeply 5-parted ; lobes acute, smooth. Stamineal 
crown 5-leaved ; leaves erect, somewhat fleshy, flat. Masses of 
pollen ovoid, subventricose, attached by tbe apex. Follicles 
smooth, slender. Seeds comose. 



ORDER LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 433 

1. S. mariti'ma, (D. C.) Stem glabrous, climbing. Leaves opposite, 
sessile, linear, channeled; succulent. Umbels 9 — 10-flowered, solitary, 
axillary ; calyx small ; sepals erect, acute ; leaves of the stamineal 
crown "oval, obtuse, white. — Greenish. June — Oct. On lands over- 
flowed by salt water. Lyoni maritime/,, E1L 

Genus VI— GONOLO'BIUS. L. 13—5. 

(From the Greek gonia, an angle, and lotos, a pod.) 

Calyx small. Corolla rotate, 5 -parted. Stamineal crown 
shield-form, lobed. Stamens 5. Anthers opening transversely. 
Pollen masses 10, in 5 pairs. Stic/ma flattened. Follicles 2, 
ventricose. Seed comose. 

1. G. Carolinen'sis, (Mich.) Stem climbing, pubescent. Leaves ob- 
long, cordate, acuminate, slightly auriculate, pubescent. Flowers in ax- 
illary umbels ; segments of the corolla long, obtuse ; follicles ribbed, 
angular. — Purple. %. May — Aug. Clay soils. G. hirsutus, Mich. 

2. G. macrophyl'lus, (Mich.) Stem climbing over small shrubs, pu- 
bescent. Leaves opposite, broad-cordate, acuminate, pubescent. Flow- 
ers in axillary umbels ; segments of the corolla obtuse ; follicles muricate. 
— Obscure yellow. if.. June — Aug. Light soils. 

Genus VII— METASTEL'MA. Br 
(From, meta, behind, and stehna, a girdle.) 

Calyx small, 5-leaved. Corolla sub-campaniilate ; lobes 
with white hairs within. Stamineal crown 5-leaved ; leaves sim- 
ple ; anthers terminated by a membrane ; pollen masses ovoid, 
compressed, attached by the apex. Follicles smooth, slender. 
Seeds comose. 

1. M. Fra'seri, (Decai.) Herbaceous plant, erect, smooth. Leaves 
oval or ovate, mucronate, or acuminate smooth. Lobes of the corolla 
ovate, acute. — Greenish. Carolina. 

Genus VIII— CHTHAMA'LIA. Decai. 

(From chthamalos, on the ground.) 

Calyx 5-parted, lobes ovate-pubescent. Corolla campanulate, 
with a short tube ; limb 5-parted, lobes erect, ovate-oblong. 
Stamineal crown campanulate. Follicles ovoid, fleshy. Seeds 
hairy. 

1. C. pubiflo'ra, (Decai.) Decumbent, puberulent ; branches terete, 
slender. Lower leaves sub-reniform ; upper ones ovate-cordate, acute, 
puberulent. Flowers 3 — 4 ; lobes of the corolla villous within. — Car. 

There are many interesting exotics belonging to this order. The Hoya carnosa, 
the Wax Plant, is a plant from the East Indies, and receives its common name from 
its wax-like flowers. The Stapelias, from the Cape of Good Hope, are singular 
plants, and readily distinguished by their disgusting odor; hence called carrion 
flowers. 

19 



434 ORDER LXXX. APOCYNACE.E. 



Order LXXX.— APOCYNA'CE^E. {Dog-bane Family) 

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, reg- 
ular, aestivation twisted. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, 
alternate with its lobes. Ovaries 2, or 1 — 2-celled, many-seed- 
ed. Style 1 — 2, or wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit usually a fol- 
licle, double or single, or a capsule. Seed numerous. Plants 
usually with a milky juice. Leaves entire. 

Genus L— APOCY'NTJM. Tourn. 18—5. 
(From apo, from, and kuon, a dog.) 

Calyx minute, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla campanulate, with 
the limb divided into 5 short, spreading or revolute lobes, the 
base furnished with 5 glandular teeth, alternating with the sta- 
mens. Stamens 5 ; anthers sagittate. Style wanting. Fol- 
licles 2, long, distinct. 

1. A. androSjEmifo'lium, (L.) Stem erect, with spreading branches. 
Leaves ovate, glabrous. Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes. Tube 
of the corolla longer than the calyx. — White, tinged with red. If. 
June — July. Common. 8 — 5 feet. Dog's-bane. 

2. A. Cannabi'num, (L.) Stem erect, branched. Leaves lanceolate, 
acute, on short petioles, glabrous. Flowers in paniculate cymes. Ca- 
lyx about as long as the tube of the corolla. — Greenish- white. If. 
June — July. Common. Indian Hemp. 

3. A. pubes'cens, (Br.) Stem erect. Leaves ovate, oblong, on 
short petioles, mucronate. Flowers in short pubescent cymes ; tube of 
the corolla longer than the calyx. — Greenish- white. If. June — July. 
Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus II.— AMSO'NIA. Walt. 18—5. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, with the throat 
closed. Follicles 2, erect. Seed terete, with the summit oblique- 
ly truncate. 

1. A. latifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves oval-lance- 
olate, on short petioles, alternate ; upper ones acuminate, pubescent 
along the veins beneath. Flowers in terminal corymbose panicles ; fol- 
licles linear, long. — Pale blue. If. April — May. Very common. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 

2. A. salicifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem erect, smooth, growing in bunches. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 
numerous ; follicles long, slender. — Pale blue. May — June. Abundant 
near Macon, Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. A. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, numerous, pubescent, erect, those of the 
branches linear, ciliate ; follicles long, slender. — Blue. If. April — 
May. Middle Car. and Geo. Abundant. A. ciliata. 



ORDER LXXXI. LOGANACE.E. 435 

Genus III.— ECHI'TES. Walt. 18—5. 
(From echis, serpent, from the form of its roots.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with acute segments. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
the border 5-parted, the throat naked. Anthers adhering to the 
stigma. Follicles 2, distinct, long, slender. 

1. E. diffoe'mis, (Walt.) Stem climbing over small shrubs. Leaves 
opposite, pubescent beneath, the lower ones narrow-lanceolate or linear, 
the upper oval-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers in corymbose racemes. 
Stamens included, inserted into the base of the corolla. — Yellowish- 
white. U . May — Aug. Damp rich soils. 

Order LXXXI— LOQANA'CEJS or SPIGELIA'CE^E. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla hypogynous, tubular, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla. Ovary superior, 2-celled. 
Style articulated. Stigma simple. Fruit capsular, 2-celled, 
2-valved, dehiscing elastically. Placenta? central. Albumen 
abundant. Embryo minute. Herbaceous plants with opposite 
entire leaves. Flowers in secund spikes. 

Genus L— SPIGE'LIA. L. 5—1. 

(In honor of Adrian Spigelius of Padua.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Anthers converging. Flowers in secund 



1. S. Mauyland'ica, (L.) Stem square, branching at the base, slight- 
ly winged. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate margins, and veins pubes- 
cent beneath. Flowers in a simple terminal, secund spike ; segments 
of the calyx subulate ; tube of the corolla ventricose, long, yellow with- 
in, segments short. — Deep red. If. May — July. Dry soils. Very 
common. 1 — 2 feet. Carolina Pink, or Pink-root. 

2. S. gentlenoi'des, (Chap.) Stem erect, simple, 4-angled. Leaves 
sessile, lower obovate, middle ovate, upper ovate-lanceolate. Spikes 
2 — 5-flowered ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corolla ; 
lobes of the corolla narrow-lanceolate. — Florida. 

The root of this plant is much used in both the regular and domestic practice, as a 
vermifuge, or in cases of worms. It should always be employed in connection with 
some cathartic medicine, since it acts as a narcotic, if not carried from the system, 
either by its own action or that of some other agent. 

Genus II— GELSEM'IUM. Ait. 5—2. 
(An ancient name of Jasmine.) 

Calyx 5-leaved. Corolla funnel-shaped, with the border 5- 
lobed. Capsule compressed, 2-celled. Seed flat. 

1. G. sempebvi'eens, (Ait.) (nitidum.) Stem twining, smooth, gla- 
brous. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, perennial, shining on the 
upper surface, paler beneath. Flowers in axillary clusters, on short pe- 
duncles, which are covered with small scales. Leaves of the calyx equal, 
glabrous. Capsule oblong, furrowed, terminated by the style. — Yellow. 
?? . Feb. — March. Yellow Jessamine. 



436 ORDER LXXXn. GENTIANACEJE. 



Order LXXXIL— GENTIANA'CE^. {Gentian Family) 

Calyx 5 — 10-cleft, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, usually 
regular, limb with as many lobes as the calyx. Stamens in- 
serted into the corolla, and alternate with the segments, and 
equal to them in number. Ovary 1 — 2-celled, many-seeded. 
Style 1. Fruit capsular, 1 -celled. Seeds numerous, small. 
Herbaceous plants, with opposite exstipulate leaves. 

Genus I.— GENTIA'NA. L. 5—2. 

(From Gentius, king of Illyria.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft Corolla tubular, campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft, 
with the orifice naked. Stamens 4 — 5, included. Stigmas 2. 
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 

1. G. sapona'ria, (L.) Stem erect, simple, terete, glabrous. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers axillary, terminal, sessile, 
clustered. Calyx with short segments. Corolla with the border 5-cleft, 
with the segments acute ; the inner segments unequally 2-cleft. — 
Bright blue. Sept. — Oct. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Soap Gentian. 

2. G. Cates'b^ei, (Walt.) Stem erect, simple, slightly pubescent, 
rough. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, scabrous. Flowers axillary, 1 — 3 in 
an axil. Calyx with the segments 2 — 3 times as long as the tube ; bor- 
der of the corolla erect, or expanding. Anthers sagittate. Seed com- 
pressed, slightly winged, small. — Blue. If. October. In damp places. 
Low country. Car. and Geo. 

3. G. ochroleu'ca, (L.) Stem simple, terete, glabrous. Leaves 
lanceolate, entire, glabrous, of the margins scabrous ; segments of the 
calyx foliaceous, linear-lanceolate. Flowers opposite, sometimes clus- 
tered, on very short peduncles ; border of the calyx connivent, the in- 
terior segments short, dentate. — White, striped with green and purple. 
2f . Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 10 — 15 inches. Sampson Snake-root. 

4. G. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem simple, slender, glabrous. Leaves 
linear, cuneate. Flowers terminal. Corolla large, of the segments ex- 
panding, the middle ones shorter and lacerate. — Blue, tinged with pur- 
ple. If. Wet places. Oct. — Nov. 12 — 18 inehes. 

5. G. crint'ta, (L.) Stem erect, terete at the base, angled toward 
the summit, glabrous. Leaves sessile, with scabrous margins, acute. 
Flowers solitary, axillary, and terminal, on rather long peduncles ; seg- 
ments fimbriate. — Pale blue. If. Oct. — Nov. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. G. quinqueflo'ra, (L.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous, angled, 
and slightly winged. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, amplexicaul, 
acute. Flowers usually terminal, generally from 3 — 5. Corolla with 
the segments undulate. — Blue. If . Among the mountains. 

7. G. acu'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, angular. Leaves oblong, acute, am- 
plexicaul. Flowers in terminal and lateral clusters ; throat of the co- 
rolla ciliate ; segments linear-lanceolate. — Blue. If. Mountains. 



OEDER LXXXH. GENTIANACE^J. 437 

Genus II.— FRASE'RA. Walt. 4—1. 
(In honor of John Fraser.) 

Calyx 4-parted, with the segments lanceolate. Corolla 4- 
parted, with a paracorolla in the center of each segment. Cap- 
sule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seed compressed, winged, elliptical. 

1. F. Walte'ri, (Mich.) Stem erect, angled, branching, furrowed. 
Leaves verticillate or opposite, glabrous ; the lower ones lanceolate- 
oblong, long; the upper ones narrower, small. Flowers verticillate ; 
segments of the corolla lanceolate. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. — Red and 
yellow. $ . July— Aug. Middle Car. 6—8 feet. 

Wild Columbo. F. Carolinensis, Walt. 

Genus III— SABBA'TIA. DL. 5—1. 

(In honor of Sahbati, an Italian botanist.) 

Calyx 5 — 12-parted, persistent. Corolla rotate, 5 — 12- 
parted. Stamens 5 — 12. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled, 
2-valved. 

1. S. panicula'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, much branched, marked by a 
decurrent line. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers in diffuse panicles ; 
segments of the calyx setaceous. Corolla with the segments lanceo- 
late. — White. If. July — Oct. Pine-barrens. Common. 

2. S. corymbo'sa, (Bald.) Stem erect, branches near the summit, 
opposite, quadrangular. Leaves ovate, sessile. Flowers in corymbs. 
Corolla usually 6-parted, much longer than the calyx. Stamens usually 
6. — White. If. June — July. Wet pine-barrens. 

3. S. gka'cilis, (Sal.) Stem erect, slightly furrowed. Leaves lance- 
olate, opposite, sessile ; upper ones linear. Flowers in corymbs. Calyx 
turbinate, with linear segments. Corolla with obtuse obovate segments. 
Stamens 5. Style short. — Red and yellow. %-. July — Sept. On the 
sea-coast. 12 — 18 inches. 

4. S. brachia'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly angled, with brachiate 
branches. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in panicles, generally 3 at the 
extremity of each branch ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate ; 
those of the corolla obovate. — Red. If. June — Aug. Middle Car. 
and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. S. angula'ris, (Pursh.) Stem erect, angled, winged, glabrous, with 
opposite, brachiate branches. Leaves cordate-ovate, ternate, amplexi- 
caul. Calyx angled, with subulate segments. Corolla with 5 obovate 
segments. Stamens 5. — Red. 2f . July — Aug. In rich soils. 1 — 2 ft. 

6. S. caltco'sa, (Pursh.) Stem slightly angled, sparingly branched, 
or simple. Leaves sessile, oval, obtuse. Flowers terminal, frequently 
solitary. Calyx usually 10-parted, with the segments leafy. Corolla 
7 — 10-parted, with lanceolate segments. — Red. If ? June — Sept. In 
rich and wet soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

7. S. chloroi'des, (Pursh.) Stem erect, slender, branching. Leaves 
lanceolate, erect ; segments of the calyx 1 — 12-parted, linear, shorter 
than the corolla. Corolla 8 — 12-parted, with the segments lanceolate. 
— Red. 2f ? July — Sept. Around ponds. 



438 OEDER LXXXm. — BIGNONIACE.E. 

8. S. gentianoi'des, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly angled. Leaves linear, 
acute, long. Flowers axillary and terminal, the terminal ones crowded. 
Calyx campanulate, 8 — 10-parted, with the segments subulate. Corolla 
8 — 10-parted, with obovate segments. Stamens short. — Eed. If ? 
Aug. — Sept. Middle Geo. Lapithea gentianoides, Gris. 

Genus IV.— CENTAUREL'LA. Rich. 4—1. 
(Diminutive of Centaurea.) 

Calyx 4-cleft, persistent, glabrous. Corolla campanulate, 
persistent, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted into the tube of the co- 
rolla, short. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. C. ver'na, (Mich.) Stem simple, angular, glabrous. Leaves few, 
resembling scales. Flowers terminal, 1 — 3. Calyx with lanceolate, ex- 
panding segments. Style persistent. Stigma 2-cleft. — White. %. 
Feb. — April. On the sea-coast of Geo. 4 — 8 inches. 

2. C. panicula'ta, (Mich.) Stem smooth, with brachiate branches. 
Leaves minute, subulate, those of the base alternate, those toward the 
summit opposite. Flowers in panicles, on opposite peduncles, the lower 
ones branched. Calyx 4-cleft, the two outer decurrent. Corolla about 
the length of the calyx. — Greenish-white. ©. Aug.- — Sept. In ditches 
and damp grounds. 8 — 12 inches. 

Genus V.— VILLAR'SIA. Vent. 5—1. 
(In honor of D. Villars, a French botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with the limb 5-parted, 
ciliate. Stamens 5. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed, glands 5, al- 
ternating with the stamens. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many- 



1. V. lacuno'sa, (Vent.) Stem filiform, floating. Leaves reniform, 
lacunose beneath, slightly crenate, on long petioles. Flowers somewhat 
umbellate, arising from the petioles. — White. %. July — August. In 
still waters. Limnanthemum lacunosum, Gris. 

Genus VI— OBOLA'RIA. L. 13—2. 
(From ooolos, a small Greek coin.) 

Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
4-cleft ; segments equal, entire, or crenulate. Stamens 4, some- 
what didynamous. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

1. O. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem cespitose, simple, or sparingly branched, 
glabrous. Leaves opposite, sessile, obovate, slightly decurrent, glabrous. 
Flowers 2 — 3, on the summit of axillary branches. — White or red. If . 
April — May. In rich soils. 4 — 6 inches. 

Order LXXXIIL— BIGNONIA'CE^E. {Trumpet-flower 
Family.) 

Calyx divided. Corolla hypogynous, usually irregularly 
4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 1 or 3 sterile. Ovary 2 -celled, or 



ORDER LXXXIII. BIGNONIAC^E. 439 

spuriously 4-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Capsule 1 — 2- 
celled. Seed compressed, usually winged. Albumen none. 
Trees, climbing or running plants. Leaves without stipules. 

Genus I.— BIGNO'NIA. L. 14—2. 

(In honor of the Abbe Bignon.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, cup-shaped, coriaceous. Corolla campanulate, 
5-lobed, ventricose beneath. Stamens 4, didynamous. Pod 
2-celled. Seed with membranaceous wings. 

1. B. capreola'ta. A vine, climbing over trees and shrubs. Leaves 
connate, lanceolate, cordate, glabrous, bearing tendrils, peduncles axil- 
lary, each 1 -flowered. — Dull red. *? . March — April. Common. 

Cross-vine. 

2. B. rad'icans. A vine, climbing over the loftiest trees, attaching 
itself by radicles. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, toothed, acuminate, 
glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent beneath. Flowers in corymbs. 
Corolla slightly ventricose beneath, tinged with yellow on the inside, 
with the segments nearly round, with a barren filament. — Red. ^ . 
June — Sept. Common. " Tecoma radicans. 

Genus II— CATAL'PA. L. 2—1. 
(Its name in India.) 

Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate, with the tube ventri- 
cose, border with 4 unequal lobes. Stamens 2, fertile, and 2 — 
3 sterile. Stigma in 2 plaits. Capsule cylindrical, 2-celled, 
2-valved. Seed with membranaceous margins. 

1. C. cordifo'lia. A tree, with long, opposite, expanding branches. 
Leaves nearly round, cordate, acuminate, glabrous on the upper surface, 
downy beneath, very large, usually 3 in a whorl. Flowers in large, ter- 
minal panicles ; segments of the calyx obovate, concave ; those of the 
corolla crenulate, with the tube variegated, with yellow and purple ; 
silique long, with the dissepiment opposite the valves. — White. ^ . 
April — May. Common on the Ocmulgee. 20 — 50 feet. 

Genus III.— MARTYN'IA. 14—2. 
(In honor of John Martyn, an English botanist.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla hypogynous, bilabiate, with the limb 
5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary spuriously 4-celled. 
Style 1. Stigma divided. Fruit a ligneous capsule, termi- 
nated by a hooked beak. Seed few, large. Herbaceous plants, 
with alternate leaves, and axillary flowers. 

1. M. probosci'dea, (Glox.) Stem procumbent, branching, fistulous, 
viscidly pubescent, whole plant fetid. Flowers on axillary peduncles. 
Calyx split to the base on the under side. Capsule ligneous, 2-valved, 
4-celled, with the surface furrowed, with 2 curved beaks, 2 — 3 inches 
long. — Dull yellow. %. June — Aug. Common. 



MO OEDER LXXXIV. POLEMONIACEiE. 



Order LXXXIV.— POLEMONIA'CE^E. (Phlox Family) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, sometimes irregular. Corolla 
regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted into the middle of the 
tube of the corolla, and alternate with its segments. Ovary 
superior, 3-celled. Style simple. Stigma trifid. Capsule 3- 
celled, dehiscence loculicidal. Seed angular or oval, ascending ; 
embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous. Herbaceous plants. 

Genus I— PHLOX. L 5—1. 
(From phlox, a flame, the appearance of the flowers.) 

Calyx prismatic, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a 
flat 5-lobed border, lobes cuneate. Stamens unequal, inserted 
into the tube of the corolla. Capsule ovate, 3-celled, 1 seed in 
each cell. 

1. P. acumina'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, little scabrous toward the 
summit, smooth toward the base. Leaves membranaceous, scabrous, 
lower ones spatulate-ovate, acuminate, upper ones lanceolate. Flow- 
ers in terminal corymbs ; segments of the calyx subulate, awned ; seg- 
ments of the corolla rounded. — Purple. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Common 
in the upper country. 3 — 5 feet. 

2. P. panicula'ta, (L.) Stem smooth, erect. Leaves opposite, lance- 
olate, flat, with scabrous margins, acuminate. Flowers in numerous op- 
posite corymbs; segments of the calyx pubescent, awned. Anthers 
linear, 2-eelled. Stigma hispid. — Purple. If . June — July. Upper dis- 
tricts of Carolina. 2 feet. 

3. P. unduxa'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves oblong-lance- 
olate, undulate, with scabrous margins. Flowers in paniculate corymbs ; 
segments of the calyx awned, those of the corolla retuse. — Blue. If. 
July — Aug. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. P. pyramida'lis, (Pursh.) Stem erect, scabrous. Leaves cordate- 
ovate, acute. Flowers in pyramidal, fastigiate panicles ; segments of the 
calyx lanceolate, acute ; those of the corolla cuneate, truncate. — Purple. 
If. June — Aug. Mountains. 

5. P. corda'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves cordate, taper- 
ing toward the summit, auricled at the base, with scabrous margins. 
Flowers in somewhat paniculate corymbs, numerous ; segments of the 
calyx awned, as long as the tube. — Blue. 2f . August. Upper dis- 
tricts of Carolina. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. P. macula'ta, (L.) Stem erect, terete, dotted, sprinkled with 
glandular hairs. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, with scabrous 
margins. Flowers in alternate corymbs. Calyx with subulate segments, 
angled. Corolla with obovate rounded segments. — Purple. If. May 
— July. Rich soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

*7. P. Caroli'na, (Pursh.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs. Calyx 
glabrous, with linear-lanceolate teeth ; segments of the corolla rounded. 
— Purple. 2f. July — Sept. Upper districts of Carolina. 



OEDER LXXXIY. POLEMONIACE^. 441 

8. P. nit'ida, (Pursb.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, somewhat coriaceous. Floicers in fastigiate corymbs ; segments 
of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acuminate; those of the corolla obovatc 
— Purple. If. May — June. Middle Carolina and Georgia. 

9. P. glaber'rima, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, or oval-lanceolate, glabrous, long, smooth. Floicers in terminal co- 
rymbs; segments of the calyx acute, linear-lanceolate ; of the corolla 
nearly round. — Blue. If. May — June. Low country. 1 — 2 feet. 

10. P. arista'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, slender, pubescent. Leaves 
linear. Flowers few, corymbose ; segments of the calyx awned ; tube 
of the corolla curved ; segments obovate. — Purple. If. May — June. 
Upper districts of Carolina. 

11. P. pilo'sa, (L.) Stem erect, villous, purple, covered with a white 
pubescence. Leaves linear-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, 
sessile, with revolute margins. Flowers in fastigiate corymbs, bracte- 
ate ; segments of the calyx hairy, acute, subulate ; those of the corolla 
obovate or acute. — Purple. 2£. March — April. Rich soils. 12 — 18 
inches. 

12. P. amce'na, (Sims.) Stem decumbent, assurgent, hirsute. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate. Flowers numerous, in corymbs ; segments of the calyx 
subulate, those of the corolla obtuse. — Purple. If. May — June. 
Southern Georgia. 

13. P. divarica'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, smooth, with divaricate 
branches. Leaves remote, ovate, membranaceous, sessile, upper ones al- 
ternate. Flowers in corymbs, scattered ; segments of the calyx subu- 
late. — Purple. 2f . April. Swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

14. P. subula'ta, (L.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, branching, hir- 
sute. Leaves subulate, mucronate, ciliate, pubescent, the lower oppo- 
site, the upper alternate. Flowers axillary, somewhat corymbose. 
Calyx hairy, with acute linear segments ; segments of the corolla cu- 
neate, emarginate. — Rose-color. If. Feb. — May. In light soils, mid- 
dle and upper districts of Carolina and Georgia. 

15. P. seta'cea, (L.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, hairy. Leaves 
subulate, ciliate, somewhat fasciculate, pubescent. Flowers somewhat 
umbelled, or solitary, forming terminal corymbs ; teeth of the calyx sub- 
ulate ; segments of the corolla cuneate, emarginate. — Purple. 2$. 
April — May. Middle Carolina and Georgia. 

Genus II— POLEMO'MUM. L. 5—1. 

(From polemos, war ; from having caused war between two kings. — Pliny.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-parted ; seg- 
ments erect. Stamens 5, inserted on 5 teeth or valves, which 
close the orifice of the corolla. Stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3- 
celled. 

1. P. rep'tans, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching. Leaves pin- 
nate, from 1 — 11 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, acute, glabrous, entire. 
Flowers terminal, nodding. Calyx 5-cleft. — Blue. If. Mountains. 
10 — 12 inches. Jacob's Ladder, 

19* 



442 OEDEK LXXXV. HYDROPHYLLAOE. 

Genus III.— CAN'TUA. Juss. 5—3. {Gilia.) 

(The Peruvian name of this plant.) 

Calyx 3 — 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form. Stigma 3-cleft, 
spotted. Stamens 5. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds 
angled. 

1. C. coronopifo'lia, (Willd.) Stem pubescent. Leaves pinnatifid, 
sessile, fasciculate, with smooth, linear segments. Flowers in long race- 
mose panicles. Calyx pubescent ; segments subulate. Corolla dotted 
with red. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla. Capsule ob- 
long, 8-furrowed. — Red and yellow. $ . July. On the Congaree, 
near Columbia, S. C. Standing Cypress. Gilia coronopifolia. 

One of the most beautiful of our native plants, which has become extensively in- 
troduced into our gardens. "We have also found it on the Ocmulgee, near Macon. 

Genus IV.— COLLO'MIA. Butt. 5—1. 
(From Jcolla, glue.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat campanulate, large. Corolla fun- 
nel-form, 5-lobed, lobes oval, oblong ; tube straight, long, slen- 
der. Capsule 3-celled, triangular. Seeds oblong, angular, 
covered with a mucilage containing the fibro-cellular tissue. 

1. C. linea'ris, (Nutt.) Stem pubescent. Leaves oblong-linear, 
somewhat lanceolate, floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute. Calyx viscid. 
— Whitish-purple. 0. June. Louisiana. 

Order LXXXV.— HYDROPHYLLA'CE^E. 

Calyx 5 — 10-cleft, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, 
with two lamellae at the base of each lobe. Stamens 5, alternate 
with the segments of the corolla. Ovary simple, 1 -celled ; 
ovule suspended. Style 1, bifid. Placenta? 2, parietal. Fruit 
capsular, inclosed in the permanent calyx. Few or many 
seeded. Herbaceous plants, hispid. 

Gends 1.— HYDROPHYL'LUM. 5—1. 
(From hudor, water, and phullon, leaf.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longi- 
tudinal nectariferous grooves on the inside. Stamens 5, ex- 
serted ; filaments bearded. Capsule globose, 1-celled, 2-valved, 
usually 1 -seeded. 

1. H. Vibgin'icum, (L.) Stem erect, nearly glabrous. Leaves pinnate 
and pinnatifid ; segments oval-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers in compact 
axillary clusters ; segments of the calyx linear. — Blue. If . May — 
June. In shady, rocky situations. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. H. Canaden'se, (L.) Nearly smooth. Leaves palmately 5 — 7- 
lobed, rounded, unequally toothed. Flowers in globose cymes ; pedun- 



ORDER LXXXV. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 443 

cles much shorter than the petioles ; lobes of the calyx linear ; sinuses 
of the calyx naked ; filaments longer than the corolla. — White. %. 
Mountains. 

Genus II— PHACE'LIA. Juss. 5—1. (Cosmanthus, Nolte.) 
(From pTtakelos, a bundle.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-cleft, sub-campanulate, with 5 nec- 
tariferous grooves on the inside. Stamens 5, exserted. Style 
filiform. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. 

1. P. fimbria'ta, (Pursh.) Stem assurgent, hispid. Leaves pinnatifid, 
with undivided lobes. Flowers in simple, terminal racemes, revolute 
before flowering, afterward erect ; segments of the corolla fimbriate. 
— Blue. If. May — June. Common around Macon. 6 — 10 inches. 

Cosmanthus Jimbriatus, Nolte. 

Genus III.— DIAPEN'SIA. L. 5—1. 
(From diapente, 5-cleft.) 

Calyx 5 -parted, bracteate, fringed. Corolla salver-form, 
with a short tube. Stem creeping, with short assurgent 
branches. 

1. D. Barbula'ta, (Ell.) Leaves lanceolate, cuneate, acute, pubes- 
cent at the base, upper ones crowded. Flowers at the extremities of 
the branches, solitary. Anthers beaked. — White. If. June — Aug. 
Mountains. 

Genus IV.— HYDRO'LEA. L. 5—2. 

(From hudor, water, and elaia, oil.) 

Calyx 5-parted or 5-leaved. Corolla campanulate, with the 
limb 5-parted. Stamens 5 ; filaments inserted into the tube of 
the corolla, dilated at the base. Capsule 2-celled. Seeds numerous. 

1. H. quadrival'vis, (Walt.) Stem decumbent, assurgent, hairy, ge- 
niculate, spiny Leaves cuneate, lanceolate, alternate, entire, hairy 
along the veins. Flowers in axillary clusters, nearly sessile. Calyx 5- 
parted, hairy, with subulate segments. Corolla pubescent, with acute 
segments. Capsule globose. Seeds numerous, oval. — Blue. 2f . July 
— Sept. Around ponds. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. H. corymbo'sa, (Mar.) Stem erect, or assurgent toward the sum- 
mit, without spines. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, with the veins and mar- 
gins pubescent. Flowers solitary, on the extremities of the small 
branches, somewhat corymbose. Calyx with the segments acute, 
hairy. Corolla campanulate, with ovate segments, with yellowish 
veins, and white spots near the base. Capsule globose, glabrous. — 
Blue. If. Through the summer. In pine-barren ponds. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus V.— NEMOPH'ILA. Barton, 5—1. 
(From nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love ; growing in shady places.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, with 5 small reflexed interlobes, ciliate ; 
lobes lanceolate, 3-nerved. Corolla campanulate, twice as long 



44:4: ORDER LXXXVI. CONVOLVULACE^E. 

as the calyx, glabrous. Stamens 5, inserted into the tube of 
the corolla, shorter than the corolla ; pollen somewhat angular. 
Ovarium 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded. 

1. N". evanes'cens. Stem 3 — 4 inches high, succulent, angular, hairy 
on the angles ; several stems from the same root. Leaves alter- 
nate, ciliate, variously lobed ; lobes obtuse, usually mucronate and 
dentate ; petiole triangular. Flowers opposite the leaves, solitary. 
Grows in rich, damp soil. Springs up in February, blooms in March, 
and dies in June. — White. On the Ocmulgee. 

Genus VI. — ELLIS'IA. 5—1. 

(In honor of John Ellis, a botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, smaller than 
the calyx. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, each cell 2-seeded. 
Herbaceous, annual plants, dichotomously branched ; leaves 
pinnatifid. 

1. E. microoa'lyx. Stem glabrous, decumbent. Leaves lyrate, pin- 
natifid ; segments 3 — 5, lateral ones oblique, deeply toothed, middle 
ones trifid and obtuse. Flowers solitary, small. — Alluvial grounds. 
Ala. 4 — 6 inches. 

Order LXXXVI.— CONTOLVULA'CE^E. (Bind-weed 
Family.} 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, regular, 5- 
lobed, deciduous, plaited. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of 
the corolla, alternate with its segments. Ovary 2 — 4-celled, 
occasionally 1 -celled ; ovules few, erect. Style 1, usually bifid, 
sometimes separated to the base. Capsule 1 — 4-celled. Seeds 
borne at the base of the placentae. Herbs or shrubs, usually 
twining. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 

Genus I.— CONVOLVULUS. L. 5—1. 
(From convolvere, to entwine.) 

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes bracteolate. Corolla funnel-form 
or campanulate, plaited, with 5 segments. * Stamens 5, shorter 
than the limb. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, few-seeded. Stigmas 2. 
Style undivided. 

1. C. tenel'lus, (L.) Stem prostrate, branching at the base, hairy. 
Leaves on short petioles, elliptic, mucronate, slightly cordate, entire, 
somewhat hairy ; peduncles axillary, bearing several flowers, longer 
than the leaves ; bracts 2, at the summit of the peduncle. Calyx 5- 
leaved, acuminate, ciliate. Corolla small, externally hairy, with the 
margin obscurely 10-toothed; filaments 5, villous. Anthers sagittate. 
Style deeply cleft. Capsule hairy, 4-celled. — White. 2f. June — Aug. 
Common. 



ORDER LXXXVI. — CONVOLVULACE2E. 445 

2. C. aquat'icus, (Walt.) Stem tomentose. Leaves oblong-ovate, on 
short petioles ; peduncles generally 3-flowered, sometimes as long as 
the leaves. Corolla hairy. Capsule tomentose. — Rose-color. If. 
Through the summer. Middle and lower Geo. 

Stylisma convolvuloides, Chois. 

3. C. spitham^e'us, (L.) Stem erect, branching, pubescent. Leaves 
cordate or oval, pubescent. Flowers solitary, on axillary peduncles ; 
bracts longer than the calyx. — White. If. June — July. In dry 
soils. 

4. C. obtusilo'bus, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, glabrous, branching. 
Leaves alternate, sinuate-lobed, nearly hastate, emarginate. Flowers 
on peduncles, with 2 small leaves near the middle. Corolla large, with 
a yellow tube and white limb. Style 2-cleft. — If. Aug. — Oct. On 
the coast. Batatus litoralis, Chois. 

5. C. purpu'reus, (L.) Stem twining, hairy. Leaves cordate, entire ; 
peduncles 1 — 3-flowered. Calyx hairy. Corolla funnel-shaped. — Blue, 
purple, or white. %.. Through the summer. Introduced. 

Mo rning-glory. 

6. C. Macrorhi'zus, (Ell.) Root very large, white, farinaceous, in- 
sipid. Stem twining, pubescent, somewhat angled. Leaves cordate, 
entire or lobed, pubescent underneath, the young leaves tomentose, 
acute ; peduncles 1 — 5-flowered. Calyx pubescent. Corolla with the 
limb obscurely 10-lobed, pubescent on the outer surface. Stamens un- 
equal. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2 — 3-celled. Seeds hairy. — White, 
tinged with purple. 2f. June — Oct. Is. of Car. and Geo. 

Batatus jalapa, Chois. 

I. C. bata'tas, (L.) Stem creeping. Leaves very various, cordate, 
often variously angled and divided, usually with long petioles; pe- 
duncles 3 — 4-flowered, equaling in length the petioles. Sepals usually 
acuminate, mucronate. Corolla campanulate. — Various shades of pink 
and purple. From the East Indies; now cultivated in all warm coun- 
tries for its valuable root. Sweet Potato. 

8. C. pandura'tus, (L.) Boot large. Stem terete, nearly glabrous ; 
young branches pubescent. Leaves cordate, entire or 3-lobed, mucro- 
nate, pubescent ; peduncles 1 — 5-flowered, stipulate. Corolla with the 
limb slightly lobed. Style simple. — White and purple. If. May — 
Aug. In dry soils. Wild Potato-vine. Ipomcea punduratus, Mey. 

9. C. sagittifo'lius, (Mich.) Stem twining, terete, glabrous. Leaves 
glabrous, sagittate, with long, acute, diverging auricles ; peduncles ax- 
illary, 1-fiowered, solitary, bracteate. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled. 
— Purple. 2f . Through the summer. On the coast. 

10. C. re'pens, (Ell.) Stem twining, pubescent. Leaves sagittate, 
with obtuse or truncate auricles, entire, pubescent, on long petioles ; 
peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-fiowered, thickened toward the summit, 
pubescent. Calyx bracteate. Corolla with a long tube, the limb ob- 
scurely 4-lobed. Style slightly 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled. — White, 
tinged with red. 2f . April — May. On the coast. 

II. C. tamnifo'lius, (E1L) Stem twining, terete, hairy. Leaves cor- 
date, slightly undulate, acuminate, entire, with hairy margins ; veins 
on the under surface, muricate. Flowers in capitate clusters ; common 
peduncle muricate, hairy. Calyx villous. Corolla small, 5-toothed. 
Style slightly 2-cleft. Capsule 2-celled.— Blue. #. Aug.— Sept. 
Middle Geo. 



446 OEDEE LXXXVI. — CONVOLVULACE^J. 

Genus II— IPOMCE'A. L. 5—1. 

(From ips, bind-weed, and homoios, similar.) 

Resembling the preceding genus. Stigma capitate, globose. 
Capsule 3 -celled. 

1. I. orbicularis, (Ell.) Stem prostrate. Leaves orbicular, emargi- 
nate, coriaceous, on rather long petioles ; peduncles usually 3-flowered, 
partial peduncles bracteate. Sepals ovate, slightly mucronate. Corolla 
with a short tube. — Purple. If Through the summer. On the 
coast. 

2. I. bo'na nox, (Pursh.) Stem prostrate, roughened, sometimes 
prickly. Leaves cordate, entire, or angled ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered. 
Calyx awned. Corolla undivided, with a long tube, large, white. 

Calonyction spuriosum, Chois. 

3. I. coccin'ea, (L.) Stem twining. Leaves alternate, cordate, acu- 
minate, angled at the base ; peduncles 3 — 5-flowered. Sepals awned. 
Corolla salver-form ; limb plaited. — Red. #. June — Sept. Common. 

Quamoclit coccinea, Moen. 

4. I. tbjchocar'pa, (Pursh.) Stem twining, hairy, angled. Leaves 
cordate when young, 3-lobed when old ; villous margins frequently 
purple ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered, with 2 bracts at each division. Sep- 
als oblong, ciliate. Corolla pubescent on the inside near the base. 
Stigma globose. Capsule 4-celled, hairy. — Purple or red. 0. July — 
Oct. In cultivated lands. Common. I. commutata, R. 

5. I. nil, (Pursh.) Stem twining, hairy. Leaves cordate, the old 
ones 3-lobed, acuminate; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered; segments of the 
calyx subulate, long, villous. Corolla with the limb obscurely 5-angled. 
Stigma globose. — White and blue. %. In cultivated lands. Common. 
Aug. — Oct. Pkarbitis nil, Chois. 

6. I. dissec'ta, (Pursh.) Stem hairy. Leaves ^-lobed, glabrous, on 
pubescent petioles ; segments sinuate ; peduncles 1-flowered ; segments 
of the calyx oval. Corolla campanulate. — %. July. Calcareous soils. 
Geo. and Flor. I. sinuata, Ait. 

Genus III.— CALYSTE'GIA. Br. 5—2. 
(From fcalux, a calyx, and stege, a covering.) 

Bracts 2, opposite, inclosing the flower. Sepals 5, equal. 
Corolla campanulate. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovary 2- 
celled, sometimes 1 -celled. 

1. C. Catesbeian'a, (Pursh.) Stem voluble, tomentose. Leaves cor- 
date, oblong-lanceolate, or sagittate, acute, tomentose ; peduncles 
1-flowered ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat inflated. Sepals 
obtuse. — Car. 

2. C. paradox' a, (Pursh.) Stem lying on the ground, tomentose. 
Leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 1-flowered, elon- 
gated ; bracts linear, remote from the flower. Sepals naked, smooth, 
acuminate. — White. Vir. — Car. 

The medicinal substances, Jalap and Scammony, are the production of plants of this 
order. The former from the Convolvulus jalapa, a native of Mexico, and the latter 
from the C. scammonia, indigenous in Greece and the East. 



ORDER LXXXVH. — BORAGINACEiE. 447 

Genus IV.— DICHON'DRA. Foster, 5—2. 
(From dis, twice, and chondros, a grain, from the form of its capsules.) 

Calyx 5-parted ; segments spatulate. Corolla 5 -parted, bell- 
form, short. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, formed 
of 2 carpels, each 1 -seeded. Seeds globose. 

1. D. Carolinen'sis, (Mich.) Stein creeping, pubescent. Leaves 
somewhat reniform, emarginate. Calyx ciliate, villous. — Purple. 2£, 
June. Lou. 

Genus V.— CUSCU'TA. Tourn. 5—2. 
(The ancient name of a parasitical plant.) 

Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla globose, urceolate ; limb 4 — 5-cleft. 
Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2 seeds in each cell ; dehiscence transverse. 

1. C. America'na, (L.) Stem twining, filiform, resembling orange- 
colored threads, springing first from the earth, afterward becoming 
parasitic ; the root dying. Leaves none. Flowers in racemose clusters. 
— White. ®. Through the summer. Common. 

Love-vine. C. compacta, Juss. 

Order LXXXVIL— BORAGINA'CE^E. {Borage Family.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, regular, 5- 
cleft. Stamens inserted into the corolla, alternate with its seg- 
ments. Ovary 4-lobed, 4-celled, with 4 suspended ovules. 
Style simple, arising from the base of the lobes. Nuts 4, dis- 
tinct. Herbaceous plants, with alternate, scabrous leaves. 
Flowers in secund spikes or racemes. 

Genus I.— LITHOSPER'MUM. L. 5—1. 

(From litfios, a stone, and sperma, a seed.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, small, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens included. Nuts shining. 

1. L. arven'se, (L.) Stern erect, hispid, branching. Leaves oblong- 
obtuse or ovate. Flowers solitary, axillary, forming leafy racemes. 
Calyx with long, linear, subulate segments. Nuts rugose. — White. %. 
April — May. Introduced. 12 — 18 inches. Com Gromwell. 

2. L. hir'tum, (Leh.) Stem erect, hirsute, simple. Leaves hispid, ob- 
long, somewhat oval, those of the flowers ovate. Calyx with long, 
lanceolate segments, persistent. Corolla with 5 tubercles in the throat. 
Flowers in terminal racemes. — Bright orange. 2f, April — May. Com- 
mon. 10 — 16 inches. Batschia Gmelini, Mich. 

3. L. canes'cens, (Leh.) Stem villous, erect, simple. Leaves oblong, 
mucronate, obtuse, villous beneath. Flowers axillary, crowded near 
the summit of the stem. Calyx with linear-lanceolate segments, short ; 
tube of the corolla double the length of the calyx. — Bright orange. 2f . 
June — July. 8 — 12 inches. Fuccoon. 



44:8 OKDEE LXXXVII. — BOKAGINACE.E. 

Genus IL— CYNOGLOS'SUM. L. 5—1. 

(From Tcuon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a short tube and 
5-lobed border ; orifice closed. Seeds depressed, affixed to the 
style by their inner margin. 

1. C. Vik,gin'icum, (L.) Stem erect, hispid. Leaven large, oval, ob- 
long, the upper ones amplexicaul, hairy. Flowers in terminal corymbs. 
—Blue. If. May — June. In shady woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

Hound's Tongue. 

2. C. Moeiso'ni, (D. C.) (Myosolis Virginiana, L.) Stem branching, hairy. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above. Flowers in divar- 
icate, dichotomous racemes. Nuts covered with hooked prickles. — 
Blue. $ . June — July. Upper districts of Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus III.— ONOSMO'DIUM. Mich. 5—1. 
(From onosma and eidos — like the Onosma.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with acute, ciliate segments. Corolla cam- 
panulate, with a border 5-parted, ventricose. Stamens included. 
Syle exserted. Nuts shining. 

1. 0. Carolinia'num, (A., D. C.) Villous. Leaves oblong-oval, cili- 
ate ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; lobes of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, 
shorter than the tube of the corolla. Corolla glabrous ; lobes ovate, 
acute. — White. If. Stony hills. 

2. 0. his'pidum, (Nutt.) Stem obtusely angled, hispid, branched. 
Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, entire. Flowers in simple 
racemes. Calyx hispid, ciliate. Corolla pubescent. Seed angled on 
the inner side. — Yellowish. If. May — June. Sandy soils. Common. 
12—18 inches. 

Genus IV.— PULMONA'PJA. L. 5—1. 
(From its supposed effect on the lungs.) 

Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent, prismatic. Corolla funnel- 
form, obscurely 5-lobed. 

1. P. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching. Leaves lan- 
ceolate-ovate, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers in terminal fascicles. Co- 
rolla several times as long as the calyx. Style slender, as long as the 
stamens. — Violet-color. If. April — May. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

Merteksia Virginica, D. C. 

Genus V.— HELIOTRO'PUM. L. 5—1. 
(From helios, the sun, and trope, twining.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 5-parted. 
Stamens 5, alternate with the segments of the corolla. Ovary 
entire, 4-celled, with a pendulous ovule in each cell. Style 
simple. Fruit drupaceous, easily separable into 4 pieces. 
Seed solitary. Herbaceous plants, with alternate simple leaves. 
Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes. 



ORDER LXXXVm. SOLANACE^E. 449 

1. H. In'dicum, (L.) Stem erect, hispid, furrowed. Leaves alternate, 
cordate, ovate, scabrous, acute ; margins irregular. Flcnvers in axillary 
spikes. Calyx 5-parted, hirsute, shorter than the corolla. Fruit angu- 
lar, separating. — Blue. 0. June — Aug. Middle and southern Car. 
and Geo. 8—12 feet. 

2. H. curassav'icum, (L.) Stem erect or decumbent, simple or branch- 
ed, succulent, glaucous. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, succulent. 
Flowers in terminal spikes. Calyx succulent, as long as the tube of the 
corolla. Corolla salver-form, furrowed. Fruit angled on the inside, 
coated with a- fleshy pulp. — White, tinged with yellow. 0. May — 
July. On the sea-coast. 6 — 12 inches. 

Order LXXXVIIL— SOLAN A'CE^E. {Nightshade and Po- 
tato Families.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4 — 5- 
cleft. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, alternate with its 
segments, sometimes 1 -abortive. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 poly- 
spermous placentae. Stigma simple. Fruit a capsule, with 2 
— 4 cells and a double dissepiment, or a berry with the pla- 
centae adhering to the dissepiment. Seeds numerous.. Embryo 
curved. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves. 

Genus I.— LYCOPER'SICUM. Tourn. 
(From the Greek luJcos, a wolf, and persioa, a peach.) 

Calyx persistent, 5 — many-parted. Corolla rotate ; limb 5 
— many-cleft. Stamens 5 or more, inserted into the throat of 
the corolla, exsert. Ovary 2 — many-celled ; ovules numerous. 
Fruit a berry, many-seeded. Seeds reniform, somewhat villose. 
Herbaceous plants, with compound, alternate leaves. 

1. L. esculen'tum, (Mill.) Stem somewhat fleshy, villous. Leaves 
unequally pinnatifid ; segments incisely toothed, pilose. Flowers ex- 
tra-axillary. Calyx deeply divided ; limb of the corolla plaited. An- 
thers oblong-conical, opening by a slit on the internal face. The parts 
of the flowers and fruit vary very much, from the soldering of two or 
more flowers together, making the fruit many-celled and irregular. 
Native of the warm parts of America. Tomato. Love-apple. Wolf-peach. 

There are numerous varieties of Tomato, bearing fruit red, yellow, and white. The 
Tomato may readily be grafted on the Irish potato, and both flourish and bear their 
accustomed fruits. 

Genus II.— SOLA'NUM. L. 5—1. 

(The derivation of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, conni- 
vent, dehiscing by 2 pores at the extremity. Fruit a sub-glo- 
bose berry, 2-celled. 

1. S. tuberosum, (L.) Stem herbaceous, with a rhizoma bearing 
tubers. Leaves unequally pinnatifid ; segments unequal, alternately 



450 OEDER LXXXVIII. SOLANACE^E. 

large and small, oval, unequal at the base, minutely villous. Pedicels 
articulated. Corolla plicate, 5-angled. — %■. South America. Potato. 

Extensively cultivated as one of the most important agricultural 
productions, especially in Europe and the Northern U. States. 

2. S. nodiflo'rum, (Jacq.) Stem herbaceous or suffructicose ; branches 
terete, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, ovate, entire. Flowers sub-umbel- 
late, numerous ; peduncles, pedicels, and calyx puberulent. Fruit 
black, globose, shining. — White, yellowish at the base. So. Car., Geo., 
and Flor. 2 feet. 

8. S. ni'grum, (L.) Stem erect, angled, glabrous, with the young 
branches pubescent, unarmed. Leaves ovate-angled, dentate, tapering 
at the base, on long petioles, sprinkled with hair. Flowers in 8 — 6- 
flowered umbels, between the leaves. Calyx persistent, pubescent. 
Corolla pubescent, with acute segments. Fruit black, many-seeded. — 
"White. 2T. Through the summer. Damp soils. Common. Nightshade. 

4. S. Ptycan'thum, (Duu.) Stem herbaceous, slender, hispid, angled. 
Leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong, acuminate, acute at the base, pubescent, 
pale beneath. Peduncles filiform, short, hirsute, 1 — 3 flowered. Calyx 
5-cleft ; lobes ovate. Fruit globose. — White. Geo. 

5. S. mammo'sum, (L.) Stem prickly. Leaves cordate, angled, villous, 
lobed, very broad, and prickly on both sides. Flowers in loose terminal 
racemes and opposite. Fruit yellow, tapering at the base. — Yellow. 
0. June — Aug. Middle and southern Geo. 

6. S. Pumi'lum, (Dun.) Stems pilose-hirsute, yellowish-red, numer- 
ous, rooting. Leaves broad-ovate, obtuse, nearly entire, attenuate at 
the base ; midrib spiny. Floivers in racemes, 3 — 5-flowered. Pedun- 
cles filiform, long. Calyx red. — Purple. Middle Geo. 

7. S. Virginia' num, (L.) Stem erect, prickly; branches angled. 
Leaves pinnatifid, prickly, ciliate ; segments obtuse. Calyx prickly. 
Fruit small, greenish-white. — White. July — Aug. Sandy soils. Com- 
mon. 6 — 10 inches. 

8. S. Carolinen'se, (L.) Stem erect, with numerous expanding 
branches, hairy, armed with stiff, sharp prickles. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, hastate, scabrous, prickly, covered with stellular pubescence. 
Flowers in simple, lateral racemes. Calyx pubescent, prickly. — White. 
2£. May — July. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. Horse -nettle. 

9. S. esculen'tum, (Dun.) Stem herbaceous, spiny, or unarmed. 
Leaves ovate, acuminate, repand or sinuate, tomentose, canescent, acu- 
leate on the veins and petiole, unequal at the base. Flowers usually 
solitary. Peduncle reflexed. Calyx tomentose, aculeate, 6 — 9-cleft, 
persistent ; segments linear-lanceolate, increasing with the fruit. Co- 
rolla 6 — 9-cleft; segments broad. Stamens 6 — 9. Fruit large, smooth, 
shining, obtuse at the apex, white or purple, 6 — 9-celled ; placentas 
fleshy. Seeds numerous, small, compressed. — Purple and yellow. East 
Indies. Cultivated extensively for the table. Fgg-plant. Jew's-apple. 

Genus III.— PHYSA'LIS. L. 5—1. 
(From the Greek phusa, a bladder, in allusion to the inflated calyx.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, increasing after flowering, becoming inflated. 
Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, connivent. Berry globose, 
2-celled, inclosed in the inflated calyx. 



ORDER LXXXVIII. SOLANACE.E. 451 

1. P. visco'sa, (L.) Stem erect, diehotomous, the young branches 
pubescent and viscid. Leaves alternate and lanceolate, repand, den- 
tate, viscid, on long petioles. Flowers solitary, in the divisions of the 
stem. Calyx pubescent. Corolla pubescent, with brownish spots at the 
base. — Yellow. Q. July — Oct. Cultivated lands. Common. 1 — 2 
feet. Ground Cherry. 

2. P. Pexxsylvan'ica, (L.) Stem slightly angled, pubescent. Leaves 
ovate, obtuse, slightly repand, tomentose on the under surface. Flow- 
ers on axillary, solitary peduncles. Fruit red, small. — Yellow. ©. 
June — Aug. Common. 10 — 12 inches. 

3. P. tomento'sa, (Walt.) Stem branching, stellate-tomentose. Leaves 
ovate, repand-toothed, tomentose beneath, whitish. Peduncles filiform, 
longer than the petioles. Corolla spotted yellow. Stigma bifid. — Yel- 
low and purple. 2£ . Car. and Geo. 

4. P. lanceola'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, densely pubescent, angled, 
somewhat branched. Leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, entire, tomen- 
tose, on rather short petioles. Flowers solitary, nodding. Calyx trun- 
cate. — Yellow, with purple spots. 21- June — Aug. Dry soils. Com- 
mon. 

5. P. viscido-pubescens, (Dun.) Stem erect, slender, viscid, hirsute- 
tomentose. Uppermost leaves in pairs, ovate or ovate-oblong, sub- 
acuminate, pubescent on both sides, viscid. Peduncles winged, filiform, 
erect. Calyx hirsute, tomentose, 5-cleft ; lobes ovate, acuminate. Co- 
rolla campanulate, plicate. — Sandy soils. Geo. and Car. 

6. P. hirsu'ta, (Dun.) Stem erect, angular, striate, divaricately 
branched, hirsute ; branches pubescent. Leaves long-petiolate, oblique- 
cordate, acute, repand, dentate or nearly entire. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; 
lobes oblong, acute. Peduncles winged, shorter than the petiole, 1- 
flowered. — ©. Blue. Car. and Geo. 10 — 12 inches. 

P. angulata, Walt. P. pruinosa, L. 

Gexus IV.— LY'CIUM. L. 4—1. 
(From lycion, a name given to a thorny shrub.) 

Calyx 4-toothecl, short. Corolla tubular. Stamens 4 ; fila- 
ments bearded. Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded berry, red. 

1. L. Carolinia'num, (Walt.) A small shrub, with long, slender 
branches, unarmed. Leaves clustered, cuneate, glabrous, narrow. 
Flowers solitary, axillarv. — White. ^ . Through the summer. Saline 
marshes. 3 — 5 feet. 

Genus V.— DATU'RA. L. 5—1. 
(Arabian name.) 

Calyx large, tubular, ventricose, 5-angled. Corolla funnel- 
form, with a long tube ; the limb 5-angled, plaited. Stamens 
5. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule 2-celled ; cells 2-parted, ap- 
parently 4-celled. 

1. D. stramo'nttjm, (L.) Stem erect, branching, diehotomous. Leaves 
alternate, angled, sinuate, unequal at the base, on long petioles. Flow- 
ers solitary, in the divisions of the stem. Calyx pubescent, with acute 
segments. Fruit spinous. — Whitish-purple. %. May — Sept. Very 
common. Thorn-apple. Jamestown- weed. 



452 ORDER LXXXIX, OROBANCHACE.E. 

Genus VI— NICOTIA'NA. L. 5—1. 

(From John Nicot, of Nismes.) 

Calyx urceolate, 5 -cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, regu- 
lar. Stamens 5. Stigma emarginate. Capsule 2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

1. N. taba'cum, (L.) Stem erect, viscidly pubescent. Leaves ovate, 
entire, petiolate, ver y large. Flowers in terminal panicles and racemes ; 
tube of the corolla cylindrical, much longer than the calyx. — White, 
tinged with pink. %. July — Aug. Introduced. 2 — 5 feet. 

Tobacco. 

Genus VII— PETU'NIA. Juss. 

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, 5-parted; lobes oblong-spatulate. 
Corolla campanulate ; tube cylindrical or ventricose ; limb 
spreading, plicate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted into the mid- 
die of the corolla tube, unequal. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled. 
Seeds minute, nearly spherical. South American plants. 

1. P. el'egans, (Miers.) Suffructicose, clothed with viscid, articu- 
lated hairs. Leaves numerous, linear, obtuse ; margin revolute, canes- 
cent beneath. Flowers axillary. Capsule small, obovate, smooth, sur- 
rounded by the persistent calyx, 2-valved, 2-celled. Brazil. Cultivated. 

Petunia. 
Genus VIIL— ATRO'PA. L. 5—1. 
(From Atropos, one of the Fates.) 

Calyx with acute angles, somewhat sagittate at the base. 
Corolla campanulate. Stamens 5, distant. Style 1. Fruit 
baccate, globose, 2-celled. 

1. A. PHYSALior/DES, (L.) Stem erect, much branched. Leaves alter- 
nate, sinuate, angled, ovate, glabrous. Flowers axillary, solitary. — 
Blue. %. June — Sept. Cultivated lands. 

There are many plants of this order in cultivation, although many are poisonous : — 
The Solanun tuberosum, the Irish Potato, so extensively cultivated for food; the 
Capvicun annuum, the Cayenne Pepper ; the Lycopersicum esculentum, the To- 
mato ; and the Petunia, belong to this order. 

Order LXXXIX.— OROBANCHA'CE^E. 

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, persistent. 
Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary superior, with parietal pla- 
centa?. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, 1-celled, 
2-valved, with one or two placentae in the middle of the valves. 
Seed numerous, minute. Herbaceous, parasitic plants. Leaves 
brown, or colorless scales. 

Genus L— OROBAN'CHE. L. 13—2. 

(From orooos, vetch, and andw, to strangle ; supposed to kill plants on •which it 

grows.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft ; segments unequal. Corolla ringent. Cap- 



ORDER XC. SCROPHT7LARIACEJE. 453 

sule ovate, 1-celled. Seed numerous, with a gland beneath the 
base of the germ. 

1. 0. Asikrica'na, (L.) Stem simple, thick, covered with ovate-lanceo- 
late scales. Flowers in spikes, terminal. Corolla recurved. Stamens 
exserted. — Brownish-yellow. It- July — Aug. Rich soils. 6 — 8 
inches. Conopholis Americana, Walt. Cancer-root. 

2. 0. uniflo'ra, (L.) Stenis erect, short, numerous from each root, 
covered with smooth, concave scales. Scape 1-flowered, 4 — 6 inches 
long, pubescent. Corolla with oblong, oval lobes, with a pubescent 
inargia — Bluish white. 2£. May — July. Pine-barrens. 

Anoplanthus xmiflorus, En. 

Genus II— EPIPHE'GUS. Eutt 12—2. 
(From epi, upon, and phegas, the Beech.) 

Calyx short, 5-toothed. Flowers polygamous, the upper 
ones sterile, the lower fertile. Corolla of the sterile florets rin- 
gent, compressed, 4-cleft ; of the fertile 4-toothed, small. Cap- 
sule truncate, oblique, 1-celled. 

i. E. Vieginia'nus, (Bart.) Stem erect, branching, covered with 
small ovate scales. Flowers alternate, small ; sterile flowers largest, 
striped with purple, growing on the roots of beech-trees. — White, with 
purple. 71. Aug. — Sept. 12 — 18 inches. 

Order XC.— SCROPHULARIA'CE^E. {Figwort Family) 

Calyx divided, unequal, persistent. Corolla bilabiate, hy- 
pogynous. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, sometimes only 2. 
Ovary 2-celled. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit generally 
a 2-celled capsule. Placental central. Seed usually numerous, 
small. Herbaceous plants, with the leaves generally opposite. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Stamens 4 2 

Stamens 2 or 5 19 

2. Stamens didynamous 3 

Stamens not didynamous 17 

3. Divisions of the calyx 2 4 

Divi>ions of the calyx more than 2 5 

4. Leaves entire Euchroma or Castilleja, 18 

Leaves not entire Pedicularis, 20 

5. Divisions of the calyx 4 G 

Divisions of the calyx 5 7 

6. Seeds 1 — 4 Melampyrum, 21 

Seeds many Schwalbea, 19 

7. The two longest stamens sterile Lindernia, 9 

Four stamens fertile 8 

8. Flowers with a sterile filament 9 

Flowers with no sterile filament 10 

9. Flowers dull, greenish-purple Scrophularia, 3 

Flowers white Chelonc, 4 

Flowers bright purple Penstemon, 5 

10. Corolla bilabiate 11 

Corolla nearly regular 13 

11. Flowers gibbous at the base Linaria or Antirrhinum, 2 

Flowers not gibbous at the base 12 



454 OEDEK XC. SCROPHTTLAKIACE^E. 

12. Calyx 5-leaved Eerpestis, 7 

Calyx 5-toothed Mimulns, 6 

13. Calyx and corolla curved Buchnera, 12 

Corolla campanulate 14 

14. Flowers yellow 15 

Flowers not yellow 16 

15. Tube of the corolla long Dasy stoma, 17 

Tube of the corolla short Seymeria, 13 

16. Leaves auriculate Otophylla, 14 

Leaves not auriculate Gerardia, 16 

17. Calyx 4-cleft 18 

Calyx 5-cleft Macranthera, 15 

18. Flowers without bracts „ Scoparia, 11 

Flowers bracteate Polyp remum, 12 

19. Stamens 5 Verbascum, 1 

Stamens 2 20 

20. Capsule 1-cellcd Micranthemum, 10 

Capsule 2-celled 21 

21. Capsule obcordate Veronica, 11 

Capsule not obcordate Gratiola, 8 

Genus I— VERB AS 'CUM. L. 5—1. 

(From barbascum, bearded, in allusion to its filaments.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 
5, declined, usually hairy. Capsule 2-valved, 2-celled, ovate or 
globose. 

1. V. Thap'sus, (L.) Stem erect, winged, tomentose. Leaves alter- 
nate, lanceolate, decurrent, tomentose, hoary. Flowers in terminal 
spikes. Calyx tomentose, persistent. Corolla tomentose on the outer 
surface. Seed dotted. — Yellow". $ . May — Aug. Common. Intro- 
duced from Europe. Mullein. 

2. V. lych'nitis, (L.) Stem erect, angled. Leaves oblong, cuneate, 
naked above, tomentose beneath. Flowers in paniculate spikes, lateral 
and terminal. — Yellow. ^ . June — July. Car. and Geo. Introduced 
from Europe. 

3. V. Blatta'ria, (L.) Stem slightly angled, simple, pubescent. 
Leaves sessile, amplexicaul, slightly cordate, serrate. Flowers in termi- 
nal racemes; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary. — Yellow, tinged with 
purple. $ . May — Aug. Common. Middle Geo. 2 — 3 feet. Intro- 
duced from Europe. 

Genus II— LLNA'RIA. Juss. 14—2. 
(From linum, flax, from its resemblance.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla large, personate, spurred at 
the base. Capsule thin, many-seeded. 

1. L. vulga'ris, (Mill.) Smooth and glaucous. Stem erect. Leaves 
numerous, linear. Flowers in terminal racemes, on short pedicels ; 
spur long; lower lip bearded. — Orange-yellow. 2£. In cultivated 
grounds. Introduced from Europe. Toad-flax. 

2. L. Canadensis, (Dum.) Stem assurgent, glabrous, simple. Leaves 
scattered, erect, linear, dotted, alternate on the fertile branches, verti- 
cillate on the sterile ; the spur of the corolla long, subulate. Seeds an- 
gled. — Blue. If. March — April. Common. 12 — 18 inches. 

Antirrhinum Canadensis. 



ORDER XC. SCROPHULARIACEJ5. 455 

Genus III.— SCROPHULA'RIA. L. 14—2. 
(From its supposed use in scrofula.) 

Calyx campauulate, 5-cleft, with equal segments. Corolla 
with the tube globose, the border 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous. Capsule 2-celled, in any-seeded. 

1. S. Marylan'dica, (L.) Stem erect, angled, glabrous, much branched. 
Leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, lanceolate, serrate; petioles ciliate. 
Mowers in compound, terminal panicles. Corolla twice as long as the 
calyx ; the 4 upper segments erect, the lower one reflexed. — Greenish, 
tinged with purple. If . Aug. — Oct. Rich soils. 2 — i feet. 

S. nodosa, L. 
Genus IV.— CHELO'InTE. L. 14—2. 
(From clielone, a tortoise.) 

Calyx 5-parted, with 3 bracts. Corolla ringent, ventricose. 
Stamens 4, with a fifth sterile filament shorter than the rest. 
Anthers woolly. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds with a membranaceous margin. 

1. C. gla'bra, (L.) Stem angled, rooting at the joints, glabrous. 
Leaves usually opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, 
nearly sessile. Flowers in terminal spikes. Bracts shorter than the 
calyx. Calyx with the segments obtuse. Corolla with the lower lip 
bearded. — White. If. July — Aug. In wet shady places. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. C. Lyo'ni, (Pursh.) Glabrous ; stem obtusely angled. Leaves op- 
posite, petiolate, ovate, acuminate. Flowers in dense spikes ; seg- 
ments of the calyx and bracteas oblong, ciliate. — Rose-color. August. 
Mountains. 

Genus V.— PENTSTE'MOK I/Her. 14—2. 

(From pente, five, and stemon, a stamen.) 

Calyx 5-leaved, bilabiate, ventricose. Stamens 4, with a fifth 
sterile filament bearded on the upper side and longer than the 
others. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved. 
Seed numerous. 

1. P. l^eviga'tus, (Sol.) Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent, terete. 
Leaves ovate, oblong ; those of the root lanceolate, acute, upper ones 
slightly denticulate. Flowers iu terminal panicles. Calyx hairy. Co- 
rolla pubescent, upper lip 2-cleft, with the segments reflexed ; the lower 
3-cleft. — Pale purple. 2f . June — Sept. Fertile soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. P. pubes'cens. Stem pubescent, erect. leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
oblong, serrulate, amplexicaul, pubescent. Flowers in terminal pani- 
cles. — Pale purple. 2f . May — Sept. In dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. P. dissec'tus, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly pubescent. Leaves op- 
posite, glabrous, compoundly dissected, with the segments irregular, 
linear. Flowers in panicles, with the fioAvers at the summit of the 
branches. — Purple. If. June — July. Middle Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. P. digita'lis, (Nutt.) Glabrous, or rarely pubenilent. Radical 
leaves petiolate, elliptic-oval or oblong ; cauline ones lanceolate, am- 



456 OEDEE XC. SCEOPHTJLAEIACE^. 

plexicaul, serrate or rarely entire. Panicle lax; corolla sub-campanu- 
late, upper lip scarcely shorter than the lower ; sterile filaments longi- 
tudinally bearded. 

Genus VI.— MIM'ULUS. L. 14—2. 
(From mimo, an ape, from its ringent corolla.) 

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent, with the upper 
lip reflexed at the sides ; palate of the lower lip prominent. 
Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma thick, bifid. Capsule 2- 
celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute. 

1. M. rin'gens. Stem, erect, glabrous, 4-angled. Leaves opposite, 
sessile, narrow, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous. Flowers axil- 
lary, on peduncles about the length of the leaves ; segments of the ca- 
lyx subulate ; lower lip of the corolla 3-lobed, larger than the upper. 
Seed numerous, small. — Pale blue. If. July — Sept. 

2. M. ala'tus. Stem erect, glabrous, square, slightly winged. Leaves 
ovate, lanceolate, serrate, on short petioles. Flowers axillary, on short 
peduncles ; segments of the calyx mucronate. Corolla tinged with 
yellow. — Pale blue. If. Aug. — Sept. Pine-barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus VII.— HERPESTIS. Gart. 14—2. 
(From herpestes, any thing that creeps.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, unequal. Corolla tubular, somewhat bilabiate. 
Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 
with the dissepiment parallel to the valves. 

1. H. cuneifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem prostrate, branching, glabrous, suc- 
culent. Leaves opposite, cuneate, obovate, obscurely crenate toward 
the summit, sessile. Flowers on axillary peduncles about as long as 
the leaves; the three exterior segments of the calyx broad, the two 
interior narrow, with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla nearly campanulate, 
with a 5-cleft border ; segments nearly equal. — Pale purple, if. May 
— Oct. Inundated lands. H. Monnieria, Hum. 

2. H. rotundifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, pubes- 
cent. Leaves oval, nearly orbicular, slightly hairy, amplexicaul Flow- 
ers on opposite peduncles ; the 3 outer leaves of the calyx large, the 2 
interior small and subulate. Anthers sagittate. — Blue. If. July — 
Sept. Along the margins of ponds. 

3. H. amplexicau'lis, (Pursh.) Stem procumbent, woolly. Leaves 
cordate, amplexicaul, entire. Flowers on opposite peduncles, shorter 
than the leaves, larger than the preceding species. — Blue. 2f . July — 
Sept. Wet pine-barrens. Mid. Car. and Geo. 

4. H. micran'tiia, (Pursh.) Stem prostrate, glabrous, succulent. 
Leaves sessile, ovate, obtuse, entire, glabrous. Flowers on. axillary pe- 
duncles, shorter than the leaves. — White. U • Sept. — Oct. On the 
margins of rivers. Hemianthus micranthoides. 

5. H. nigres'cens, (Walt.) Stem erect, square, glabrous. Leaves lance- 
olate, toothed at the summit. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 4, 
fertile. Capsule compressed, acute. — If. Aug. — Sept. Wet places. 
12—18 inches. 



OEDER XC. SCROPHULARIACEJS. 457 

Genus VIII.— GRATIOXA. L. 2—1. 
(From gratia, favor, from its supposed medicinal qualities.) 

Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. 
Corolla irregular, resupinate. Stamens 2 — 4 ; when 4, two of 
them sterile. Capsule 2 -celled. 

a. Two bracts at the base of the calyx. 

1. G. Florida' na, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous, erect, somewhat branch- 
ing. Leaves lanceolate, or the lowermost obovate, slightly serrate, nar- 
row at the base. Corolla with the upper lip emarginate, tube long. 
Stamens 2. — If. 

2. G. Virginia'na, (L.) Stem succulent, somewhat furrowed, not 
quite terete, erect, or declined. Leaves sessile, obscurely 3-nerved. 
Flowers axillary, on short peduncles ; lobes of the calyx nearly equal, 
with the bracts about equal to the segments. Corolla curved. Sta- 
mens 2, short. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous. — 
White, tinged with red. If . March — April. Wet places. 3 — 8 inches. 

3. G. sph^erocar'pa, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, jointed, terete, furrowed. 
Leaves sessile, obovate, serrate, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers solitary, 
axillary. Sepals equal. Bracts large, expanding. Stamens 2. Style 
short. Capsule globose. Seeds numerous. — If. Sept. — Oct. In ponds. 

4. G. au'rea, (Muhl.) Stem procumbent, glabrous, terete, slightly 
furrowed, jointed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat amplexicaul, ob- 
scurely 3-nerved, acutely serrate, dotted. Flowers axillary, solitary, on 
short peduncles. Bracts as long as the segments of the calyx. — Yellow. 
If. April — June. Wet pine-barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. G. visco'sa, (Schw.) Viscidly pubescent, decumbent. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, dentate, 3-nerved, amplexicaul. Segments of 
the calyx broad-lanceolate ; bracts short. — White, yellow within. 

6. G. Drummond'ii, (Benth.) Viscid, puberulent, decumbent. Leaves 
lanceolate, acute, few serratures, 3-nerved, amplexicaul. Bracts short; 
segments of the calyx subulate. — Blue or white. 

b. Calyx without bracts. 

7. G. quadridenta'ta, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, terete, pubescent, 
slightly furrowed. Leaves opposite, subulate, with 2 teeth near the 
summit. Flowers solitary, axillary. Sepals unequal. Anthers white, 
— White, tinged with yellow and purple. If. Around ponds. 

8. G. pilo'sa, (Mich.) Stem erect, terete at the base, square at the 
summit, hairy. Leaves oval, amplexicaul, serrate, rugose. Flowers ax- 
illary, solitary. Sepals unequal. Capsule smooth. — White, tinged 
with purple. If. In wet places. Common. July — Sept. 

9. G. subula'ta, (Bald.) Stem erect, hispid. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, margins revolute, entire. Flowers subsessile. Segments of the 
calyx subulate ; tube of the corolla long, slender. — 6 — 8 inches. 

10. G. tetrago'na, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, square, jointed, glabrous. 
Ljeaves sessile, lanceolate, slightly toothed, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers 
solitary, axillary, on square peduncles. Sepals linear, equal. Capsules 
oblong. — White, streaked. If. In water. Sept. — Nov. 

llysanthes gratioloides, Benth. 

11. G. Megalocar'pa, (Ell.) Leaves lanceolate, seriate, pubescent. 
Flowers opposite, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Sepals linear. 
Capsule large, globose. — Yellow. If . July — Aug. Wet places. 

20 



458 OEDEE XC. — SCEOPHULAEIACE^E. 

Genus IX.— LINDER'MA. L. 2—1. 
(In honor of P. B. Von Linden.) 

Calyx pubescent, 5-leaved. Corolla bilabiate, 4-cleft ; the 
upper lip short, reflexed, ernarginate ;. the lower lip 3-cleft, with 
the segments oval, obtuse. Stamens 4, the two longest sterile. 
Capsule 2-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded. 

1. L. dilata'ta, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, smooth, square. Leaves 
oblong, ovate, amplexicaul, sparingly toothed. Flowers axillary, on 
square peduncles, covered with glandular hairs. Corolla resupinate. 
Stigma compressed, — Pale purple. |f|. May — Sept. Around ponds. 
6 — 8 inches. Gratiola tetragona. 

2. L. attenua'ta, (Muhl.) Stem procumbent or erect, square, gla- 
brous. Leaves lanceolate and obovate, narrowed at the base. Flowers 
on erect peduncles, shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary. — Purple. 
%. May — June. "Wet places. 6 — 8 inches. L. refracta. 

Genus X— MICRAN'THEMUM Mich. 2—1. 
(From mikros, small, and anthos, flower.) 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-cleft, segments unequal. Sta- 
mens 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. M. orbicula'tum, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous, te- 
rete. Leaves opposite, sessile, orbicular, abruptly narrowed at the base, 
entire, obscurely 5-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedun- 
cles; segments of the calyx slightly spatulate, the two upper ones 
shorter. Corolla shorter than the calyx ; the lower segments elongated. 
Stamens dilated at the base. Anthers globose, 2-lobed, white. Style 
filiform. Capsule globose, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, with central 
placentae. — White. If. Through the autumn. Very common. 3 — 6 
inches. Hound-leaved Micranthemum. 

2. M. emargina'tum, (Ell.) Stem prostrate or floating, creeping 
Leaver sessile, oval, and obovate, entire, ernarginate, obscurely o-nerved. 
Flowers smaller than the preceding, on very short peduncles. — White. 
If. Through the summer. Common in wet places. 

Large-leaved Micranthemum. 

Genus XL— VERONTCA. L. 2—1. 

(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx 4, rarely 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, unequal ; the 
lower segments narrowest. Stamens 2. Capsule 2-celled, ob 
cordate. Seed few. 

1. V. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, slightly angled. Leaves 
verticillate, by fours or fives, lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent be- 
neath. Flowers in long, axillary spikes. Corolla tubular. Style long, 
persistent. — White. If. June — Aug. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. V. America'na, (Schw.) Glabrous ; stem decumbent, assurgent. 
Leaves ovate, petiolate, thick, serrate, subcordate at the base. Racemes 
opposite, long. Capsule orbiculate, obtuse, ernarginate. — Blue. 2f. 
May — June. Damp places. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. V. peregiu'na, (Pursh.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous, frequently 
simple. Lower leaves opposite, oblong, toothed ; the upper ones alter- 



ORDER XC. SCROPHULARIACEJS. 459 

nate, linear, lanceolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Corolla shorter than 
the calyx. Stamens very short, — White. @. Feb. — March. Wet 
lands. Very common. 6 — 8 inches. 

4. V. sERrTLLiFo'LiA, (L.) Stem decumbent, sometimes creeping, pu- 
bescent, slightly angled. Leaves ovate, on short petioles, decussate, 
glabrous, crenate. Flowers in terminal, leafy racemes. Capsule eraar- 
ginate. — Pale blue. If. May — June. 

5. V. agres'tis, (L.) Stem procumbent, hairy. Leaves cordate, al- 
ternate, on short petioles, notched. Flowers solitary, axillary, on hairy 
peduncles. Calyx deeply parted. Seeds 8 in a cell. — Blue. ©. Jan. 
— April. Common in the low country. 

6. V. axagal'lis, (L.) Stem succulent, erect. Leaves lanceolate, 
serrate, varying in -width. Floioers in long, opposite racemes. — Blue. 
If. May — June. In damp places. 1 — 2 feet. 

7. V. arven'sis, (L.) Stem procumbent, hairy, with assurgent branch- 
es. Leaves opposite, cordate-ovate, on short petioles, slightly dentate ; 
the upper ones usually sessile, lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary, on 
short peduncles. Corolla shorter than the calyx. Stamens short. — 
Pale blue. %. May — June. Damp soils. Common. 

Genus XII.— BUCHNE'RA. L. 14—2. 
(In honor of J. G. Buchner.) 

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, a little curved, 
with the border equally 5-cleft ; segments obcordate. Stamens 
4, didynamous. Capsule 5 -celled. 

1. B. America'na, (L.) Stem simple, terete, scabrous, and hairy. 
Leaves lanceolate, sessile, opposite, dentate. Flowers in spikes. Ca- 
lyx slightly curved, bilabiate, upper lip 3-cleft, the lower bifid. Corolla 
pubescent. Stamens short. — Purple, if. Through the summer. Damp 
soils. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. B. eloxga'ta, (Sw.) Stem scabrous, simple or sparingly branched. 
Radical leaves obovate ; lower ones oblong, few-toothed, middle ones 
lanceolate, upper ones linear, entire. Spikes elongated; bracts ovate, 
or ovate-lanceolate ; calyx erect. — Blue or white. 

Genus XIIL— SEYME'RIA. L. 14—2. 
(In honor of Henry Seyiner.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, equally 5-cleft. 
Stamens 4, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Capsule 
ovate, ventricose, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, dehiscing at 
the summit. 

1. S. texuifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous, much branched, 
rough. Leaves opposite, sessile, compoundly pinnatifid, with filiform 
segments. Flowers axillary, on rather short peduncles. Calyx with 
subulate segments. Corolla with short tube, pubescent. — Yellow and 
purple. #. Aug. — Sept. Low country. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. S. pectina'ta, (Pursh.) Stem much branched, viscidly pubescent, 
obtusely angled. Lower leaves pectinately pinnatifid, with the seg- 
ments linear, entire; upper ones smaller, and often entire. Flowers on 
axillary peduncles. Corolla with a short tube. — Yellow. %. Aug. 
—Sept. Middle Georgia. 2—4 feet. 



460 ORDER XC. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

Genus XIV.— OTOPHYL'LA. Benth. 
(From ous, otos, an ear, and phullon, a leaf.) 

Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft ; lobes foliaceous, unequal. 
Corolla with the lobes entire, spreading. Stamens didynamous, 
included. Style elongated. Capsule sub-globose, obtuse. 
Seeds numerous, angular. 

1. O. Michaux'ii, (Benth.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves opposite, 
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate ; some nearly entire, others auriculate. 
Flowers axillary, solitary. Corolla somewhat pilose within. — Carolina 
and northward. Gerardia auriculata, Mich. 

Genus XV.— MACRAN'THERA. Torr, 

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate ; lobes narrow, elongated. Co- 
rolla tubular ; limb oblique ; lobes short, entire, spreading. 
Stamens exserted, nearly equal. Capsule ovate, acuminate. 
Leaves opposite, pinnatifid. Flowers in racemes. 

1. M. Fuchsioi'des, (Torr.) Leaves lanceolate ; lobes lanceolate, lower 
ones subdentate. Racemes elongated, lax, secund ; filaments pilose ; lobes 
of the calyx a little shorter than the tube of the corolla.— Yellow. If. Lou. 

2. M. Lecont'ii, (Torr.) Resembles the preceding. Calyx lobes 2 — 
3 times shorter than the tube of the corolla. — Yellow. If. Georgia 
and Florida. 

Genus XVI— GERAR'DIA. L. 14—2. 
(In honor of John Gerard, an English botanist.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla sub-campanulate, unequally 5- 
lobed ; segments rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule 
2-celled, dehiscing at the summit. 

1. G. aphyl'la, (Nutt.) Stem erect, naked, nearly simple, with op- 
posite, ovate scales, sometimes a few minute leaves. Calyx small, 5- 
toothed. Corolla small, longer than the peduncle. Capsule ovate. — 
Purple. #. June — July. Along the sea-coast. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. G. seta'cea, (Walt.) Stem erect, much branched, glabrous, slen- 
der. Leaves setaceous, glabrous. Flowers axillary and terminal, on 
leafy branches. Calyx truncate, with small, subulate teeth. Corolla 
hairy, the border nearly equally 5-cleft, ciliate, with the tube white. — 
Purple. ®. Aug. — Sept. Damp lands. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. G. fasctcula'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, scabrous, marked with lines, 
branching at the summit. Leaves opposite and by threes, sometimes 
alternate, linear, acute, clustered. Floivers large, on peduncles shorter 
than the leaves. Calyx truncate, with small, subulate teeth. Corolla 
with the upper segments reflexed, villous, the three lower pubescent, 
ciliate. — Purple, spotted with red. @. Aug. — Oct. Common in the 
low country. G. purpuera. 

4. G. filifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect, terete, branching. Leaves fili- 
form, glabrous, alternate, in axillary clusters ; segments of the calyx 
acutely toothed. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves. Co- 
rolla with the throat pubescent, ventricose. — Purple. @. Aug. — Oct. 
Southern Georgia. 

5. G. texuifo'lia, (Vahl.) Stem diffuse, much branched, glabrous, angled. 
Leaves linear, acute, glabrous, except on the margins. Flowers on pedun- 



OKDER XC. SCROPirULARIACEiE. 461 

cles shorter than the leaves. Calyx with minute teeth. Corolla pubes- 
cent, ventricose, with the segments ciliate, with the tube nearly white. — 
Purple. 0. Aug. — Oct. Dry sandy soils. Common in middle Geo. 
6. G. linifo'lia, (Nutt.) Stem erect, slender, with erect, virgate 
branches. Leaves linear, appressed to the stem. Flowers on peduncles 
shorter than the leaves, which become elongated. Calyx truncate, with 
6 minute teeth. — Purple. 2f . Aug. — Sept. Damp pine-barrens. 

Genus XVII.— DASYSTO'MA. {Gcrardia.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Tube of the corolla elongated, 
large ; limb spreading, 5-lobed ; lobes entire. Stamens 4, in- 
cluded, didynamous. Capsule ovate, acute. Seeds numerous. 

1. D. pubes'cens, (Benth.) {Gerardia flava, L.) Stem pubescent, 
sparingly branched, or simple pubescent. Lower leaves lanceolate, 
sometimes deeply serrate, on short petioles ; upper ones entire, or 
slightly dentate. Floicers axillary, opposite, on very short peduncles. 
Calyx with subulate segments. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Upper 
dist. Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

2. D. quercifo'lia, (Benth.) (G. quercifolia, Pursh.) Stem erect, 
branching, obtusely angled, purple. Upper leaves lanceolate, sca- 
brous; lower leaves pinnatifid, with acute, toothed segments. Flowers 
axillary, on short peduncles. Calyx pubescent. Corolla pubescent on 
the inner surface, ventricose. Anthers hairy. — Yellow. 2f. May — 
Sept. Kich soils. Common. 

3. D. pedicula'ria, (Benth.) (G. pedicularia, L.) Stem erect, branch- 
ing from the base, purple, viscid, densely pubescent. Leaves oblong, 
sessile, irregularly dissected, serrate. Flowers axillary, on short pe- 
duncles ; segments of the calyx foliaceous. Corolla villous. — Yellow. 
%. July — Sept. Pine-barrens. Common. 

4. D. pectina'ta, (Benth.) Very hirsute. Leaves lanceolate, pecti- 
nate, pinnatifid ; lobes dentate or incised ; lower ones opposite. Calyx 
with the lobes longer than the tube, often dentate. Corolla 3 times 
as long as the calyx. — Yellow. 2f . 

Genus XVIII— EUCHEO'MA. Nutt. 14—2. (Castilleja.) 
(From eu, well or beautiful, and chroma, color.) 

Calyx tubular, 2 — 4-cleft, ventricose. Corolla bilabiate, with 
the upper lip very long, inclosing the stamens ; lower lip trifid, 
short. Stamens 4. Capsule compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 

1. E. coccin'ea, (Spren.) Stem pubescent. Kadical leaves lanceolate, 
entire, hairy ; cauline ones pubescent, divided into 3 linear segments. 
Flowers in a terminal spike. Bracts large, red. — Yellowish. © or $ . 
June — Aug. Common. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. E. grandiflo'ra, (Nutt.) Leaves mostly trifid ; segments divari- 
cate. Calyx 4-cleft, oblique. Corolla longer than the calyx. Flowers 
in many-flowered spikes, pubescent, long ; segments of the lower lip 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the upper, plaited. Capsule 
ovate, acute. — Greenish-white. 

Genus XIX— SCHWAL'BEA. L. 14—2. 
(In honor of C. Schwalbe, a German botanist.) 

Calyx tubular, ventricose, obliquely 4-cleft, upper segment 



462 ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 

small ; lower large, emarginate. Corolla bilabiate, ringent ; 
the upper lip arched, entire, the lower 3-lobed. Capsule ovate, 
2-celled, 2-valved. Seed numerous, winged. 

1. S. Ameri'cana, (L.) Stem pubescent, angled, simple. Leaves al- 
ternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile. Flowers in terminal racemes, nearly 
sessile. Bracts 2, as long as the calyx. — Dull purple. If. . May — June. 
Pine-barrens. 

Genus XX.— PEDICITLA'RIS. L. 14—2. 
(From pediculus, a louse, from its supposed effect on sheep.) 

Calyx 2-cleft at the summit, obliquely truncate. Corolla 
ringent, with the upper lip emarginate, compressed. Stamens 
4. Capsule 2-celled, mucronate, oblique. Seeds few in each 
cell, slightly angled. 

1. P. Canadensis, (L.) Stem simple, succulent, pubescent. Leaves 
pinnatind, with the segments notched and toothed, the lower ones 
crowded, with compressed petioles. Flowers in leafy spikes ; lower 
lip of the corolla 3-lobed, middle lobe smallest. — Yellow, tiDged with 
purple. 2£. March — April. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

Genus XXI.— MELAMPY'RUM. L. 14—2. 
(From melos, black, and puros, wheat.) 

Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed, with the 
margins folded back ; lower lip trifid, grooved. Capsule oblique, 
2-celled, 2 seeds in each cell. 

1. M. America' num, (Mich.) Stern erect, branching, terete; lower 
leaves linear, entire, the upper ones lanceolate, toothed at the base, all 
opposite. Flowers axillary, solitary. Seeds oblong, cartilaginous. — 
Yellow. ||. June — July. Mountains. 

Order XCI.— LAEIA'TJE. (Labiate Family.) 

Calyx tubular, persistent, regular, or bilabiate, hypogynous. 
Corolla bilabiate, with the upper lip entire, or bifid, the lower 
3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, the two shorter being some- 
times abortive, inserted into the corolla. Ovary 4-lobed ; ovules 
4. Style 1, arising from the base of the lobes; stigma bifid. 
Fruit inclosed within the persistent calyx. Seed erect, with 
little or no albumen. Usually herbaceous plants, with whorled, 
spiked, or capitate flowers and square stems, and opposite 
branches and leaves. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Stamens 2 2 

Stamens 4 7 

2. Calyx bilabiate 3 

Calyx with the segments nearly equal 5 

8. Corolla yellow Collinsonia, 12 

Corolla not yellow 4 

4. Flowers purple Hedeoma, 10 

Flowers blue or violet Salvia, 13 

5. Corolla bilabiate 6 

Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed Lycopus, 3 



ORDER XCI. LABIATJ2. 463 

6. Upper lip of the corolla emarginate Cunila, 4 

Upper lip linear, inclosing the stamens Monarda, 14 

7. Calyx hilabiate S 

Calyx not bilabiate 12 

8. Calyx closed by a lid of a flower Scutellaria, 19 

Calyx not closed by a lid 9 

9. Flowers blue Tricho&tema, 26 

Flowers not blue 10 

10. Stamens exserted Ceranthera, 9 

Stamens included 11 

11. Flowers in spikes Prunella, 18 

Flowers in opposite clusters Gaiamlntha, 8 

12. Calyx 10-toothed MarruMum, 21 

Calyx 8-cleft Macbridea, 20 

Calyx 5-cleft, or toothed 13 

18. Stamens longer than the corolla 14 

Stamens shorter than the corolla 16 

14. Corolla consisting of 4 nearly equal lobes Mentha, 2 

Corolla bilabiate 11 

15. Flowers in spikes Ilyssopus, 11 

Flowers in racemes Teucrium, 27 

Flowers in heads or whorls . . Pycnanthemum, 5 

16. Flowers purple 17 

Flowers not purple 19 

17. Leaves cordate 20 

Leaves not cordate 18 

18. Flowers in terminal spikes Dracocephalum, 16 

Flowers in whorls Stackys, 22 

19. Corolla campanulate Isanthus, 25 

Upper lip of the corolla entire Leomirus, 23 

Upper lip of the corolla 2-cleft Hyptis, 1 

20. Flowers purple, stem creeping Cedronella-, 17 

Flowers purple, stem not creeping Lamium, 24 

Flowers nearly white Nepeta, 15 

Genus I— HYP'TIS. Jacq. 13—1. 
(From hyptios, resupinate ; the limb of the corolla is turned on its back.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla ringent ; the upper lip 2- 
cleft, the lower 3-parted, the middle segment forming a small 
sack. Stamens 4, inserted into the tube. 

1. H. kadia'ta, 5 (L.) Stem erect, square, pubescent. Leaves sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, tapering at the base, dentate. Flowers in 
axillary heads, on long peduncles ; involucre about 12-leaved. Calyx 
pubescent, 5-toothed, teeth linear. — White, tinged with purple. If. 
July — Sept. Damp soils. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

2. H. spica'ta, (Poit.) Branches nearly glabrous or scabrous, angu- 
lar. Leaves ovate, acute, unequally serrate, cuneate, glabrous, or pu- 
bescent above. Heads in lax, paniculate racemes ; bracts ovate, short- 
er than the calyx ; calyx inflated at the base, elongated ; corolla small, 
white within. Achenia small, black. — Violet. Florida. 10 — 12 inches. 

Genus II— MENTHA. L. 13—1. 
(From Menthe, a daughter of Cocytus, who was turned into mint.) 

Calyx tubular, ciliate, glabrous, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, with the border nearly equally 4-cleft, with the upper 
segment broad-emarginate. Stamens erect, distant, equal. 



464 ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 

1. M vir'idis, (L.) Stem procumbent, assurgent, branching, glabrous, 
rooting at the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, on 
short petioles. Flowers in whorls, numerous ; tube of the corolla rather 
longer than the calyx. Stamens short. Seeds 4. — Purple. If. July 
— Aug. In wet soils. Europe. 1 — 2 feet. Spearmint. 

2. M. piperi'ta, (L.) Stem like the preceding, often purplish. Leaves 
ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, rounded at the base. Whorls crowded in 
short spikes ; teeth of the calyx hairy. Corolla smooth. — Pale purple. 
England. Peppermint. 

The first is the species from which the Oil of Peppermint of the shops is obtained. 
This oil exists in the whole plant, and is distilled with water, or it yields the oil to 
alcohol by maceration. It is an aromatic stimulant, and is extensively UBed as a fam- 
ily medicine. 

Genus III.— LYCO'PUS. L. 2—1. 

(From luTcos, a wolf, andjpows, a foot.) 

Calyx tubular, cacipanulate, 5-cleft ; throat naked. Corolla 
tubular, 4-cleft ; segments nearly equal, the upper segment 
rather broader and emarginate. Stamens 2, distant. Seeds 4. 

1. L. Vikgin'icus, (L.) Stem erect, square, pubescent, branched. 
Leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, sessile, acuminate, tapering at the 
base. Flowers in crowded axillary whorls, sessile. Calyx persistent, 
unarmed, shorter than the seed. Anthers 2-lobed, purple. — White. 2£ . 
June — Aug. Wet soils. Common. 1 — 2 feet. Bugle-weed. 

2. L. angustifo'lius, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, square. Leaves 
narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones slightly, and the lower 
ones deeply toothed. Floioers in dense whorls, sessile. Calyx armed 
with spines, longer than the seed, with the segments acuminate. — 
White. If. Aug. — Sept. Wet places. 1 — 2 ft. Water Horehound. 

3. L. sinua'tus, (Ell.) Stem erect, furrowed, glabrous, square. 
Leaves sinuate and incised, and sometimes dentate ; the segments acute. 
Floioers in dense sessile whorls ; segments of the calyx acute, longer 
than the seeds. — White. 2£. Aug. — Sept. In swamps. 4 — 6 feet. 

The Zycopus Virginians is a medicinal plant possessing mild narcotic properties. 
In hemorrhage from the lungs it has been used with advantage, it being taken in 
the form of infusion. 

Genus IV.— CUNI'LA. L. 13—1. 

Calyx ovoid, many-nerved, 5-toothed ; throat villous. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped, upper lip flat, emarginate, lower 3-lobed. Sta- 
mens 2, exserted, distant. 

1. C. Maria'na, (L.) Stem much branched, purple. Leaves sub- 
sessile, ovate, subcordate, serrate. Flowers in corymbose cymes. — 
Pale red. 2£. Dry hills and rocks. July — Aug. Common ~ 



Genus V.— PYCNAN'THEMUM. Mich. 13—1. 
(From puknos, dense, and anthos, flower.) 

Calyx tubular, striate, many-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla with 
the upper lip nearly entire, the lower one trifid, with the middle 
segment longest. Stamens 4, distant. Cells of the anthers 



ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 465 

parallel. Flowers in heads, surrounded by a many-leaved in- 
volucre. 

1. P. aiusta'tum, (Mich.) Stem square, pubescent, much branched. 
Leaves lanceolate-ovate, slightly serrate, on short petioles, whitish. 
Flowers in 1 or 2 sessile whorls, and a terminal head ; bracts awned. 
Calyx with the segments terminated by long awns. Corolla glabrous, 
small. — White. If. July — Aug. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. P. hyssopifo'lium, (Benth.) Stem rigid. Leaves subsessile, oblong- 
linear, nearly entire, obtuse, nearly glabrous. Calyx scarcely bilabiate. 
12—18 inches. 

3. P. albes'cexs, (T. & G.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, subserrate, gla- 
brous above, hoary beneath. Verticels cymose, lax. Achenia bearded 
at the apex. 

4. P. inoa'num, (Mich.) Stem quadrangular, pubescent toward the 
summit, glabrous at the base. Leaves opposite, oblong, ovate, acute, 
pubescent, hoary. Flowers in lateral and terminal heads. Bracts se- 
taceous. Calyx tomentose, striate. Corolla pubescent on the inner 
surface. Stamens exserted. Seeds rugose. — Yellow, spotted with pur- 
ple. If. Aug. — Sept. In dry fertile soils. 3 — 6 ft. Wild Basil. 

5. P. Loomis'ii, (Nutt.) Leaves ovate, subserrate, acute, glabrous 
above. Verticels cymose, many-bracted, bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 
white. Flowers spotted. 

6. P. tul'lia, (Benth.) Leaves ovate or oblong, acute, subserrate, 
petiolate, villous-pubescent. Calyx bilabiate, teeth nearly equal, with 
subulate awns. — Whitish. 

I. P. du'bium, (Dr. A. Gray.) Stem pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, 
acute, nearly entire, petiolate, glabrous. Flowers in verticillate cymes, 
teeth of the calyx subulate, the two lower ones shorter than the tube. 

8. P. mu'ticum, (Pursh.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves lanceolate, 
sessile, slightly dentate, glabrous, dotted. Flowers in loose heads. 
Bracts rather short, acute. Calyx with acute segments, ciliate. Co- 
rolla pubescent, small. — Whitish. If. July — Aug. Upper districts 
of Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

9. P. Virgin'icum, (Nutt.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching. Flowers 
in terminal heads. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, dotted. 
Bracts villous, acuminate. Calyx villous. Corolla pubescent on the 
outer surface. — White, spotted. 2f. July — August. Damp landa 
2—3 feet. 

10. P. linifo'lium, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous, fastigiately branch- 
ed. Leaves usually clustered, linear, entire, dotted, acute. Flowers in 
terminal heads, corymbose. Bracts ovate, awned, ciliate. Corolla pu- 
bescent. — White, spotted. If. July — Aug. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

II. P. nudum, (Nutt.) Stan erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves sessile, 
oblong-ovate, glabrous, entire. Flowers in numerous heads. Bracts 
smooth, lanceolate. Calyx covered with resinous dots. Corolla pubes- 
cent. Stamens exserted. — Purple. 2f. July — Aug. Mountains. 1 — 2 
feet. 

12. P. monta'num, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, purple. Leaves oval-lance- 
olate, serrate, nearly sessile. Flowers in 1 or 2 whorls, and a terminal 
head. Calyx erect, bracts ciliate. Corolla with the throat pubescent. 
Stamens exserted. Seed hairy at the summit. — Purple, spotted. 1£. 
July — Aug. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

20* 



4:66 OEDEE XCI. LABIATE. 

Genus VI.— THY'MTJS. L. 13—1. 

(From thumos, strength ; the smell of thyme reviving persons.) 

Calyx bilabiate; many-nerved, throat hairy; upper lip three- 
toothed, spreading; inferior bifid, the awl-shaped division cili- 
ate ; throat villous. Corolla naked within, upper lip flat, lower 
three-lobed, middle lobe the longest. 

1. T. serpyl'lum, (L.) Stem procumbent, canescent. Leaves small, 
with short petioles, ovate, scabrous, flat. Upper lip of the calyx with 
short, lanceolate teeth, the lower subulate, ciliate. — Nearly white. 
Europe, Asia, and Africa. Thyme. 

Genus VII.— MICROME'RIA. 13—1. 

Calyx tubular, many-striae, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal ; 
throat often villous within. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect, 
entire or emarginate, nearly flat ; lower lip with nearly equal 
lobes, spreading. Stamens 4. 

1. M. bracteola'ta, (Benth.) Stem pubescent, simple, slender. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire. Pedicels 3 — 5-flowered. Co- 
rolla minute. — Carolina. Hedeoma bracteolata, Nutt 

2. M. Brown'ei, (Benth.) Stem glabrous, prostrate, branches filiform 
Leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, subcrenate, glabrous. Peduncles elon 
gated Calyx villous within. — Florida. 

Genus VIII.— CALAMIN'THA. Pursh. 13—1. 

(From Icalos, beautiful, and mentha, mint.) 

Calyx tubular, ribbed, glabrous ; throat closed with hair after 
flowering. Corolla pubescent, with the throat inflated, the up- 
per lip emarginate, erect, the lower one 3-parted, with the seg- 
ments obtuse, nearly equal. Stamens 4. 

1. CL grandiflo'ra, (Pursh.) Stem slightly pubescent, terete. Leaves 
ovate, obtuse, slightly toothed, glabrous. Flowers in opposite, dichot- 
omous clusters. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Anthers crescent- 
sha.ped. — Rose-color, spotted with purple. If. June — Aug. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 

2. C. coccin'ea, (Nutt.) Glabrous, or covered with the lightest pu- 
bescence. Leaves obovate-oblong, or cuneate-linear, obtuse, nearly en- 
tire, narrowed into a short petiole. Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed ; 
calyx villous within. Verticels elongated, 2 — 6-flowered. — Red. East 
Florida. 

.3. C. canes'cens, (T. & G.) Canescent when young. Leaves linear, 
obtuse, entire, margin revolute, somewhat fasciculate. Verticels 2-flow- 
ered. Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed. Corolla twice as long as the 
calyx. — Red. West Florida. 

Genus IX.— CERANTHE'RA. Ell. 13—1. {Dicer andra, Benth.) 
(From Tceras, a horn, and antliem, an anther.) 

'XJalyx bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate, the lower 2-cleft. 



ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 467 

Corolla double the length of the calyx, bilabiate ; the upper lip 
2-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, distant, exserted. 
Anthers awned. 

1. C. linearifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching. Leaves 
linear, dotted, sometimes clustered. Flowers in terminal racemes. Ca- 
lyx striate, usually tinged with purple, minutely pubescent at the sum- 
mit, dotted. Corolla with throat inflated. Style longer than the sta- 
mens, hispid. — Reddish, spotted with violet. %. Sept. — Oct. Near 
Culloden, Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

Genus X.— HEDEO'MA. Pers. 13—1. 
(A Greek name for mint.) 

Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip with 2 subulate, ciliate seg- 
ments ; the lower lip 3-eleft, segments lanceolate. Corolla 
ringent. Stamens 2. 

1. H. pulegioi'des, (L.) Stem pubescent, angular. Leaves lanceo- 
late, serrate, pubescent. Flowers on axillary peduncles, verticillate. 
Calyx hairy. — Pale purple. 0. July — Aug. Sandy soils. 6 — 10 in. 

Squaw Mint. Wild Pennyroyal. 

This plant is an aromatic stimulant, and like many of the plants of this order is used 
much in family practice. It is taken in hot infusion for producing perspiration. 

Genus XL— HYSSO'PUS. L. 13—1. {Lophanthus.) 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Lower lip of the corolla 3-parted, middle lobe sub-crenate. 
Stamens straight, distant, long. Style longer than the corolla. 

1. H. scrophulari^efo'lius, (Willd.) Stem herbaceous, pubescent 
toward the summit, glabrous below. Leaves cordate, and ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, petioles pubescent. Flowers in crowded whorls, form- 
ing spikes. Bracts ovate, acuminate. — Reddish. If. July — Septem- 
ber. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XII— COLLINSO'NLA. L. 2—1. 
(In honor of Peter Collinson, a friend of Linnaeus.) 

Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower one bifid, 10- 
nerved. Corolla unequal, lower lip with numerous capillary 
segments. Stamens 2 — 4. Seed generally abortive except 1. 

1. C. Canadensis, (L.) Stem 4-angled, smooth. Leaves broad -cor- 
date, ovate, glabrous, teeth of the calyx subulate. Flowers large, in a 
compound terminal panicle. 

Horse-balm. Heal-all. Stone-root. Knot-root. 

2. C. tubero'sa, (Mich.) Stem somewhat pubescent, branching. 
Leaves large, rhomboid-oval, glabrous, serrate, on long petioles, except 
the upper ones. — Yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Rich soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

3. C. scab'ra, (L.) Stem furrowed, pubescent toward the summit, 
glabrous at the base. Leaves rugose, pubescent, ovate, slightly cordate, 
obtuse, on short petioles. Flowers in terminal racemes. Calyx pubes- 



468 OEDER XCI. LABIATE. 

cent, •with lanceolate segments. Corolla pubescent, the lower lip fim- 
briate. — Yellow and purple. Sept. — Oct. In the low country. 2 — 3 
feet. 

Var. C. ova'lis, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous. Leaves oblong-oval, gla- 
brous, acute, on long petioles. Floviers in simple terminal panicles ; 
teeth of the calyx short. Corolla small. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. 
Middle Carolina. 

4. C. puncta'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, scabrous, pubescent, branching 
at the summit. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, large, acuminate, dentate, pu- 
bescent and dotted beneath ; upper pair nearly sessile, ovate. Flowers 
in compound paniculate racemes. Calyx with the lower lip longest, 
sprinkled with resinous dots. Corolla pubescent ; upper segments 
short, lower one fimbriate ; filaments 4, two upper ones sterile. — Yel- 
low. 2f . Sept. — Oct. Eich soils. Common. 2 — 4 feet. 

5. C. verticilla'ta, (Bald. ) Stem erect, simple. Leaves verticillate, 
oval, acuminate. Flowers in a terminal, verticillate raceme. 

Var. C. purpuras' cens. Flowers purple, in a short panicle. — Yellow. 
2f . May — July. Middle Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. C. anisa'ta, (Sims.) Stem erect, branching, pubescent ; segments 
of the calyx linear. Flowers in a compound panicle, leafy, pubescent. 
Stamens 4. — Pale yellow. If. July — Sept. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XIII.— SAL'VIA. L. 2—1. 
(From the Latin salvo, to save or heal, in allusion to its supposed healing properties.) 

Calyx somewhat canipanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed, 
the lower bifid. Corolla ringent. Stamens 2. Filaments 
bifid, with the connectivum elongated, bearing an anther cell at 
each extremity. 

1. S. azure'a, (Lam.) Stem much branched. Leaves linear, glabrous. 
Flowers in distant whorls. Calyx pubescent, 3-cleft. — Blue. If. Through 
the summer. Middle and upper Car. and Geo. 4 — 6 feet. 

2. S. urticifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, villous, somewhat viscous. Leaves 
ovate, doubly serrate, acuminate, attenuate at the base, pubescent. 
Flowers in remote whorls, viscous. Calyx pubescent. — Blue. If. 
June — July. Upper districts Car. and Geo. 12 — 15 inches. 

3. S. coccin'ea, (L.) Stem erect, much branched. Leaves cordate, 
serrate, tomentose, on rather long petioles. Flowers 6 in a whorl ; up- 
per lip of the corolla erect, emarginate, connectivum bearing the anther 
only at one extremity. — Red. If. Through the summer. On the sea- 
coast. 1 — 2 feet. Scarlet Sage. 

4. S. ltra'ta, (L.) Stem square, hirsute, branching at the summit, 
retrorsely pubescent. Radical leaves terete, dentate, hirsute, spotted ; 
upper leaves lanceolate, slightly dentate, few. Flowers usually 6 in a 
whorl. Calyx angled, hirsute. Corolla hairy on the outside. — Blue. 
2f. March — Sept. Common. 2 — 3 feet. Cancer-weed. 

5. S. obova'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly angled. Leaves very large, 
obovate, dentate, pubescent. Flowers 6 in a whorl. — Blue. If . June 
—July. Middle Geo. 1—2 feet. 

6. S. Clayto'ni, (Ell.) Stem erect, square. Leaves cordate-ovate, 



ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 469 

finuate, dentate, rugose, pubescent on the veins. Flowers 6 in a whorL 
Calyx hispid along the veins. — Violet. If. June — Oct. Common. 
3 — 12 inches. 

Genus XIV.— MONAR'DA. L. 2—1. 

(In honor of N. Monarda.) 

Calyx many-nerved, o-toothed, cylindric. Corolla ringent, 
with the tube Jong, cylindric ; upper lip linear, entire, the lower 
one reflexed, 3-lobed, middle lobe longest. Stamens 2. Seed 4. 

1. M. clinopo'dia, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, obtuse, angled. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering at the base, serrate near the middle, smooth, 
or slightly hairy, whitish beneath. Flowers in simple terminal heads. 
Bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, nearly glabrous. Calyx short, ciliate. 
Corolla slender, pubescent. — Pale purple. 2f . July — Sept. Mount- 
ains. Dry soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. M. puncta'ta, (L.) Stem erect, branched, nearly glabrous, obtuse, 
angled, whitish. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, remote and obscurely ser- 
rate, tapering at the base, smooth. Flowers in whorls. Bracts lance- 
olate, colored, longer than the whorl. Calyx long. Corolla hairy, dot- 
ted with brown, the upper lip slightly arched, longer than the lower. 
— Yellow. $ . Dry pine-barrens. Common. 3 — 5 feet. Horsemint. 

3. M. cilia'ta, (L.) Stem acutely angled, hirsute. Leaves pubescent, 
ovate, finely serrate, tapering. Flowers in whorls. Bracts strongly 
veined. Calyx hairy. Corolla small. — Blue. If. July — September. 
Mountains. Blephilia ciliata, Paf. 

Genus XV.— NEP'ETA. L. 13—1. {Catmint) 
(From Nepi, a town in Tuscany.) 

Calyx tubular, ribbed, 5-toothed, with the teeth nearly equal. 
Corolla with the upper lip slightly emarginate, straight, the 
lower one 3-lobed, the middle lobe crenate. Stamens approx- 
imate. 

1. W. cata'ria, (L.) Stem pubescent. Leaves on petioles, cordate, 
serrate, pubescent, hoary beneath. Flowers in verticillate spikes. Up- 
per tooth of the calyx longest. Corolla small, with lateral lobes re- 
flexed. — Nearly white. If. June — Aug. Common around buildings. 
1 — 3 feet. Catnip. 

This plant is very frequently employed as a family medicine, in poultices as an ex- 
ternal application, and internally for colic in children. It is agreeable, and is said to 
be efficacious. 

Genus XVI— DRACOCEPH' ALUM. L. 13—1. {Physostegia.) 
(From drakon, a dragon, and kepkale, a head.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, with the segments nearly equal. Corolla with 
the throat inflated, the upper lip concave. Stamens 4. 

1 D. Virginia'num, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, or pubescent near the 
summit, square. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, acutely ser- 
rate. Flowers in terminal spikes, crowded. Bracts small, subulate, 



470 ORDER XCI. — LABIATJE. 

pubescent. Calyx pubescent, with short segments. Corolla large. — 
Bright purple. 2£ . June — July. Mountain meadows. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. D. variega'tum, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous, square, with cartilagin- 
ous angles. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, toothed toward the sum- 
mit, glabrous, lower ones alternate at the base. Flowers in short spikes. 
Bracts ovate, pubescent. Calyx pubescent. Corolla pubescent, infla- 
ted, the upper lip large, the middle segments of the lower lip streaked. 
— Bright purple. 2T.. May — June. Wet soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. D. denticula'tum, (L.) Stem glabrous, or minutely pubescent at 
the summit. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, slightly toothed. 
Flowers in long spikes. Bracts subulate, finely pubescent. Calyx with 
the teeth nearly equal, pubescent. Lower lip of the corolla variegated. 
— Purple. IX. June — July. Mountains. 10 — 12 inches. 

4. D. obova'tum, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent at the summit, gla- 
brous below. Leaves obovate, sessile, cuneate, toothed at the summit. 
Flowers in short spikes. Bracts very small, pubescent. Calyx and co- 
rolla pubescent. — Purple. If. May — July. Southern Georgia. 12 
— 15 inches. 

Genus XVII— CEDRONEL'LA. Mcench. 13—1. 
(From Tcedros, cedar, from the odor of its leaves.) 

Calyx tubular or campanulate, oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla 
expanding, bilabiate ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3 -cleft, spread- 
ing. Stamens 4. 

1. C. corda'ta, (Benth.) Stem low, creeping, pubescent. Leaves 
broad-cordate, petiolate, crenate. Whorls few-flowered. Corolla 
hairy within. — Pale purple. June. Shady places. 

Dracocephalum cordaium, Nutt. 

Genus XVIIL— PRUNEL'LA. L. 13—1. 
(From a German word, that means a disorder of the throat.) 

Calyx with unequal lips, the upper one truncate, 3-toothed. 
Upper lip of the corolla dilated. Filament forked at the ex- 
tremity, one point bearing an anther. Stigma bifid. Stamens 4. 

1. P. vulga'ris, (L.) Stem square, pubescent along the angles, hairy 
at the summit, branching at the base. Leaves oblong-ovate, denticulate 
at the base, on long hairy petioles. Flowers in compact spikes, axillary 
aud terminal. Bracts ciliate. Calyx somewhat hairy, upper one 3- 
awned. Corolla with the upper lip emarginate. — Violet. 2£. May 
— July. Common. 6 — 8 inches. Self-heal or Heal-all. 

Genus XIX.— SCUTELLARIA. L. 13—1. 
(From scutellum, a little shield ; from the shape of the lid of the calyx.) 

Calyx bilabiate ; upper lip with a lid closing the calyx after 
flowering. Corolla bilabiate, upper lip concave, lower 3-lobed, 
tube long. Stamens 4. 

1. S. integrifo'lia, (L.) Stem 4-angled, usually branching, pubescent. 
Lower leaves ovate, attenuate at the base, crenate, on short petioles ; 



ORDER XCI. LABIATE. 471 

upper ones linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers in panicles com- 
posed of opposite racemes, a bract at the base of each peduncle. Co- 
rolla villous, spotted with white. Anthers hairy. — Blue. %. May — 
Aug. In damp soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. S. Caeolinia'na, (Lam.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, petiolate. Flowers in leafy, loose ra- 
cemes. Calyx with the segments obtuse. — Blue. If. May — June. 
In thick woods. Middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. S. sf.rra'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, pubescent, branching. Leaves 
oval or ovate, acuminate, serrate, on short petioles. Flotvers in termi- 
nal racemes. Bracts lanceolate. Stame?is shorter than the corolla. — 
Blue. U . June— Sept, In fields. 2—3 feet. 

4. S. villo'sa, (Ell.) Stem erect, villous, branching. Leaves lanceo- 
late, villous along the veins beneath, on short petioles. Flowers in 
racemose panicles. Bracts lanceolate. — Blue. If. May — July. Mid- 
dle Georgia. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. S. pilo'sa, (Mich.) Stem erect, hairy, tinged with purple. Lower 
leaves cordate, obtuse ; upper ones ovate, all rugose, crenate, hairy and 
dotted on the under surface, on short petioles. Flowers in paniculate 
racemes. Calyx hispid. Corolla hispid on the outer surface. — White, 
tinged with violet. 2£. May — July. Fertile soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. S. cordifo'lia, (Muhl.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves cordate, 
acute, obtusely toothed, on long petioles, pubescent. Flowers in oppo- 
site and terminal racemes. Calyx villous. — White and blue. July — 
Aug. Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

1. S. lateriflora, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, with the angles some- 
times pubescent, much branched. Leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate, 
lower one3 on rather long petioles, the upper nearly sessile. Flowers 
in leafy racemes. Calyx glabrous. — Blue. 2f . June — Sept. Upper 
Carolina and Georgia. 

Genus XX— MACBRI'DEA. 13—1. 
(In honor of Dr. I'm. Macbride, of Charleston.) 

Calyx turbinate, striate, 3-cleft ; two of the segments large, 
the other narrow. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip entire, the 
lower one 3-lobed. Anthers villous, fringed. 

1. M. pulchel'la, (JSTutt.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous, pubescent at 
the joints. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, slightly hairy on the upper sur- 
face, ciliate ; the upper ones sessile, the lower ones on short petioles. 
Flowers in a whorl, bracteate. Corolla with the lateral lobes obtuse, 
refiexed. — White and purple. 2f. August — Sept, Pine-barrens. 
1—2 feet. 

Genus XXL— MARRU'BIUM. 13—1. 
(From marrob, a Hebrew word for bitterness.) 

Calyx with 10 ribs, with 5 or 10 spreading teeth ; throat 
hairy. Corolla with the upper lip bifid, linear, straight, the 
lower lip 3-cleft, the middle segment largest, emarginate. Sta- 
mens 4, lower pair longest. 



472 ORDER XOI. LABIATE. 

1. M. vulga're, (L.) Stem erect, branching at the base, tomentose. 
Flowers numerous, in whorls. Leaves roundish, ovate, rugose, dentate, 
tomentose beneath. Calyx with ten setaceous teeth. Corolla small. — 
White. If. Through the summer. Common around buildings. 

White Hoarhound. 

This plant is a tonic, and in large doses cathartic. It is decidedly a family medicine, 
and is used in the incipient stages of coughs and catarrhs with good effects. It also 
derives celebrity from being extensively used in manufacturing the hoarhound candy. 

Genus XXII.— STA'CHYS. L. 13—1. 
(From stachys, a spike.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, segments awned. Upper lip of the corolla 
vaulted ; lower lip 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes refiexed, the 
middle lobe large, emarginate. Stamens 4. 

1. S. as'pera, (Mich.) Stern erect, square, retrorsely hispid. Leaves 
sessile, linear-lanceolate, serrulate, glabrous. Flowers usually 6 in a 
whorl. Teeth of the calyx divaricate, spiny. — Purple. If. June — 
Aug. Pine-barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. S. rtssopifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, generally glabrous, slender, 
usually simple. Leaves sessile, lineardanceolate, remotely dentate, or 
finely serrulate. Flowers sessile, about 4 in a whorl. Calyx glabrous, 
with the teeth rigid. Corolla slightly pubescent on the inside. — Pur- 
ple. If. June — Aug. Wet pine lands. 12 — 18 inches. 

3. S. his'pida, (Pursh.) Stem erect, pubescent, hispid, with the bris- 
tles usually retrorse. Leaves on short petioles, ovate, oblong, acute, 
serrulate, hispid; the upper ones nearly linear. Flowers 4 — 6 in a 
whorl. Calyx hairy; segments acute. Lower lip of the corolla whi- 
tish with dark spots. — Yellowish-purple. 2f. Aug. — Sept. Pine- 
barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXIIL— LEONU'RUS. L. 13—1. 
(From Uon, a lion, and oura, a tail.) 

Calyx 5-angled, with 5 acute, expanding teeth. Corolla 
bilabiate ; the upper lip entire, hairy, the lower 3-parted, reflex- 
ed. Stamens 4. Anthers sprinkled with shining dots. 

1. L. caedia'ca, (L.) Stem with 4 pubescent angles. Leaves pubes- 
cent, the lower ones 3-lobed, lanceolate, the upper ones entire, pale be- 
neath, sometimes dentate, on petioles about an inch long, Floioers in 
numerous axillary whorls. Calyx nearly glabrous. Corolla small, vil- 
lous on the outer surface.— White, tinged with red. $ or If . May — 
Aug. In rich soils. Introduced. Motherwort. 

Genus XXIV.— LA'MIUM. L. 13—1. 
(From laimoe, the throat.) 

Calyx tubular, hairy, with a 5-cleft expanding border. Co- 
rolla bilabiate ; the upper lip vaulted, the lower lip 2-lobed, 
toothed at the base. Anthers hairy. 

1. L. amplexicau'le, (L.) Stem pubescent, square, branching at the 



ORDER XCI. LABIATJE. 473 

base. Leaves pubescent, broadly cordate, erenate, the upper ones ses- 
sile, clasping, the lower ones on short petioles. Flowers on axillary 
whorls. Calyx hairy. Corolla with the tube long, marked with pale 
spots. — Bright purple. ©. Common. 6 — 8 inches. 

Genus XXV.— ISAN'THUS. Mich. 13—1. 
(From isos, equal, and anthos, flower, the corolla being nearly regular.) 

Calyx campanulate, 10-nervecl, 5-toothed ; throat naked. 
Corolla short, campanulate, of 5 nearly equal rounded lobes. 
Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect. 

1. I. cceru'leus, (Mich.) Viscidly pubescent. Leaves broad-lanceolate, 
3-nerved. Flowers 1 — 3, on axillary peduncles. — Pale blue. July — 
Aug. River banks. False Pennyroyal. 

Genus XXVL— TRICHOSTE'MA. L. 13—1. 
(From thrix, a hair, and sterna, a stamen.) 

Calyx campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-cleft, 
the 3 upper teeth elongated. Corolla with a slender tube, up- 
per lip falcate. Stamens 4, long and curved. 

1. T. dichot'oma, (L.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, broad, pubescent, entire. Flowers in dichotomous panicles, solitary, 
in the divisions of the branches. Calyx hispid, ribbed, bilabiate. Sta- 
mens unequal. Stigmas 2. — Blue. ||. July — Sept. Dry soils. Very 
common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. T. linea'ris, (Walt.) Stem viscidly pubescent. Leaves linear, 
smooth, sessile, acute at each end ; teeth of the calyx awned. Stamens 
very long. — Blue. %. June — Sept. Dry fields. 6 — 12 inches. 

Genus XXVIL— TEU'CRITJM. L. 13—1. 

(Named after Teucer, son of Scamander.) 

Calyx tubular, or campanulate, nearly equally 5-toothed. 
Corolla with the tube short, 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly 
equal, the lowest lobe longest. 

1. T. Canaden'se, (L.) Stem erect, furrowed, pubescent, somewhat 
jointed. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on short petioles, 
almost tomentose beneath. Flowers in whorled racemes. Bracts subu- 
late, longer than the calyx. Calyx pubescent, with the 3 upper seg- 
ments broad, the 2 lower narrow. Corolla pubescent, the upper lips 
deeply divided. Stigmas 2. — Blue or reddish. 2f. July — September. 
Damp soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. T. Virgin'icum, (L.) Stem pubescent, furrowed. Leaves ovate- 
oblong, serrate ; those near the summit nearly sessile. Flowers in ver- 
ticillate racemes, crowded. Bracts as long as the calyx. — Blue or pur- 
ple. If. . July — Aug. In wet grounds. 2 — 3 feet. 



474 OEDER XCn.—~ VEEBENACE^J. 



Order XCIL— VERBENA' CEJE. (Vervain Family.) 

Calyx tubular, persistent, inferior. Corolla hypogynous, 
usually with an irregular limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, some- 
times only 2. Ovary 2 — 4-celled. Ovules erect or pendulous, 
solitary or twin. Style 1. Fruit a drupe or berry. Albumen 
none. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with exstipulate leaves. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Plants, shrubs 2 

Plants, herbaceous 3 

2. Stamens didynamous Zantana, 4 

Stamens not didynamous Callicarpa, 2 

S. Flowers in spikes, calyx erect Verbena, 1 

Flowers in spikes, calyx reversed in fruit Phryma, 5 

Flowers in heads Zappania, 3 

Genus I— VERBE'JSTA. L. 13—2. 
(The Celtic name of the plant.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, with the tube curved, 
and the limb unequally 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous. 
Seeds 4. Flowers in paniculate spikes. 

1. V. Atjble'tia. Stem creeping, assurgent, angled, pubescent. Leaves 
opposite, oval-lanceolate, 3-lobed, dentate. Flowers in terminal spikes. 
Calyx angled, with unequal, setaceous segments. Corolla pubescent at 
the summit, the border expanding. — Purple. If. Through the sum- 
mer. Pine-barrens. Common. 

2. V. spu'ria. Stem decumbent, divaricately branched. Leaves ses- 
sile, deeply laciniate, somewhat pinnatifid ; segments serrate. Flowers 
in filiform spikes, loose. Bracts longer than the calyx. — Purple. @. 
Aug.— Oct. Middle Geo. 1—2 feet. 

3. V. hasta'ta. Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, the lower ones frequently lobed, or hastate. Flowers in short, 
linear spikes, paniculate. Bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx. — Pur- 
ple. 2£. July — Aug. Middle Car. and Geo. 2 — 4 feet. 

4. V. panicula'ta. Stem erect, scabrous, almost hispid. Leaves long, 
lanceolate, coarsely serrate, undivided. Flowers in numerous spikes, 
forming a corymbose panicle. — Purple. 2£. July — Aug. Mountains. 
4—6 feet. 

5. V. urticifo'lia. Stem erect, somewhat pubescent, with numerous 
slender branches. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Flowers in filiform 
spikes, axillary and terminal, forming panicles. Bracts subulate ; seg- 
ments of the corolla nearly equal. — White, tinged with purple. July 
— Aug. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. V. Carolinia'na. Stem erect, scabrous, simple, viscid. Leaves 
oblong, obovate, irregularly serrate, sometimes slightly lobed. Flowers 
in long spikes. Bracts subulate. Corolla somewhat bilabiate. — Pale 
purple. May — July. Dry soils. Common. 



ORDER XCn. VERBENACE^E. 475 

Genus II.— CALLICAR'PA. L. 4—1. 

(From the Greek 7calo$, beautiful, and karpos, fruit.) 

Calyx small, persistent, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, with obtuse 
segments. Fruit baccate, 4-celled, juicy, purple. 

1. C. America'na. A shrub bearing many branches, the old wood 
glabrous, young branches tomentosc. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
serrate, tomentose beneath ; petioles sprinkled with resinous atoms. 
Flowers in axillary clusters, on very short peduncles. Calyx tomentose. 
— Purple. ^. May — July. Very common. 3— 5 feet. 

French Mulberry. 

Genus III.— ZAPA'NIA. Sco. 13—2. 
(In honor of P. A. Zappa, an Italian botanist.) 

Calyx 5-tootbed. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. 
Stigma capitate, peltate, oblique. Seeds 2, covered at first by 
an evanescent pericarp. Flowers in heads. 

1. Z. nudiflo'ra. Stem procumbent, branching, somewhat scabrous, 
herbaceous. Leaves ovate, cuneate, serrate toward the apex, on short 
petioles. Flowers on axillary peduncles, in small heads. Bracts broad, 
purple along the margin. Stamens short. Seeds 2. — Bluish- white. 2£ . 
July — Aug. Damp soils. Common. 4 — 6 inches. 

2. Z. lanceola'ta. Stem herbaceous, creeping, similar to the prece- 
ding. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Flowers on long peduncles, in 
conical heads. — Bluish- white. If. July — Aug. Banks of streams. 
6 — 8 inches. Lippia lanceolata. 

Genus IV.— LANTA'NA. L. 13—2. 

(An ancient name of Viburnum.) 

Calyx obtusely 4-toothed. Corolla with the limb 4-cleft. 
Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma hooked. Fruit a drupe, dark 
blue, containing* a smooth 2-celled nut. Floivers in heads. 

2. L. cama'ra. A shrub, with the stems rough, square. Leaves op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate, scabrous, pubescent along the veins, serrate. 
Flowers on axillary peduncles, numerous. Bracts longer than the ca- 
lyx. Stamens short. Drupes globular. — Bright yellow. ^ . June — 
Nov. Southern Geo. and Florida. 2 — 4 feet. 

Genus V.— PHRY'MA. 13—2. 

(Etymology unknown.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-nerved, bilabiate; upper lip the longer, trind. 
Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate, the lower much larger, 
flat, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Fruit 1-seeded. 

I. P. leptosta'chya. Stem branching above. Leaves large, ovate- 
acute ; coarsely toothed. Flowers in slender terminal spikes, small, 
mostly opposite. Calyx turned downward in fruit. — Purplish, y. 
July. Shady woods. Lopseed. 



476 ORDER XCIII. — ACANTHACEJ2. 

Order XCIII.— ACANTHA'CEtE. (Acanthus Family) 

Calyx 4 — 5 -cleft, persistent, with the segments equal or un- 
equal. Corolla hypogynous, with a regular or irregular bor- 
der. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, 2 or 4 ; 
when 4 didynamous, the short ones sometimes sterile. Ovary 
2-celled, surrounded at the base by a disk. Style 1. Capsule 
2-celled, few or many-seeded ; dissepiments opposite the valves. 
Seeds suspended, nearly globular. Cotyledons large. Herba- 
ceous plants, with opposite, simple leaves. 

Genus I— JUSTI'CIA. L. 2—1. {Rhytiglossa, Nees.) 
(In honor of J. Justice, a Scotch botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
bilabiate, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 
2. Stigma 1. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. 

1. J. hu'milis, (Mich.) Stem assurgent, glabrous toward the base, 
rough near the summit, jointed. Leaves decussate, lanceolate, serru- 
late, scabrous. Flowers in long axillary spikes. Bracts minute. Calyx 
persistent, ventricose. Corolla with the upper lip reflexed ; middle 
segment of the lower lip longest, spotted. — Violet. If. May — June. 
In wet soils. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. J. ensifor'mis, (Walt.) Stem assurgent. Leaves decussate, linear- 
lanceolate, glabrous, acute, slightly oblique. Flowers in short, compact 
spikes, on long peduncles. — Violet. If. May — June. Southern Geo. 

3. J. brachia'ta, (Pursh.) Stem 6-angled, brachiately branched, gla- 
brous. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse at the apex, attenuate at the base, 
glabrous beneath, hairy on the veins. Peduncles axillary, by twos or 
threes ; heads 2 — 3-flowered, with the leaves of the involucre unequal, 
mucronate, cuneate, 3 -nerved. Flowers small. Capside oval, mucro- 
nate, partly pubescent. — August. Dicliptera brachiata. 

Genus II— RUEL'LIA. L. 13—2. 
(In honor of J. Kuelli, a French botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
with a 5-lobed border. Stamens 4 or 5, approximate. Cap- 
sule attenuate, dehiscing at the summit. 

1. R. stre'pens, (L.) Stem erect, 4-angled, hairy. Leaves opposite, 
petiolate, lanceolate-ovate, entire. Flotvers axillary, 1 — 3 in each axil. 
Calyx with acute hispid segments, with 2 bracteal leaves as long as the 
calyx. Corolla with the segments rounded ; tube longer than the ca- 
lyx. Seed generally 4. — Blue. % . May — Sept. Damp soils. 1 — 2 ft. 

Dipteracanthus pallidus. 

2. R. hirsu'ta. Stem erect, obtusely angled, sparingly branched, hir- 
sute. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, rough. Calyx 
with hispid subulate segments, longer than the tube of the corolla. 
Style long. — Blue. 2f. July — Oct. Georgia and Alabama. 

Hydrophila hirsuta. 



ORDER XCIV. LENTTBULARIACE.E. 477 

3. R. cilio'sa, (Pursh.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves ovate-oblong, 
ciliate, hairy along the veins. Bracts short ; segments of the calyx 
subulate, short. — Blue. U . July — Sept. Southern Geo. 1 — 2 ft. 

Dipter acanthus ciliosus, Nees. 

4. R. oblongifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, obtusely angled, branched 
or simple, pubescent. Leaves sessile, obovate, obtuse ; lower leaves 
nearly round. Calyx with the segments filiform, as long as the tube 
of the corolla, hispid ; segments of the corolla emarginate. Capsule 
surrounded with a glandular ring. Seed few. — Blue, spotted with yel- 
low. U . May — Sept. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

Calophancs oblong if olius, Don. 

5. R. humistra'ta, (Mich.) Stem diffuse, glabrous. Leaves on long 
petioles, obtuse oval. Flowers nearly sessile. Capsule linear. — Blue. 
U • May — Sept. Sandy pine-barrens. Southern Geo. 

Calophanes humistratus. 

6. R. cilio'sa, (Le Carte.) Stem erect, white-pubescent, hirsute. 
Leaves oval-oblong, subcrenate, running into a short petiole, hirsute. 
Flowers subsessile. Calyx bracteolate ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, longer 
than the calyx ; lobes of the calyx linear, setaceous, hirsute, half the 
length of the corolla. — East Florida. 

Dipter acanthus Mitchellianus, Benth. 

7. R. tubiflo'ra, (Le Carte.) Hirsute or nearly glabrous. Stem 
branching. Leaves oblong, entire or undulate, subsessile. Flowers sol- 
itary, axillary, opposite, peduncles short ; lobes of the calyx linear- 
lanceolate, one third the length of the corolla. — Georgia and Florida. 

Dipter acanthus noctijlorus, Benth. 

8. R. tubero'sa, (L.) Stem erect, villous. Leaves ovate, cuneate at 
the base, attenuate into the petiole, entire, crenate or undulate, smooth 
or pilose ; lobes of the calyx subulate, acuminate, more or less hirsute. 
— Throughout the South. Cryphiacanthus JBarbadensis, Nees. 

Genus III.— ELYTRA'RIA. Vahl. 2—1. 
(From the Greek elutron, an envelope.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, with the front segment bifid. Corolla 
5-cleft, with the segments nearly equal. Stamens 2, with 2 
barren filaments. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, few seeds in each 
cell. 

1. E. vtrga'ta, (Mich.) Stem none. Leaves long, entire, lanceolate, 
cuneate at the base, scabrous on the upper surface, slightly undulate ; 
scape covered with ovate, amplexicaul scales. Flowers in dense spikes. 
Bracts inclosing the flowers rigid ; scales 2 at the base of the calyx, pu- 
bescent. Calyx pubescent. — If. May — June. Damp pine-barrens. 
1—2 feet. 

Order XCIV.— LENTTBULARIA'OE^E. (Butterwort 
Family.) 

Calyx divided, persistent, hypogynous. Corolla irregular, 
bilabiate, spurred. Stamens 2, included within the corolla. 
Anthers simple, 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, short. 



478 ORDER XCIY. LENTIBULARIACE,E. 

Stigma bilamellate. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, with cen- 
tral placentas. Seeds minute. Herbaceous plants, with radical 
leaves ; growing in swamps and marshes. 

Genus L— PINGUICULA. L. 2—1. 
(From pinguis, fat, in allusion to the greasiness of its leaves.) 

Calyx bilabiate. 5-cleft. Corolla ringent, spurred at the 
base. Stamens 2, very short. 

1. P. ela'tior, (Mich.) Stern none. Leaves all radical, spatulate, 
ovate, entire, viscid, obtuse ; scape columnar, villous at the base, several 
from each root. Floioers solitary. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the 3 lower 
segments approximate ; tube of the corolla ventricose, villous within, 
veined with purple, equally 5-cleft ; segments 2-lobed ; spur obtuse, 
compressed, half as long as the tube. Anthers globose, approximate, 
1-celled. Style short. Stigma somewhat 3-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 
terminated by the persistent style. — Yellow. 21. March — April. 
Common in wet places. Tall Pinguicula. 

2. P. ld'tea, (Walt.) Stem none ; scapes 1 — 3 from each root, pu- 
bescent, 1-fiowered. Leaves similar to the preceding. Calyx equally 
5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with the segments 2-lobed ; the 
inferior lamella of the stigma dilated, covering the anthers, the upper 
one minute : the whole plant pubescent, with the hairs terminated, by 
a viscid gland. — Yellow. If. March — April. Pine-barrens. Yery 
common. Yellow Pinguicula. 

3. P. pumi'la, (Mich.) Scapes several from each root, pubescent, 
hairs terminated by viscid globules. Leaves smoother than in the pre- 
ceding species. Calyx pubescent, with obtuse segments. Corolla vil- 
lous within; tube streaked with purple, yellowish. Stigma with the 
upper lamella slightly 3-lobed, short, the lower one ciliate, covering the 
anthers. Capsule globose, pubescent. — Pale blue. 2f . March — April. 
Common in southern and middle Geo. 

Genus II.— UTRICULA'RIA. L. 2—1. 
(From utriculus, a little bladder.) 

Calyx bilabiate, lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla rin- 
gent, the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2, with the 
filaments incurved, bearing the anthers within the apex. Stig- 
ma bilamellate. Capsule 1-celled. 

1. U. infla'ta, (Walt.) Stem submersed, branching, terete, glabrous. 
Leaves alternate, the lower ones whorled, inflated, pinnatifid at the 
extremities ; segments setaceous. Floioers in racemes, surrounded by 
a 6-leaved involucre floating on the surface of the water. Calyx per 
sistent ; segments nearly equal, concave, ovate. Corolla with the up 
per lip entire, broad-ovate, smaller than the under lip; lower lip 3-cleft 
the lateral segments broad, and shorter than the middle segments, 
Spur bifid ; the lower lamella of the stigma dilated, ciliate, reflexed 
— Yellow. If . Still waters. Very common. 

2. U. fibro'sa, (Walt.) Stem submersed, round. Flowers in simple 
racemes ; peduncles 6 — 8 inches long, columnar ; pedicels 1 — 2 inches 



ORDER XCV. PRIMULACE^3. 479 

long, slender ; upper Up of the corolla large, slightly 3-lobed, lower 
lip smaller; spur subulate, ernarginate. — Yellow. If. Sept. — Oct. 
2—3 feet. 

3. U. sacca'ta, (Le Conte.) Stem submersed, glabrous, terete. Leaves 
alternate, 4 — 5-parted at the base, segments divided, with setaceous 
segments ; peduncles axillary, 1 — 2, generally 1 -flowered ; upper lip 
of the corolla nearly round, shorter than the lower ; the middle segment 
of the lower lip oval, with reflexed margin ; spur subulate, covered by 
the reflexed margins of the middle segment. — Purple. 2f . June — July. 
Stagnant waters. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. U. longiros'tris, (Le Conte.) Stem floating. Leaves divided, with 
setaceous segments. Floxcers on peduncles 2 — 3 inches long, 2-flowered ; 
lips of the corolla obscurely 3-lobed, the lower one ernarginate, ascend- 
ing. — Yellow. 2f . June. Stagnant water. Car. and Geo. 

5. U. gib'ba, (L.) Stem floating ; peduncle 6 — 8 inches long, bearing 
several small flowers. Corolla with the lips obscurely lobed ; spur 
shorter than the lower lip of the corolla, gibbous in the middle. — Yel- 
low. If. June. In ponds in the low country. 

6. U. biparti'ta, (Ell.) Scape 2 — 4 inches high, bearing generally 
several flowers. Corolla small; lips nearly entire, equal; spur obtuse, 
half the length of the corolla ; lower segment of the calyx generally 2- 
cleft. — Yellow. 2f . October. In muddy places. 

V. U. biflo'ra, (Le Marck.) Stem submersed, slender. Leaves verti- 
cillately divided with setaceous segments. Flowers on axillary pedun- 
cles ; peduncles long (3 — 4 inches), generally 2-flowered ; lips of the 
corolla entire, or the upper one obscurely 3-lobed, reflexed, shorter 
than the lower ; spur subulate. — Yellow. If . May — June. In stag- 
nant water. 

8. U. person a' ta, (Le Conte.) Scape 1 — >2 feet high, slender, glabrous, 
leafless. Floicers 4r — 10, rather large ; upper lip ernarginate ; spur 
subulate, slightly curved. — Yellow. If. July — Aug. In damp soils. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 

9. U. seta'cea, (Mich.) Stem erect, setaceous, nearly leafless, with 
a few ovate scales. Flowers on short, setaceous peduncles, 4 — 1 ; lower 
lip 3-lobed, upper lip ovate ; spur subulate ; the lower lamella of the 
stigma incised. — Yellow. 2f . April — May. Wet soils. Common. 

Order XCV.— PRIMULA'CEtE. (Primrose Family) 

Calyx divided, 4 — 5-cleft, inferior, regular, persistent. Co- 
rolla hypogynous, regular ; limb 4 or 5 cleft. Stamens insert- 
ed upon the corolla, opposite to its segments. Ovary 1-celled. 
Style I. Stigma capitate. Capsule with central placentas. 
Seeds numerous, peltate ; embryo straight, cylindrical. Her- 
baceous plants, with opposite or whorled leaves. 

Genus I.— LYSIMA'CHIA. L. 5—1. 
(From the Greek lusis, dissolution, and mache, strife.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Stiff' 
ma 1. Capsule 10-valved, globose. 



480 ORDER XCV.— PRIMULACE,£. 

1. L. Herbemon'ti, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, columnar. Leaves 
usually by fours, ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, dotted, sessile, 3 — 5 
nerved, lateral ones obscure. Flowers in terminal racemes ; the lower 
flowers opposite, or verticillate, the upper ones alternate; segments of 
the calyx linear-lanceolate ; those of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, dot- 
ted ; filaments 5, cohering at the base. — Yellow. 2f. June — July. A 
few miles east of Columbia, S. C. 

2. L. quadrifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, hairy. Leaves verticillate by 
fours, ovate, acute, nearly sessile. Flowers on axillary peduncles ; pe- 
duncles 1 -flowered, about half the length of the leaves; segments of 
the calyx lanceolate, pubescent, dotted. Stamens shorter than the co- 
rolla, cohering at the base. — Yellow. 2f. May — July. Middle Car. 
and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. Loose-strife. 

3. L. lanceola'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple, smooth. Leaves 
verticillate by fours, on short petioles, lanceolate. Flowers on verticil- 
late peduncles, the upper ones in racemes; peduncles many-flowered ; 
segments of the corolla ovate, acute. — Yellow. If. June — July. Mid- 
dle Carolina. 

4. L. cilia'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, quadrangular, furrowed, 
glabrous, dotted. Leaves generally by fours, verticillate, on rather short 
ciliate petioles, cordate-ovate, upper ones lanceolate. Flowers axillary, 
on 1-flowered peduncles, nodding ; segments of the calyx acuminate, 
lanceolate ; tube of the corolla composed of a purple ring, sprinkled 
with yellow glands; segments toothed, slightly ciliate at the base. 
Anthers 2-lobed. — Yellow. If. June — July. In rich soils. 

5. L. quadriflo'ra, (Sims.) Stem glabrous, branching, furrowed. 
Leaves opposite, sessile, long-linear, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
almost to a petiole. Flowers on peduncles, by fours, terminal ; seg- 
ments of the calyx long, lanceolate, acuminate ; those of the corolla 
slightly crenate. — Yellow. If. June — July. South. Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. L. heterophyl'la, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous, angu- 
lar. Leaves opposite, the lower ones nearly orbicular, becoming nar- 
rower toward the summit; the upper ones being linear, glabrous, ciliate 
at the base. Flowers axillary, nodding, on 1-flowered peduncles ; seg- 
ments of the calyx lanceolate, of the corolla crenate. — Yellow. 2f . 
June — Aug. Middle country of Car. and Geo. 

Genus II— CENTUN'CULUS. L. 4—1 
(The Roman name of the plant) 

Calyx 4-cleft, persistent, with lanceolate segments. Corolla 
4-cleft, persistent, with acute segments. Stamens 4, inserted 
into the corolla. Capsule globose, 1 -celled. 

1. C. lanceola'tus, (Mich.) Stem prostrate, creeping, with assurgent 
extremities, branched, glabrous. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, some- 
what cuneate, slightly decurrent. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile. 
Calyx persistent. Corolla a little longer than the calyx, attached to 
the capsule. Anthers 2-lobed. — Red. #. March. In pastures. 2— 
3 inches. Fimpernell. 



ORDER XCVI. PLUMBAGINACEiE. 481 

Genus III— HOTTO'NIA. L. 5—1. 
(In honor of P. Ilotton, a Dutch professor.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, shorter than the calyx. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Capsule globose. 

1. H. infla'ta, (Ell.) Stem thick, spongy, generally submersed. 
Leaves long, crowded, pectinate, submersed, with the segments linear ; 
several scapes, rising from the summit of the stem, with inflated inter- 
nodes. Flowers verticillate, pedunculate. — White. 2£. June — July. 
Middle Georgia. 

Genus IV.— ANAGAL'LIS. Tourn. 5—1. 
(From anagelao, to laugh, from its supposed power of removing despondency.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with acute, linear-lanceolate seg- 
ments. Corolla 5-parted, with oblong segments, rotate. Sta- 
mens 5. Filament 1. Capsule 1-celled. 

1. A. arven'sis, (Pursh.) Stem procumbent. Leaves opposite, entire, 
sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary, on peduncles longer 
than the leaves. Calyx persistent, with acute segments. Corolla with 
segments longer than the calyx, crenulate. Stamens shorter than the 
corolla. Style filiform. Stigma simple. — Red. %. June — July. Low 
country. 6 — 12 inches. Red Chickweed. 

Genus V.— SAM'OLUS. L. 5—1. 
(From san, salutary, and mos, a pig, Celtic for pig's food.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, salver-form. Sta- 
mens 5, with 5 sterile filaments alternating with them. Capsule 
1-celled, semi-inferior, many-seeded. 

1. S. valeran'di. Stem generally simple, erect. Leaves obovate, 
entire, obtuse, tapering into a petiole. Flowers in terminal loose ra- 
cemes, small. — White. 2£. June — Sept. In wet boggy places. 6 — 
10 inches. Black-ioeed. 

Order XCVI.— PLUMBAGINA'CE^E. {Sea-pink Family) 

Calyx tubular, plaited, entire, persistent. Petals 5, regular. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the petals. Ovary superior. Ovule 
inverted, pendulous, suspended from the point of a strap-like 
umbilical cord, which arises from the base of the ovary. Stig- 
mas 5. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled. Seed inverted. Embryo 
straight. Herbaceous plants, with sheathing leaves, exstipulate. 
Flowers in panicles. 

Genus I— STA'TICE. L. 5—5. 
(From st atio, to arrest ; from its stopping diarrhoea.) 

Genus the same as the Order. [The only genus belonging 
to this order, found in our geographical limits.] 

21 



482 OEDER XCVII. PLANTAGINACE^l. 

1. P. limo'nium, (L.) Root thick, ligneous, scaly toward the summit 
Radical leaves obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, on long petioles ; 
those of the scape barely scales, embracing the stem and branches. 
Flowers in panicles, consisting of secund spikes. Involucre 8-leaved, 
2-fiowered, the upper one colored. Calyx 10-toothed, pubescent at the 
base. Petals obovate. Anthers purple. Capsule 5-angled, 1-celled, 
1-seeded, seed angled. — Blue. 2f . July — Oct. Along the sea-coast. 

Marsh Rosemary. 

The root of this plant possesses decided medicinal properties. It is very astringent, 
and may be used as a substitute for the most astringent medicines. In ulcerated sore 
mouth it forms a most valuable gargle, in the form of infusion or decoction. 

Order XCVIL— PLANTAGINA'CE^E. {Ribwort or Plan- 
tain Family.) 

Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, persistent. Sta- 
mens 4, inserted into the corolla alternate with the segments ; 
filaments long ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary usually 2- 
celled. Style simple; stigma hispid. Capsule membranace- 
ous, with a transverse dehiscence. Herbaceous plants, with 
flowers on scapes. 

Genus I.— PLANTA'GO. L. 4—1. 

(From planta, the sole of the foot, from the resemblance of the leaves.) 

Genus same as the Order. 

1. P. ma' joe, (L.) Leaves broad-ovate, glabrous, on rather long pe- 
tioles, remotely toothed, 5-nerved ; petiole pubescent; scape pubescent. 
Flowers in bracteate spikes ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, gla- 
brous. Capsule 2-celled, the upper half falling off when the seeds are 
mature. — White. If. June — Aug. Common. 8 — 12 inches. 

Plantain. 

2. P. Virgin'ica, (L.) Leaves spatulate, lanceolate, pubescent, spar- 
ingly dentate, 5-nerved, the two marginal ones obscure ; scape tomen- 
tose, angular, columnar. Flowers remote when mature. — Yellowish. 

$ . June — July. Common. 3 — 6 inches. 

3. P. lanceola'ta, (L.) Leaves long, tapering, lanceolate, 5-nerved, 
slightly pubescent, sparingly dentate ; scape hairy. Flowers in a com- 
pact spike; bracts ovate. — White. If. Through the summer. Intro- 
duced. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. P. interrtjp'ta, (La Marck.) Leaves long, narrow, lanceolate, 3 — 5- 
nerved ; scape pubescent near the base, spike long, slender. Flowers 
scattered, glabrous, occasionally in clusters. 

5. P. pusil'la, (Nutt.) Scape erect, minutely pubescent. Leaves 
linear, entire, or with one tooth on each side near the summit. Spike 
cylindrical, loosely flowered. Stamens 2 — 1. — White. %. April. 
Abundant about Macon. 



ORDER XCVIII. — NYCTAGDSTACEjE. 483 



MONOCHLAMYD'EJl. 
Flowers with a simple perianth. 

Order XCVIII.— NYCTAGINA'CE^E. {Marvel of Peru 
Family.) 

Perianth tubular, somewhat colored, aestivation plaited, be- 
coming indurated at the base. Stamens definite, hypogynous. 
Ovary superior; ovule 1, erect. Style!. Fruit inclosed in 
the tube of the calyx. Seed with its testa coherent with the 
utricle. Cotyledons foliaceous. Leaves opposite, usually un- 
equal. 

Genus I— BOERHAA'VIA. L. 3—1. 

(Named after Boerhaave, a celebrated Dutch physician, and friend and patron of 
Linnaeus.) 

Perianth campanulate, plaited. Stamens 2, or more, at- 
tached to the base of the perianth. Style 1. Stigma capitate. 
Seed 1. 

1. B. erec'ta, (L.) Stem erect, trichotomous, glabrous at the sum- 
mit, jointed. Leaves opposite, ovate, undulate, veins purple on the un- 
der surface. Flowers in corymbose panicles. Perianth seated on a 
minute glandular ring, white, tinged with purple. Stamens 2 — 3, 
longer than the perianth. — %. June — Sept. Sandy soils. 

Genus II.— ALLIO'NIA. L. 4—1. 
(In honor of Allioni, an Italian botanist.) 

Involucre oblong, simple, 3-flowered. Perianth longer than 
the involucre, irregular. Stamens 4. Style 1. 

1. A. al'bida, (Sweet.) Stem erect, quadrangular, furrowed, sprin- 
kled with a glandular pubescence. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 
irregular, often slightly panduriform, scabrous along the margins. In- 
volucre 5-cleft, hairy. Seed naked, angled, almost hispid. — 0. April 
— May. Middle Car. and Geo. 

Genus III— OXYBAPH'US. Vahl. 3—1. 

(From oxus, acid, and oaphe, dyers 1 color.) 

Involucre 5-cleft, 1 — 3-flowered. Perigonium tubular, limb 
plicate, campanulate. Stamens 3, united. Fruit ovate, ribbed. 

1. 0. angustifo'lius, (Sweet.) Stem herbaceous, erect, glabrous. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex. 
Flowers in lax panicles. — White. % . 



484: ORDER XCIX. — AMARANTHACE.E. 



Order XCIX.— AMARANTHA'CEJE. (Amaranth Family.) 

Perianth 2 — 5-leaved, hypogynous, persistent. Stamens 
3 — 5. Styles 3. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds 
pendulous. Embryo curved. Herbaceous plants, with simple 
leaves. Flowers monoecious. 

Genus L— IRE'SINE. Willd. 20—5. 
(From eiros, wool, referring to the woolly branches.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile florets ; perianth double, exterior 
one 2 — 3-leaved, the interior 5-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 5, 
with glands between the filaments. Fertile florets ; the inner 
perianth surrounded by long hair. Stigmas 2. Capsule ovate, 
1-celled, 1-seeded. 

1. I. celosioi'des, (Willd.) Stem erect, glabrous, with opposite 
branches, fistulous, furrowed Leaves opposite, attenuate at the sum- 
mit, lanceolate, irregularly serrate, swollen at the joints. — H|. Sept. 
— Oct. On the sea-coast. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus II.— ACHYRAN'THES. L. 15—5. 
(From aehuron, chaff, and anthos, a flower, from the appearance of the floral leaves.) 

Perianth double, exterior one 3-leaved, the interior 5-leaved, 
unequal. Stamens 5, sitting on a nectary. Style 1. Capsule 
1-celled, 1-seeded. 

1. A. ke'pens, (Dill.) Stem procumbent, hairy. Leaves opposite, 
usually unequal, lanceolate, somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers in ses- 
sile, ovate heads, somewhat 3-angled ; the interior calyx hairy near the 
base ; the two interior sepals smaller than the others, hairy at the sum- 
mit. — If. March — Oct. Cultivated grounds. Low country. 

Tela.nthera polygonioides, Mich. Forty-knot. 

Genus III— AM ARAN 'THUS. L. 19—5. 

(From a, privative, and maraino, to wither, in allusion to the long time the colors 
are bright.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets. * Calyx 3 — 5-leaved. 
Stamens 3 or 5. Fertile florets 3 — 5-leaved. Styles 3. Cap- 
sule 1-celled, 1 -seeded. 

1. A. hypocondeia'cus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, furrowed. Leaves 
large, oblong, lanceolate, entire, red or purple, on long petioles. Flow- 
ers in compound paniculate racemes. Perianth purple, 5-leaved. 
Stamens 5. Styles 3. — 0. June — Oct. Cultivated grounds. 4 — 8 feet. 

2. A. htb'ridus, (L.) Stem erect. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flow- 
ers in compound racemes, crowded, pentandrous. Perianth consisting 
of subulate leaves. — #. June — Sept. About cultivated grounds. 
2—3 feet. 



ORDER C. CHENOPODIACE^]. 485 

3. A. spino'sus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, much branched. Leaves 
lanceolate, mucronate, entire, with 2 spines at the base of the petiole. 
Flowers in compound axillary and terminal racemes. Stamens 5. Styles 
3. — ©. June — Oct. Cultivated grounds. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. A. liv'idus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, usually purple. Leaves 
alternate, ovate, or elliptic, slightly undulate, veins prominent. Flowers 
clustered, axillary and terminal, with the sterile and fertile intermin- 
gled. Stamens 3. Styles 2 or 8. — 0. June — Sept. Cultivated lands. 
Common. 2 — 3 feet. Euxolus lividus, Moq. 

5. A. pumi'lus, (Ell.) Stem procumbent, fleshy, glabrous, usually pur- 
ple. Leaves ovate, fleshy, obtuse, emarginate. Flowers in sessile, ax- 
illary clusters. Perianth 5-leaved. Stamens 5. Styles 3. — 0. Aug. 
— Oct. On the sea-coast. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. A. sanguineus, (L.) Stem naked. Leaves red, oblong, acute. 
Flowers in terminal, erect racemes. Branches expanding, glabrous. 
Stamens 5. — @. Aug. — Oct. On the sea-coast. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus IV.— OPLOTHE'CA. 15—5. 
(From oplose, armour, and theca, a sheath, from the appearance of the capsules.) 

Perianth double, the exterior 2 -leaved, truncate ; the interior 
5 -cleft, tomentose. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Capsule 1- 
seeded, inclosed in the calyx. 

1. 0. Florid a'n a, (Nutt.) Stem erect, branching at the summit, pu- 
bescent, with swollen joints. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
woolly beneath. Flowers in paniculate spikes ; the inner perianth to- 
mentose. — If. June — Sept. Middle and Western Georgia. 

Frcelichia Floridana, Moq. 

Genus V.— ACNI'DA. Mitch. 20—5. 
(From the Greek or, privative, and knide, the nettle ; like it, but does not sting.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile florets, perianth 5-parted. Sta- 
mens 5. Fertile florets, perianth 3-parted. Stigmas 3 — 5, ses- 
sile. Capsule 1 -seeded. 

1. A. rusocar'pa, (Mich.) Stem fistulous, erect, thick, angular. 
Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flow- 
ers in dense panicles, axillary and terminal. Fruit angled, tubercled. 
— Salt marshes. Water-hemp. 

2. A. cannabi'na, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, slightly angled. Leaves 
alternate, ribbed, ovate-lanceolate, usually colored, 2 — 5 inches long. 
Flowers in large axillary and terminal panicles, the sterile plant smaller 
than the fertile. Stigmas nearly plumose. Seed ovate, compressed, 
glabrous. — %. Oct.— Nov. Marshes. 4 — 8 feet. Water-hemp. 

Order C— CHENOPODLA/CEJE. (Goosefoot Family.) 

Perianth deeply divided, persistent, sometimes tubular at the 
base. Stamens 1 or 5, inserted into the base of the perianth, 
opposite its segments. Ovary single, superior, sometimes ad- 



486 ORDER C. CHENOPODIACE.E. 

hering to the calyx. Ovule 1. Styles divided, rarely simple. 
Fruit membranaceous, sometimes baccate. Seed erect. Em- 
bryo curved. Herbaceous plants. Flowers small, sometimes 
polygamous. 

Genus L— SALICOR'NIA. L. 1—1. 
(From sal, salt, and cornu, horn.) 

Perianth ventricose, fleshy, closed. Stamens 1 — 2. Style 
1, bifid. Fruit inclosed in the perianth. Seed 1. 

1. S. herba'cea, (L.) Stem erect, much branched, jointed, succulent; 
joints notched, compressed. Flowers by threes, in cylindrical spikes, 
slightly tapering at the extremity. Perianth thick, truncate, split on 
one side. — ©. Aug. — Sept. Salt marshes. 10 — 12 inches. 

Samphire. 

2. S. ambig'ua, (Mich.) Stem procumbent, branching, assurgent ; 
joints crescent-shaped, small. Flowers in opposite and alternate spikes. 

Calyx truncate. — U- July — Sept. Salt marshes. Very common. 

Anthrocnemum ambiguum, Moq. 

The Beet, Beta vulgaris, with all its varieties, belongs to this order ; also the Spi- 
nach, Spinacia oleracea. 

Genus II.— ATRI'PLEX. L. 5—2. 
(From ater, black.) 

Flowers polygamous, or monoecious. Perfect flowers, peri- 
anth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Style 2-parted. Fruit depressed, 
1-seeded, inclosed by the calyx. Pistillate florets, perianth 2- 
parted. Stamens none. Style 2-parted. 

1. A. pat'ula, (L.) Stem prostrate, spreading, somewhat angled, gla- 
brous. Leaves triangular, hastate, acuminate, entire, or slightly tooth- 
ed, glabrous. Flowers clustered, in axillary and terminal spikes. Ca- 
lyx persistent, submuricate on the sides. — %. June — Sept. In low 
country. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. A. angustifo'lia, (L.) Stem divaricate, angled, glabrous. Lower 
leaves hastate, slightly toothed, the upper ones lanceolate, entire, at- 
tenuate at the base. Flowers in axillary and terminal compact clusters. 
Calyx hastate. — %-. June — July. On the sea-coast. 

3. A. lacinia'ta, (L.) Stem diffuse, terete, pubescent toward the sum- 
mit. Leaves triangular, deeply toothed, pubescent beneath ; lower ones 
opposite. Flowers in axillary clusters. Stamens 4. Calyx rhomboidal, 
acute, entire. — ©. June — Aug. Salt marshes. 

4. A. arena'ria, (Nutt.) Stem geniculate, glabrous, much branched. 
Leaves oblong-ovate, mucronate, alternate, covered with white scales 
beneath, entire. Perianth muricate, dentate. Flowers monoecious, 
sterile ones at the extremity of the branches, fertile ones in axillary 
clusters. — ©. July — Nov. On the sea-coast. 10 — 12 inches. 

Obione arenaria. 



ORDER CI. PHYTOLACCACEJ2. 487 

Genus III.— CHENOPO'DIUM. L. 5—2. {Pig-weed.) 
(From the Greek chen, a goose, and poua, a foot) 

Floioers perfect. Perianth 5-cleft, 5-angled, inclosing the 
fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2. 

1. C. mura'le, (L.) Stem decumbent, branching. Leaves ovate, 
lanceolate, toothed, on long petioles. Flowers in leafy, corymbose ra- 
cemes. — @. Aug. — Sept. Cultivated lands. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. C. al'bum, (L.) Stem branching. Leaves ovate, rhomboid, erose, 
entire at the base, the upper ones entire, when old becoming covered 
with a mealy substance. Flowers in branched racemes, somewhat leafy. 
Seed smooth. — %. July — Aug. Waste grounds. 3 — 6 feet. 

8. C. Bot'rys, (L.) Stem much branched, somewhat viscid. Leaves 
oblong, sinuately pinnatifid, with the segments toothed. Flowers in 
short, axillary racemes at the extremity of the branches. — %. July — 
Aug. Common. 1 — 3 feet. 

Jerusalem Oak. Ambrina Botrys, Moq. 

4. C. ambrosioi'des, (L.) Stem much branched, somewhat pubescent. 
Leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed, on short petioles. Flowers in erect 
spikes, leafy. — %. Aug. — Sept. .Road-sides. 1 — 2 feet. 

Ambrina ambrosioides, Spath. 

5. C. anthelmin'ttctjm, (L.) Stem erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, sinuately toothed, rugose, dotted on the under sur- 
face. Flowers in axillary, terminal, and leafless spikes. — 2£. June — 
August. Fields. 4 — 6 feet. 

Worm-seed. Ambrina anthelminticum, Spach. 

Genus IV.— SALSO'LA. L. 5—2. 
(From salsus, salt.) 

Perianth 5-leaved. Stamens 5. Styles 2, or none. Stig- 
mas acute. Capsule 1 -seeded. Embryo spiral. 

1. S. Carolinia'na, (Mich.) Stem erect, striate, glabrous, branching. 
Leaves subulate, fleshy, rigid. Flowers usually solitary, sessile, with 2 
bracts at the base. Calyx persistent, red. — Q. June — Sept. In drift- 
ing lands. S. kali. 

2. S. linea'ris, (Ell.) Stem erect, furrowed, glabrous, branching. 
Leaves linear, alternate. Flowers sessile, axillary, crowded. Calyx 
fleshy. Style none. Stigmas 2. Fruit clothed by the calyx, spiral. — 
0. Sept. — Oct. On the sea-coast. Chenopodina linearis. 

Order CL— PHYTOLACCA'CE^E. (Poke-root Family.) 

Perianth 5-parted, petaloid. Stamens 10, alternate with the 
segments of the perianth. Ovary 10-celled, with one ovule in 
each cell. Styles 5 — 10. Fruit indehiscent. fee? ascending, 
solitary. Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 



488 ORDER CTL POLYGONACE^. 

Genus I— PHYTOLACCA. L. 10—5. 
(From phuton, a plant, and lacca, lac, from the color of the fruit.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. P. decan'dba, (L.) Stem succulent, tinged with purple. Leaves 
ovate, alternate, entire. Flowers in simple racemes, opposite the leaves. 
Fruit superior, 10-celled, 10-seeded, dark purple. — If. May — Sept. 
Cultivated grounds. Very common. 4 — 10 feet. Pokeberry. 

Order CIL— POLYGONA'CEJE. {Buckwheat Family.) 

Perianth divided, inferior, aestivation imbricate. Stamens 
definite, 5 — 9, inserted into the bottom of the perianth. Ovary 
superior, with a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas several. 
Fruit usually a triangular nut. Seed with farinaceous albu- 
men. Embryo inverted. Herbaceous plants, with alternate 
leaves sheathing at the base. 

Genus I.— ERIOGO'NUM. L. 9—12. 
(From the Greek erion, wool, and gcmu, joint, from the joints being woolly.) 

Involucre campanulate, many-flowered. Perianth 6-cleft. 
Stamens 9. Style 1. Stigmas 3. Seed 1 — 3-angled. 

1. E. tomento'sum, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching, somewhat dichot- 
omous. Leaves oval-lanceolate, 3 at each division of the stem, sessile, 
white, tomentose beneath ; lower leaves attenuate at the base. Flow- 
ers in axillary sessile clusters. — If. June — Sept. Sand-hills. 1 — 2 ft. 

Genus II— POLYG'ONUM. L. 8—3. 
(From the Greek polus, many, and gonu, joint.) 

Perianth 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 5 — 9. 
Styles usually 3. Fruit 1-seeded, mostly triangular. 

a. Flowers axillary. Stamens 8. Stigmas 3. 

1. P. marit'imum, (L.) Stem glabrous, branching. Leaves lanceolate, 
attenuate at the base, with revolute margins. Stipules large, frequent- 
ly lacerate. Flowers axillary. Perianth white, tinged with red. — If. 
May — Sept. On the sea-coast. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. P. avicula're, (L.) Stem procumbent, striate, glabrous, much 
branched. Leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, varying in size and 
shape, margins scabrous. Stipules membranaceous. Flowers axillary, 
few. Perianth persistent, greenish- white. — If. June — Oct. Common. 

Knot-grass. 

3. P. tenu'e, (Mich.) Stem slender, erect, branching, acutely angled. 
Leaves linear, acuminate, straight. Stipules lacerate, villous at the 



ORDER CII. POLYGONACE^. 489 

summit. Flowers usually solitary, alternate, small, on short pedicels. 
Perianth white. Nut triangular, shining, black. — @. July — Sept. On 
rocks. 6 — 10 inches. 

6. Floioers in axillary or terminal spikes. Stamens 5 — 8. Stigmas 
mostly 2. 

4. P. puncta'tum, (Ell.) Stem slender, branched, sometimes decum- 
bent at the base. Leaves with pellucid punctures, lanceolate, acute, 
with a sheathing petiole, scabrous on the margin and midrib. Stipules 
ciliate, pubescent. Flowers in filiform spikes. Stamens 8. Styles 3- 
parted. Plant very acrid. — @. Aug. — Sept. Wet ground. 1 — 2 ft. 

Water Pepper. Smart-weed % 

5. P. mi'te, (Pers.) Stem decumbent and erect, hairy at the summit, 
branching. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, with long 
cilia?. Flowers in crowded spikes. Stamens 8. Styles 8-parted. Pe- 
rianth purple. — %. July — Sept. Ditches and ponds. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. P. Virginia'num, (L.) Stem simple, hairy toward the summit. 
Leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous, with fringed serratures. 
Stipules ciliate. Spikes axillary and terminal. Stamens 5. Styles 2. 
Perianth white. — If. July — Aug. Shady woods. 2 — 4 feet. 

7. P. seta' ceum, (Bald.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves broad-lance ■ 
olate, acuminate. Stipules long, fringed. Flowers in hirsute spikes, on 
long peduncles. Stamens 8. Style 3-cleft. Perianth white. — If. June 
— Aug. Stiff soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

8. P. hirsu'tum, (Walt.) Stem erect, decumbent, branching, hairy. 
Leaves oblong, often slightly cordate at the base, hairy, entire. Flowers 
in slender spikes. Stamens 8. Style 3-cleft. Perianth white. — 2£. 
May— Aug. Shallow ponds. 1 — 2 feet. 

9. P. incarna'txjm, (Ell.) Stem geniculate, slightly angled, scabrous 
toward the summit. Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, pubescent on the un- 
per surface, large. Flowers in several simple spikes. Stamens 6. Style 
2-cleft. Perianth white, or rose-colored. — 2f. July — Oct. Ditches 
and ponds. 2 — 3 feet. 

10. P. Pennsylva'nicum, (L.) Stem geniculate, with swollen joints, 
glabrous, angled. Leaves lanceolate, slightly hairy, petioled. Flowers 
in crowded oblong spikes, large. Stamens 8. Style 2-cleft. Pedicncles 
hispid. Perianth reddish. — @. July — Sept. Margins of ponds. 2 — 
4 feet. 

11. P. orien'tale, (L.) Stem erect. Leaves large, ovate, acuminate, 
minutely pubescent, petioled. Stipules hairy. Flowers in crowded 
spikes, large. Stamens 6. Styles 2. Perianth rose-color, or white. — 
#. July — Aug. Cultivated grounds. 4 — 5 feet. Prince's Feather. 

c. Spikes in panicles. 

12. P. polyga'mum, (Vent.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
small, sessile, with glabrous stipules. Spikes paniculate, jointed. Flow- 
ers solitary at each joint. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Perianth white. — 
2f . July — Sept. Pine-barrens. Middle Car. and Geo. 6 — 8 inches. 

21* 



490 ORDER OH. POLYGONACE.E. 



d. Flowers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate. 

13. P. sagitta'tum, (Mich.) Stem slender, climbing, angled, retrorsely 
serrate. Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous, sagittate. Flowers axillary 
and terminal, in small compact heads, on long peduncles. Stamens 8. 
Styles 3-cleft. Perianth "white. — |fj§. July — Aug. Wet grounds. 

14. P. arifo'lium, (Mich.) Stem retrorsely aculeate, prostrate, flex- 
uous, sometimes climbing, square, pubescent. Leaves hastate, on long 
petioles, pubescent. Spikes few-flowered, terminal and axillary. Sta- 
mens 6. Styles bifid. — ©. Aug. — Sept. Wet grounds. 

15. P. convol'vulus, (Mich.) Stem long, climbing, angular, some- 
what rough. Leaves petioled, hastate-cordate, with spreading lobes. 
Flowers in axillary racemes. Stamens 8. Style 3-cleft. Perianth 
whitish or reddish. — %. July — Aug. In fields. 

16. P. scan'dens, (Mich.) Stem climbing, glabrous, bright purple, an- 
gled. Leaves broad-cordate, with the margins and veins slightly sca- 
brous. Flowers in axillary racemes, large. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Pe- 
rianth winged, white, or reddish. — H|. July — Aug. Shady woods. 

P. dumetosum. 

17. P. fagopy'rum, (L.) (From fagus, beech, and puros, w T heat, from 
the resemblance of the nut to the beech-nut. The English name is from 
the German buche, beech, compounded with wheat, making Buckwheat, 
or Beechwheat.) An annual plant, with triangular-cordate leaves. 
Flowers in paniculate racemes, or corymbose, white or greenish. 

Fagopyrum esculentum, Mcench. 

Genus III.— RU'MEX. L. 6—3. 
(From rumo, to suck ; the Eomans sucked the leaves to allay thirst.) 

Perianth 6-leaved, in 2 rows. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Nut 
triquetrous, inclosed by the three interior valves of the perianth. 
Stigmas many-cleft. 

1. R. sanguineus, (L.) Stem erect. Radical leaves large, entire, cor- 
date-lanceolate, variegated with red veins. Floivers in small, distant 
whorls. Perianth persistent, marked on the back with red grains. — 
2f . June — July. In fields. 3 feet. Bleody Dock. 

2. R. pul'cher, (L.) Radical leaves oblong, with a sinus on each 
side; cauline leaves entire. Perianth toothed. — If. June — July. In- 
troduced. 

3. R. verticilla'tus, (L.) Leaves long, lanceolate, narrow, acute, 
with cylindrical sheaths. Floioers whorled, in simple racemes. Leaves 
of the perianth entire, each bearing a vein on the back. Pedicels thick, 
half an inch long. — If. June — July. Wet grounds. 1 — 2 feet. 

Swamp Lock. 

4. R. Britan'nicus, (L.) Stem branching, tinged with red, furrowed. 
Leaves broad-lanceolate, fiat, alternate. Flowers in leafless whorls, form- 
ing a compound terminal panicle, polygamous. — 2f. April — May. 
Swamps. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. R. cris'pus, (L.) Stem erect, angled. Radical leaves lanceolate, 



OEDER Cm. LATJRACE.E. 491 

long, acute, undulate, attenuate at the base. Flowers in crowded whorls, 
pedicellate. Leave9 of the perianth large, cordate, entire, bearing grains. 
— U- May — June. Introduced. 1 — 2 feet. Curled Dock. 

6. R. persicarioi'des, (Pursh.) Stem erect, much branched, smooth, 
often colored. Leaves on short petioles, lanceolate, undulate, entire. 
Flowers in whorls. Leaves of the perianth with 3 long teeth on each 
side, each leaf bearing a grain. — If. July. Wet shady places. 6 — 12 
inches. Golden Bock. R. maritimus. 

1. R. divarica'tus, (L.) Stem erect. Leaves cordate, oblong, pubes- 
cent, undulate. Flowers in whorls, forming a long, slender spike. 
Leaves of the perianth 4 or 5 toothed at the base. — If. June — Aug. 
Marshes. 1 — 2 feet. 

8. R. acetosel'la, (L.) Flowers dioecious. Stem erect, furrowed. 
Leaves lanceolate, entire, hastate, on rather long petioles, not auricled. 
Flowers in fasciculate racemes. — 11 . April — June. Dry sandy soils. 
Very common. 1 — 2 feet. Sorrel. 

9. R. hastat'ulus, (Bald.) Flowers dioecious. Stem erect. Leaves 
petiolate, oblong, hastate, with obtuse entire auricles. Perianth per- 
sistent, becoming red by age. — 2f. April. Poor dry soils. 1 — 3 feet. 

Order CIIL— LAURA'CEJE. {Laurel Family) 

Flowers perfect, polygamous and dioecious. Perianth 4 — 6- 
cleft. Stamens perigynous, usually 9, the 3 inner ones sterile. 
Anthers adnate, 2 — 4-celled, with thick connectivum. Ovary 
superior, single. Style simple, obtuse. Fruit a one-seeded 
drupe. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves. 

Genus I.— LAU'RUS. Pliny, 9—1. 
(From the Celtic laur, green.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. L. Carolinen'sis, (Mich.) A large shrub, or small tree. Leaves 
oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, perennial, glaucous beneath, entire, rigid. 
Flowers in small clusters, polygamous, pale yellow ; exterior segments 
of the perianth half as long as the interior. — *> . May — June. Swamps. 
4—30 feet. Bay Galls. 

2. L. Catesbeta'na, (Mich.) A middle-sized shrub. Leaves peren- 
nial, broad-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers in panicles, on short pedun- 
cles ; segments of the perianth oblong, obtuse, deciduous, white. Nec- 
tary 3-cleft. Berry ovate, black. — ^ . May — June. On the sea-coast. 
6—9 feet. 

3. L. benzo'ix, (L.) A shrub with virgate branches. Leaves obovate, 
lanceolate, deciduous, pubescent beneath, cuneate at the base. Flowers 
dioecious, in clustered umbels, on short pedicels, pale yellow. Fruit 
red. — Feb. — March. Margins of rivulets. 4 — 10 feet. 

Spice-wood. Fever-bush. Benzoin odoriferum, ISTees. 

4. L. genicula'ta, (Walt.) A small tree, much branched, with the 
branches regularly bent. Leaves small, oval, glabrous, obtuse. Flow- 



492 ORDER CV. SANTALACE^]. 

ers deciduous, dioecious, in umbels, yellow. Fruit red. — ^ . Feb. — 
March. Around ponds. 10 — 15 feet. 

5. L. meliss^fo'lia, (Walt.) A small shrub. Leaves cordate, lance- 
olate, pubescent beneath, deciduous. Flowers in clustered umbels, dioe- 
cious, yellow. Fruit red. — % . Feb. — March. Around ponds. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. L. sassafras, (L.) A small tree. Leaves entire and lobed, lance- 
olate, ovate, varying in form, glabrous or pubescent, deciduous. Flow- 
ers dioecious, in umbels. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9 ; stamens of 
the fertile flowers 6, imperfect. Fruit blue. — ^ . March. Light soils. 
10 — 25 feet. Sassafras officinale, Nees. 

Order CIV.— THYMELEA'CE^E. {Daphne Family) 

Perianth inferior, tubular, colored, campanulate, with the 
limb obsolete. Stamens 8, perigynous, inserted into the peri- 
anth, unequal. Style!. Stigma simple. Fruit a drupe, 1- 
seeded. Leaves alternate, entire. Shrubs with a tough bark. 

Genus I. — DIR'CA. L. 8 — 1. {Moose-wood.) 
(From dirka, a fountain, from its being found in wet places.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. D. palus'tris, (L.) A small shrub, with numerous tough branches. 
Leaves alternate, oblong-oval, entire, obtuse, pale green. Flowers yel- 
low; the bark has a sweetish taste, and is very tough. — *?. April. 
Damp moist places. 2 — 4 feet. Leather-wood. 

Order CV— SANTALA'CEJE. (Sandal-wood Family.) 

Perianth superior, 4 or 5 cleft, partly colored ; aestivation 
valvate. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the peri- 
anth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 — 4 
ovules. Style 1. Stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe, 
1 -seeded. Trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite undivided 
leaves. 

Genus I— NYS'SA. L. 20—5. (Tupelo. Pepperidge.) 
(The name of a water-nymph, from some of the species growing in water.) 

Dioecious. Sterile florets : perianth 5-parted, stamens 5 — 
10; fertile florets, calyx 5-parted. Stamens 2 — 5. Style 1. 
Drupe inferior, 1 -seeded. 

1. K multiflo'ra, (Wang.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves oval-lance- 
olate, entire, acute at each end, with petiole and under surface pubes- 
cent. Flowers in small umbellate clusters. Sterile florets numerous ; 
fertile florets 5 — 8 in an umbel. Drupe nearly spherical, bluish-black. 
— £. April. Damp soils. 40 — 50 feet. Sour-gum. Black-gum. 

2. N. aqoat'ica, (L.) A small, or large tree. Leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, entire, glabrous, acute at each end, slightly pubescent beneath. 
Sterile florets numerous, small ; fertile florets 2. Fruit oval, compress- 
ed, blue. Tupelo. 



ORDER CV. SANTALACE^. 493 

3. "N. capita'ta. (Walt.) A small tree. Leaves on short petioles, ob- 
long-lanceolate and oval, pubescent and hoary beneath. Sterile florets 
numerous in compact heads ; fertile florets solitary, on short peduncles. 
Perianth tomentose. Fruit ovate, of a dull red-color, sour. — *? . April 
—May. Wet soils. 15—20 feet. 

4. N. tomento'sa, (Mich.) A tree. Leaves on long petioles, oblong- 
acuminate, tomentose beneath, coarsely and acutely toothed. Fertile 
florets solitary, pedunculate ; segments of the perianth cuneate. — ^ . 
April — May. Southern Geo. 

5. N. uniflo'ra, (Walt.) A large tree. Leaves on long petioles, large, 
ovate, oblong, acuminate, irregularly and acutely toothed, pubescent 
beneath; the old leaves cordate. Fertile flowers solitary, axillary. 
Fruit oval or ovate, dark-blue, lai'ge. — ^ . April — May. Deep swamps. 
60—80 feet. 

Genus II— HAMILTO'NIA. Rox. 20—5. 

(In honor of Mr. Hamilton, a botanist of Philadelphia.) 

Polygamous. Perfect flowers. Perianth turbinate, cam- 
panulate, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in a 5-toothed, glandular 
disk. Stamens 5. Style!. Stigmas 2 — 3. Drupe inferior, 
1-seeded, inclosed in the base of the perianth. 

1. H. oleif'era, (Muhl.) A shrub. Leaves oblong, obovate, entire, 
acuminate, pubescent beneath, petiolate. Flowers in a terminal raceme, 
small, greenish-yellow. Nut globular, depressed, 1-eelled ; the whole 
plant more or less oily. — ^ . May — June. Mountains. 4 — 6 feet. 

Oil-nut. Pyrularia oleifera, Mich. 

Genus III.— THE'SIUM. L. 5—1. 
(From t7ies, a servant, from the mean appearance of the plant.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 4 or 5 cleft. Stamens 4 or 5, 
opposite the lobes of the perianth, villous externally. Nut 1- 
seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth. 

1. T. umbella'tum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching near the 
summit. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, entire, alternate, mucronate. Flow- 
ers in terminal panicles, sub-corymbed. Involucre 4-leaved, small. 
Perianth 5-cleft, with the upper half colored. — If. July — Aug. Rocky 
hills. 8 — 12 inches. Comandra umbellata, Nutt. 

Genus IV.— DAR'BYA. A. Gray, 20—5. 
(From J. Darby.) 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, turbinate, 4 — 5-cleft. 
Disk thick, attached to the tube of the perianth, margin with 
4 — 5 curvatures. Stamens 4 — 5, opposite the lobes of the 
perianth ; filaments short, subulate ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit 
not known. 

1. D. umbella'ta. A shrub, smooth. Leaves opposite, membrana- 
ceous, oval, margin entire, undulate, on short petioles, lighter on the 



494 ORDER CVI. ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. 

under surface. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaf, bear- 
ing 3 — 8 flowers. Flowers small. — Whitish-yellow. ~h • Moist places. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 2—5 feet. 

Order CVI.— ARISTOLOCHIA'CEJE. (Birthwort Family.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth superior, tubular, 3-cleft, regu- 
lar, or sometimes very uuequal ; aestivation valvate. Stamens 
6 — 12, epigynous. Ovary inferior, 3 — 6-celled. Ovules nu- 
merous. Styles simple. Stigmas radiating, equal in number 
to the cells of the ovary. Fruit capsular, 6-celled, many-seed- 
ed. Leaves alternate, simple. Floivers axillary, solitary, of a 
brownish dull color. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, the latter 
usually climbing. 

Genus I— AS' ARUM. L. 18—12. 
(From the Greek a, privative, and saron, feminine.) 

Perianth campanulate, urceolate, 3 — 4-cleft. Stamens 12, 
placed upon the ovary. Anthers attached to the side of the 
filament. Style short. Stigma stellate, 6-lobed. Capsule 6- 
celled. 

1. A. Canaden'se, (L.) Leaves by pairs, broad, reniform. Perianth 
woolly, deeply 3-parted, segments sub-lanceolate, reflexed. Peduncles 
short. — 2f . April. Rich soils. Wild Ginger. 

2. A. Virgin'icum, (L.) Leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, cori- 
aceous, glabrous, spotted. Perianth glabrous, externally short, cam- 
panulate, with obtuse segments. — 2£. April. Rocky woods. 

3. A. arifo'lium, (Mich.) Leaves several from each root, hastate, 
cordate, variegated, on long pubescent petioles. Perianth urceolate, 
dark purple, border 3-cleft, pubescent within. Filaments 12, short. 
Anthers linear. Seed few in each cell. — 2£. March — April. Loose 
soils. Very common. 

Gentj9 II— ARISTOLO'CHIA. L. 18—6. 
(From aristos, best, and locheia, parturition.) 

Flowers gynandrous. Perianth tubular, ligulate at the apex, 
ventricose at the base. Anthers 6, sub-sessile, inserted into the 
style. Stigma 6-cleft. Capsule 6-sided, 6*celled, many-seeded. 

1. A. si'pho, (L'Her.) A vine, climbing over large trees. Leaves very 
large, cordate, acute, alternate, sprinkled with hairs. Flowers solitary, 
pedunculate, with an ovate bract at the base. Perianth ascending, 
somewhat tubular, the border 3-cleft, brown. — ^ . June. Mountains. 

Dutchman's Pipe. 

2. A. tomento'sa, (Sims.) Stem twining, ascending the loftiest trees. 
Leaves nearly round, cordate, tomentose beneath, strongly veined. Pe- 
rianth villous, the border 3-cleft, nearly equal, the orifice oblique, green- 
ish-yellow, with the margin dark purple. Stigmas 3. — ^. June. 
Mountains. 



ORDER CYin. EUPHORBIACE^E. 495 

3. A. serpenta'ria, (L.) Stem herbaceous, pubescent, erect, genicu- 
late and flexuous, geniculate at the base. Leaves cordate, oblong, acu- 
minate, slightly hairy. Floioers on radical peduncles, sometimes under 
the surface of the ground. Limb of the perianth lanceolate, ventricose 
at the base. — ^. Through the summer. Dry soils. 8 — 12 inches. 

Virginia Snake-root. 

4. A. hasta'ta, (Nutt.) Stem flexuous, simple, erect and procumbent. 
Leaves somewhat cordate, hastate, acute, auriculate. Peduncles radi- 
cal ; lip of the perianth ovate. — Mountains. 

Order CVIL— EMPETRA'CEJS. (Crowberry Family.) 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth consisting of 2 — 4 rows of im- 
bricated hypogynous scales. Stamens equal in number to the 
scales, and alternate with them. Anthers with 2 distinct cells. 
Ovary superior, seated in a fleshy disk, 6 — 9-celled. Style 1. 
Stigma multifid, radiating. Fruit baccate, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 
An evergreen shrub, with flowers in the axils of the leaves. 

Genus I.— CERATIO'LA. Mich. 20—2. 
(From the Greek keration, a little horn, from the shape of the stigma.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. C. ericoi'des, (Mich.) An evergreen shrub, withvirgate branches, 
somewhat verticillate when young, tomentose. Leaves linear, glabrous, 
rigid, with the margins revolute, verticillate, 3 — 4 in a whorl. Mowers 
axillary, sessile. Scales of the calyx persistent, tomentose. Berries 
small, 2-seeded. — "£ . Aug. — Sept. Dry soils. 4 — 8 feet. 

Order CVIIL— EUPHORBIA'CE^E. 

Floioers monoecious, or dioecious. Perianth lobed, inferior, 
frequently with glandular or scaly appendages. Sterile flowers. 
Stamens 1 — 12, or numerous. Fertile flowers. Ovary 1, su- 
perior, sessile or stiped, usually 3-celled. Ovules solitary, or 
twin, suspended. Styles usually 3, sometimes united. Fruit 
usually consisting of three dehiscent cells, separating from the 
axis. Seed suspended. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually 
with milky juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Stamens 4 or less 2 

Stamens more than 4 6 

2. Stamens 4 Pachysandra, 10 

Stamens less than 4 3 

3. Involucre corolla-like Eiophorbia, 1 

Involucre calyx-like 4 

4. Flowers dioecious Borya, 11 

Flowers monoecious 5 

5. Flowers separate Tragia, 3 

Several in an involucre Stillingia, 2 



496 order cvm. — etjphorbiaceje. 

6. Stamens 5 Crotonopsis, T 

Stamens more than 5 T 

T. Perianth 8 — 4-parted Acalypha, 4 

Perianth 5 or more parted , 8 

8. Stamens 6, united Phyllanthtis, 9 

Stamens more than 6 9 

9. Perianth funnel-shaped, petaloid Jatropha, 5 

Perianth not petaloid 10 

10. Leaves peltate, palmate Bicinus, 6 

Leaves undivided Croton, 8 

Genus I.— EUPHOR'BIA. L. 19—1. 

(Named after Euphorbus, an eminent physician.) 

Monoecious. Involucre cainpanulate, 8 — 10-toothed, the 
inner segments membranaceous and erect. Sterile florets, at- 
tached to the inside of the involucre. Stamen 1. Filaments 
articulated in the middle. Fertile florets solitary, central, stipu- 
late, naked. Stigmas 3, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled. 

1. E. cyathoph'ora, (Muir.) Somewhat shrubby, glabrous. Leaves 
alternate, oblong, petiolate, slightly toothed, panduriform, the upper 
ones red at the base. Flowers in terminal clusters. Involucre colored. 
Capsule smooth, 3-celled. — ^ . Through the summer. 2 feet. 

2. E. graminifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching from the base, 
finely pubescent, small. Leaves scattered, linear, entire. Flowers fas- 
ciculate, terminal. — On the sea-coast of Geo. and Flor. 

3. E. hypericifo'lia, (L.) Stem erect, branching ; spreading branches, 
divaricate. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong, slightly falcate, serrate, 3- 
nerved, spotted. Floioers in terminal corymbs, small. — @. August — 
Sept. Fields. 1—2 feet. 

4. E. macula'ta, (L.) Stem erect, spreading, or decumbent, dichoto- 
mously branched, slightly pubescent, usually purple. Leaves opposite, 
on short petioles, serrate, oblong, hairy, 3-nerved, oblique at the base. 
Floioers axillary, solitary, crowded near the summit, inner segments of 
the involucre colored. — %. June — Oct. Cultivated lands. 2 — 3 ft. 

5. E. depres'sa, (Torr.) Stem procumbent, pubescent, slender, 
branches alternate. Leaves oval, opposite, slightly serrate, unequal at 
the base, hairy beneath. Floioers solitary, axillary, clustered toward 
the summit of the branches. Stipules 4 at each joint, plumose ; inner 
segments of the perianth white, 4, small. — 1|. Through the summer. 
Cultivated lands. Very common. 8 — 12 inches. 

6. E. cordifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem prostrate, branching, glabrous, with 
the branches alternate. Leaves unequal, and cordate at the base, oval, 
entire, glabrous, small. Flowers solitary, axillary, surrounded at the 
base with plumose stipules ; inner segments of the perianth white. — 0, 
Through the summer. Cultivated lands. 8 — 15 inches. 

7. E. polygonifo'lia, (L.) Stem procumbent, branching, succulent, 
glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate, linear-lanceolate, entire, obtuse. Floio- 
ers solitary in the divisions of the stem. Stipules tubulate, simple. — 
If. July — Sept. Sandy soils. On the sea-shore. 8 inches. 

8. E. epecacuan'h^e, (L.) Stem procumbent or erect, small, glabrous. 
Leaves sessile, varying in form from obovate lanceolate to linear, op- 



ORDER CVIII. EUPHORBIACEiE. 497 

posite. Floicers solitary, axillary, on peduncles as long as the leaves. 
Root very long. — 2£ . April — July. Sandy soils. 

9. E. pubentis'sima, (Mich.) Stem erect, very pubescent, somewhat 
dichotomous. Leaves opposite, sessile, elliptic, entire, slightly cordate, 
obtuse. Floicers solitary in the division of the stem, on peduncles about 
as long as the leaves; interior segments of the involucre white. — %. 
April — July. Pine-barrens. 12 — 18 inches. 

10. E. heliosco'pia, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, branching. Leaves 
alternate, obovate, scattered, sessile, cuneate, finely serrate, the floral 
ones obovate, or broad-lanceolate. Umbel 5-cleft, with the small 
branches dichotomous. Fruit smooth. — %$. May. Damp clay soils. 
12—18 inches. 

11. E. corolla'ta, (L.) Stem erect, slightly hairy, usually simple. 
Leaves alternate, oval, petiolate, varying in form. Floicers in terminal 
umbels, conspicuous ; the inner segments of the involucre petaloid, ob- 
ovate. — If. Through the summer. In dry fields. 1 — 2 feet. 

Var. E. angustifo'lia, (Ell.) Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, linear-lanceolate, 
sessile, hairy beneath ; the upper branches of the umbel dichotomous. — 
If. May — Sept. Dry soils. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

12. E. panicula'ta, (Ell.) Stem slightly angled, hairy. Leaves large 
for the genus, entire, with revolute margins, hairy along the midrib be- 
neath. Flowers terminal, somewhat paniculate. Fruit smooth. — If. 
Aug. — Sept. Middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus II.— STILLIN'GIA. Gard. 19—15. 
(In honor of Dr. Benjamin Stillingfleet.) 

Monoecious. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered. Pe- 
rianth tubular, erose. Stamens 2 — 3, exserted. Fertile florets ; 
perianth 1 -flowered, fimbriate or toothed. Style trifid. Cap- 
sule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

1. S. sylvat'ica, (L.) Stem herbaceous, somewhat angled, glabrous, 
with a milky sap. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, sub-cori- 
aceous, lucid on the upper surface. Floicers in a terminal spike, the 
upper ones sterile, with a few fertile ones at the base. — 2£. May — 
June. Sandy soils. 2 — 3 feet. Queen's Delight. 

2. S. sebif'era, (L.) A small tree, with glabrous branches, yielding 
a milky juice. or sap. Leaves alternate, petiolate, rhomboidal, acumin- 
ate, entire, with a gland on the petiole. Flowers in terminal spikes, 
with the fertile ones few at the base of the spikes. Involucre 10 — 12- 
flowered. Perianth 4-toothed. Styles 8, subulate. Capsule black. 
Seed white. — ^ . June — July. Introduced. 20 — 40 feet. 

3. S. ligustri'na, (Mich.) A shrub much branched, glabrous. Leaves 
lanceolate, tapering, entire, petiolate. Flowers in terminal spikes. 
Sterile florets numerous at the summit ; fertile ones few at the base. 
Involucre 1 — 2-flowered. Perianth 3-cleft. — ^. May — July. Mar- 
gins of creeks. 6 — 12 feet. 



498 OKDER CVIII. ET7PHORBIACE.E. 

Genus III— TRA'GIA. Plu. 19—3. 
(A German botanist, called Tragus.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 3-parted. Stamens 3. 
Fertile florets ; perianth 5-parted. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3- 
celled, 3-seeded. Seed solitary. 

1. T. linearifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent, almost tomentose. 
Leaves alternate, linear -pubescent, usually entire. Flowers in axillary 
spikes. Capsule hirsute. — 2f. July — Aug. Southern Georgia. 12 — 
18 inches. 

2. T. u'rens, (L.) Stem erect, branching, villous. Leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, toothed toward the summit, hoary beneath. Flowers usu- 
ally in small terminal spikes. Anthers united by pairs. Perianth of 
the fertile floret 6-parted. — If. May — Aug. Dry soils. Common. 
10 — 15 inches. 

3. T. urticifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, hirsute, usually simple. Leaves 
cordate-ovate, serrate, hirsute. Spikes opposite the leaves. Fertile 
flowers at the base of each spike. Capsules hirsute. — If. May — Aug. 
Dry soils. Common. 12 — 18 inches. 

Genus IV.— ACALY'PHA. L. 19—15. 
(From a, privative, kalos, pleasant, and aphe, touch.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 3 — 4-parted. Sta- 
mens 8 — 16, united. Fertile florets ; styles 3, 2 -parted. Cap- 
sule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

1. A. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent, striate, branching. 
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, on short petioles, remotely and obtusely 
serrate, dotted. Involucre axillary, pubescent, cordate, toothed. Ster- 
ile florets in a spike ; perianth 4-leaved, hairy. Fertile florets within 
the involucre ; perianth 3-leaved. — @. June — Sept. In woods and 
cultivated lands. Common. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. A. Carolinia'na, (Walt.) Stem erect, pubescent, striate. Leaves 
rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at the base, on long petioles. 
Involucre small, sessile, deeply notched. Spikes axillary, small, with 
the fertile flowers at the base. — 0. July — Aug. Cultivated lands. 
10—20 inches. 

Genus V.— JA'TROPHA. L. 19—15. 
(From the Greek iatros, physician, trophe, food, in allusion to its medicinal properties.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth funnel-shaped, petal oid. 
Stamens 10, alternately short. Fertile florets ; perianth 5-leaved, 
expanding. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

1. J. stimulo'sa, (Mich.) Stem herbaceous, hispid, stinging. Leaves 
palmately lobed, lobes 3 — 5-toothed, slightly sinuate, ciliate. Flowers 
with terminal cymes. Fertile florets setting in the divisions of the pe- 
duncles. Sterile florets ; perianth salver-form, pubescent, with a 5-cleft 
border, petaloid, white. Stamens 10. Fertile florets ; perianth 5-leaved. 
Style 1 2-cleft. — 2f. Through the summer. Shady soils. 6 — 18 inches. 



ORDER OVIII. EUPHORBIACE^J. 499 

Genus VI.— RIC'INUS. L. 19—15. 
(From ricinus, a tick, from the appearance of the seeds.) 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted ; 
stamens numerous. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-parted ; styles 
3, 2-cleft ; capsules spiny, 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

Castor-oil Plant. 

1. R. communis. Stem erect, hoary, pruinose. Leaves peltate, 
palmate ; lobes lanceolate, serrate. — Road-sides. Introduced from the 
East Indies. 

Genus VII.— CROTONOPSI3. Rich. 19—5. 
(From its resemblance to Croton.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 5-parted, with 5 peta- 
loid scales. Stamens 5. Fertile florets ; perianth 5-parted. 
Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1-seeded, indehiscent. 

1. C. linea'ris, (Mich.) Stem erect, dichotornously branched, cover- 
ed with silvery scales. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, on short petioles, 
stellately pubescent above, and with silvery scales beneath. Flowers 
in terminal and axillary spikes, very minute. — @. May — June. Pine- 
barrens. 12 — 18 inches. 

Genus VIII— CRO'TON. L. 19—15. 
(From the Greek 7croton, a tick, from the form of its seed.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth cylindrical, 5-toothed. 
Corolla 4-petaled or none. Stamens 10 — 15. Fertile flowers ; 
perianth 5 or many leaved, or none. Corolla none. Styles 3 
— 6, 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. 

1. C. marit'imum, (Walt.) Stem somewhat shrubby, erect, trichoto- 
mously divided, with the branches clothed with a stellular tomentum. 
Leaves oval, obtuse, entire, subcordate, pale above, hoary beneath. 
Flowers in spikes ; those of the sterile florets many-flowered, the fertile 
florets generally in pairs. Capsule tomentose. — If. June — October. 
Drifting sands along the sea-coast. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. C. argyran'themum, (Mich.) Stem somewhat shrubby. Leaves 
entire, obtuse, obovate. Flowers numerous, in short terminal racemes. 
Perianth pedicellate, silvery. — 2f . July. Dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. C. glandulo'sum, (L.) Stem erect, hispid, trichotomously divided, 
often colored. Leaves oblong, serrate, hairy beneath, bearing 2 glands 
at the base. Flowers in spikes in the divisions of the stem, with the 
fertile and sterile intermingled ; the sterile with a 5-petaled corolla, the 
petals white, longer than the calyx, and inserted into its base. Sta- 
mens 10. Fertile florets ; perianth 5-leaved, hispid ; leaves unequal. 
— jp. June — Oct. Cultivated lands. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. C. ellip'ticum, (ISTutt.) Stem pubescent, irregularly branched, to- 
mentose when young. Leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, pale beneath, 
stellular pubescent. Flowers in terminal clusters ; the sterile spike 
growing in the midst of the fertile flowers. Capsule tomentose. — %. 
July. Middle Car. and Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 



. 



500 OEDEE CIX. TTRTICACE^E. 

Genus IX.— PHYLLAN'THUS. L. 19—15, 
(From the Greek plmllon, a leaf, and anthos, a flower.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 5 — 6-parted, filaments 
6, united. Fertile florets ; perianth 5 — 6-parted, paracorolla 
a 12-angled margin. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 

1. P. Carolinen'sis, (Walt.) Stem erect, with alternate branches, 
glabrous. Leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, smooth, distichous. Flowers 
axillary, nodding, fertile and sterile intermingled. Perianth colored at 
the base. — %. Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 10 — 12 inches. 

Genus X.— PACHYSAN'DRA. Mich. 19—4. 
(From the Greek pachus, thick, and andros, a stamen.) 

Perianth 4-leaved. Stamens 4. Filaments sub-clavate. 
Styles 3. Capsule 3-homed, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. 

1. P. peocum'bens, (Mich.) Stem procumbent and simple. Leaves 
alternate, pubescent, crenate, toothed, oval. Flowers in spikes, nearly- 
radical, the lower ones fertile, the upper ones sterile, all bracteate. Pe- 
rianth minute, ciliate. Capsule finely pubescent. — 2£. June. Mountains. 

Genus XI.— BO'RYA. Willd. 20—2. 
(In honor of Bory de St. Yincent.) 

Dioecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 4-leaved. Stamens 2 
— 3. Fertile florets ; perianth 4-leaved, unequal. Stigma cap- 
itate. Fruit ] -seeded. 

1. B. porulo'sa, (Mich.) Somewhat shrubby, rarely spiny. Leaves 
coriaceous, opposite, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, dotted underneath, and 
ferruginous, margins revolute. 

Order CIX.— URTICA'CEJE. {Nettle Family.) 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered or clustered. Peri- 
anth membranaceous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite, 4 — 5, 
inserted into the base of the perianth and opposite its lobes. 
Ovary superior, simple. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigma simple. 
Fruit an indehiscent nut, surrounded by Jthe perianth. Usually 
herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves, often covered with 
stings. 

Genus I.— UR'TICA. Tourn. 19—4. 
(From itro, to burn, from its stinging.) 

Flowers usually monoecious. Sterile florets ; perianth of 4 
leaves. Stamens 4. Fertile florets ; perianth 2-leaved. Stig- 
ma 1. Seed 1, shining. 

1. U. pu'mila, (L.) Stem usually erect, succulent. Leaves opposite, 
decussate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, lower ones on rather 



ORDER CIX. TJRTICACEJS. 501 

long petioles. Flowers monoecious, in clustered corymbs. Stamens 
usually 3. — 0. July. Wet grounds. 6 — 12 inches. 

2. U. u'rens, (L.) Stem erect, quadrangular, hairy, hispid. Leaves 
opposite, elliptic, 3-nerved, or partly 5-nerved, coarsely toothed, with 
white stings. Spikes glomerate, by pairs. Flowers clustered. — %. 
June — July. Cultivated grounds. Stinging Nettle. 

3. U. cham^edroi'des, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves oppo- 
site, ovate, hairy beneath, with white stings on the upper surface. 
Floicers in axillary clusters, the upper ones fertile, the lower sterile. 
Perianth hairy. — ©. Feb. — March. Southern Geo. 4 — 6 inches. 

4. U. dioi'ca, (L.) Stem erect, branching, hispid. Leaves cordate, 
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Flowers dioecious, in clustered, pa- 
niculate spikes; spikes 2 from each axil, covered with stings. — 2f. 
June — Aug. Waste places. 2 — 3 feet. Large Stinging Nettle. 

5. U. proce'ra, (Muhl.) Stem erect, pubescent, quadrangular. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on fringed petioles. Flowers dioecious, in com- 
pact, clustered spikes. — If. July — Aug. Wet soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

6. U. capita'ta, (L.) Stem erect, furrowed, quadrangular. Leaves 
alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved. Flowers in ses- 
sile clusters. Spikes solitary, lateral, and axillary. — 2f . June — July. 
Damp soils. 4—5 feet. 

7. U. divarica'ta, (L.) Stem, erect, branching, covered with stings. 
Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, serrate, on long, ciliate pe- 
tioles. Panicles axillary, solitary, divaricately branched. — 2f . July — 
Aug. Damp rocky situations. 2 — 3 feet. 

8. U. Canadensis, (L.) Stem erect, branching, hispid, with stings. 
Leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, hispid. Floicers in axillary 
panicles; the lower ones sterile, the upper fertile. — If. July — Aug. 
Wet soils. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus II.— BCEHME'RIA. Jacq. 19—4. 
(In honor of Bcehmer, a German botanist.) 

Monoecious or dioecious. Sterile florets ; perianth 4-parted. 
Stamens 4. Fertile florets ; perianth none. Style 1. Nut 
compressed. 

1. B. cylin'drica, (L.) Stem obtusely 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves 
opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate, dentate, smooth. Flowers dioecious. 
Sterile spikes clustered, interrupted; fertile ones cylindrical. — If. 
June — Aug. Wet grounds. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. B. lateriflora, (Mich.) Stem smooth, with opposite branches. 
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous, on long 
petioles. Flowers in lateral and axillary clusters. — 2f.. July. Shady 
woods. 

The Cannabis saliva, the common hemp, although an exotic, has escaped from 
cultivation, and often lines the road-side. 

Genus III.— PARIETA'RIA. Tourn. 19—4. 
(From paries, a wall, the usual place of its growth.) 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, surrounded by a many- 
cleft involucre. Perfect florets ; perianth 4-cleft. Stamens 4. 



502 ORDER CX.— TJLMACE.E. 

Style 1. Pistillate florets ; perianth 2 — 4-cleft. Style!. Seed 
1, inclosed by the perianth. 

1. P. Pennsylva'nica, (Muhl.) Stem simple, erect, striate, pubescent. 
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, "with opake dots. In- 
volucre 3-leaved. Flowers in compact, axillary clusters. Perianth ob- 
long, persistent, inclosing the seed. — ®. June. Upper districts Car. 
and Geo. 12 — 15 inches. Pellitory. 

2. P. Florida'na, (Nutt.) Stem decumbent, with erect branches, 
pubescent near the summit. Leaves ovate, pubescent, dotted, some- 
times nearly round. Flowers in axillary clusters. Leaves of the invo- 
lucre nearly linear. — %. May — Oct. Damp sandy soils. 12 — 18 in. 

The aments of the fertile flowers constitute Hops ; the useful, hitter principle of 
which resides in resinous, glandular scales, surrounding the fruit. The pure substance 
is called Lupulin. 

Genus IV.— HU'MULUS. L. 20—5. 
(From humus, fresh earth, from its choice of soil.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile florets in loose axillary panicles ; 
perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Fertile florets ; scales of the 
ament large, persistent, concave, entire, 1 -flowered. Perianth 
none. Styles 2. Seed 1. 

1. H. ltj'pulus, (L.) Stem twining, scabrous. Leaves opposite, 3 — 5- 
lobed, scabrous, serrate. Sterile florets paniculate, axillary, and termi- 
nal ; fertile florets verticillate and sessile. — If. August. Hop> 

Order CX.— ULMA'CE^E. (Elm Family.) 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth divided, carnpan- 
ulate, inferior. Stamens definite, 5 — 8, inserted into the base 
of the perianth. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with solitary pendu- 
lous ovules. Stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit 1 — 2-celled, mem- 
branaceous or drupaceous. Seed solitary, pendulous. Trees 
or shrubs. 

Genus I.— TJL'MUS. 5—2. 
(A Saxon word, elm or ulm.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 5 — 8. Styles 2. Fruit compressed, with a broad mem- 
branaceous border. 

1. TJ. America'na, (Mich.) A large tree, with smooth, gracefully 
recurved branches. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, oblique, doubly ser- 
rate, with the serratures uncinate. Flowers 5 — 10, in a fascicle, pedi- 
cellate. Fruit fimbriate. Styles 2, short. Fruit 1 -seeded, surrounded 
by a large, membranous wing. — ^. Feb. — March. Rich soils. 40 — 
100 feet. White Elm. 

2. IT. ful'va, (Mich.) A small tree. Leaves large, oval, doubly ser- 
rate, rough, sometimes slightly cordate, acuminate, pubescent. Flowers 



ORDER CXI. MORACEJ2. 



503 



nearly sessile. Stamens 5 — 7. Stigmas purple. Buds tomentose. 
Fruit pubescent. — ^. Feb. — March. In fertile lands. 20 — 30 feet. 

Slippery Elm. 

3. U. ala'ta, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree or shrub, with a cork-like 
excrescence on opposite sides of the branches. Leaves nearly sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate, doubly serrate. Samara pubescent, ciliate. — ^ . Feb. 
March. Fertile soils. 10 — 30 feet. Whahoo. 

Genus II— PLAN'ERA. Mich. 5—2. 
(In honor of John Planer, a German botanist* 

Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 3 — 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 5. Stigmas 2. Nut 1-seeded, roughened. 

1. P. GTmeli'ni, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves ovate, acute, 
glabrous, serrate. Flowers axillary, generally by threes. Perianth 
3 — 5-cleft. Stamens 3 — 5. Stigmas 2, plumose. Nut roughened. — *>. 
Feb. — March. River swamps. 30 — 40 feet. 

Genus III— CEL'TIS. L. 23—1. 
(An ancient name for Lotus.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5 or 6 parted. Stamens 5 or 6. 
Styles 2, expanding. Drupe small, purple. 

1. C. occidenta'lis, (L.) A large tree. Leaves ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate, unequal at the base, pubescent beneath. Flowers small. Fruit a 
small berry, with a sweet pulp. — ^ . April — May. Rich soils. 60 — 80 
feet. Beaver-wood. Sugarberry-tree. 

Order CXI. — MORA'CEiE. (Artocarpaceat.) (Mulberry 
Tribe.) 

Flowers monoecious, in aments or heads. Perianth usually 
divided, sometimes tubular or entire. Stamens 4, straight. 
Ovary 1 or 2 celled, with a suspended ovule. Style 1, filiform. 
Stigma bifid. Fruit a fleshy receptacle, covered by numerous 
nuts. Seed suspended, solitary. Trees or shrubs. 

Genus L— MO'RUS. Tourn. 19—4. 
(dforea, the Greek name of mulberry.) 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes. Sterile florets 
with a 4-parted perianth ; stamens 4. Fertile florets in dense 
spikes, with a 4-parted perianth, which becomes succulent, en- 
veloping the achenium, and forming an oblong, juicy, edible 
fruit. Trees with milky juice. 

1. M. al'ba. Monoecious. A small tree. Leaves deeply cordate, un- 
equal at the base, unequally serrate, nearly glabrous. — ^. May. 
Introduced. White Mulberry. 

2. M. eu'bra. Dioecious. A large tree. Leaves cordate, ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate, scabrous, pubescent beneath. Perianth 4-parted, be- 
coming juicy. — ^ . March. Rich soils. 20 — 60 feet. Red Mulberry. 



504 OEDEE CXni. CALLITEICHACE^E. 

Genus II.— MACLIT'RIA. Nutt 20—4. 
(In honor of Wm, Maclure.) 

Flowers dioecious. Fertile flowers collected into a dense 
head ; style 1, long, villous ; achenia obovate, compressed, im- 
bedded in a pulp, all forming a fruit the size of an orange, with 
an irregular surface. A small tree, with straggling branches. 

1. M. aurantia'cea, (ISutt.) A tree ; branches flexuous, terete. Leaves 
alternate, entire, with supra-axillary spines. Flowers axillary. — ^ . In 
the Southwest, on the banks of streams. Osage Orange. Bow-wood. 

Used in forming hedges, and promises to be the best plant for the Southern States. 
It is attacked by no animal, and in a few years forms an impenetrable hedge. The 
Fig, Ficics carica, belongs to this Order. Its fruit consists of a succulent hollow re- 
ceptacle, inclosing numerous single-seeded carpels, forming a syconus. 

Order CXIL— PODOSTEMA'CE^E. 

Flowers naked, monoecious, bursting through an irregularly 
lacerated spathe. Stamens hypogynous, monadelphous, 2 or 
more, alternately sterile and shorter. Ovary 2-celled, with nu- 
merous ovules. Stigmas 2 — 3. Fruit capsular. Seed nu- 
merous, minute. Flowers minute. Aquatic plants, with capil- 
lary leaves. 

Genus I.— PODOSTE'MUM. Rich, 19—2. 
(From the Greek pous, foot, and stemon, a stamen, from their standing on a foot.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. P. ceratophyl'lum, (Mich.) Stem floating, filiform, stiff, horn-like. 
Leaves alternate, pinnate, many-cleft. Flowers axillary, solitary. Sta- 
mens 2, affixed to a common pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile. Capsule ovate, 
2-valved, 2-celled, many-seeded. — 2£. July. In the beds of rivers. 

River-weed. 

Order CXIIL— CALLITRICHA'CE^E. 

Flowers perfect or imperfect, with 2 opposite colored bracts. 
Stamen 1. Anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary solitary, 4- 
cornered, 4-celled. Ovules solitary. Styles 2, subulate. Stig- 
mas simple points. Fruit indehiscent, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seed 
peltate. Flowers axillary, solitary, very minute. Small aqua- 
tic, herbaceous plants. 

Genus I.— CALLIT'RICHE. L. 1—2. 
(From the Greek kallos, beauty, and trix, hair 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. C. heterophyl'la, (Pursh.) Stem floating, creeping, round. Float- 
ing leaves spatulate, immersed ones linear, all opposite, sessile, entire. 
Perianth persistent, lanceolate, white. Filament subulate. Styles 2, 
subulate. — 21. May — June. Still waters. 



ORDER CXV. AMENTACE^E. 505 



Order CXIV.— SAURURA'CE^E. 

Flowers naked, seated upon a scale. Stamens 6, hypogy- 
nous, filaments slender. Anthers cuneate. Ovaries 4, distinct, 
each with 1 ovule. Stigmas 3 — 4. Fruit consisting of 4 in- 
dehiscent nuts. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in spikes. 
Herbaceous plants, growing in marshy places. 

Genus I.— SAURU'RUS. L. 1— 4. 
(From saura, lizard, and oura, tail.) 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. S. cer'nuus, (L.) Stem erect, furrowed, with jointed hairs. 
Leaves cordate, pubescent, entire. Flowers in spikes, opposite the leaves. 
Perianth tubular, hairy, split on the upper side. — If. May — July. 
Bogs and ponds. Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

Order CXV.— AMENTA'CE^E. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sterile florets in aments, 
with scales, or scaly perianth. Stamens inserted into the scales. 
Anthers 2-celled. Fertile florets in aments, with scales or pe- 
rianths. Ovary free, simple. Stigmas many. Fruit a drupe, 
or a bony, membranaceous capsule, usually 1 -celled. Seed 1, 
or many. Trees or shrubs. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Flowers without calyx or corolla 2 

Flowers with at least a hract-like calyx 5 

2. Fruit capsular 3 

Fruit not capsular 4 

3. Capsule 1-celled Salix, 1 

Capsule 2-celled Populus, 2 

4. Fruit a drupe Myriea, 3 

Fruit a round bur Comptonia, 4 

5. Fruit cone-like 6 

Fruit not cone-like 8 

6. Middle-sized or large trees Betula, 5 

Shrubs Alnus, 6 

Small trees 7 

7. Scales 2-flowered Carpinus, 7 

Scales 1 -flowered Ostrya, 8 

8. Fertile aments globose 9 

Fertile aments not globose 10 

9. Fertile aments on long peduncles Platanus, 9 

Fertile aments near the base of the sterile Liquidambar, 10 

10. Fruit an acorn Querent!, 11 

Fruit a prickly bur Castanea, 12 

Nut ovate Corylus, 13 

Nut triquetrous Fagus, 14 

22 



506 ORDER CXV. — AMENTACE.E. 



Sub-order I.— SALICA'CE^E. (Willow Tribe.) 

Flowers naked. Seeds comose. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 
1 -celled. 

Genus I— SA'LIX. L. 20—2. 
(From the Celtic words sal, near, and lis, water.) 

Dioecious. Sterile florets ; ament cylindrical ; scales 1 -flow- 
ered, imbricate, with a nectariferous gland at the base ; perianth 
none. Stamens 1 — 5. Fertile florets ; scales 1-flowered ; pe- 
rianth none. Stigmas 2, often 2-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, many- 
seeded. Seeds comose. 

1. S. Muhlenbergia'na, (Willd.) A small shrub, often decumbent, 
with pubescent branches. Leaves lanceolate, pubescent, hoary, entire, 
white, tomentose beneath. Flowers diandrous, appearing before the 
leaves. Scales oblong, villous along the margin, white, with a red apex. 
Germs ovate-lanceolate, on long pedicels, hairy. Styles short. Stigmas 
bifid. — ^ . April. Dry woods. 2 — 5 feet. 

2. S. tris'tis, (Ait.) A small shrub. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute 
at each end, entire, with revolute margins, glabrous above, rugosely 
veined, and tomentose beneath. Stipules none or caducous. — "£ . March 
— April. Sandy soils. 1 — 4 feet. Dwarf Willoio. 

3. S. rosmarinifo'lia, (L.) A small shrub, the branches silky, pubes- 
cent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire when young, 
pubescent above, silky beneath, becoming nearly glabrous when old ; 
scales of the ament obtuse, ciliate. Germs lanceolate, villous. Stigmas 
bifid.— ^. March— April. Wetlands. 1—3 feet. 

4. S. conif'era, (Ware.) A small shrub, with the young branches 
pubescent, with cone-like excrescences at the extremities of the 
branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate toward the apex, 
glabrous on the upper surface, tomentose beneath, on long petioles. 
Scales lanceolate, villous. Germs lanceolate, villous. Stigmas 4. — ^ 
March — April. Dry soils. 4 — 8 feet. 

5. S. disco'lor, (L.) A shrub, with brownish branches. Leaves ob- 
long, somewhat obtuse, remotely serrate, glaucous beneath. Stipules 
lanceolate, serrate. Stamens 2 ; scales oblong, hairy, black. Germs 
lanceolate, tomentose. Stigmas 2-parted. — ^ . April. Low grounds. 
8—15 feet. Bog Willow. 

6. S. ni'gra, (L.) A small tree, branching from the base. Leaves 
alternate, lanceolate, slightly acuminate, serrulate, on short petioles. 
Stamens usually 5. Scales obovate, obtuse, villous. Capsule oblong, 
glabrous. — ^ . March. On water-courses. 15 — 20 feet. 

S. Babylon' ica (Tourn.) is the weeping-willow, often planted in cemeteries. A va- 
riety of this has curled leaves, which is known under the names of Ring-leaved or 
Hoop Willow. 

8. vimina'lis (L.) is the Basket Osier, from which the willow-work is manufac- 
tured : it is introduced from Europe. 



ORDER CXV. AMENTACE^E. 507 

Genus II— POP'ULUS. Tourn. 20—8. 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Dioecious. Ament cylindrical. Scales lacerated. Sterile 
florets; anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, 
single perianth. Fertile florets ; perianth entire. Stigmas 4. 
Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. 

1. P. grandioenta'ta, (Mich.) A large tree, with a smooth greenish 
bark. Leaves alternate, nearly round, unequally and sinuately toothed, 
glabrous, villous when young, petioles compressed near the summit. 
Flowers in small axillary, cylindrical aments. — ^ . March. Mountains. 

Cotton-tree or American Aspen. 

2. P. angula'ta, (Ait.) A large tree, with the branches winged. 
Leaves ovate, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, with the serratures 
uncinate. Flowers small. — *? . March. On the margins of rivers. 60 
— 80 feet. Carolina Poplar. 

3. P. heterophyl'la, (L.) A large tree, branches terete. Leaves 
roundish, ovate, obtuse, uncinately toothed, the sinus small, cordate, 
and somewhat auricled, when young tomentose. — ^ . May. Swamps. 
Middle and upper districts. 60 — 80 feet. 

Sub-order II.— MYRICA'CE^. (Gale Tribe.) 

Fruit usually drupaceous. Flowers naked. Stamens 2 — 8. 
Ovary 1 -celled. 

Genus III— MYRI'CA. L. 20—4. 
(From the Greek murio, to flow ; found on the hanks of streams.) 

Dioecious. Ament ovate-oblong. Scales crescent-shaped. 
Sterile florets ; stamens 4 — 6 ; anthers 4-valved. Fertile flo- 
rets ; ovary 1. Stigmas 2. Drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. 

1. M. cerif'era, (L.) A small shrub, diffusely branched. Leaves pe- 
rennial, alternate, somewhat coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, dot- 
ted, slightly pubescent when young. Flowers in short, cylindrical, ax- 
illary aments. Stamens 4. Scales nearly round. — ^ . March — April. 
In damp soils. Bayberry or Wax-myrtle. 

2. M. Carolinex'sis, (L.) A small shrub. Leaves cuneate, oblong, 
coarsely toothed. Scales acute. Fruit globular, large. — ^ . March — 
April. Wet places. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus IV.— COMPTO'NIA. Banks, 19—3. 
(In honor of Henry Compton, Bishop of London.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament cylindrical. Scales 1- 

flowered. Perianth 2-parted. Stamens 3-forked. Anthers 6. 

Fertile floret; ament globose; scale 1-flowered. Styles 2. 
Nut ovate. 

1. C. asplenifo'lia, (Ait.) A small shrub. Leaves long, linear-lance- 
olate, alternate, irregularly pinnatifid. Flowers in oval, sessile aments. 



508 OEDEE CXV. AMENTACE^J. 

Perianth of the sterile florets reniform, acuminate, 1 -flowered. Fila- 
ments 3. Anthers 6. Nuts forming a round bur. — ^. April — May. 
Woods and fields. 2 — 4 feet. Sweet-fern 

Sub-order III.— BETULA'CE^E. {Birch Tribe) 

Flowers with bracts. Fruit membranous, 2-celled, forming 
a sort of cone. 

Genus V.— BET'ULA. L. 19—12. 
(From oetu, its Celtic name.) 

Monoecious. Ament cylindrical. Sterile florets, with the 
scales peltate. Stamens 10 — 12. Fertile florets; scales im- 
perfectly 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Styles 2. Nuts compressed, 
with a membranaceous margin. 

1. B. ni'gra, (L.) A tree, covered with smooth scaly bark, with long 
flexible branches. Leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes- 
cent beneath, entire at the base, on short petioles. Fertile ament ovate. 
Scales villous, with equal and linear segments. — "£ . May. Banks of 
streams. 30 — 40 feet. Red Birch. 

2. B. len'ta, (L.) A large tree, with long slender branches, which 
are spotted with white when young, with a fragrant and aromatic bark. 
Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, nerves and petioles 
hairy ; scales of the ament smooth. — ^ . May. Mountains. 10 — 80 ft. 

Cherry Birch. Black Birch. 

Genus YI.— AL'NTJS. Tourn. 19—12. 
(From al, near, and tan, the edge of the river.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament long, cylindrical ; scales 
3-lobed, 3-flowered ; perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile 
florets ; ament ovate ; scales 2-flowered ; perianth none. Styles 
2. Seed compressed, ovate, naked. 

1. A. serrula'ta, (Ait.) A middle-sized shrub, with numerous irreg- 
ular branches. Leaves alternate, obovate, acuminate, with the veins 
on the under surface hairy, doubly serrate. Sterile flowers in long 
pendulous arnents. — ^ . February. Along water-courses. Very com- 
mon. 8—12 feet. 

Genus VII.— CAKPI'NUS. L. 19—12. 

(From car, wood, and pinda, head.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament long, cylindrical ; scales 
ciliate at the base. Stamens 8 — 14, somewhat bearded at the 
top. Fertile florets ; ament imbricate ; scales leafy, 2-flowered. 
Stigmas 2. Nut long, ovate, sulcate, 1-seeded. 

1. C. America'na, (Mich.) A small tree. Leaves oblong-ovate, acu- 
minate, unequally serrate. Scales 3-parted, the middle segment oblique, 
toothed on one side. Scales of the fertile florets large, foliaceous. — ^ . 
May. In woods. 15 — 20 feet Iron-wood. Hornbeam, 



ORDER CXV. AMENTACE.E. 509 

Genus VIII.— OS'TRYA. Mich. 19—12. 
(From the Greek ostruos, a scale.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; anient cylindrical ; scales 1- 
flowered ; filaments branched. Fertile florets ; anient naked. 
Capsules inflated, imbricate, 1-seeded at the base. 

1. O. Virgin'ica, (Willd.) A small tree, with very compact, hard 
wood. Leaves ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, alternate, unequally 
serrate. Anient oblong-ovate, erect, with inflated capsules, 1-seeded. — 
£ . May. In woods. 20 — 30 feet. Iron-wood. 

Sub-order IV.— PLATANA'CEJE. (Plane Tribe.) 

Genus IX.— PLAT' ANUS. L. 19—12. 
(From the Greek platus, ample, in allusion to its foliage.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament globose. Stamens nu- 
merous, intermixed with linear scales. Fertile florets; scales 
spatulate. Stigma recurved. Seed clavate. 

1. P. occidenta'lis, (L.) A large tree, with nearly white branches, 
with soft wood. Leaves 5-angled, obscurely toothed, pubescent beneath. 
Aments axillary, on long peduncles. Seed forming a compact head. — 
^ . May. Banks of streams. 60 — 70 feet. 

Button-wood or Sycamore. 

Genus X.— LIQUIDAM'BAR. L. 19—12. 
(From Uquidus, liquid, and amder, amber, in allusion to the exudation from the trees.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament conical, with a 4-leaved 
involucre ; perianth none. Stamens numerous. Fertile florets ; 
ament globose ; perianth 2-leaved, urceolate, 2 -flowered. Styles 
2. Capsules 2, 1-celled, many-seeded. 

1. L. styraciflu'a, (L.) A large tree. Leaves alternate, palmately 
lobed ; lobes acuminate, serrate. Sterile ament terminating the branch- 
es. Fertile ament near the base of the sterile. — ^ . May. Damp 
soils. 10 — 80 feet. Sweet Gum. 

Sub-order V.— CUPULIF'EILE. (Nut Tribe) 

Genus XI.— QUER'CUS. L. 19—12. 
(From the Celtic quer, fine, and cues, a tree.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament loose ; perianth mostly 
6 — 8-cleft. Stamens 5 — 10. Fertile florets ; capsule cup- 
shaped, scaly ; perianth 6-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of them 
abortive. Style 1. Stigmas 3. Acorn 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

a. Fructification biennial. Leaves usually setaceously mucronate, entire. 

1. Q. phel'los, (L.) A middle-sized tree, slender and straight. 
Leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, glabrous, 



510 ORDER CXV. AMENTACE^. 

mucronate. Acorn small, nearly spherical. — ^ . May. In swamps. 
80—60 feet. Willow Oak. 

2. Q. imbrica'ria, (Mich.) A small-sized tree, with irregular branches. 
Leaves deciduous, oblong, tapering at each extremity, mucronate, en- 
tire, pubescent beneath. Cup shallow ; scales broad-ovate. Acorn 
small, nearly spherical. — ^ . June. Banks of rivers. Mountains. 
40—50 feet. Shingle Oak. 

3. Q. pum'ila, (Walt.) A small shrub. Stem slender, virgate, spar- 
ingly branched, tomentose when young. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ta- 
pering toward the base, undulate, tomentose beneath. Acorns small, 
in a shallow cup. — *? . March — April. In pine woods. 2 — 3 feet. 

Running Oak. 

4. Q. vi'rens, (Ait.) A large tree, with spreading, irregular branches. 
Leaves perennial, coriaceous, oval-lanceolate, with revolute margins, 
pubescent beneath. Fruit oval, nearly black, generally in pairs. — ^ . 
April. Along the sea-coast. 40 — 50 feet. Live Oak. 

5. Q. laurifo'lia, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves sessile, ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering at the base, entire, glabrous, the young leaves 
toothed and sometimes sinuate. Acorn ovate, in a shallow, nearly ses- 
sile cup. — "£ . April. Rich sandy soils. 40 — 50 feet. 

b. Leaves lobed at the summit. 

6. Q. aquat'ica, ("Walt.) A small tree, with regular branches. Leaves 
obovate, cuneate, nearly sessile, obscurely lobed at the summit. Acorn 
ovate, rather small, in a shallow cup, on a short peduncle. — ^ . March 
— April. Damp soils. 80 — 10 feet. Water Oak. 

7. Q. ni'gra, (Willd.) A small tree, with thick, rough, black bark. 
Leaves coriaceous, cuneate, dilated at the summit, retusely 3-lobed, 5 — 7 
inches long, ferruginous beneath. Acorn ovate, mucronate, in rather a 
deep, sessile cup. — U . March — April. In poor soils. 15 — 30 feet. 

Black-jack. 

8. Q, tincto'ria, (Bart.) A large tree, with dark-colored bark. 
Leaves obovate, sinuate, mucronate, angled, glabrous on the upper sur- 
face. Acorn depressed, in a deep, sessile cup. — "£ . March — April. In 
rich uplands. 50 — 70 feet. Black Oak. 

9. Q. cooctn'ea, (Van.) A large tree. Leaves deeply sinuate, gla- 
brous, with the lobes acute, notched and mucronate, petioles rather long. 
Fruit abundant. Acorn oblong, mucronate, in a deep cup. — ^ . April. 
In rich lands. 10—80 feet. 

10. Q. ru'bra, (L.) A large tree. Leaves glabrous, oblong, sinuate, 
with the angles rather acute. Lobes acute and tapering, acutely notched, 
mucronate. Acorn large, mucronate, in a fiat, shallow, sessile cup. — 
*> . April. Dry soils. 70—80 feet. Red Oak. 

11. Q. Cates'b^ei, (Mich.) A small tree, with stem and branches ir- 
regular and crooked. Leaves coriaceous, cuneate, sinuate, the lobes di- 
varicate, usually simple. Acorn ovate, in a large, deep cup, sessile, 
with the scales obtuse. — *? . April. Poor sandy soils. 15 — 30 feet. 

12. Q. falca'ta, (Mich.) A large tree, with regularly expanding 
branches. Leaves on long petioles, deeply lobed, falcate, mucronate, 
shining on the upper surface, tomentose beneath. Fruit small, abun- 
dant, with a shallow cup. — *> . April — May. Common. 70 — 80 feet. 

Spanish Oak. 



ORDER CXV. AMENTACE.E. 511 

Var. (a) Q. trilo'ba, (L.) Leaves cuneate, nearly equally 3-lobed at 
the summit, mucronate. 

Var. (b) Q. pagocefo'lia, (Ell.) Leaves oblong, many -lobe d, on 
rather long petioles ; lobes simple, mucronate. 

13. Q. ilicifo'lia, (Van.) A small shrub. Leaves cuneate, on long 
petioles, obovate, 3 — 5-lobed, tomentose beneath. Fruit abundant. 
Acorn ovate, in a shallow cup. — ^ . April — May. Poor soils. 3 — 8 ft. 

c. Fructification annual. Leaves unawned. 

14. Q. obtusilo'ba, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree, with irregular 
branches. Leaves oblong, sinuate, on short petioles, generally 5-lobed, 
the upper ones dilated, pubescent beneath. Acorn oblong, in a hemi- 
spherical cup. — \ . April. In stony, clay soils. 30 — 40 feet. 

Post Oak. 

15. Q. lyra'ta, (Walt.) A large tree. Leaves long, irregularly ly- 
rate, the lobes oblong, nearly acute, the upper ones dilated, glabrous. 
Acorn nearly globular, almost entirely inclosed in the cup. — ^ . April. 
In swamps. 60 — 70 feet. Over-cup Oak. 

16. Q. al'ba, (L.) A large tree. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid, sinuate, 
pubescent beneath, on short petioles. Lobes oblong, obtuse. Fruit 
large, usually in pairs. Acorn ovate, in a deep cup. — ^. ApriL 
Kich soils. 10 — 80 feet. White Oak. 

11. Q. pri'nus, (L.) A large tree, with a long trunk without branches. 
Leaves large, obovate, or oblongdanceolate, obtusely toothed, slightly 
pubescent beneath. Fruit abundant. Acorn large, in a hemispherical 
cup. — ^ . April. Common. 10 — 80 feet. Swamp-chestnut Oak. 

18. Q. Michaux'ii, (Nutt.) A large tree. Leaves obovate, unequally 
toothed, sinuate, obtuse at the base, tomentose beneath. Fruit usually 
in pairs. Acorn large, ovate. — ^. April. Rich soils. 60 — 80 feet. 

19. Q. monta'na, (Willd.) A large tree. Leaves obovate, acute, to- 
mentose beneath, coarsely toothed, teeth indurated at the point. Acorn 
ovate, in a hemispherical cup. — ^ . April. In rocky places near the 
mountains. 30 — 50 feet. 

20. Q. Casta'nea, (Muhl.) A large tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
on long petioles, tomentose beneath, acuminate, coarsely-toothed, teeth 
with indurated points. Acorn ovate, in a hemispherical cup. — ^ . 
April — May. In rich, damp soils. 60 — 10 feet. Chestmit Oak. 

21. Q. chin'quapin, (Mich.) A small shrub, with a smooth, slender 
stem. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short petioles, coarsely toothed, 
glabrous when mature. Acorn ovate, in a hemispherical cup. — ^ . 
April — May. Near the mountains. 3 — 4 feet. 

Gentjs XII— CASTA'NEA. 19—12. 

(Castanea, a town In Thessaly.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament naked, long, cylindrical ; 
perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 5 — 20. Fertile florets 3, within a 
muricated involucre ; perianth 5 — 6-lobed. Styles 6. Seed 
1 — 3, inclosed by the involucre. 

1. C. ves'ca, (L.) A large tree, generally with an erect trunk and 



512 OEDER CXVI. JTJGLANDACE.E. 

irregular branches. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, mucronate, serrate, gla- 
brous when old. Aments of the sterile flowers axillary ; florets in clus- 
ters; fertile spikes short, 2 or 3 together. Style 1. Stigmas numerous. 
Involucre spinous. — "£ . May — June. Dry woods. 60 — 70 feet. 

Chestnut. 

2. C. pu'mila, (L.) A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, serrate, 
mucronate, tomentose beneath. Fertile florets generally one in each 
involucre. Nut small, inclosed in a spiny involucre. — ^. May. In 
light soils. 15 — 20 feet. Chinquapin. 

3. C. na'na, (Muhl.) A small shrub. Leaves oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 
serrate, mucronate, shining on the upper surface, slightly tomentose 
beneath. It agrees nearly with the preceding species, except in size. — 
^ . May. Sandy pine-barrens. 2 — 1 feet. 

Genus XIII— COR' YLITS. L. 19—12. 
(From the Greek korus, a helmet, from the calyx inclosing the fruit.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament cylindrical ; scales 3- 
cleft. Stamens 8. Fertile florets ; ovaries several. Stigmas 2. 
Nut ovate, surrounded with the enlarged coriaceous and scaly 
involucre. 

1. C. America'na, (Walt.) A small shrub, with erect, virgate 
branches, pubescent when young. Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, acu- 
minate, pubescent on the under surface. Involucre roundish, campanu- 
late, with the border dilated and many-cleft. Nut large, ovate. — *> . 
March — April. Shady woods. 4 — 8 feet. Hazel-nut. Wild Filbert. 

2. 0. eostba'ta, (Ait.) A small shrub. Leaves oblong-ovate, acumi- 
nate, slightly cordate, on short petioles, doubly serrate, pubescent be- 
neath. Involucre somewhat globular, hirsute, 2-parted at the summit, 
with incised segments. — ^. March — April. Mountains. 2 — 4 feet. 

Beaked Hazel-nut. 

Genus XIV.— FA'GUS. L. 19—12. 
(From the Greek phago, to eat ; the nuts were used as food.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament globose ; perianth 6-cleft. 
Stamens 5 — 12. Fertile florets 2, within a 4-lobed prickly in- 
volucre ; perianth with 4 — 6 minute lobes. Ovaries 3-celled, 
2 of them abortive. Styles 3. JVut 1-seeded, inclosed by the 
involucre. 

1. F. Sylvat'ica, (L.) A large tree. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cili- 
ate, slightly toothed, on short petioles. Involucre persistent. Seed tri- 
quetrous. — ^ . March — April. Damp rich soils. 50 — 60 feet. Leech, 

Order CXVL— JUGLANDA'CEJE. (Walnut Family. ) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets in an ament. Perianth 
oblique, membranous, scaly, irregularly lobed. Stamens 3 — 
36, inserted on the receptacle. Filaments short. Anthers 2- 
ceiled. Fertile florets with the perianth 4 — 6-parted. Ovary 



ORDER CXVI. JTJGLANDACEiE. 513 

1-celled, with an erect solitary ovule. Styles 1 — 2, sliort, or 
wanting. Stigmas 2, lacerated or discoid, 4-lobed. Fruit 1- 
celled, with 4 imperfect partitions. Seed 4-lobed. Trees, with 
alternate, unequally pinnate leaves. 

Genus L— JUG'LANS. L. 19—12. 
(Jovis glans, the nut of Jove.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; scales usually 5-parted, imbri- 
cate ; perianth 5 — 6-parted. Stamens numerous. Fertile flo- 
rets ; perianth double, each 4-parted. Drupe large, with the 
nut irregularly furrowed. 

1. J. ni'gra, (L.) A large tree. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, numer- 
ous, serrate, slightly cordate, pubescent beneath when young. Fruit 
spherical, scabrous, the pulp decaying and turning black. — y. April. 
Rich soils. 30 — 60 feet. Black-walnut 

2. J. cine'rea, (L.) A middle-sized tree. Leaflets numerous, lance- 
olate, pubescent, on villous petioles. Fruit oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
irregularly grooved. — ^. April. Fertile soils. 30 — 50 feet. 

Butternut. 

Genus II— CARY'A. Nutt. 19—12. 
(From caryon, a nut.) 

Monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament imbricate ; scales 3- 
parted ; perianth none. Stamens 4 — 6. Fertile florets ; peri- 
anth 4-cleft, superior. Style none. Stigma 4-lobed. Pericarp 
4-valved. Nut quadrangular, smooth. 

1. C. sulca'ta, (Willd.) A large tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets obo- 
vate, lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, 7 — 9. Sterile aments 
pendulous, 3-parted ; fertile florets terminal. Nut covered with a thick 
pericarp. — "*> . April. Fertile soils. 60 — 80 feet. 

Thick Shell-bark Hickory. 

2. C. al'ba, (L.) A large tree, with the bark separating in flat scales. 
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets large, oblong-lanceolate, serrate. Nut nearly 
spherical, with the pericarp thin. — *>. April. Fertile soils. 40 — 60 
feet. Shag-bark Hickory. 

3. C. tomento'sa, (Mich.) A large tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ob- 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, 7 — 9. 
Ament tomentose, very long. Fruit sub-globose, smooth, with a thick 
pericarp. Nut somewhat 6-angled, with a thick, hard shell. — ^ . April 
— May. Fertile soils. 40 — 60 feet. 

Common Hickory. White-heart Hickory. 

4. C. ama'ra, (Mich.) A large tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets sessile, 
ovate-oblong, sharply serrate, acuminate, glabrous, except the veins 
and midrib. Fruit small, bitter, and astringent. — "£ . May. Fertile 
woods. 40—50 feet. Bitter-nut. 

Var. C. porci'na, (Mich.) A large tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lance- 
olate, 7 — 9, glabrous. Fruit small, with a hard, smooth nut, very bitter. 
— ^. April. Margins of swamps. 70 — 80 feet. Pig-nut Hickory. 

22* 



514 ORDER CXVII. CONIFERS. 

5. C. aquat'ica, (Mich.) A middle-sized tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaf- 
lets narrow, lanceolate, oblique, slightly serrate, glabrous, 9 — 13, with 
the midrib tomentose. Fruit nearly round, angled. — "•? . April. In 
swamps. 40 — 60 feet. 



GYMOSPEE'Wl. 

Ovules naked and fertilized by the direct action of the pollen. 
Cotyledons often numerous. 

Order CXVIL— CONIF'ERJS. (Cone-bearing Family) 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; sterile flowers monandrous 
or 5, and monadelphous, collected in a catkin. Anthers 2 or 
many lobed, bursting outwardly ; fertile flowers usually in 
strobiles or cones, sometimes solitary. Ovary none or open, 
resembling a scale, destitute of style or stigma. Ovules naked. 
Fruit a naked seed. Leaves with parallel veins. Trees or 
shrubs, abounding in resin. 

Genus I.— PI'NUS. L. 19—15. 

(From pinos, the Greek for Pine-tree.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile flowers ; scales peltate. Peri- 
anth none. Anthers 2, each 1-celled, sessile. Fertile flowers 
in an ovate cone. Scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered. Pistil 
1. JSfut winged. Scales woody. 

a. Leaves 2 — 5, with a sheath at the base. Scales of the cone thickened at 
the summit. 

1. P. in'ops, (Ait.) A small tree, abounding in resin, with scattered, 
smooth branches. Leaves short, in pairs. Cone oblong, conic, about 
the length of the leaves. Scales with subulate spines. — ^ . May. 
Sandy barrens. 20 — 40 feet. Scrub Pine. 

2. P. variabilis, (L.) A large tree, much branched. Leaves by 
pairs or threes, slender and channeled, 4 — 5 inches long, deep green. 
Cone generally solitary, ovate, 2 — 3 inches long. Scales with incurved 
spines. — ^ . April. Along the sea-coast. 60 — 70 feet. 

3. P. kig'ida, (L.) A large tree. Leaves by threes, 4 — 6 inches 
long, with short sheaths. Cones ovate, scattered, or in clusters, usu- 
ally the latter, 2 — 4 inches long. Scales with reflexed spines. — "? . 
April — May. Usually in the upper country. 70 — 100 feet. 

4. P. seroti'na, (Mich.) A small tree. Leaves by threes, 6 — 8 inches 
long. Cones ovate, large for the size of the tree. Scales with straight, 
slender spines. — ^. April. Around ponds. 30 — 40 feet. 



ORDER CXVII.- CONIFERS. 



515 



5. P. pun'gens, (Lam.) A middle-sized tree, irregularly branched. 
Leaves by pairs, short, acute. Cones ovate, clustered, sessile. Spines 
long, subulate, the lower reflexed. — ^ . Mountains. 40 — 50 feet. 

6. P. t^e'da, (L.) A large tree, with a straight, tall trunk. Leaves 
long, by threes, in long sheaths. Cones long, defiexed. Scales armed 
with rigid spines. This is an abundant species, but affords very little 
resin.— T ^. April. 80— 100 feet. 

7. P. palus'tris, (L.) A large tree. Leaves by threes, very long, 
with the sheaths pinnatifid. Cones nearly cylindrical, 6 — 10 inches 
long. Scales muricate. — ^ . April. Common in sandy soils. 80 — 100 
feet. Long-leaved Pine. 

8. P. stro'bus, (L.) A large tree. Leaves by fives, slender, in short 
sheaths. Cones solitary, pendulous, long. Scales loose. — ^ . April. 
Mountains. 100 — 140 feet. White Fine. 

b. Leaves solitary, distinct at the base. Scales of the cone even, attenu- 
ated, glabrous. 

9. P. balsa'mea, (L.) A small tree. Leaves solitary, emarginate, 
flat, glaucous beneath, somewhat pectinate at the summit, nearly erect, 
below recurved, spreading. Cone solitary, erect, cylindrical. Bracts 
short, obovate, mucronate, somewhat serrulate, with the margins thin 
and smooth. — ^. May. Mountains. 40 — 50 feet. 

Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead. 

10. P. Canadensis, (L.) A large or small tree, with horizontal 
branches. Leaves solitary, flat, denticulate, in two rows. Cone small, 
ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves. — "■? . May. Mount- 
ains. 30 — 100 feet. Hemlock. 

11. P. ni'gra, (Ait.) A large or small tree. Leaves solitary, very 
numerous, 4-angled, scattered, erect, straight, dark green. Cones ovate, 
1 — 2 inches long. Scales elliptical, imbricate, erosely denticulate at the 
apex, undulate on the margins. — ^ . April. Mountain swamps. 30 — 
100 feet. Black Spruce. 

12. P. al'ba, (Ait.) A small tree. Leaves solitary, 4-sided, less 
crowded than the preceding species, incurved. Cones slender, nearly 
cylindrical. Scales broad, ovate, entire. — "£ . May. Mountains, swamps. 
30—40 feet. White Spruce. 

Genus II— JUNIP'ERUS. L. 20—15. 
(Celtic, juniperus, rough.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile florets ; ament ovate. Calyx a 
scale, verticillate, peltate. Anthers 4 — 8, 1 -celled. Fertile 
florets ; ament globose. Scales 3, concave. Stigma open. 
Fruit a berry, with three long, 1-seeded nuts, surrounded with 
the united and fleshy scales. 

1. J. Virginia'na, (L.) A middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches. 
Upper leaves imbricated, in four rows, ovate-acute, very small, by 
threes. Flowers axillary. Fruit dry, 1 — 2-seeded, covered with a 
blue powder. — ^. May. Common. 20 — 60 feet. Red Cedar. 



516 ORDER CXVII.' — €ONIFER^E. 

Genus III.— CUPRES'SUS. L. 19—15. 
(From kus, to produce, and parieos, equal, in allusion to the branches.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile flowers ; the ament ovate, im- 
bricate. Scales peltate. Anthers 4, sessile. Fertile florets; 
ament a cone. Perianth none. Ovaries 4 — 8 under each 
scale. Nuts angular, compressed. 

1. C. dis'tica, (L.) A large tree. Leaves small, linear, acute, flat, 
deciduous. Sterile flowers paniculate ; catkin sub-globose. — May. Deep 
swamps. 90 — 100 feet. Cypress. 

2. C. thtoi'des, (L.) A large tree, with compressed branches. Leaves 
imbricate, in four rows, ovate, tuberculate at the base ; catkin globose. 
— y 2. May. Swamps. 70—80 feet. White Cedar. 

The Cypress is one of our most remarkable trees. It grows to its greatest dimen- 
sions in deep, miry soil. The base of the trunk is conical and usually hollow. Its 
roots are immense, and produce remarkable protuberances, which rise to the hight 
of 2— 3 feet. These are conical and hollow, covered by the same kind of bark as the 
root: never produce branches or leaves. Often used for bee-hives. The wood of the 
Cypress is the most durable of any in exposed situations. 

Genus IV.— THU'YA. L. 19—15. 
(From thuon, a sacrifice : the resin used as incense.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets ; ament imbricate. Calyx 
a scale. Anthers 4, sessile. Fertile flowers in cones, with scales 
2-flowered. Nut 1-winged. 

1. T. occidenta'lis, (L.) A small tree, with spreading, ancipital 
branches. Leaves imbricate, in four rows, appressed, naked, ovate- 
rhomboid al, tuberculate. Cones obovate, with the inner scales trun- 
cate, gibbous below the summit. — ^ . May. Mountain streams. 15 — 
20 feet. American Arbor-vita. 

Genus V.— TOR'REYA. Arn. 20—15. 
(In honor of Professor John Torrey.) 

Dioecious. Staminate flowers ; ament sub-globose, lengthen- 
ing as it becomes perfected, with bracts at the base, imbricate, 
in 4 rows, many-flowered ; anther bearing scales, pedicellate. 
Pistillate flowers ; ament ovate, 1-flowered, bracteate ; ovule 
solitary, sessile ; seed nut-like ; testa thick, without coriaceous- 
fleshy, within fibrous. Small trees, with spreading branches. 

1. T. taxifo'lia, (Arn.) (Tazics montana, Nutt.) An evergreen tree. 
Branches spreading ; branchlets distichously forked. Leaves approx- 
imate, solitary, distichous, on short petioles, linear, mucronate, shining 
above, paler beneath; vein broad, about one inch long. Fruit about 
one inch long, ovate, rough ; outside covering brittle. — Middle Florida. 
20 — 40 feet. Florida Yew-tree. 



ORDER CXIX. — SMILACE^E. 517 



MOIOCOTYLED'ONyE. 

Trunk usually cylindrical, with no distinction of pith, wood, 
and bark. Leaves with simple, parallel veins running from the 
base to the apex of the leaf, usually alternate. Embryo with 1 
cotyledon, or if more than 1, alternate. Radical inclosed in a 
sheath, through which it bursts in germination. 

I. DICTYOGEN'E^E. 

(From dicttion, a net, and gennazin, to produce, the leaves beiDg net-veined.) 

Monocotyledonous plants, with reticulated veined leaves, and 
with the roots resembling, in some respects, dicotyledons. 

Order CXVIIL— DIOSCOREA'CEJE. (Yam Tribe.) 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth superior, 6-cleft, equal. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted into the base of the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, 
with 1 — 2 ovules in a cell. Style deeply 3-parted. Stigmas 
simple. Fruit a thin, compressed capsule. Seed flat. Em- 
bryo small. Twining, herbaceous plants, with reticulated 
leaves. 

Genus I.— DIOSCORE'A. L. 20—6. 
(From Dioscorides, a Greek physician.) 

Genus same as the Order. 

1. D. villo'sa, (L.) Stem herbaceous, climbing over shrubs, terete. 
Leaves alternate, opposite, and verticillate ; the lower verticillate, the 
upper alternate, cordate, acuminate, 9-nerved, pubescent beneath. 
Sterile flowers in axillary panicles, small ; fertile flowers in simple ra- 
cemes. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, 2-seeded. — White. 2+. 
May — July. Sandy soils. Common. 10 — 12 feet. Yam-root. 

2. D. quaterna'ta, (Walt.) Stem climbing. Leaves verticillate or 
alternate, cordate, acuminate, glabrous, 7 -nerved ; lateral nerves bifid. 
—White. U. July. Old fields. 6—8 feet. 

Order CXIX.— SMILA'CE^E. (Sarsaparilla Family) 

Flowers dioecious or perfect. Perianth petaloid, 4 — 6-parted. 
Stamens 4 — 6, inserted into the base of the perianth. Ovary 
3-celled, 1 or many seeded. Style usually 3-parted. Stigmas 
3. Fruit baccate. Seeds with a membranaceous testa, shrub- 
by or herbaceous, often climbing. Leaves reticulated. 



518 OEDEE CXIX. SMILACE^. 

Genus I.— SMI'LAX. L. 20—6. 
(From smile, a scraper, from their rough stems.) 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth campanulate, spreading, 6- 
parted. Sterile florets with 6 stamens ; fertile ones with 4 
styles and 3 stigmas. Berry globose, 1 — 3-celled, 1 — 3-seeded. 

1. S. laurifo'lia, (L.) Stem prickly, climbing ; branches unarmed. 
Leaves oval-lanceolate, crowded, acuminate, lucid, perennial. Flowers 
in axillary umbels, on short peduncles. Fruit black, 1-seeded. — White. 
^ . July. Swamps. N. J. to Lou. 

2. S. rotundifo'lia, (L.) Stem prickly, flexuous. Leaves cordate, 
ovate, nearly round, 5 — 7 -nerved, pale beneath. Flowers in umbels, on 
very long peduncles. — White. ^ . June. Rich soils. 

Var. S. quadrangtjla'ris, (Muhl.) Stem quadrangular, prickly at 
the base, unarmed toward the summit. Leaves ovate, unarmed, slightly 
cordate, 5-nerved, distinctly reticulate. — White. *> . June — July. Dry 
soils. 

3. S. cadu'ca, (L.) Stem flexuous, prickly, somewhat angled. Leaves 
ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved. Flowers in axillary umbels, on short pe- 
duncles. — White. "£ . June — July. Dry fields. Very common. 

4. S. pu'mlla, (Walt.) Stem unarmed, prostrate, pubescent, sparingly 
branched. Leaves cordate-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, pubescent be- 
neath. Flowers in axillary umbels, on short peduncles. Fruit white, 
1-seeded. — Greenish-yellow. ^ . Sept. — Oct. In rich, shaded soils. 

S. puberula, Mich. 

5. S. sarsaparil'la, (L.) Stem slightly angled, prickly; prickles 
subulate, incurved. leaves ovate-lanceolate, unarmed, cuspidate, 5- 
nerved, glaucous beneath. Flowers on long peduncles, small. Fruit 
black, 3-seeded. — White. ^ . June — July. Rich soils. 

6. S. tamnoi'des, (L.) Stem twining, prickly, terete. Leaves ovate- 
oblong, 5-nerved, panduriform, acute, shiuing, somewhat rigid. Flowers 
in axillary umbels. Fruit black. — White. ^ . June — July. Dry 
soils. 

7. S. pandtjra'ta, (Pursh.) Stem glabrous ; branches angular, prickly, 
flexuous. Leaves ovate, panduriform, 3-lobed, acuminate, mucronate, 
rounded at the base, 7-nerved, membranaceous. Staminate peduncles 
axillary, solitary, many-flowered ; leaves of the perianth lanceolate- 
acute. Fruit-bearing branches terete ; fruit black. — Car. to Lou. 

8. S. Beyrich'ia, (Br.) Unarmed, glabrous. Branches angular, stri- 
ate, flexuous, green. Leaves auriculate, lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 
rounded at the base, 5-nerved, glabrous. Tendrils long, filiform, spiral, 
glabrous. Umbels axillary, solitary, many-flowered. Flowers on capil- 
lary pedicels. Perianth 6-leaved, glabrous ; leaflets lanceolate, 1- 
nerved. — T ? . Humid, shady places. Car. and Geo. 

9. S. hedeRjEfo'lia, (Br.) Unarmed, glabrous. Branchlets quad- 
rangular ; branches nearly terete. Leaves subdeltoid-ovate, somewhat 
3-lobed, mucronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 5 — 7- 
nerved, membranaceous. Umbels axillary, solitary, many-flowered. 
Ovary naked, sessile, subglobose, smooth, 3-celled. — £ . Geo. Banks of 
Btreams, in the middle and low country. 



I 

ORDER CXIX. — SMILACE^E. 519 

10. S. hasta'ta, (Willd.) A twining plant, Stem angled, glabrous, 
becoming prickly with age. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, 
hastate, 3-nerved, ciliate. Flowers in axillary umbels. Berry globose, 
black. — White. ^ . June — July. In rich soils. 

11. S. Bona Nox, (L.) Climbing over small shrubs. Stem unarmed, 
angled. Leaves cordate-ovate, sometimes slightly hastate, glabrous, 7- 
nerved, prickly along the midrib and margins. Flowers in small, axil- 
lary umbels. Fruit black. — White. *? . Damp, rich soils. 

12. S. lanceola'ta, (L.) Stem climbing, terete ; the upper branches 
unarmed. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, membranaceous, 3 — 5-nerved, 
perennial. Flowers numerous, in axillary umbels, on short peduncles. 
Fruit red. — White. ^ . May — June. Damp, rich soils. 

13. S.Walte'ri, (Pursh.) Stem angled, spiny. Leaves cordate, ovate, 
smooth, 3-nerved. Fruit red, 3-seeded. — White. ^ . July. Low 
country of Car. 

14. S. ova'ta, (Pursh.) Stem nearly terete, unarmed, branching, cov- 
ering small shrubs. Leaves ovate, cuspidate, 3-nerved, unarmed, mu- 
cronate, on short petioles. Flowers in small umbels, fragrant. Fruit 
black. — Greenish. ^ . June — July. Sea Islands. 

15. S. ai/ba, (Pursh.) Stem obsoletely angled, nearly unarmed. 
Leaves long-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, entire, 3-nerved. Umbels 
few-flowered ; peduncles short. Fruit white. — ^ . Banks of rivulets. 
Car. and Geo. 

16. S. Pseu'do Chi'na, (L.) Stem climbing, unarmed. Lower leaves 
cordate, 5-nerved ; those of the branches ovate. Flowers in axillary 
umbels, on long peduncles. Fruit black. — White. *> . June — July. 
Very common. 

17. S. cercidifo'lia, (Pursh.) Stem prickly. Leaves orbiculate-cor- 
date, acuminate, 5-nerved, glabrous, short, petiolate. — ^ . So. Car. 

18. S. auricula'ta, (Walt.) Leaves 5-nerved, oblong, auriculate, ob- 
tuse, terminated by a spine. — Car. 

Genus II.— COPROSMAN'THUS. 20—6. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Leaves 
oblong, 1-nerved, spreading and recurved ; the interior ones a 
little shorter and narrower. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled, two 
ovules in each cell. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit globose, naked. 
Usually herbaceous, perennial plants. 

1. C. peduncula'ris, (Br.) (Smilax peduncularis, Muhl.) Stem te- 
rete, unarmed, bearing stipular tendrils. Leaves cordate, ovate, slightly 
acuminate, 3-nerved. Flowers in umbels, on long peduncles. Fruit 
blue. The whole plant fetid. — Greenish. ^ . May — July. Rich soils. 

2. C. herba'ceus, (Br.) (Smilax herbacea, L.) Stem slightly angled, 
glabrous, sparingly branched. Young leaves oval or ovate when old, 
slightly cordate ; the upper ones verticillate and crowded, 5 — 7-nerved, 
pubescent beneath. Flowers on long, compressed peduncles, arising from 
the base of the stem. Fruit black, 2 — 3-seeded. — Yellowish- white. *? 
May — July. Fertile soils. Common. 



520 ORDER CXX. TRILLIACE.E. 



Order CXX.— TRILLIA'CE^E. (Trillium Family) 

Floioers perfect. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ova- 
ry 3-celled, few or many seeded. Herbaceous plants, with 
leaves in 1 — 2 whorls. Flowers at the summit of the stem. 

Genus I.— TRIL'LIUM. L. 6—3. 
(From trilex, triple, in allusion to its floral organs.) 

Perianth 6-parted, the 3 outer resembling a calyx, the 3 inner 
petaloid. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the segments. 
Stigmas 3, usually distinct. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. 

1. T. ses'sile, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, spotted, with sheaths at the 
base. Leaves 3, at the summit of the stem, sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 
Flowers sessile, erect ; the petal-like segments lanceolate, erect, twice as 
long as the calyx. Fruit glabrous, dark purple. — Dark purple. 2£. 
March — April. Rich lands. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

2. T. disco'lor, (Wray.) Flowers sessile, erect. Petals obovate, 
spatulate, erect, twice as long as the spreading calyx. Leaves sessile, 
3, roundish-ovate, acute, spreading, smooth, spotted, paler beneath, 5- 
nerved. Stem erect, purple, green above. Ovary ovate, 3-lobed, 
greenish-purple. Styles linear, purple externally, yellow within. — Geo. 
11- 6 inches. 

3. T. recurva'tum, (Beck.) Stem erect, purple below. Leaves peti- 
olate, ovate, acute, spotted, 5-nerved, paler beneath. Flowers sessile, 
erect. Petals unguiculate, ovate-oblong, acuminate, erect. Sepals re- 
flexed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, green. — Lou. 

4. T. pusii/lum, (Mich.) Plant small. Leaves sessile, oval, oblong, 
obtuse. Peduncle erect. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx. — 
Flesh-colored. If. May — June. Pine-barrens. 6 — 8 inches. 

5. T. erec'tum, (L.) Leaves broad, rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. 
Peduncle inclining. Flower nodding. Petals ovate, acuminate, flat, 
broader than the calyx. Dark purple or white. 2f. May — June. 
Common. 

6. T. grandiflo'rum, (Salis.) Leaves rhomboid-ovate, broad, sessile, 
acuminate. Peduncle erect or slightly inclined. Flower nearly erect. 
Petals longer than the calyx, spatulate-lanceolate. — "White or reddish. 
U. May — June. Banks of streams. 8 — 12 inches. 

7. T. erythrocar'pum, (Mich.) Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at 
the base, abruptly contracted into a short petiole. Peduncle erect or 
declining. Petals ovate-lanceolate, recurved, broader than the calyx. 
— White, with purple veins. 2f. May — June. Shady woods. 6 — 8 
inches. 

8. T. cer'nuum, (L.) Leaves rhomboidal, acuminate, very large, on 
rather long peduncles. Peduncle recurved. Petals lanceolate, acu- 
minate, reflexed, about as long as the calyx. — "White. %. April — May. 
Rocky places. 12 — 18 inches. 

9. T. Cates'b^ei, (Ell.) Leaves obovate and oval, acuminate, attenu- 
ate at the base. Peduncle recurved. Petals lanceolate, expanding, 



ORDER CXXI. — HYDROCHARIDACE.E. 521 

larger than the calyx. — Rose-color. If. April — May. Upper Car. 
and Geo. 10 — 12 inches. 

10. T. nervo'sum, (Ell.) Leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, membrana- 
ceous. Peduncle recurved. Petals oblong-lanceolate, larger than the 
calyx. — Rose-color. If. April — May. Middle and upper Car. and 
Geo. 12 inches. 

11. T. stylo'sum, (Nutt.) Stem erect, smooth. Leaves sub-petiolate, 
elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends. Peduncle recurved. Petals un- 
dulate, spreading, larger than the calyx, oblong-obtuse. Fruit succu- 
lent, globose. — Pale rose-color. 2£. Mountains. 8 — 10 inches. 

Genus II— MEDE'OLA. L. 6—3. 
(From Medea, the name of a sorceress.) 

Perianth 6-parted, revolute. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3, united 
at the base. Fruit 3-celled, each cell 3 — 6-seeded. 

1. M. Virgix'ica, (L.) Stem erect, terete, with small sheaths at each 
joint. Leaves verticillate around the middle of the stem, 6 — 8 in a 
whorl, a 3-leaved whorl at the summit, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, 
membranaceous. Flowers terminal, on peduncles arising from the upper 
whorl. — Yellow. If. May — July. In rich, shaded soils. 12 — 18 
inches. Indian Cucumber. 

II. PETALOPDEJE. 

I. OVARY INFERIOR. 

Stamens and pistils naked, or inclosed in a regularly devel- 
oped corolla. 

Group I.— TRIPETALJE. 
Plants with calyx and corolla distinct, with 3 petals. 

Order CXXL— HYDRO CH ARID A'CEtE. (Frog-bit 
Family.) 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals 3. Petals 3. 
Stamens epigynous, definite. Ovamj solitary, 1 -celled ; ovules 
numerous. Stigmas 3 — 6. Fruit indehiscent, 1 or many 
celled. Albumen none. Floating plants, sometimes with 
spiny leaves. Flowers spathaceous. 

Genus I— HYDRO'CHARIS. L. 20—9. 
(From hudor, ^vater, and charts, grace.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3, oval, membranaceous. Pet- 
als 3, narrower than the sepals. Sterile florets usually with 2 
filaments, united at the base with a 2-leaved spathe. Fertile 



522 ORDER CXXH. — ORCHEDACBLE. 

florets with a 2-leaved spathe. Styles 6, 2-cleft. Capsule 5- 
celled, many-seeded. 

1. H. spongio'sa, (Bore.) Leaves floating, orbicular, cordate, with 
purple veins beneath, with inflated vessels near the summit of the stem. 
Flowers axillary. Styles 6, deeply 2-cleft. Stigma simple, spotted. 
Seed numerous, striate. — White, tinged with purple. 2f. July — Sept. 
Stagnant waters. 

Genus II.— VALLISNE'RIA. Mich. 20—2. 
(In honor of Antonio Vallisneri, an Italian botanist.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile florets ; spathe 2 — 4-parted ; spa- 
dix covered with minute flowers ; sepals 3 ; stamens 2. Fer- 
tile flowers; scape spiral, very long ; spathe 2-cleft; sepals 3, 
elongated; petals 3, smaller than the sepals; stigmas 3, sessile; 
capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, many-seeded, 3-toothed. 

1. V. spira'lis, (L.) A floating plant. Leaves linear, obtuse, 8- 
nerved, minutely serrulate. Scapes axillary; those bearing the sterile 
flowers very short, the fertile ones long and spiral, raising the flowers 
to the surface of the water when ready to expand. — White. If. Aug. 
— Sept. Tape-weed. Eel-grass. 

Order CXXIL— ORCHID A'CE^E. {Orchis Family) 

Perianth superior, ringent, 6-parted ; the 3 outer segments 
colored, the odd one uppermost, from the twisting of the ovary ; 
the 3 inner colored, with the odd one below, which is frequently 
lobed and different from the others, often spurred. Stamens 3, 
united into a central column, epigynous, the two lateral ones 
usually abortive. Pollen powdery, or in waxen masses. Ovary 
usually 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas ; ovules numerous. 
Style forming a part of the column with the stamens. Stigma 
a viscid cavity in front of the column. Fruit usually an infe- 
rior capsule, rarely baccate. Seeds numerous. Albumen none. 
Herbaceous plants, usually with tuberous roots. Leaves simple, 
entire. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Lip spurred or saccate 2 

Lip not spurred 5 

2. Lip saccate Cypripedium, 15 

Lip spurred 3 

3. Spur joined to the ovary Corollorhiza, 7 

Spur free 4 

4. Lip entire ; racemes not leafy Tipularia, 12 

Lip entire ; racemes leafy Orchis, 10 

Lip not entire Habenaria, 11 

5. Flowers solitary 6 

Flowers several or numerous 7 

6. Stems sheathed AretJmsa, 8 

Stems with one or more leaves Pogonia, 5 



order cxxn. ORCHIDACE^E. 523 

7. Flowers axillary, nodding TripJwra, 9 

Flowers in spikes or racemes 8 

8. Plants parasitic Epidendrum, 16 

Plants not parasitic 9 

9. Column winged Malaxis, 14 

Column not winged 10 

10. Pollen becoming waxy Bletia, 13 

Pollen farinaceous 11 

11. Leaf solitary, seldom 2 Calopogon, 6 

Leaves more than 1 12 

12. Leaves 2, near the middle of the stem Listera, 3 

Leaves several 13 

13. Radical leaves broad, veined Goodyera, 1 

Radical leaves not veined 14 

14. Eadical leaves oval-lanceolate Cranichis, 4 

Radical leaves lanceolate J^eottia, 2 

Genus I.— GOODYE'RA. Brown, 18—1. 
(In honor of John Goodyer, a British botanist.) 

Perianth ringent ; the two outer lateral segments situated 
beneath the lip, the interior segments ovate, with the lip gib- 
bous at the base, undivided at the summit. Pollen consisting 
of granules in a loose state of cohesion, angular. Column free. 

1. G. pubes'cens, (Willd.) Stem pubescent toward the summit. 
Radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate, veined with white. Flowers 
in an oblong spike. Lip ovate, acuminate. — White. U- July — Aug. 
Shady woods. 6 — 10 inches. Rattlesnake-plantain. 

Genus II.— JSTEOT'TIA. L. 18—1. (Spiranlhes, Rich.) 
(From neottia, a bird's-nest, in allusion to the fibres of the root.) 

Perianth rino-ent ; the two outer segments affixed beneath 
the lip, interior ones connivent. Lip unguiculate, parallel to 
the column. Pollen farinaceous. 

1. N. tor'tilis, (L.) Stem pubescent toward the summit. Radical 
leaves linear, glabrous ; cauline ones subulate, acute. Scape sheathed. 
Flowers in compact, spiral spikes ; the lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe large 
and crenulate. — White. 2£. June — July. Damp soils. Through the 
summer. 8 — 12 inches. 

2. N". cer'nua, (L.) Stem erect, sheathed. Leaves lanceolate, nerved. 
Flowers in dense spikes, recurved, nodding. Lip oblong, acute, entire. 
This plant varies much in the form of its leaves and the size of its 
flowers, and in the time of their blooming. — Greenish-white. IX, 
Through the summer. Moist grounds. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus III— LISTE'RA. Brown, 18—1. 
(In honor of Martin Lister, an English physician.) 

Perianth irregular, spreading or reflexed. Lip pendulous, 2- 
lobed, sessile. Column minute, free. Pollen farinaceous. 



524: ORDER CXXII. ORCHIDACE^E. 

1. L. pubes'cens, (Nutt.) Stem erect, pubescent, leafless. Leaven all 
radical, ovate, acute. Flowers in racemes ; the lip 2-lobed, the other 
segments connivent, about as long as the lip. Capsule clavate. — 
Greenish-white. If. June — July. Pine-barrens, Car. and Geo. 

2. L. convallarioi'des, (Nutt.) Stem erect, with two opposite, ses- 
sile leaves near the middle. Leaves cordate, nearly round. Flowers 
in spikes or racemes ; segments of the perianth reflexed. Lip deeply 
2- cleft. Capsule oval. — Greenish-white. If. May — June. Damp 
soils. Southern Geo. and Flor. 6 — 12 inches. 

Genus IV.— CRAN'ICHIS. L. 18—1. 

Segments of the perianth reflexed. Lip vaulted. Pollen 
farinaceous. Anthers parallel with the style, inserted behind. 

1. C. multiflo'ra, (Ell.) Stem pubescent toward the summit. Rad- 
ical leaves oval-lanceolate, glabrous, alternate at the base, on very short 
petioles ; cauline leaves merely scales, sheathing. Flowers in a termi- 
nal spike ; the exterior segments of the perianth lanceolate, pubescent 
on the outer surface ; the two upper interior segments obliquely ensi- 
form, connivent. Lip vaulted, compressed at the margins, generally 
inclosing the column. Capsule triquetrous, tapering to the base. — Pale 
green. If. Sept. — Oct. Southern Geo. and Flor. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus V.— POGO'NIA. Juss. 18—1. 
(From pogon, a beard, in allusion to the fringed lip.) 

Lip sessile, cucullate, crested internally, the remaining 5 seg- 
ments distinct, without glands. Pollen farinaceous. Anthers 
terminal, persistent. 

1. P. ophioglossoi'des, (L.) Stem erect, with an oval-lanceolate leaf 
and a foliaceous bract near the flower. Lip scarcely longer than the 
other segments, winged, fimbriate, with the center thickened, with 
crested ridges. Flowers solitary, nodding. Column short, thick, solid. 
Anthers in a cavity at the summit of the column. — Purple. 2f . April 
— May. Damp soils. Common. 10 — 15 inches. 

2. P. divarica'ta, (JSTutt.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves narrow, lan- 
ceolate, acute, glabrous ; one near the middle of the stem, the other at 
the summit. Flowers solitary, at the summit of the stem ; the three 
exterior leaves of the perianth linear-lanceolate, the two interior lance- 
olate, connivent, somewhat fleshy. Lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe longest, 
crested, crenulate. Capsule furrowed. — Purple. 2£. May. Damp 
soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. P. verticilla'ta, (Muhl.) Stem erect, glaucous. Leaves 5, verti- 
cillate, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate. Flowers solitary, at the summit of 
the stem ; the three exterior leaves of the perianth long-linear, the two 
interior lanceolate. Lip rather short, 3-lobed, crested along the center, 
the terminal lobe undulate. Anthers 2-celled. — Greenish. 2f. May. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 12—18 inches. 



ORDER CXXII. ORCIIIDACE^E. 525 

Gen-us VI— CALOPO'GON. Brown, 18—1. 
(From kalos, beautiful, zxulpoaon, beard.) 

Segments of the perianth spreading, distinct. Lip unguicu- 
late, the lamina bearded. Column free, winged at the apex. 
Anther terminal. Pollen angular. 

1. C. Pllchel'lus, (Xutt.) Stem, erect, glabrous, naked. Leaves rad- 
ical, ensiform, long, erect, generally but one. Flowers in a terminal 
spike ; segments of the perianth lanceolate ; the two lateral exterior 
ones oblique, the interior narrower. Anthers in a small cavity at the 
summit of the column. — Purple. 2f. June — July. In damp soils. 
12—18 inches. 

Genus VII— COROLLOEHI'ZA. Haller, 18—1. {Coral-root.) 
(From korallion, coral, and rhiza, root.) 

Segments of the perianth equal, connivent. Lip extended 
behind, joined to the spur or free. Column free. Anthers 
terminal. Pollen masses 4, oblique. 

1. C. multiflo'ka, (Nutt.) Stem glabrous, clothed with sheaths; the 
upper sheath frequently terminating in a subulate leaf. Leaves none. 
Flowers numerous, in a terminal raceme, nodding. Lip cuneate-oval, 
with two teeth at the base. Spur adnate, conspicuous. — Purplish- 
brown. 2£. Sept. — Oct. In rich woodlands. 12 — 15 inches. 

2. C. odontorhi'za, (Willd.) Stem erect, slender, inclosed in two or 
three sheaths. Flowers numerous, in terminal racemes, pendulous ; 
segments of the perianth connivent. Lip dilated, spotted, with two 
teeth. Capsule globose. — Purple. If. March — April. In rich soils, 
middle and lower Car. and Geo. 

3. C. htema'lis, (Nutt.) Leaf solitary, large, somewhat plaited, ta- 
pering into a long petiole. Scape inclosed in about three sheaths. 
Flowers in erect, terminal racemes ; segments of the perianth nearly 
equal, connivent, linear-oblong. Lip dilated at the summit, ridged 
along the middle, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe nearly round, crenulate. 
Pollen masses 4, waxy. — Purple. 21 . May. In rich, shaded soils. 12 
— 18 inches. 

Genus VIH— ARETHU'SA. Swartz., 18—1. 
(An ancient Nymph.) 

Flower ringent ; segments of the perianth united at the base. 
Lip joined to the column, cucullate at the apex, crested inter- 
nally. Pollen masses granular. 

1. A. bulbo'sa, (L.) Stem sheathed, generally 3 — L Flower 1, at 
the summit of the stem ; segments of the perianth nearly equal, the 
upper ones incurved. Lip about the length of the other segments, 
crenulate, bearded in the middle. — Purple. If. June. Mountains. 
6 — 12 inches. 



526 order cxxn. — orchidace^e. 

Genus IX.— TPJPHO'RA. 18—1. 
(From tria, three, and phero, I bear ; alluding to its three flowers.) 

Segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute, distinct, conni- 
vent. Lip unguiculate, cucullate. Column spatulate, flat, 
"without wings. Pollen farinaceous. 

1. T. pen'dula, (Nutt.) Stem erect, obscurely angled, nodding at the 
summit, succulent. Leaves alternate, amplexicaul, decurrent. Flowers 
axillary and terminal, 3 — 4, on short peduncles. Lip 3-lobed, the lat- 
eral ones inflexed. — Purple. 2f. July — Aug. Damp soils. 12 — 18 
inches. 

Genus X— OR'CHIS. L. 18-1. 
(Named from the shape of its roots.) 

Perianth ringent, the upper segment vaulted. Lip dilated, 
entire, with a spur at the base. Pollen masses 2, affixed by 
the base, terminal, pedicellate. Glands contained in a common 
bag. 

1. O. spectab'ilis, (L.) Root palmate ; scape pentangular, sometimes 
bearing a leaf. Flowers few, large ; lip obovate, undivided, crenate, 
retuse ; segments of the perianth connivent ; spur clavate. Bracts 
longer than the flower. Leaves radical, oval, glabrous, generally 2, 
large. — Purple and white. If. June. Shady woods. 8 — 10 inches. 

2. 0. ni'vea, (Nutt.) Scape erect; lower leaves linear, very long, 
subulate. Flowers in dense spikes. Bracts short. Lip linear, oblong, 
entire ; the other segments spreading ; spur filiform. Column small. 
Pollen masses nearly sessile. — White. If. May — June. Southern 
Geo. 

3. 0. vir'idis, (L.) A small plant. Lip linear, 3-toothed at the apex ; 
other segments of the perianth connivent ; spur obtuse, somewhat in- 
flated. Bracts longer than the flowers. — Greenish-white. Mountains. 
3 inches. 

4. 0. bidenta'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, nearly naked. Leaves narrow, 
lanceolate. Lip oval, oblong, 2-toothed at the base ; the other seg- 
ments ovate, expanding ; spur short, thickened at the point. — Yellow- 
ish. 2£. May — June. Middle Car. and Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

Genus XI.— HABENA'RIA. Will. 18—1. (Flatanthera, Rich.) 
(From habena, a rein, in allusion to its spur.) 

Perianth ringent. Lip dilated, toothed, lobed, or fringed, 
spurred at the base. Pollen masses pedicellate. Glands of the 
pedicels naked, distant. 

1. H. cilia'ris, (Br.) Stem erect, leafy, glabrous. Leaves lanceo- 
late, acute, entire, sheathing at the base, long. Flowers in terminal 
spikes. Lip oblong, lanceolate, beautifully ciliate, double the length 
of the other segments ; spur filiform, long. — Orange-yellow, varying 
with age. 2f . In moist lands. 1 — 2 feet. 



ORDER CXXII. — ORCHIDACE.E. 527 

2. H. blephariglot'tis. Ste?n erect, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 
sheathing at the base. Flowers in terminal spikes. Lip lanceolate, 
ciliate, about as long as the upper petal ; spur filiform, pendulous. — 
White. If. June — July. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet, 

3. H. crista'ti. Stem erect, slightly angled, glabrous, leafy. Leaves 
lanceolate, sheathing at the base, long. Flowers in a terminal spike, 
crowded. Lip longer than the exterior segments, ciliate ; the other 
segments rounded, the two lateral ones toothed; spur short. — Yellow. 
2f . June — July. Swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. H. psyco'des. Stem erect, slender, glabrous. Leaves long, lanceo- 
late, sheathing at the base. Flowers in loose, terminal spikes. Lip 
twice as long as the other segments, 2-parted, many-cleft ; the other 
segments ovate-lanceolate ; spur filiform, clavate, ascending longer than 
the germ. — Pale yellow. June — July. Middle Car. and Geo. 12 — 18 
inches. 

5. H. Elliot'tii. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
sheathing ; upper ones small. Flowers in crowded spikes ; exterior 
segments of the perianth rather large. Lip with the margins toothed, 
almost fimbriate, smaller than the other segments ; spur subulate. — 
Yellow. If. July. Low grounds. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. H. tridenta'ta. Stem erect, slender, glabrous. Leaves lanceo- 
late ; the lower one large, the upper one small. Flowers in compact 
spikes. Lip ovate-lanceolate, 3-toothed ; the other segments ovate, 
obtuse, connivent ; spur filiform. — Yellowish-green or white. If. June 
— July. Swamps. 1 — 2 feet, Gymnadenia tridentata. 

V. H. fusces'cens. Stem erect, glabrous, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, 
glabrous, sheathing. Flowers scattered, in terminal spikes. Lip ovate, 
toothed at the base ; the other segments spreading ; spur subulate. 
Bracts longer than the flowers. — Brownish-yellow. If. July — Aug. 
In open lands. Mid. Geo. 10 — 12 feet, 

8. H. Michaux'ii, (Nutt.) Stem erect, leafy. Leaves numerous, 
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, sheathing at the base. Flowers in a long 
terminal spike, scattered. Lip 3-parted ; the lateral segments setace- 
ous, the two interior segments 2-parted; spur long, obtuse. — If. Aug. 
— Oct. Pine-barrens, southern Car. and Geo. 

9. H. re'pens. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves lanceolate. Lip 3-parted, 
with the lateral segment setaceous, the two inner segments of the peri- 
anth 2-parted, the lower segment setaceous. Bracts as long as the 
flower. — Greenish-yellow. If. Aug. — Sept. Damp soils. 12 — 18 
inches. 

Genus XII— TIPULA'RIA. Nutt. 18—1. 
(From its resemblance to the insect Tipula.) 

Segments of the perianth spatulate, expanding. Lip 3- 
lobed ; middle lobe elongated, sessile, spurred at the base. 
Column free, wingless, extended forward. Anther persistent. 
Pollen masses 4, parallel, 

1. T. disco'lor, (Nutt.J Root bulbous, concatenated. Leaf solitary, 
ovate, petiolate, plaited, glabrous. Flowers in a terminal raceme, nod- 
ding, minute. Operculum furnished with two auxiliary valves, closing 
the masses of the pollen. — Greenish. If. Aug. Pine-barrens. 



528 okder cxxn. — orchidace^e. 

Genus XIII— BLE'TIA. En. & Pa. 18—1. 
(In honor of Louis Blet, a Spanish botanist) 

Leaves of the perianth distinct. Lip sessile, cucullate, some- 
times spurred. Column free. Pollen masses 4 — 8, 2-lobed. 

1. B. verecun'da, (Nutt.) Leaves radical, lanceolate, plaited, broad. 
Scape many-flowered. Lip ventricose, the border emarginate, fur- 
rowed ; the interior segments connivent. — 2f . July — Aug. Southern 
Geo. and Flor. 

2. B. aphtl'la, (Nutt.) Stem erect, simple, scaly. Leaves none. 
Flowers in spikes, numerous, pendulous. Lip emarginate, crested 
along the center ; the other segments connivent, oblong-lanceolate. — 
Brown, streaked with purple. 2f. Aug. — Sept. On the margins of 
swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XIV.— MAL AXIS. (Liparis, Eich.) Swartz., 18—1. 
(From malaxis, delicate, in allusion to its texture.) 

Segments of the perianth expanding, resupinate. Lip sessile, 
entire, flattened. Column winged. Pollen masses 4, becom- 
ing waxy. 

1. M. liliifo'lia, (L.) Leaves 2, radical, oval, lanceolate, glabrous. 
Scap>e 3 — 5-angled. Flowers numerous, in a terminal raceme ; the exterior 
segments of the perianth acute, the two interior filiform, reflexed. Lip 
obovate, concave, acute at the summit. — White and yellow. If. June 
— July. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 6 — 8 inches. 

2. M. ophioglossoi'des, (Muhl.) Stem erect, with a single leaf near 
the middle. Leaf ovate, amplexicaul. Flowers numerous, in a termi- 
nal raceme, small. Lip erect, concave, cucullate, bidentate ; the other 
segments connivent, the two interior filiform. Column minute. — 
Greenish-white. 2£. May — June. Middle and upper dist. Car. and 
Geo. 6 — 9 inches. 

Genus XV.— CYPEIPE'DIUM. L. 18—2. {Lady's Slipper) 

(From Oypris, one of the names of Venus, and podion, a slipper; hence its common 
name, Venus' or Lady's Slipper.) 

Lip ventricose, inflated, saccate, large ; the other segments of 
the perianth expanding, 4. Column terminating in a petaloid 
lobe. 

1. C. pakviflo'rum, (Salis.) Stem leafy, slightly pubescent. Leaves 
alternate, lanceolate, acute, pubescent beneath, sessile, sheathing. 
Flowers usually solitary ; outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong, 
acuminate, the inner ones linear, twisted, bearded on the inner surface. 
Lip shorter than the petals, bearded at the base within. — Yellow, 
spotted. May — June. Upper dist. Car. and Geo. 8 — 10 inches. 

2. C. pubes'cens, (Willd.) Stem leafy. Leaves oval, clasping, pubes- 
cent. Lip yellow, contracted at the mouth ; lobe of the style triangu- 
lar, oblong, obtuse ; the exterior petals acuminate, the interior very- 
long, linear, twisted. — Bright yellow. 1i. May. Middle Geo., near 
Culloden. 1—3 feet. 



ORDER CXXIII. MARANTACEJ3 OR CANNACE.E. 529 

3. C. spectab'ile, (Salis.) Stem leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
plaited, entire, pubescent, sheathing at the base. Flowers 2 — 3, large; 
outer segments broad, oval, the two interior lineardanceolate, white ; 
lobe of the style white, with red spots. Lip longer than the petals, 
cleft in front.— White and purple. U- May — June. Mountains. 2 
—3 feet, 

4. C. hu'mile, (Salis.) Stem pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, nexwed, 
pubescent. Flowers solitary. Lip large, cleft in front, pubescent ; the 
outer segments brownish-purple, the interior narrower and twisted. — 
Purple, striped. If. May — June. Rocky soils. Middle and upper 
Car. and Geo. 6 — 12 inches. 

Genus XVI.— EPIDEN'DRUM. L. 18—1. 
(From the Greek epi, upon, and dendron, a tree.) 

Segments of the perianth spatulate, expanding. Lip 3-lobed 
at the summit, the middle segment obtuse. Column with the 
lip united into a tube. Pollen masses 4, parallel, divided by 
persistent partitions. 

1. E. conop'seum, (Ait.) Root fibrous, adhering to the barks of trees ; 
branches short, alternate. Leaves lanceolate, acute, succulent, entire, 
generally two on each branch, sheathing at the base. Flowers, in a 
terminal raceme ; exterior segments of the perianth lanceolate, the in- 
terior cuneate, smaller. Anther operculate. — Yellow, tinged with pur- 
ple. Aug. — Sept. On the barks of trees along the sea-coast of Car. 
and Geo. 

Order CXXLTX— MARANTA'CEiE or CANNA'CEJS. 
(Arrow-root Family!) 

Sepals 3, superior, short. Corolla tubular, irregular, in two 
whorls ; the outer 3-parted, nearly equal, the inner irregular. 
Stamens 3, with only one fertile petaloid. Ovary 3-celled ; 
ovules solitary and erect, or numerous. Style petaloid or 
swollen. Fruit capsular. Seed round. Embryo straight. 
Herbaceous plants, with creeping roots. Leaves simple, sheath- 
ing. Flowers spathaceous. 

Genus I— CAN'XA. L. 1—1. 

(Celtic name for a cane.) 

Calyx 3-leaved, superior. Corolla with a long tube, the 
margin 6-parted ; the three exterior segments reflexed, two of 
the inner ones obovate, undulate, the other one very large ; 
margin reflexed, nearly round. Style ensiform. Stigma lin- 
ear, attached to the margin of the style. Capsule globose, 3- 
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 

1. C. flac'cida, (Rose.) Stem glabrous, terete. Leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, large, membranaceous, glabrous, with a long sheath at the 

23 



530 OEDEE CXXIY. IELDACE^E. 

base ; upper leaves merely a sheath. Flowers in a terminal spike. 
Bracts an ovate scale. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Petals flaccid. — Red. 
2£. May — July. "Wet soils. Low country of Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 ft. 

Indian Shot. Headache Plant. 

Genus II.— THA'LIA. L. 1—1. 

(In honor of Thalius, a German physician.) 

Sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, concave, small. Corolla tubular, 
6-parted. Anther simple, ovate. Style short, deflected. Stig- 
ma ringent. Capsule 2-celled. 

1. T. dealba'ta, (Pursh.) Leaves all radical, distichous, cordate- 
ovate, acute, glabrous, long, and wide, on very long petioles. Scape 
erect, columnar. Flowers in terminal panicles. Peduncles jointed, 
with a many-leaved involucre at each joint. Bracts 2 -flowered, coria- 
ceous. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, purple ; the three exterior segments 
of the corolla obovate, equal, the'three interior irregular. Sterile fila- 
ments irregular, the fertile one filiform. — Purple. If. June — Sept. 
In the low country. 3 — 5 feet. 

Order CXXIV.—IRIDA'CEJE. {Iris Family.) 

Perianth tubular, 6-parted, petaloid, irregular, the outer seg- 
ments largest. Stamens 3, opposite the outer segments. Ovary 
3-celled, inclosed in the tube of the perianth. Ovules numerous. 
Style 1. Stigmas 3, in the Iris dilated, and petaloid. Capsule 
3-celled, 5-valved, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds numerous. 
Flowers spathaceous. Herbaceous plants, with, equitant leaves. 

Genus I— I'RIS. L. 3—1. (Flower-de-luce.) 
(From iris, the eye, in allusion to its colors.) 

Perianth 6-parted ; segments unequal, the outer ones large 
and reflexed, the inner smaller, and erect. Stamens 3, distinct. 
Style none. Stigmas 3, petaloid, deflected, covering the stamens. 

1. I. crista'ta, (L.) Stem compressed, short. Leaves ensiform ; 
scape 1 -flowered ; exterior segments of the perianth oblong, obtuse, en- 
tire, with 3 longitudinal crests ; interior petals narrower. — Blue and 
yellow. 2f . Feb. — March. Abundant in Middle Car. 2 — 4 inches. 

Crested Iris. 

2. I. versicolor, (L.) Stem erect, simple, or branched toward the 
summit. Leaves ensiform. Flowers 2 — 4, at the summit of the scape ; 
segments of the perianth spatulate ; exterior segments pubescent on 
the inner surface, inner ones smaller. Stigmas ligulate, 2-toothed near 
the base. Capsule ventricose. — Blue, variegated with green, yellow, 
and purple. If. April — May. In ponds. Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

Variegated Iris. 

3. I. tripet'ala, (Walt.) Stem slender, columnar. Leaves ensiform. 
Flowers solitary ; exterior segments of the perianth large, interior ones 
very small 3-toothed. Stigmas 2-toothed near the base. Capsule ob- 



ORDER CXXV. BURMANNIACE.E. 531 

scurely angled. — Purple. If. April — May. Southern Georgia and 
Florida. 2—3 feet. 

4. I. hexago'na, (Walt.) Stem columnar, flexuous. Floviers solita- 
ry; exterior segments of the perianth spatulate, reflexed, variegated 
at the base, with purple and white, the exterior ones erect, spatulate. 
Capsule hexagonal, ventricose. — Blue. 2£. May — July. In swamps 
in the low couutry. 2 feet. 

5. I. cup'rea, (Pursh.) Stem erect, angled on one side. Leaves ensi- 
form, axillary ; the exterior segments of the perianth obovate, emargin- 
ate, the interior ones smaller. Stigmas with a membranaceous margin. 
Capsule ventricose, hexagonal. — Tawny. If. April — May. In marshes 
of lower Georgia and Florida. 

Genus II— SISYRIN'CHIUM. L. 15—3. 
(From sus, a pig, and ryngehos, a snout) 

Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens usually monadelphous, 3. 
Capsule triangular, projecting out of the spathe, with grass-like 
leaves. 

1. S. mucrona'tum, (Mich.) Stem simple, compressed. Leaves nar- 
row, acute, usually tinged with blue. Flowers in terminal clusters. 
Spathe colored, 2-leaved, with a partial sheath at the base of each pe- 
duncle. Leaves of the perianth emarginate, mucronate. Style triquet- 
rous. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Blue. — 2f. June — 
July. Damp soils. Mountains. 4 — 6 inches. 

2. S. Bermudia'na, (L.) Stem erect, compressed, glabrous, divided 
at the summit. Leaves ensiform, glabrous. Flowers in terminal ra- 
cemes. Spathe 2-leaved, with a small spathe at the base of each pe- 
duncle. Leaves of the perianth emarginate, mucronate, pubescent. 
Capsule pubescent, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Blue. If . March 
— May. Damp soils. 12 — 18 inches. 

3. S. an'ceps, (L.) Stem compressed, winged, simple. Leaves ensi- 
form, radical. Floioers in clusters. Spathe 2-leaved, unequal. Leaves 
of the perianth mucronate. — Blue. 2f. July — August. Dry soils. 
8 — 12 inches. 

The species of Sisyrinchium might be united in one, as there are very slight differ- 
ences between them. 

Order CXXV.— BURMAKN'IA'CE^E. 

Perianth 6-parted, tubular, superior, the three alternate seg- 
ments small. Stamens 3. Anthers sessile, 2-celled, the con- 
nectivum fleshy. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, many-seeded. Style 
1. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds nu- 
merous. Herbaceous plants, with minute, subulate leaves. 

Genus I.— BURMAN'MA. 3—1. 

Genus the same as the Order. 

1. B. capita'ta, (L.) Stem erect, setaceous, glabrous. Leaves subu- 
late, minute, alternate. Flowers in terminal heads. Perianth dilated 



532 ORDER CXXVI. HJSMODORACE^. 

at the base, inclosing the capsule. — White. ||. Aug. — Sept. Middle 
Car. and Geo. 3 — 6 inches. 

2. B. cceru'lea, (L.) Stem erect, setaceous. Leaves minute, subulate. 
Flowers few, in a terminal raceme, with 2 unequal bracts. Perianth 
with the tube contracted, inclosing the capsule, the segments unequal. 
Capsule winged, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Blue. #. Oct. — 
Nov. In stagnant swamps. Low country. 2 — 4 inches 

Order CXXVI.— HJSMODORA'CEJE. 

Perianth 6-lobed, petaloid, superior. Stamens 3 or 6, ari- 
sing from the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, usually rnany-seeded. 
Style 1. Stigma simple. Fruit & 3-celled capsule. Seeds or- 
thotropous. Herbaceous plants, with showy flowers, the aesti- 
vation equitant. 

Gents I— LACHNAN'THES. Ellis, 3—1. 
(From lac?ine, wool, and anthos, a flower.) 

Perianth with the border 6-parted, woolly ; segments une- 
qual, the three inner ones small, linear, the three others lanceo- 
late. Stamens 3, long. Style declining. Capsule 3-celled, 
many-seeded, truncate. 

1. L. tincto'ria, (Ell.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent toward the 
summit. Leaves ensiform, shorter than the stem. Flowers in corymbose 
panicles. Stigma minutely 3-lobed. — Yellow. 2f. July — Aug. In 
ponds and wet pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus II.— CONOS'TYLIS. R. Br. 6—1. (Lophiola, Ker.) 
(From Tconos, a cone, and stylos, a style.) 

Perianth 6-parted, persistent, densely woolly. Sta?nens 6. 
Style conic. Stigma simple. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, 
superior. 

1. C. Americana, (Pursh.) Stem or scape erect, tomentose, 1 — 2- 
leaved. Leaves ensiform, narrow, glabrous. Flowers in crowded co- 
rymbs. Perianth woolly within ; segments oblong, acute. Capsule 
ovate or nearly globular, glabrous. — Yellow. If. June — July. Wet 
places. 12 — 18 inches. Weed-grass. 

Genus III— ALE'TRIS. L. 8—1. 

Perianth tubular, ovate, C-cleft, rugose. Stamens 6, inserted 
upon the margin of the orifice. Style triquetrous, 3-parted. 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, clothed with a marcescent pe- 
rianth. 

1. A. farino'sa, (L.) Stem none. Leaves expanding, oblong, lance- 
olate, acute, membranaceous, glabrous. Flowers in lax spikes ; scape 



ORDER CXXVII. AMARYLLIDACEJE. 533 

terete, furrowed, somewhat viscid, with a few small scales. Perianth 
rough. — "White. May — June. Pine-barrens. Common. 2 feet. 

Star-grass. 
2. A. au'rea, (Walt.) Stem, none. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. 
Flowers in a terminal spike, sub-campanulate. Perianth becoming ru- 
gose and scabrous. — Yellow. 21. July — Aug. Pine-barrens. 2 — 3 ft. 

Order CXXVII.— AMARYLLIDA'CE^E. {Amaryllis 
Family.) 

Perianth superior, petaloid, regular, the outer segments over- 
lapping the inner. Stamens 6, arising from the perianth. Ova- 
ry 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Style 1. Stigma 3-lobed. 
Fruit a 3-valved, 3-celled capsule. Seed numerous. Herba- 
ceous plants, with ensiform leaves. 

Genus I.— AMAEYL'LIS. L. 6—1. 

(The name of a Nymph.) 

Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Filaments 6, inserted into the 
throat of the tube. Anthers incumbent. Pod membranaceous. 

1. A. atamas'co, (L.) Stem none. Leaves linear, entire, glabrous, 
concave ; scape terete. Spathe 1-leaved, 2-cleft at the summit. Peri- 
anth erect, sub-campanulate. Flowers solitary. — "White, tinged with 
red. 2£. June — July. In moist places. Common. 6 — 10 inches. 

Atamasco Lily. 

Genus II.— PANCRATIUM. Herb. 6—1. 
(From pan, all, and 7cratus, powerful ; from its supposed medicinal virtues.) 

Perianth with the tube very long, with the border 6-parted ; 
segments linear-lanceolate ; the tube of the perianth bearing a 
1 2-cleft paracorolla. Stamens 6. 

1. P. Mexica'num, (L.) Stem none. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gla- 
brous, somewhat succulent ; scape simple, generally 2-fiowered, the pa- 
racorolla bearing the stamens. Spathe consisting of 2 pair of membra- 
naceous leaves. Capside 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — 
White. If.. April — May. On the border of streams. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. P. marit'imum, (L.) Stem none. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scape 
erect, bearing many flowers. Paracorolla 12-toothed, funnel-shaped, 
erect, not bearing the stamens. — "White. If. June — Aug. Moist 
places, middle Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus III— AGA'VE. L. 6—1. 

(From agauos, admirable.) 

Calyx and corolla confounded, 6-parted, erect, tubular, fur- 
rowed. Stamens 6, longer than the corolla. Anthers versatile. 
Style spotted, shorter than the stamens. 



534 OKDER CXXIX. BROMELIACE^E. 

1. A. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem or scape erect;, glabrous, succulent. Radi- 
cal leaves lanceolate, acute, succulent, serrate ; cauline leaves araplex- 
icaul, resembling scales, broad. Flowers in long terminal spikes. Cap- 
sule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, compressed, with two rows in 
each cell, attached to a central placentae. — Greenish-white. If. July 
—Aug. Middle Geo. 4 — 6 feet. 

Virginian Agave. Rattlesnake* 's Master. Thick-leaved Snake-root. 

There are many representatives of this order in our gardens, forming the earliest 
flowers of spring. The Snow-drop, Galan'thus niva'lis ; the Narcissus, N. poet- 
icus ; the Snow-flake, Leuco'jum ver'hum ; the Jonquil, Narcis'sus Jonquil'la ; 
the Daffodil, N. Pseudo-Narcissus. 

Order CXXVIIL— HYPOXIDA'CEtE. 

Perianth petaloid, superior, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, 
inserted into the base of the segments. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Style 1. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule indehis- 
cent, many -seeded. Herbaceous plants, with grass-like leaves. 

Genus I.— HYPOX'IS. L. 6—1. 

(From the Greek Jmpo, under, and oxus, sharp, alluding to the base of the capsule.) 

Flowers inclosed in a 2-valved spathe. Perianth persistent, 
6-parted. Capsule elongated, narrowed at the base, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Seeds globular, naked. 

1. H. erec'ta, (L.) Leaves subulate, entire, hairy, channeled, 3-nerved ; 
scape slender, hairy, slightly compressed, 1 — 4-flowered. Perianth ex- 
panding, green on the outer surface. — Yellow. 2f. March — April. 
Very common. 3 — 6 inches. 

2. H. filifo'lia, (Ell.) Leaves filiform, hairy, slightly 3-angled , 
scape usually 2-flowered. Stigmas 3. — Yellow. If. March — April. 
Middle and Southern Geo. Sandy soils. 6 — 8 inches. 

Order CXXIX.— BROMELIA'CEJS. 

Calyx gamosepalous, 3-parted or tubular, persistent. Petals 
3. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the corolla. Ovary 
3-celled, usually cohering with the calyx.. Style simple ; stig- 
ma 3-parted, often twisted. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, many- 
seeded. Plants, usually without stems, with rigid, channeled 
leaves. 

Genus I.— TILL AND 'SI A. L. 6—1. 

(In honor of Elias Tillands of Abo.) 

Calyx 3 -cleft, persistent, divided nearly to the base. Sepals 
3, slightly united at the base. Capsule 1 — 3-celled. Seeds 
comose. Parasitic plants. 



ORDER CXXX. LILIACE^E. 535 

1. T. usneoi'des, (L.) Stem long, attached to the limbs of trees, cov- 
ered with membranaceous scales, nearly terete. Leaves similar to the 
stem. Flowers solitary, axillary ; segments of the calyx lanceolate, 
membranaceous. Petals linear. Stamens shorter than the tube. — 
Greenish-white. If. Through the summer. Long Moss. 

2. T. Bartram'ii, (Ell.) Stem attached to the bark and wood of old 
trees. Leaves subulate, channeled, hoary, covered with whitish scales, 
cartilaginous at the base. Flowers in pairs, at the summit of simple 
leafy scapes; the upper leaves tinged with red at the base. — If. June. 
Middle Geo. 

3. T. recurva'ta, (L.) Stem terete, short. Leaves subulate, terete, 
recurved. Flowers in pairs, at the summit of the stem, sessile. Petals 
longer than the calyx. — Purple. 2£. On old trees. Southern Georgia 
and Florida. 

II. OVARY SUPERIOR. 

Order CXXX.— LILIA'CE^E. 

Perianth colored, regular, deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6, pe- 
rigynous, opposite to the segments. Ovary superior, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Style 1. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded, dehiscence loculicidal. Seed in 1 — 2 rows. Em- 
bryo straight. Plants usually with scaly bulbs. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Cauline leaves none, radical leaves 2 , Erythronium, 3 

Cauline leaves present, or radical leaves numerous 2 

2. Flowers white or reddish 3 

Flowers yellow Lilium, 1 

3. Leaves stiff and pointed Yucca, 2 

Leaves not stiff 4 

4. Flowers in spikes Convalaria, 8 

Flowers in panicles Nolina, 6 

Peduncles axillary Polygonatum, 7 

Flowers in umbels or racemes 5 

5. Fruit baccate Smilacina, 9 

Fruit capsular 6 

6. Flowers in umbels Allium, 5 

Flowers in racemes Omithogalum, 10 

Gexus I.— LIL'IUM. Tourn. 6—1. 
(From the Celtic word lis, whiteness.) 

Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted. Segments straight 
or reflexed, with a longitudinal, nectariferous line. Stamens 6. 
Stigma entire. Pod oblong ; seeds numerous, 2 rows in each 
cell. 

1. L. Cates'jlei, (Walt.) Stem erect, simple, glabrous. Leaves ses- 
sile, linear-lanceolate, appressed, most numerous near the middle of the 
stem. Flowers solitary, terminal. Perianth erect, the segments with 
long claws, undulate at the margin, reflexed at the summit. — Scarlet, 
spotted with yellow and brown. If. June — Aug. Pine-barrens. 18 
— 24 inches. 



536 ORDER CXXX. LILIACE^E. 

2. L. Philadel'phicum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves verticillate, 
linear -lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers 1—2. Perianth erect, carnpan- 
ulate ; spreading segments unguiculate. — Dark orange, spotted at the 
base. 71. July — Aug. Woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. L Canaden'se, (Pursh.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves ver- 
ticillate, in remote whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hirsute along the nerves 
beneath. Flowers on long reflexed peduncles, generally by threes. 
Perianth campanulate, revolute ; segments lanceolate. — Yellow, spot- 
ted on the inside. 71. July — Aug. Wetlands. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. L. Carolinia'na. (Mich.) Stem erect, terete. Leaves verticillate 
and scattered, lanceolate, cuneate. Flowers terminal, solitary, in pairs, 
or by threes. Perianth with the segments long, lanceolate, the midrib 
of the three interior winged. — Deep yellow, spotted with purple. 71. 
July — Aug. Damp soils. Low country. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. L. super'bum, (L.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, 3-nerved, the lower ones verticillate, the upper scattered. 
Flowers in a pyramidal raceme. Perianth revolute. — Deep yellow, 
spotted with purple. If. July — Aug. Up country. 5 — 6 feet. 

Superb Lily. 

Genus II.— YUCCA. L. 6—1. 
(The name of the plant in Peru.) 

Perianth campanulate, expanding. Stamens 6. Stigma 
sessile. Capsule 3-celled. 

1. Y. filamento'sa, (Pursh.) Leaves lanceolate, with filamentous 
mai-gins, the veins roughened on both surfaces. Scape long, terminated 
by a long panicle. Stigmas recurved, expanding. — White. If. Aug. 
— Sept. Common in rich soils. 7 — 8 ft. Silk-grass. Bear-grass. 

2. Y. glorio'sa, (Pursh.) Stem erect, thick, succulent, usually sim- 
ple, roughened toward the base by the remains of decayed leaves. 
Leaves crowded, lanceolate, acute, thick. Flowers in a large, terminal 
panicle, consisting of simple racemes. Pedicels stipulate at the base. 
Perianth 6-leaved ; leaves lanceolate, acute, slightly ciliate. Filaments 
pubescent, compressed. Stigmas bifid, concave. Capsule pulpy, gla- 
brous. — White. ^ . May — Aug. On the sea-coast. Cultivated in the 
up country. 2 — 6 feet. Dwarf Palmetto. 

3. Y. Draco'nis, (L.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves lanceolate, re- 
flexed when old, the margins rigid ; the young leaves erect and ex- 
panding. Flowers in racemose panicles similar to the preceding. — 
White. ^ . May — Aug. On the sea-coast. Cultivated. 10 — 12 feet. 

4. Y. recurvifo'lia, (Salis.) Stem erect, simple. Leaves recurved, 
linear-lanceolate, with the margins filamento3e. Flowers in racemose 
panicles. Leaves of the perianth unequal, the interior widest. — White. 
^ . May — Aug. On the sea-coast of G-eo. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus III.— ERYTHRO'NIUM. L. 5—1. 
(From erythros, red.) 

Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate. Stamens 6. Style 1, 3- 
angled. Nectary consisting of 2 tubercles attached to the base 
of alternate leaves. 



ORDER CXXX. LILIACE^E. 537 

1. E. America'num, (Smith.) Leaves lanceolate, sheathing at the base, 
variegated with purple. Scape bearing a solitary, nodding flower ; the 
3 exterior leaves of the perianth reflexed. Stamens short. Capsule 3. 
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Yellow. U. March — April. Com- 
mon. 6 — 8 inches. 

This plant -when fresh has long been known to be an emetic, but, as far as we know 
has been but little used for any purpose. In scrofulous sores it is used in family prac- 
tice, by making the fresh plant into poultices, with milk, and applying to the sores. 
Happy effects are said to result from its application in this manner. 

Genus IV.— SCIL'LA. 6—1. L. squill. 

Perianth 6-leaved, spreading. Stamens 6 ; filaments oval- 
shaped. Style slender. Ovary 3-valved, 3-celled, triangular, 
many-seeded. Seeds black, angular. 

1. S. esculen'ta, (Ker.) Scape arising from a truncated bulb. 
Leaves long, linear, keeled. Flowers in a simple raceme, elongated, 
bracteate. Sepals 3-nerved, spreading. — Pale blue. Ky. and Tenn. 
Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth. Phalangium esculentum, Nutt. 

Camassia esculenta, Lind. 

This plant is said to be found south of the Alleghany Mountains in Alabama, We 
are not certain of the fact. 

Genus V.— AL'LIUM. L. 6—1 
(From the Celtic all, hot or burning.) 

Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Floivcrs in umbels, clustered, 
arising from a 2 -leaved spathe. Capsule superior. Stamens 
6. Style 1. 

1. A. Canaden'se, (L.) Leaves linear, flat, straight, about 4 — 6 inches 
long ; scape terete, erect, about the length of the leaves. Head bearing 
bulbs ; segments of the perianth oval. — White. $ . June. In wet 
soils. Common. Wild Meadow Garlick. 

2. A. cer'nuum, (Muhl.) Leaves linear, flat, striate ; scape slightly 
ancipitous. Flowers in umbels, numerous, nodding. Leaves of the pe- 
rianth lanceolate. — Rose-colored. $ . July. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

Wild Onion. 

3. A. stria'tum, (Pursh.) Leaves glabrous, linear, concave ; scape as 
long as the leaves, compressed ; spathe 2-leaved, united at the base, 
acute, withering. Flowers in a simple umbel. Leaves of the perianth 
unequal, the exterior largest. Filaments unequal. — White. S . March 
— April. Low lands. 12 — 15 inches. 

4. A. mutab'ile, (Mich.) Leaves linear, flat, narrow, setaceous at the 
summit, membranaceous at the base. Scape terete ; spathe 3-leaved. 
Umbels many-flowered. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute. — ■ 
Green, becoming red. $ . May — June. Pine-barrens. 2 feet. 

Gexus VI.— NOLI'NA. Mich. 6—3. 
(In honor of P. C. Nolin, an American botanist.) 

Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Stamens G. Stigmas 3. 
Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell. 



538 ORDER CXXX. LILIACE^E. 

1. K Georgia'na. Stem erect, with small, subulate scales at the 
base. Leaves linear, long, coriaceous, scabrous along the margins. 
Flowers in racemose panicles, small. — White. If. April — May. Sand- 
hills. Middle Carolina and Georgia. 

Genus VII— POLYGONA'TUM. Desf. 6—1. 

(From polus, many, and gonu, joint.) 

Perianth 6-cleft, cylindrical. Stamens 6, inserted near the 
summit of the tube. Fruit baccate, 3-celled, with two seeds in 
each cell. 

1. P. biflo'bum, (Walt.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves elliptic-lance- 
olate, sessile, alternate, 3-nerved. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 2-flow- 
ered. — Pale yellow. #. July — Aug. 12 — 18 inches. 

2. P. multiflo'rum, (L.) Stem erect, terete. Leaves oblong, oval, 
broader than the preceding species, amplexicaul, usually 7-nerved. 
Peduncles long, axillary, several-flowered. — Pale yellow. #. April 
— August. Common. 15 — 24 inches. 

3. P. pubes'cens, (Pursh.) Stem slightly furrowed. Leaves ovate, 
alternate, amplexicaul, pubescent beneath. Peduncles short, axillary, 
usually 2-flowered. — (|. May — June. On the banks of rivulets. 1 — 
2 feet. Solomon's Seal. 

Genus VIII— CONVALLA'PJA. L. 6—1. 
(From convallis, a valley.) 

Perianth campanulate, 6-cleft, inferior. Stamens 6, inserted 
into the base of the perianth. Style 1. Fruit globose, 3 -cell- 
ed, cells 1 — 2-seeded. 

1. C. Maja'lis, (L.) Leaves ovate ; scape naked, smooth. Flowers 
in spikes, campanulate, nodding. — White. If. May. Mountains. 
1—2 feet. 

Genus IX.— SMILACI'XA. Desf. 6—1. 

(From smile, a scraper, from its rough stem.) 

Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Stamens 6, expanding, in- 
serted into the base of the segments of the perianth. Fruit 
baccate, 3 -celled. 

1. S. umbella'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves embracing 
the base of the stem, oblong-oval, many-nerved, attenuate at the base, 
ciliate. Flowers in a small terminal umbel. — Pale yellow. 2f . May 
— 'Aug. 12 — 15 inches. 

2. S. eacemo'sa, (Pursh.) Stem geniculate, leafy. Leaves oblong, 
sessile, acuminate, many-nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes, crowd- 
ed. — Nearly white. If. June — July. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

False Spikenard. 

Genus X— ORNITHOG ALUM. 6—1. {Star of Bethlehem.) 
Perianth 6-leaved, erect, persistent, expanding near the sum- 



OKDER CXXXI. MELANTHACEiE. 539 

mit. Stamens 6, dilated at the base, hypogynous. Capsule 
angled, 3 -celled. 

1. 0. cro'ceum, (Ell.) Stem none. Leaves linear, nerved, flat, 12 — 18 
inches long. Scape terete, glabrous. Flowers in a terminal raceme, on 
peduncles twice as long as the flower. Bracts ovate, short ; leaves of 
the perianth oval, obtuse. Filaments subulate. — White. 2£ . June — 
July. Middle Geo. 12—18 inches. 

Order CXXXI.— MELANTHA'CEJE. 

Perianth 6-parted, petaloid, inferior. Stamens 6. Anthers 
usually turned outward. Ovary 3-celled, many-seeded. Style 
3-parted. Stigmas 3. Capsule divisible into 3 pieces. Her- 
baceous plants, with leaves sheathing at the base. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Stamens 9 Pleea, 2 

Stamens 6 2 

2. Styles 1 3 

Styles 3 4 

3. Fruit baccate Streptopus, 7 

Fruit capsular Umolaria, 6 

4. Perianth with an involucre Tqfteldia, 1 

Perianth without an involucre 5 

5. Flowers white 6 

Flowers greenish-white 7 

6. Leaves of the perianth with glands Zygadenus, 4 

Leaves of the perianth without glands Relonias, 3 

7. Leaves narrow Melanthium, 5 

Leaves broad Verairum, 8 

Genus I— TOFIEL'DIA. Hudson, 6—3. 

(In honor of Mr. Tofield.) 

Perianth G-parted, with a 3-parted involucre at the base. 
Stamens 6. Style 1. Capsule 3 — 6-celled, united at the base. 

1. T. pu'bens, (Smith.) Stem scabrous, simple, naked toward the 
summit. Leaves ensiform, narrow, glabrous, the upper one very small. 
Flowers in racemes. Segments of the perianth lanceolate, alternately 
larger ; the involucre very small, 3-toothed. Stamens attached to the 
base of the perianth. Capsule 3-angled, 3-valved, 3-celled, with 2 seeds 
in a cell. — Green and purple. If. July — Sept. In wet soils. Com- 
mon. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. T. glaber'rima, (Nutt.) Stem terete, leafy near the base. Leaves 
linear, ensiform, sheathing. Flowers in racemes, nearly verticillate. 
Involucre small, 3-toothed. Segments of the perianth oblong-oval. — 
White. It. Oct. Middle Car. and Geo. 2—3 feet. 

Genus II— PLE'EA. Mich. 9—3. 
(From pleias, the seven stars, from the disposition of its flowers.) 

Perianth 6-parted, expanding. Stamens 9. Styles 3. Cap- 
sule 3-angled, 3-valved, 3-celled. Seeds numerous, attached to 
the margin of the valves. 



540 ORDER CXXXI. MELANTHACEJ3. 

1. P. tenuifo'lia, (Mieh.) Stem erect, leafy. Leaves ensiform, nar- 
row, glabrous. Flowers in a terminal spike. Spathe 1 -flowered ; seg- 
ments of the perianth lanceolate, acute. — Yellowish-red. 2f. May — 
June. Wet soils. Carolina. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus III.— HELO'NIAS. L. 6—3. 
(From helos, a marsh.) 

Perianth 6-leaved. Leaves flat, sessile, without glands. 
Stamens 6. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule 3-celled, few-seeded, 
3-horned. 

1. H. ertthrosper'ma, (Mich.) Stem erect, leafy, glabrous. Leaves 
linear, long, nerved. Flowers in oblong racemes, with short bracts. 
Leaves of the perianth ovate, sessile, persistent. Capsule shortened, 
with divaricate horns. Seed red. — White. If. April — May. Rich 
soils. 2 ft. Fly Poison. Amiantanthus muscastoxicum, Gray. 

2. H. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous, leafy. 
Leaves linear, long, subulate, upper ones very minute. Flowers in ter- 
minal racemes. Capsule oblong, with the summit appressed. Seed 
linear. — White. 2£. June — July. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

Amiantanthus angustifolius, Gray. 

3. H. dioi'ca, (Pursh.) Stem erect, slightly angled, glabrous, leafy. 
Radical leaves spatulate, long; cauline ones narrower, becoming almost 
linear toward the sumit. Flowers in simple racemes, dioecious. Leaves 
of the perianth linear, obtuse, green, 3-furrowed. Stigmas 3, sessile. 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. — White. 2f . May — June. Damp soils. 
Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

Unicorn Plant, or Blazing Star. Chamcelirium Carolinianus, Willd. 

4. H. asphodeloi'des, (L.) Stem leafy, scapiform. Leaves numer 
ous, elongated, linear, rigid, flat, striate ; cauline ones shorter and nar- 
rower. Flowers in elongated racemes ; pedicels long, filiform ; filaments 
subulate, dilated at the base. Capsule sub-globose, 3-celled, 3-valved. — 
White. 2f . Sandy woods, from New Jersey to Geo. 

Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Gray. 

5. H. gramin'ea, (Ell.) Stem leafy, branches recurved. Leaves linear, 
fiat, glaucous underneath. Floioers in a compound raceme, pyramidal ; 
leaves of the perianth broad-oval. — White. New Jersey to Carolina. 
18 — 24 inches. Amiantanthus leimanthoides, Gray. 

6. H. du'bia, (Pursh.) Scape simple, glabrous. Leaves keeled, long, 
narrow, grass-like. Flowers small, in a spike, 3 — 4 inches long. — Pale 
green. Geo. and Flor. Sandy places. 2 — 3 feet., 

Schcenocaulon gracile, Gray. 

Genus IV.— ZYGADE'NUS. Rich, 6—3. 
(From zugos, a yoke, and aden, a gland ; the glands on the petals.) 

Perianth 6-leaved, expanding, with 2 glands at the base of 
each. Stamens 6, inserted into the petals. Styles 3, shorter 
than the stamens. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, many- 
seeded. 

1. Z. glaber'rimus, (Mich.) Stem erect, leafy, terete. Leaves sessile, 
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, channeled, long and wide. Flowers in a 



ORDER CXXXI. MELANTHACE^E. 541 

terminal panicle. Leaves of the perianth equal, persistent. Capsule 
3-sided, furrowed, 3-celled, pointed with the persistent styles. Seed 
numerous, angled. — "White. If. June. In wet soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

2. Z. hybri'dus, (Endl.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated. Flowers 
in panicles ; leaves of the perianth narrow, unguieulate ; lamina rhom- 
boid, sub-orbiculate, margin undulate. — Greenish-yellow. 2f. Canada 
to Georgia. 

Genus V.— MELAN'THIUM. L. 6—3. 
(From melas, black, and anthos, flower, in allusion to the dusky color of the flowers.) 

Perianth rotate, expanding ; segments unguieulate, with 2 
glands at the base. Stamens 6, arising from the claws of the 
perianth. Capsule sub-ovate, 3-celled, partly trifid. Seed nu- 
merous, winged. 

1. M. Virgin'icus, (Endl.) Stein erect, terete, pubescent, leafy. 
Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, flat, smooth. Flowers in a large panicle, 
pyramidal ; segments of the perianth ovate, somewhat hastate, flat. 
Flowers polygamous. — Greenish- white. 2£. June — July. Wet mead- 
ows. 3 — 4 feet. Zygadenus Virginicus 

2. M. moncs'cus. Stem erect, pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
flat. Floicers monoecious, the lower sterile, the upper fertile, gu. panic- 
ulate racemes. Leaves of the perianth fiat, slightly unguieulate. — 
Greenish-white. 21. July. Mountains. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus VI.— UVULA'RIA. L. 6—1. 

(From uvula, used in curing the disease of the uvula.) 

Perianth inferior, 6-parted, erect, with a nectariferous cavity 
at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, short. Stigmas 3, re- 
flexed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, angled. 

1. U. perfolia'ta, (L.) Stem erect. Leaves perfoliate, elliptic, ob- 
tuse. Perianth campanulate, granular within. Flowers solitary, axil- 
lary, nodding. Capsule 3-angled, truncate. — Yellow. If. April. Com- 
mon. 8 — 12 inches. 

2. U. fla'va, (Smith.) Leaves perfoliate, elliptic, oblong, obtuse, un- 
dulate at the base. Perianth tapering at the base, scabrous within. 
Anthers awned. — Bright yellow. 2f. May — June. Sandy soils. Com- 
mon. 8 — 12 inches. 

3. U. grandiflo'ra, (Smith.) Leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute. Pe- 
rianth glabrous. Anthers unawned. Nectaries nearly round ; pistil 
shorter than the stamens. — Yellow. If. May — June. Rocky hills. 
12 — 18 inches. 

4. U. puber'ula, (Mich.) Leaves oval, rounded at the base, amplex- 
icaul, pubescent along the margin. Flowers few, glabrous. — Yellow. 
Ma} 7 — June. Upper Car. and Geo. 8 — 12 inches. 

5. U. sessixifo'lta, (Pers.) Leaves sessile, lanceolate-oval, many- 
nerved. Flower 1, on a short peduncle. Segments of the perianth flat, 
smooth within. — Yellow. If. May — June. Common. 8 — 12 inches. 



542 ORDER CXXXII. PONTEDERIACE^J. 

Genus VII.— STREP'TOPUS. Mich. 6—1. 
(From streptos, twisted, and pous, foot, from the twisted flower-stalks.) 

Perianth 6-parted, revolute, campanulate, with nectariferous 
pores at the base. Stamens 6. Style 1. Fruit baccate, sub- 
globose, 3-celled, few-seeded. 

1. S. ro'seus, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, dichotomous. Leaves 
oval, acuminate, clasping, many-nerved. Flowers axillary, solitary, 
small, on nodding peduncles. — Rose-colored. 2f . May — June. Mount- 
ains. 12 — 18 inches. Hekorima dichotoma. 

2. S. lanugino'sus, (Mich.) Stem hoary, erect, branching. Leaves ses- 
sile, ovate, acuminate, somewhat cordate, 5 — 7-nerved, pubescent. Pe- 
duncles at the summit of the branchlets, 2-flowered. Flowers on long 
pedicels. Fruit red. — Greenish-purple. If. Mountains. Pennsylva- 
nia to Carolina. Prosartes lanuginosa, Don. 

Genus VIII.— VERA'TRUM. 6—3. 
(From vere atrum, truly black ; in allusion to the color of the stem.) 

Perianth 6-parted, expanding, the segments sessile, without 
glands. Stamens 6, inserted on the receptacle. Style 3, short. 
Capsule oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. V.^vir'ide. (Ait.) Stem erect. Leaves large, sheathing at the 
base, plaited, oval. Flowers in paniculate racemes. Bracts of the 
branches oblong-lanceolate ; partial ones longer than the sub-pubescent 
peduncles. Segments of the perianth oblong-oval, acute. — Greenish- 
yellow. If. July. Mountains. 3-— 6 feet. 

2. V. parviflo'rum, (Mich.) Leaves oval-lanceolate, flat, glabrous. 
Flowers in slender, expanding panicles. Segments of the perianth acute 
at each end, bearing the stamens. — Green. If. July. Mountains. 
2 — 3 feet. Zygadenus monoecus, Gray. 

3. V. angusttfo'lium, (Pursh.) Flowers dioecious, in simple panicles. 
Segments of the perianth linear ; leaves very long, linear, keeled. — 
Greenish-yellow. If . June. Mountains. 3 — £ feet. 

Stenanthium angustifolium, Gray. 

Order CXXXIL— PONTEDERIA'CE^E. 

Perianth tubular, colored, 6-parted, more or less irregular, 
aestivation circinate. Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. 
Ovary superior, 3-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Stigma sim- 
ple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 
numerous, orthotropous. Placentae central. Aquatic plants, 
with leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers spathaceous. 

Genus I.— PONTEDE'RIA. L. 6—1. {Pickerel Weed.) 
(In honor of Julius Pontedera, of Padua.) 

Perianth inferior, 6-parted, bilabiate, the under side of the 
tube perforated with 3 longitudinal foramina, lower part per- 
sistent. Stamens 6, unequally inserted. Capsule 3-celled. 



ORDER CXXXin. XYRDDACE^E. 54:3 

1. P. corda'ta, (L.) Stem none. Leaves cordate, obtuse, entire, mem- 
branaceous, glabrous ; petioles very long, succulent. Flowers in crowd- 
ed spikes. Corolla villous on the outer surface ; the upper lip 3-parted, 
the lower 3-cleft, with a yellow spot at the center ; 3 of the stamens at 
the base of the tube, and 3 at the summit. — Blue. If. April — Sept. 
Bogs and ditches. Wampee. 

2. P. lancifo'lia, (Muhl.) Stem none. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, 
nearly linear when young ; in other respects similar to the preceding 
species. 

Genus II.— HETERANTHE'RA. Beau. 3—1. 
(From heteros, variable, and anthera, an anther.) 

Flowers in a spathe, Perianth with the border 6-parted, 
equal. Stamens 3. Anthers unlike. Capsule 3-celled, many- 
seeded. 

1. H. renifor'mis, (R. & P.) Stem partly floating. Leaves orbicular, 
reniform, on petioles ; spathe oblong, acuminate, 3 — 5-flowered. — White. 
21 . July — Aug. North Carolina. Mud Plantain. 

Genus III.— SYE'NA. Pursh. 3—1. (Mayaca, Sch.) 
(In honor of Arnold Syen, of Leyden.) 

Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Style 1. 
Capsule 3-celled, 1-valved. 

1. S. fluviat'ilis, (Pursh.) Stem herbaceous, partly submersed. Leaves 
subulate, crowded. Flowers axillary, solitary, on peduncles longer than 
the leaves. — Purple. 2£. June. In wet places. Middle Car. and Geo. 
2 — 3 inches. Myaca Michauxii, Schw. 

Order CXXXIIL— XYRIDA'CEJS. 

Sepals glumaceous, 3. Petals 3, unguiculate. Stamens 6, 
with 3 fertile ones inserted into the claws of the petals, and 3 
sterile ones alternate with the petals. Ovary single. Style 3- 
cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, with parietal 
placentas. Herbaceous plants, with radical ensiform leaves. 
Flowers in terminal imbricate heads. 

Genus I— XY'RIS. L. 3—1. 
(From xuros, acute, from the shape of its leaves.) 

Sepals 3, glumaceous, somewhat cartilaginous. Petals 3, 
equal, crenate. Stigma 3-cleft. 

1. X. flexuo'sa, (Ell.) Stem erect, spiral, dilated at the summit, 
furrowed with two lines, glabrous. Leaves ensiform, spiral, sheathing. 
Flowers in terminal imbricate heads. Bracts ovate, rigid, inclosing the 
flower. Petals unguiculate. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numer- 
ous, small. — Yellow. If. July — Sept. Pine-barrens. Common. 2 ft. 

X. Caroliniana, Walt. 

2. X. fbtbria'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, slightly scabrous, dilated at the 



544: ORDER CXXXIY. JUtfCACE^. 

summit. Leaves ensiform, long. Flowers in oblong heads. Bracts 
round. Sepals fimbriate, longer than the bracts, — Yellow. If. July 
—Aug. Middle Geo. 2 feet. 

3. X. brevifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem erect, compressed toward the sum- 
mit. Leaves twisted, subulate. Calyx incised, linear. Flowers in glo- 
bose heads. — Yellow. If. August — Sept. Pine-barrens. Common. 
12—18 inches. 

4. X. jtjn'cea, (Bald.) Stem erect, terete. Leaves terete, 4 — 8 inches 
long, fistular. Keel of the calyx slightly toothed. — Yellow. 2f. May 
— June. Pine-barrens. Southern Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

X. Baldwiniana, K. 

5. X. bulbo'sa, (Kunth.) Leaves narrow, linear, obtuse, membrana- 
ceous, glabrous. Peduncles double the length of the leaves ; above 
striate, sub-triangular. Heads ovate, acute, many-flowered; scales 
ovate, convex. Peduncles 2 ft. long, sheathed below. — Yellow. Mass. 
to Georgia. 

6. X. ambig'ua, (Beyr.) Leaves sword-shaped, linear, acute. Pedun- 
cles 2 — 3 times the length of the leaves, many-angled, compressed, rigid, 
sheathing at the base, scabrous on the angles. Heads elliptical, many- 
flowered ; scales obovate, coriaceous. — Yellow. 2f. \\ — 2 feet. 

Order CXXXIV.— JUNCA'CEJE. {Rush Family) 

Perianth 6-parted, more or less glumaceous. Stamens 3 — 6, 
inserted, into the base of the segments. Ovary 1 — 3-celled, 1 
or many-seeded. Style 1. Stigmas generally 3, sometimes 1. 
Fruit capsular, 3-valved ; dehiscence loculicidal. Herbaceous 
plants, with fistular or flat channeled leaves. Flowers brown 



Genus I— JUN'CUS. L. 6—1. 
(From jtmgo, to join, from ropes being made of it) 

Perianth 6-parted, with 2 bracts at the base, glumaceous. 
Stamens 6. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, dissepi- 
ments bearing the seeds. 

a. Leaves none. 

1. J. acu'tus, (L.) Stem erect, rigid, hard, with a sheath at the base. 
Flowers in terminal panicles. Lnvolucre 2-leaved, erect, spinous. Leaves 
of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the three exterior longest. Capsule 
obovate, pointed with the persistent style. — Brown. If. April. Salt 
marshes. 2 — 3 feet. J. maritimus. 

2. J. effu'sus, (L.) Stem erect, terete, soft, with a sheath at the base. 
Flowers in compound panicles. Stamens 3. Leaves of the perianth 
acute, equal, with white margins. Capsule 3-angled. Seed oblong. — 
If. April — May. "Wet soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. J. communis. 

3. J. seta'ceus, (Ros.) Stem filiform, terete, declining. Floivers in 
lateral panicles. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the outer 
ones largest. — 2f. July. Swamps. 2 — 3 feet. 



ORDER CXXXIV. JUNCACE.E. 545 

b. Plants with leaves. 

4. J. ten'uis, (Pers.) Stem erect, terete, simple, sometimes naked. 
Leaves channeled, linear-subulate, concave, the radical ones shorter 
than the stem, cauline ones longer. Floicers in panicles, sessile ; the 2 
lower leaves of the involucre longer than the panicle. — If. April — 
May. In wet pastures. Common. 10 — 12 inches. 

5. J. dichot'omus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, sometimes naked. 
Leaves channeled, filiform, shorter than the stem, sheathing. Flowers 
in dichotomous panicles, solitary, one leaf of the involucre longer than 
the panicle. Leaves of the involucre nearly equal. — 2f. April — May. 
In wet pastures. 1 — 2 feet. 

6. J. bufo'nius, (L.) Stem terete, dichotomous toward the summit. 
Leaves angled, subulate, concave, sheathing at the base. Flowers in 
terminal panicles, solitary, or by pairs. Leaves of the perianth acute, 
the 3 exterior longest. — 1|. March — May. On the coast. 3 — 6 in. 

7. J. biflo'rus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, leafy. Leaves linear, 
flat, sheathing. Flowers in long panicles. Leaves of the perianth 
lanceolate, somewhat ferruginous. Stamens 3. — If. May — July. Around 
ditches and ponds. 2 — 3 feet. /. aristulatus. 

8. J. arista'tus, (Mich.) Stem erect, compressed. Leaves flat, gla- 
brous, nerved, sheathing at the base. Flowers in terminal panicles. — 
If. May — June. Damp soils. Common. 2 — 3 ft. J. aristulatus. 

9. J. re'pens, (Mich.) Stem geniculate, compressed, leafy. Leaves 
linear, flat. Flowers in lateral and terminal fascicles. Stamens 3. 
Leaves of the perianth subulate, acute, the interior longest.— 2f. May 
— July. Muddy soils. Very common. 6 — 12 inches. 

10. J. acumina'tus, (Mich.) Stem terete, jointed, glabrous. Leaves 
terete, jointed, with an open sheath at the base. Flowers in trichoto- 
mous panicles. Leaves of the perianth acute, rigid, nearly equal. 
Stamens?>. — If. March — May. Damp, wet places, 1 — 2 feet. 

11. J. polyceph'alus, (Mich.) Stem compressed toward the base, 
terete above. Leaves ensiform, jointed, compressed, long. Flowers in 
panicles, composed of numerous heads. Leaves of the perianth acute, 
nearly equal. Stamens 3. J. paranotus. 

12. J. echina'tus, (Muhl.) Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves terete, 
jointed, sheathing at the base. Flowers in large, terminal heads. Leaves 
of the perianth subulate, rigid. Stamens 3. — If. May — Aug. Wet 
soils. Very common. 2 feet. 

Genus II.— LIT'ZULA. D. C. 

(Said to be derived from luciola, aglow-worm ; because its flowers sparkle by moon- 
light.) 

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. 
Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3. 

1. L. melanocar'pa, (Desv.) Leaves broad-linear, flat ; sheaths smooth. 
Flowers in lax branches, sub-paniculate ; pedicels elongated, slender ; 
bracts incised, dentate at the apex, glabrous ; sepals oblong, mucronate. 
Stamens short. — If. Car. northward. 

2. L. campes'tris, (L.) Stem leafy, terete. Leaves flat, pubescent, 
shorter than the stem, very hairy at the throat of the sheath. Flowers 



546 ORDER CXXXV. PALMACE.E. 

in a simple umbel. Leaves of the perianth ovate, acuminate, with 
membranaceous margins. Capsule 3-angled, truncate, 3-valved, 3-seed- 
ed. — If. May — June. Abundant near Macon. 

Order CXXXV.— PALMA'CE^E. (Palm Tribe) 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth 6-parted, in 2 
series, persistent. Stamens 6, opposite the segments of the 
perianth, into the base of which they are inserted. Ovary 1 — 
3-eelled : when 3-celled it is deeply lobed, cells 1-seeded. Fruit 
baecate or drupaceous. 

Genus I. — SA'BAL. Adans. 6 — 3. 

Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Spathes partial. 
Filaments thickened at the base. Fruit dry, 1-seeded. Seed 
bony. 

1. S. pumi'la, (Walt.) Stem. none. Leaves flabelliform, 1 — 3 feet 
high. Stipes naked, compressed. Scape erect, terminated by a long 
panicle. Flowers small, nearly sessile. Fruit nearly round, bluish 
black. — White. 2£ . June — Aug. Along the coast of Car. and Geo. 
4 — 6 feet. Dwarf Palmetto. S. Adansonii. 

2. S. min'ima, (Nutt.) Stern creeping ; frond palmate, plicate; stipe 
serrate. Berry oblong-ovoid. — Georgia and Florida. 

Genus II.— CHEM'^ROPS. 19—2. 
(From chamai, on the ground, and rhops, a twig.) 

Flowers polygamous. Spathe compressed ; spadix branch- 
ing. Filaments partly united. Drupe 3-celled, only 1 usually 
containing a seed. 

1. C. serrula'ta, (Mich.) Stem creeping. Leaves flabelliform, with 
the stipes sharply serrate. Scape terminated by a panicle. Flowers 
small. Fruit nearly black, 1-seeded. — White. July — Aug. Common 
in sandy soils, along the Ocmulgee. Sabal serrulata, Rom. 

2. C. hts'teix. (Fraser.) Stem creeping. Leaves flabelliform, with 
the stipes intermingled with long thorns from the root. Flowers as in 
the preceding species. — White. It. June — Aug. In clayey soils. 
4 — 5 feet. „ Blue Palmetto. 

3. C. palmet'to, (Mich.) A tree. Leaves palmate, flabelliform, 5 — 6 
feet in length, crowded at the summit of the tree. Flowers in naked 
panicles. Fruit bluish-black. — White. % . June — July. On the sea- 
coast of Car. and Geo. 40 — 50 ft. Palmetto. Sabal pahnetto, Lord. 

The following remarks of Elliott on the C. Palmetto are peculiarly appropriate : 
"This palm possesses a great, and, to this country, an increasing value. It is the only 
tree produced in our parts which is not attacked by the Teredo N~avalis; and as it is 
incorruptible in salt-water, its value for submarine construction is almost incalculable. 
Its leaves can be employed in the manufacture of hats, baskets, mats, and many other 
purposes of domestic economy; and the Cabbage, composed of the unexpanded em- 
bryo leaves, may be classed among the most delicious vegetables produced on our 
tables. It is, however, a wasteful luxury, as the tree always perishes when deprived 
of this part of its foliage." 



OEDER CXXXYI. COMMELYNACE^E. 547 



Order CXXXVL— COMMELYNA'CEJS. {Spider-wort 
Family.) 

Sepals 3, distinct. Petals 3, sometimes united at the base. 
Stamens 6, or sometimes fewer, hypogynous, a part of them de- 
formed or abortive. Ovary 3-celled, with few ovules in a cell. 
Style 1. Stigma 1. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, with as many valves. 
Seed anatropous, inserted by their whole side, on the inner an- 
gle of the cell. Herbaceous plants. 

Genus I.— COMMELY'NA L. 3—1. 
(In honor of J. & G. Commelyn, Dutch hotanists.) 

Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, usually 3 of them sterile 
and furnished with cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 

1. C. commu'nis, (L.) Stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous, much 
branched, jointed. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, with cartilagin- 
ous margins, sheathing, with the sheath ciliate. Flowers on peduncles, 
opposite the leaves. Bracts ciliate. Sepals unequal, the lateral ones 
large, obtuse. Petals unequal, the lateral ones rounded, spatulate, the 
others reniform. Style blue. Seed 2 in a cell. — Light-blue. @. June 
— Nov. Wet grounds. 

2. C. erec'ta, (L.) Stem procumbent and erect, branching near the 
base, slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slightly scabrous on 
the upper surface, sheathing; sheath ciliate. Bracts cordate, inclosing 
the flower before it expands. Sepals 3, oval, unequal, white. Petals 2, 
one larger than the other. — Blue. If. May — June. Dry sandy soils. 
12—18 inches. 

3. C. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, slightly pubescent, striate. Leaves 
oblong, finely serrulate, scabrous, slightly hairy, sheathing at the base ; 
sheath ciliate. Flowers clustered, axillary, or terminal. Sepals 3, mem- 
branaceous, unequal. Petals 5, unequal, lower one smallest. — Blue. 
11. Aug. — Oct. Moist places. 2 feet. 

4. C. hirtei/la, (Vahl.) Stein erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate, peti- 
olato ; sheaths lateral and terminal, sessile. — July. In shaded, rocky 
situations. 

5. C. angustifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem assurgent, branching, glabrous. 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; sheaths hirsute, ciliate at the orifice. 
Spathe cucullate, acuminate, subcordate-ovate. Sepals glabrous ; exte- 
rior glandular, punctate ; interior petaloid, unequal, sessile. — Purple. 
U. Carolina to Pennsylvania. 

Genus II.— TRADESCAN'TIA. L. 6—1. 
(In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I.) 

Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6, villous, with jointed hair. 
Style 1. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. 

1. T. Virgin'ica, (L.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous, succulent. 
Leaves long, lanceolate, glabrous, sessile, channeled. Flowers in termi- 



548 order cxxxvn. — alismace^e. 

nal clusters, sessile, pubescent ; involucre 2-leaved. Petals ovate, ex- 
panding in the morning, withering before noon. Filaments covered 
■with a plumose down. — Purple. 2£. May — June. Upper country. 

Spider-wort. 

2. T. ro'sea, (Vent.) Stem erect, simple, succulent. Leaves long, 
linear, glabrous, channeled. Flowers in terminal clusters, on elongated 
peduncles. Sepals spotted, small, glabrous. — Rose-color. 2£. Com- 
mon. May — Aug. 8 — 12 inches. 

Order CXXXVIL— ALISMA'CEJS. (Water-plantain 
Family.) 

Perianth 6-parted, in two rows. Sepals 3, herbaceous. 
Petals 3. Stamens usually indefinite. Ovaries superior, sev- 
eral, 1-celled. Ovules solitary, or in pairs, erect or ascending. 
Styles several. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 — 2-seeded. Albumen 
none. Embryo curved. Aquatic plants, with parallel-veined 
leaves. 

Genus I.— SAGITTA'RIA. L. 19—12. 
(From sagitta, an arrow, from the shape of the leaves.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, col- 
ored. Sterile florets with stamens numerous. Fertile florets 
with capsules numerous, compressed, each 1-seeded. 

1. S. sagittifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem none. Leaves ovate, sagittate, acute. 
Lobes long, acute, acuminate, lanceolate, on long petioles, 1 — 2 ft. Flow- 
ers whorl ed by threes ; the upper ones sterile, the lower fertile. Petals 
larger than the calyx, round. Stamens numerous. Capsules collected 
into a globose head. — White. 21. Aug. — Oct. In wet places. Com- 
mon. 1 — 2 feet. Arrow-head. 

[The above species is very variable in the form of its leaves, and its 
flowers are sometimes dioecious.] 

2. S. na'tans, (Mich.) Stem none. Leaves floating, elliptic, lanceo- 
late, obtuse, entire, 3-nerved, alternate at the base ; the lower ones 
somewhat cordate, 7-nerved. Scape simple, few-flowered, 3 — 6 inches 
long. Flowers small ; the upper ones sterile, the lower ones fertile, 
with the peduncles elongated. Sepals lanceolate. Petals round. Sta- 
mens 8. Capsules numerous. — White. If. May — Aug. In shallow 
ponds. 6 — 8 inches. 

3. S. lancifo'lia, (L.) Stem none. Leaves oval-lanceolate, very long, 
entire, somewhat coriaceous, glabrous, on long petioles, 1 — 2 feet. Scape 
2 — 3 feet long, simple. Flowers verticillate by threes, the upper ones 
sterile, the lower fertile. Sepals tinged with purple, nearly round. 
Petals larger than the calyx. Stamens numerous. Capsides numer- 
ous, collected into a globose head. — White. If. April — June. In 
marshes. 2 — 3 feet. S.falcata. 

4. S. gramin'ea, (Mich.) Stem none. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 
3-nerved, 4 — 5 inches long, about half an inch wide, on long petioles. 
Scape simple. Flowers verticillate ; the upper sterile, the lower fertile. 
Sepals lanceolate, small. Petals larger than the calyx Stamens about 



ORDER CXXXVm. ARACE^J. 549 

10, hairy. Capsules niucronate. — White. If.. April — June. In wet 
pine-barrens. Very common. 4 — 5 inches. 

5. S. pusil'la, (Mich.) Leaves linear, obtuse, short. Scape simple. 
Flowers few ; only one usually fertile. — Muddy banks. Georgia to 
New York. 2 — 4 inches. Dwarf Arrowhead. 

Genus II.— ALIS'MA. L. 6—12. 

(From the Celtic alis, water.) 

Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries and 
styles numerous. Capsules numerous, indehiscent, distinct, 1- 
seeded. 

1. A. planta'go, (L.) Stem none. Leaves cordate, ovate, 9-nerved, 
on long petioles. Scape triangular, 1 — 2 feet. Flowers in compound, 
verticillate panicles. Fruit obtusely triangular. — White. If. July 
— Aug. In the water. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus III— TMGLO'CHIN. 6—3. 

Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 3 — 4. Stigmas 3. Capsules 
3 — 4, opening at the base. Seed solitary. 

1. T. trian'dbum, (Mich.) Leaves terete, linear, as long as the scape, 
erect, sheathing ; scape terete. Flowers numerous. Anthers sessile. 
Capsules 3 — 4, united by a spongy membrane. — July to August. In 
sands on the coast. 6 inches. 



FLOWERS INCOMPLETE, WITHOUT A PROPER PERIANTH. 

Order CXXXVIIL— ARA'CEJE. (Arum Family) 

Flowers monoecious, arranged upon a naked spadix, or with 
a spathe. Perianth 3-leaved, 4 — 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6. 
Anthers wedge-shaped. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with a soli- 
tary, pendulous ovule. Style short. Stigmas linear, 1 or 2. 
Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Leaves usually ensiform. 
Spadix with or without a spathe. Herbaceous plants, grow- 
ing in marshes. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Flowers perfect 2 

Flowers monoecious 4 

2. Floating plants Pistia, 8 

Not floating plants 3 

3. Leaves long, narrow A /-orus, 4 

Leaves broad Orontium, 5 

4 Floating plants Lemna, 7 

Not floating plants 5 

5. Flowers in globular beads Sparganium,, 1 

Flowers in long spikes Tyjiha, 2 

Flowers on a spadix 6 

6. Spadix naked at tbe summit Arum, 3 

Spadix covered witb flowers Caladixtm, 6 



550 ORDER CXXXVm. ARACE.^. 

Genus I.— SPARGA'NITJM. 19—3. 

(From sparganon, a band or fillet.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets : anient nearly spherical, 
dense ; perianth 3-leaved. Fertile florets : anient nearly spher- 
ical ; perianth 3-leaved. Stigma 2-cleft, or simple. Fruit a 
dry, 1 -seeded nut. 

1. S. America'num, (Nutt.) Stem- flexuous, terete, glabrous, sparingly 
branched. Leaves ligulate, glabrous, thick ; the lower ones carinate, 
about as long as the stem, the upper concave at the base, erect. Flow- 
ers in sessile, globular heads ; fertile heads 2 — 5, usually sessile ; sterile 
ones 6 — 9. Stigma simple, oblique. — If. May — June. In stagnant 
waters. 12 — 15 inches. Burr-reed. 

Genus II— TY'PHA. 19—3. 
(From tiphos, a bog or marsh.) 

Flowers monoecious, collected into a long, cylindrical spike. 
Sterile florets : perianth wanting. Stamens united into a com- 
mon filament. Fertile florets : perianth none. Pericarp pedi- 
cellate, surrounded at the base with hairs resembling a pappus. 

1. T. latifo'lia, (L.) Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves linear, nearly 
as tall as the stem, sheathing at the base. Flowers in a cylindrical spike, 
the upper ones sterile, the lower ones fertile. — If. July — Aug. In 
stagnant waters. 5 — 6 feet. 

Genus III.— A' RUM. L. 19—12. (Ariscema.) 
(An Egyptian word.) 

Flowers monoecious. Spathe 1-leaved, cucullate, convolute 
at the base. Spadix naked at the summit, bearing sterile flo- 
rets in the middle, and fertile ones at the base. Perianth none. 
Fruit 1 -celled, many-seeded. 

1. A. Dracon'tium, (L.) Leaves perhaps never but one, pedate ; 
leaflets lanceolate, oblong, entire, on long petioles. Spadix subulate, 
longer than the spathe. — White. 2f . June. Moist places. 10 — 12 
inches. Green Dragon. Arisaima Dracontium, Schreb. 

2. A. teyphtl'lum, (L.) Leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, 
entire. Spadix clavate, about half as long as the spathe. Fruit scar- 
let, 3 — 4-seeded. [This species is said to be sometimes dioecious. The 
A. quinatum differs in no respect from the above, but in its quinnate 
leaves.] — Purple, striped. 2f. March — April. Rich soils. 10 — 12 in. 

Dragon-root. Wake-robin. Indian Turnip. A. atro-rubens, Blum. 

3. A. Virgin'icum, (L.) Leaves oblong, hastate, entire, glabrous, 10 
—15 inches long; petioles long, sheathing at the base ; spathe incurved. 
Spadix about as long as the spathe. Fruit many-seeded. — U- April 
— May. Marshy soils. Very common. 12 — 18 inches. 

Peltametra Virginica, Raf. 



OKDER CXXXVin. ARACEiE. 551 

4. A. Walte'ri, (Ell.) Leaves sagittate, triangular, with the lobes 
divaricate, acute, probably only a variety of the preceding. — If. April 
— May. In swamps. 12 — 18 inches. 

The root of tho A. triphyllum is possessed of decided medicinal properties, which 
are due to an exceedingly volatile substance, which is mostly dissipated by drying, 
and wholly by boiling. It is exceedingly acrid, producing intense pain in the mouth 
by biting the fresh root. It is not soluble in water, alcohol, or ether, as it communi- 
cates none of its properties to these fluids. It has been employed with much benefit 
iu asthma, chronic coughs, rheumatism, &c. It is administered by grating the dried 
root, and mixing it with sugar, in a dose often grains. 

Genus IV.— ACO'RUS. L. 6—1. 
(From a, privative, kore, pupil of the eye; from some supposed effect on the eye.) 

Spadix cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth gluma- 
ceous, 6-leaved, naked. Stamens 6. Stigma sessile. Capsule 
3-celled, 3-angled, many-seeded. 

1. A. cal'amus, (L.) Leaves ensiform, ancipitous, glabrous, entire. 
Scape 3-angled, concave on one side, with the summit resembling the 
leaves. Flowers on a cylindrical spadix, protruding from the side of 
the ensiform scape. Stigma obtuse. — >Pale yellow. If, April. Wet 
places. 2 — 3 feet. Sweet-flag. 

The dried root of this plant is known in shops under the name of Calamus. It is 
a stimulant, tonic, and aromatic. It is prescribed in the regular practice as aid to ca- 
thartic medicines, and in cases of debility of the alimentary canal. It was anciently 
much more highly esteemed than at the present day. 

Genus V.-^ORON'TIUM. L, 6—1, 
(The Greek name.) 

Spadix cylindric, crowded with flowers. Perianth 6-leaved, 
naked. Stigma sessile, very small. Fruit 1 -seeded. 

1. 0. aquat'icum, (L.) Leaves lanoeolate, ovate, radical, entire, gla- 
brous, somewhat glaucous, membranaceous ; spathe short. Spadix long, 
green at the base, purple in the middle, white at the summit. Peri- 
anth small, persistent. Filaments short. Fruit globular, fleshy. — Yel- 
low. If. March — April. In marshes. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

Golden-club. 

Genus VI— CALA'DIUM. Vent. 19—12. 

(Meaning not known.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets: perianth none. Sta- 
mens numerous. Anthers peltate, collected in a spike at the 
summit of the spadix. Fertile florets at the base of the spadix. 
Perianth none, Stigma sessile. Fruit 1-celled, many-seeded. 

1. C, glau'cum, (Ell.) Leaves hastate, cordate, acuminate, entire, 
glaucous; lobes long; scape about the length of the petioles; spathe 
cucullate, dilated at the summit. Spadix longer than the tube, with 
the sterile florets extending to the summit. Fruit red, many-seeded. 
—White. May— June. "Wet soils. 12 — 15 inches. 

1 



552 ORDER CXXXIX. NAIADACE^E. 

Genus VIL— LEM'NA. L. 19—2. 

(From le?nina, a husk.) 

Flowers monoecious, with the sterile and fertile flowers col- 
lateral. Stamens 2. Capsule 1 -celled, 1 — 5-seeded. 

1. L. mi'nor, (L.) A small floating plant. Leaves elliptic, flat, bear- 
ing flowers in clefts, on the margins of the leaves or fronds. Hoot sol- 
itary. Plants increasing by gemmse. — 0. July — Aug. In stagnant 
waters. 

2. L. polyrhi'za, (L.) Leaves elliptic, flat, cohering at the base, 
compressed, succulent, of a firm texture. Hoot a bundle of 8 — 10 sim- 
ple fibers, in the middle of the leaf. — %. June — July. In stagnant 
waters, rare. Spirodela polyrhiza, Sch. 

Genus VIII— PIS'TIA. L. 5—8. 
(From pistos, to drink, from its loving water.) 

Perianth tubular, cucullate ; spathe strap-shaped. Stamens 
3 — 8. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 

1. P. spathula'ta, (Mich.) A floating plant. Leaves all radical, ab- 
ruptly narrowed into a petiole, dilated, round and obtuse toward the 
summit. Flowers solitary, sub-sessile. — White. ©. May — Aug. In 
stagnant waters. 

Order CXXXIX.— NAIAD A'CEtE or POTA'ME^E. 

(Pond-weed Family.) 

Flowers monoecious or perfect. Perianth 2 or 4-parted, or 
none. Stamens hypogynous, definite. Ovary superior, with a 
solitary ovule. Stigma simple. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled, 
1-seeded, dry. Seed pendulous, anatropous. Aquatic plants, 
with cellular leaves. 

Genus I— ZOS'TERA. L. 21—1. 

(From zoster, a girdle.) 

Flowers monoecious. Perianth none. Stamens and pistils 
separated, in two rows, upon one side of the spadix. Spathe 
foliaceous. Anthers sessile, alternating with the ovaries. Drupe 
1-seeded. 

1. Z. mari'na, (L.) Stem flexuous, terete, somewhat jointed. Leaves 
long, linear, entire, somewhat 3-nerved. Anther slightly curved. Style 
short. Capsule membranaceous. — If. August. Salt- waters. 

Grass-wrack. 

Genus II.— CAULIN'IA. D. C. 19—1. (Najos.) 
(In honor of F. Cavolini, a botanist of Naples.) 

Flowers monoecious. Perianth none. Anther 1, sessile. 
Style filiform. Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule 1-seeded. 



ORDER CXL. RESTTACE.E. 553 

I. C. flex'ilis, (Willd.) Stem slender, glabrous, submersed, branch- 
ing. Leaves verticillate, in a whorl, linear, denticulate at the summit. 
Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile. — If. May — July. Stagnant waters. 
2—3 feet. 

Genus III.— RUP'PIA. L. 4—4. 
(In honor of H. B. Ruppius, of Gottingen.) 

Floivers perfect, on a spadix, arising from the base of the 
leaves. Stamens sessile. Stigmas 4. Ovaries 4. Perianth 
none. Fruit pedicellate, consisting of four 1-seeded drupes. 

1. R. mariti'ma, (L.) Stem floating, glabrous. Leaves filiform, with 
inflated sheaths. Peduncles axillary, somewhat spiral, bearing 2 naked 
green flowers. Anthers 4, sessile. — 2f. July. Salt marshes. 

Genus IV.— POTAMOGE'TON. L. 4—3. 
(From potamos, a river, and ffeto?i, near.) 

Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from the spathe. Peri- 
anth 4-leaved. Anthers 4, sessile, alternating with the leaves 
of the perianth. Nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile. 

1. P. flu'itans, (L.) Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves floating, on 
long petioles, sub-coriaceous, oval-lanceolate ; the lower ones narrow, 
sessile, long. Flowers in axillary spikes, almost submersed. — If. May 
— June. Stagnant waters. 2 — 6 feet. 

2. P. heterophyl'lum, (L.) Stem branching, glabrous ; upper leaves 
opposite, lanceolate, 5-nerved, lower ones linear, sessile. Flowers 
crowded on the spadix. — If. July — Aug. Stagnant waters. 

3. P. pauciflo'rum, (Pursh.) Stem branching, diffuse. Leaves linear, 
sessile ; the upper verticillate, the lower alternate. Spadix 1 from 
each whorl of leaves, bearing 4 — 10 flowers. — If. Through the sum- 
mer. Shallow water. 

4. P. lu'cens, (L.) Stem long, branched. Leaves submersed, elliptic 
and elliptic-lanceolate, large, pellucid, veined. Spadix cylindric, many- 
flowered. Peduncle thickened above, varying in length. Fruit com- 
pressed, obtusely angled, slightly keeled. — If. July — Aug. Carolina 
to Canada. 

Order CXL.— RESTIA'CEJE. (Cord-rush Family.) 

Floivers monoecious. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4 — 6, 
attached to the perianth. Ovary 2 — 3-lobed, 2 — 3-celled, with 
a solitary, pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit capsular. Her- 
baceous plants, with stems naked, or bearing leaves. Floivers 
in terminal heads, separated by bracts. 

Genus L— ERIOCATJ'LON. L. 3—3. 
(From erion, woo], and caiclon, a stem.) 

Flowers monoecious ; sterile florets occupying the center of 
the capitulum. Stamens 4 — 6. Perianth 4-parted, the 2 in- 

24 



554 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE^E. 



terior segments cohering. Fertile florets in the circumference ; 
perianth 4-parted. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 3. 

1. E. decangula're, (L.) Leaves ligulate, very narrow, glabrous, 10 
— 12 inches long. Scape terete, 10-furrowed, glabrous, sheathed near 
the base, bearing a large spherical head. Scales of the involucre ovate ; 
those of the disk longer than the flowers. Perianth somewhat fim- 
briate. — White. If. July — Aug. Wet soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. E. gnaphaloi'des, (Mich.) Leaves subulate, ensiform, glabrous, 8 — 
10 inches long. Scape 10-furrowed, sheathed at the base. Flowers in 
a compact head. Scales of the involucre oval, silvery white, villous 
when young. — White. If. May — Aug. Damp soils. 10 — 15 inches. 

3. E. villo'sum, (Mich.) Leaves subulate, hairy, 2 — 3 inches long. 
Scapes villous, slender, clustered. Flowers in small, globose heads. 
Scales of the involucre colored, ovate. Perianth very dark-colored, 
with the summit white. — If. May — Sept. Damp soils. 10 — 12 in. 

Lachnocaulon Michauxii, Rich. 

4. E. flavid'ulum, (Mich.) Leaves subulate, nerved, 1 — 2 inches 
long, slightly hairy. Scape 7-furrowed, pubescent or glabrous. Flowers 
in convex heads. Scales of the involucre nearly round ; those of the 
disk linear-lanceolate. Capsule didymous. — If. June — July. Wet 
soils. Mid. Car. and Geo. 3 — i in. Pachalanthus Jlavidulus, Rich. 



GLUMA'CEJ. 

Flowers destitute of a true perianth, the floral envelopes con- 
sisting of imbricated bracts, which are alternate, instead of ver- 
ticillate, as in all preceding flowers. 

Order CXLI.— CYPERA'CEJE. (Sedge Family) 

Flowers perfect or monoecious, consisting of imbricated, soli- 
tary bracts. Perianth none, unless the glumes, when present, 
be so considered. Stamens hypogynous, definite, 1 — 12. An- 
thers fixed by their base. Ovary 1 -seeded, often surrounded 
by hypogynous setae, which are probably a rudimentary peri- 
anth. Style 1, divided. Stems usually angular. Sheaths of 
the leaves entire. 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACILE. 555 



ANALYSIS. 

1. Achenium inclosed in a sac (perigynium) Carex, 14 

Acheniuui not inclosed in a sac 2 

2. Flowers perfect 3 

Flowers not perfect Scleria, 13 

3. Flowers with hypogynous setae (bristles) 4 

Flowers without hypogynous setae 9 

4 Flowers distichous (2-rowed) Dulichium, 12 

Flowers not distichous 5 

5. Setae capillary 6 

Setae not capillary Eicirena, 1 

6. Setae consisting of numerous hairs Eriophorum, 6 

Setae of 5 — many bristles T 

7. Spikelets few-flowered ; style bifid Rhyncospora, 11 

Spikelets usually many-flowered 8 

8. Plants with no leaves Eleocharis, 4l 

Plants with leaves Scirptis, 5 

9. Flowers distichous 10 

Flowers imbricate 12 

10. Spikes 1— 3-flowered 11 

Spikes more than 3-flowered Cyperus, 1 

11. Style bifid Kyllingia, 3 

Style trifid Marisctis, 2 

12. Style trifid Eleocharis, 4 

Style bifid 13 

13. Stamen 1 Isolepis, 8 

Stamens usually more than 1 14 

14. Leaves of the involucre 5 or more Dichromena, 10 

Leaves of the involucre 2—5 Fimbristylis, 9 



Tribe L— CYPE'BE^E. 

Flowers perfect, 2-ranked. 

Genus I— CYPE'RUS. 3—1. 
(From cypris, a name of Venus.) 

Spikelets compressed. Glumes imbricate, in 2 rows, each 
generally inclosing a flower. Setce none. 

§ 1 . Style trifid ; achenium compressed. 

1. C. flaves'cens, (L.) Stem nearly terete, shining. Leaves linear, 
sheathing the stem at the base. Umbels compound ; spikelets crowd- 
ed, lanceolate. Stamens 3. — 21. July— Oct. Wet soils. 8 — 12 in. 

2. C. eivtjla'ris, (Kunth.) Stem triangular, glabrous. Leaves shorter 
than the stem, nearly glabrous. Umbels of 3 — 4 rays ; rays unequal ; 
involucre 3-leaved, exceeding the umbel in length. Spikes 20 — 25- 
flowered, compressed, broadly linear ; scales ovate, obtuse ; stamens 2. 
— Georgia. River banks. 

3. C. holoscri'ceus. Stem triangular, smooth, leafy at the base. 
Leaves longer than the culm, membranaceous, flat ; margins scabrous. 
Umbel about 10 rays; rays unequal ; involucre 6-leaved, long; spikes 



556 OEDEE CXLI. CYPEEACE.E. 

linear-lanceolate, compressed, 10 — 11-flowered. Scales keeled, obovate. 
Stamens 2. — Georgia. 

4. C. flavico'mis, (Mich.) Stem obtusely angled. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, slightly serrulate near the summit. Umbels compound ; 
involucre long ; spikes expanding, 10 — 12-flowered. — 2f. May — Sept. 
Rich soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

§ 2. Style trifid ; ackenium triangular. 

(1.) Spikes many-flowered, compressed ; stamen 1. 

5 C. vege'tus, (Willd.) Stem slender, nearly terete. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, channeled, finely serrulate near the summit. Flowers in 
compound umbels; spikelets in globose heads; involucre 4-leaved. 
Glumes ovate. — 2f . June — Sept. Ponds and ditches. 2 — 3 feet. 

6. C. vi'rens, (Mich.) Stem triquetrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
2 — 3 feet long. Umbels compound ; spikelets in compact heads, many- 
flowered ; involucre long. Flowers monandrous. — If. May — October. 
Rich swamps. Common. 

(2.) Spikes many-flowered, compressed ; stamens 3. 

7. C. compres'sus, (L.) Stem triquetrous, naked. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate. Flowers in compound umbels ; spikelets many-flowered, 
nearly capitate. Glumes acuminate, with white margins. — 2f . Aug. 
— Sept. Sandy pastures. 3 — 8 inches. 

8. C. autumn a'lis, (Vahl.) (C. harpan, L. ; G. gracilis, Muhl.) Stem 
nearly terete. Spikes slender, terminal, digitate, usually by threes ; 
involucre 2-leaved, as long as the umbel. Glumes purple. — If. July 
— Aug. On margins of ponds. 

9. C. articula'tus, (L.) Stem erect, jointed, clothed at the base with 
3 sheath-like leaves. Flowers in compound umbels ; spikelets many- 
flowered. Glumes dotted with red ; two or three of the lowest sterile. 
— If. June — Aug. Wet places. 3 — 6 feet. 

10. C. hy'dra, (Mich.) (C. rotundus, L.) Stem obtusely angled. 
Leaves radical, recurved. Umbels simple and compound ; spikelets 
linear ; involucre 2 — 3-leaved. — If. Through the summer. Sea-coast. 
3 — 8 inches. 

11. C. re'pens, (Ell.) (G. phymatodes,M\xh\.) Stem 3-angled, with 
the sides concave. Leaves glabrous, recurved. Umbels usually simple ; 
involucre 3 — 4-leaved; spikes crowded. — If. July — Sept. In fields. 
12—18 inches. 

(3.) Spikes few-flowered. 

12. C. briz^e'us. Culm triangular, leafy at the base. L,eaves longer 
than the culm, rigid. Umbel compound, crowded ; involucre 3-leaved, 
long; spikes 12 — 14-flowered, compressed ; scales elliptic, short, mucro- 
nate, concave, 9 — 10-nerved, purple. — Geo. and Car. Grows in swamps. 

13. C. strigo'sus, (L.) Stem 3-angled. Leaves long, minutely ser- 
rate. Spikes oblong ; spikelets subulate ; involucre longer than the 
umbel. — 2f . Aug. — Oct. Wet places. 2 — 3 feet. 



ORDER CXLI. CTPERACEiE. 557 

14. C. specio'sus, (Vahl.) Stem erect, angled. Leaves channeled, 
serrulate. Spikes in corymbs ; spikelets subulate, 6 — 8-flowered, dis- 
tichous. Involucre many-leaved, long ; involucels longer than the par- 
tial umbels ; common peduncles sheathed at the base. — 2f . Aug. — 
Oct. Wet places. 2 — 4 feet. 

15. C. filicul'mis, (Vahl.) (C. mariscoides, Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, 
naked. Leaves channeled, serrulate. Spikes in globose heads, termi- 
nal ; involucre 3-leaved, long. Glumes compressed. — If. June — Sept. 
Sandy soils. 1 foot. 

16. C. po-efor'mis, (Pursh.) Stem triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 
linear, glabrous. Spikes fascicled, flattened ; involucre 3-leaved, 2 of 
them long. Glumes ovate, yellowish. — If. July — Aug. Sandy fields. 
6 — 8 inches. 

17. C. fascicula'tus, (Ell.) Stem triquetrous. Leaves setaceous, 1 
or 2. Spikes many -flowered, in terminal fascicles ; involucre 2-leaved, 
linear. Glumes with the keel green. — If. June — Aug. Middle Geo. 
6 — 8 inches. 

18. C. tetrago'nus, (Ell.) Stem naked, angled. Leaves channeled, 
serrulate. Umbels many-rayed. Spikes 3 — 5-flowered. — 2f . 2 — 3 ft. 

19. C. Ensle'nii, (Pursh.) Stem 3-angled. Leaves linear, scabrous 
along the midrib and margins. Spikes corymbose, branching at the 
base ; spikelets numerous, linear, crowded, brown ; involucre 8-leaved, 
exterior one longest. — If. August — Sept. In wet places. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus II.— MARIS'CUS. Vahl. 3—1. 
(From the Celtic mar, a marsh.) 

Flowers in spikes, clustered in heads. Spikes 1 — 8-flowered. 
Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Seeds and stem triquetrous. Seed 
naked. 

1. M. ovula'ris, (Vahl.) (M. echinatus, Ell.) Stem glabrous, obtuse- 
ly 3-angled. Leaves linear, channeled, glabrous. Spikes 6 — 8-flowered, 
linear-lanceolate, in globose heads ; flowers in 2 rows. Stamens usu- 
ally 5. — June to Oct. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. M. retrofrac'tus, (Vahl.) Stem naked, pubescent, obtusely 3- 
angled. Leaves pubescent, linear. Spikes 1 — 3-flowered, reflexed, col- 
lected into an obovate head. Seed oblong, destitute of bristles. — June 
— Aug. Cultivated lands. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. M. ctlin'dricus, (Ell.) Stem naked, pubescent, obtusely 3-angled. 
Leaves linear, channeled, glabrous. Spikes 2 — 4-flowered, crowded, 
compressed. Glumes keeled, acute. Seed acute, without bristles. — 
June — Aug. Common about cultivated fields. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus III.— KYLLIN'GIA. Rottb. 3—1. 
(In honor of Kylling, a Danish botanist.) 

Mowers distinct, arranged in a roundish spike, imbricate. 
Glumes 2, 1 -flowered. Paleee 2, longer than the glumes. 

1. K. monocefh'ala, (L.) Stem filiform, 3-angled. Leaves linear, 
heads single, inclining to one side ; involucre generally 3-leaved, one of 
the leaves erect. — 2f . October. Lower Geo. 2 — 12 inches. 



558 ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE^. 

2. K. pu'mila, (Mich.) Stem erect, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 
subulate, expanding ; involucre usually 3-leaved, unequal. Flowers in 
a terminal, nearly globose head. Glumes none. Palece 2, compressed. 
Flowers diandrous. — y. August — Dec. Damp soils. Very common. 
3 — 6 inches. 

3. K. macula'ta, (Mich.) (Lipocarpha maculata, Kunth.) Stem tri- 
quetrous, glabrous. Leaves subulate. Flowers usually in 3 heads. 
Glume 1, lanceolate, cuneate. Palece 2, unequal, the exterior one short- 
est. Flowers monandrous. — If. August — Oct. 3 — 5 inches. 

Tribe II.— SCIRTE^E. 

Flowers perfect. Spikes many-flowered. Perianth of bris- 
tles, hairs or none. 

Genus IV— ELEOCHA'RIS. Br. 3—1. 

(From Tielos, a marsh, and chairo, to delight) 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricate, some of the lowest 
not flower-bearing. Calyx usually 6 bristles. Stamens 3. 
Style trifid, dilated at the base. Culm sheathed, leafless, 1- 
spiked. 

1. E. acicula'ris. (Scirpus trichodes, Ell.) Stem setaceous, glabrous. 
Spikes ovate-lanceolate. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, nearly white. Seed 
3-angled, ribbed. — ©. June — July. Low country. 6 — 8 inches. 

2. E. sim'plex, (Dietr.) (Scirpus simplex, Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, 
with a sheath at the base. Spike ovate. Glumes obtuse, nearly white. 
— % . Through the summer. Wet places. 8 — 13 inches. 

3. E. tor'tilis, (Schult.) Culm cespitose, filiform, triangular ; in dry- 
ing, twists spirally. Scales ovate, obtuse, 1 -nerved ; keel green. Setce 
6. — Geo. and Car. 

4. E. tuberculoma, (Br.) (Scirpus tuberculosa, Mich.) Stem erect, 
columnar, sheathed at the base. Spike ovate-lanceolate. Glumes ob- 
tuse, with scarious margins. Stamens 2. Seed striate, with a sagittate 
tubercle. Bristles plumose. — If. July — Aug. Wet soils. 10 — 12 in. 

5. E. filifor'mis, (Kunth.) (Scirpus filiformis, Lam.) Stem filiform, 
terete. Spike cylindrical, oblong, obtuse. Glumes nearly round. — July 
— Aug. Wet places. 

6. E. vrvrp'ARA, (Link.) Culm cespitose, filiform, sheathing at the 
base. Spikes solitary, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, many-flowered, often vi- 
viparous ; scales elliptic-ovate. Stamens 3. Setce 5, white. — On the 
margins of lakes. Carolina and Georgia. 

7. E. palus'tris, (Brown.) (Scirpus palustris, L.) Stem glabrous, 
striate, lucid, with 2 — 3 sheaths at the base. Spike oblong-lanceolate. 
Glume obtuse, with the midrib green. — 2f. April — May. Marshes. 
1—2 feet. 

8. E. capita'ta, (Brown.) (Scirpus capitatus, Willd.) Stem erect, 
glabrous, inflated, with a short sheath at the base. Spike ovate. Glumes 
coriaceous, nearly round. Bristles 6. — 2£. Through the summer. 
Damp soils. 10 — 18 inches. 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACELE. 559 

9. E. genicula'ta, (Brown.) Culm terete. Spikes solitary, cylindri- 
cal ; scales convex, obovate-spatulate, obtuse. Setce 1. — Carolina and 
northward. Sea-shore. 

10. E. quadrangula'ta, (Brown.) (Scirpus quadrangulatus, Mich.) 
Ste?n quadrangular, glabrous, with the sides unequal, sheathed at the 
base. Spike cylindrical. Glumes nearly orbicular, with ferruginous 
margins. Bristles 3. setaceous. — 2f. April — May. In swamps. 1 — 2 ft. 

Genus V.— SCIR'PUS. Beau. 3—1. 
(From the Celtic cirs, rushes.) 

Glumes imbricating the spike on all sides, one or two of the 
outer ones occasionally without flowers. Palece none ; spikes 
having involucral leaves. Seed 1, with bristles at its base. 
Sheaths usually leaf-bearing. 

1. S. pusil'lus, (Vahl.) (S. capillaceus, Mich.) Stem erect and pro- 
cumbent, slightly furrowed, with a sheath surrounding its base. Leaves 
none. Glumes acute. Seed compressed, obovate, with 6 bristles at the 
base. — @. March — June. 1 — 3 inches. 

2. S. deb'ilis, (Muhl.) Stem erect, triangular, glabrous, sheathed at 
the base. Spikes 3, ovate ; involucre long, erect. Glumes mucronate, 
ovate, membranaceous. — If. Aug. — Sept. Upper districts Carolina 
and Georgia. 12 — 18 inches. 

3. S. pun'gens, (Vahl.) (S. Americanus, Pers.) Stem erect, trian- 
gular, glabrous, sheathed at the base. Spikes 6 — 8, ovate, sessile. 
Glumes ferruginous, ovate. Bristles pilose. — If. Through the sum- 
mer. Very common. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. S. lacus'tris, (L.) Stem erect, stout, glabrous, striate. Spikes nu- 
merous, forming an umbel ; involucre 2-leaved, unequal. Glumes lan- 
ceolate, ciliate. Bristles 6, retrorsely aculeate. 

5. S. marit'imus, (L.) Stem erect, 3-angled. Leaves very long, gla- 
brous, channeled. Spikes arranged in a leafy panicle ; some sessile, 
others pedunculate, large and ovate. Glumes mucronate, toothed at 
the summit, with the midrib extending into an awn. — 2f . May — June. 
In salt-water marshes. 3 — 4 feet. 

6. S. erioph'orum, (Mich.) (Trichophorum cyperium, Pers.) Culm 
obtusely triangular, leafy ; panicle decomposed, proliferous, nodding. 
Leaves 1 — 2 feet, linear ; sheaths very long, margin brown. Bristles 
6, exserted when the fruit is ripe. — Borders of swamps and meadows. 
4 — 5 feet. 

1. S. exalta'tus, (Pursh.) {Scirpus polyphyllns, Vahl.) Stem ob- 
tusely 3-angled. Leaves long, glabrous, finely serrulate. Spikes ovate, 
clustered, in a compound umbel. Lnvolucre many-leaved, longer than 
the umbel ; involucel short. 

Var. S. vivip'arus. Stem tall, somewhat climbing. Umbels vivipa- 
rous, bearing flowers at the base of the branches. — 2f . July — August. 
In shady woods. 2 — 10 feet. 

8. S. linea'tus, (Mich.) Stem triangular, leafy, glabrous. Leaves 
lanceolate, channeled, finely serrulate. Spikes ovate, in axillary um- 
bels. Glumes ferruginous, with the midrib green. — If. June — Aug. 
Pine-barrens. 2—3 feet. 



560 ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE^E. 

9. S. equisetoi'des, (Ell.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous, jointed, 
sheathed at the base. Spikes cylindrical. Glumes obtuse, tinged with 
purple. — 2|. June — July. Damp soils. 18 — 24 inches. 

Genus VI.— ERIOPH'ORUM. L. 3—1. 
(From erion, wool, and plwreo, to bear.) 

Glumes chaffy, imbricate in all directions, Palece none. 
Seed surrounded by a long, dense wool. 

1. E. Virgin'icum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, terete. Leaves linear, 
keeled, with the margins scabrous. Spikes clustered, in a globose head. 
Involucre longer than the head, 3-leaved, unequal. Flowers diandrous. 
2£. Aug. — Sept. In wet places. 3 — 4 feet. 

Genus VIL— FUIRE'KA Rottbl. 
(In honor of Fuiren, a Dutch botanist.) 

Glumes arranged in a spike, on all sides, awned. Spikes 
many-flowered, axillary and terminal. Palece 3, petaloid, awn- 
ed, cordate, unguiculate. Stamens 3. 

1. F. scikpoi'dea, (Vahl.) Stem erect, slender, terete, smooth, sheath- 
ed. Flowers in a terminal ovate head. Glumes pubescent, with a short 
awn. Palece oval or lanceolate, sometimes unawned. — 2f. July — Aug. 
Damp soils. 12 — 15 inches. 

2. F. squareo'sa, (Mich.) Stem erect, hairy at the summit. Leaves 
lanceolate, 3-nerved, ciliate. Flowers in ovate heads, clustered. Glumes 
oval, with long awns, expanding. Palece cordate, or rounded at the 
base. — 2£. Aug. — Sept. Bogs. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. F. his'pida, (Ell.) Stem erect and decumbent, smooth below. 
Leaves narrow, tapering, 4 — 8 inches long, many-nerved, hispid on the 
lower surface. Scales of the spikes oval, outer ones hispid, the inner 
ones finely pubescent ; awn long. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. — Around 
ponds. Middle Georgia. 

Genus VIII.— ISOLE'PIS. R. Br. 3—1. 

(From isos, equal, and lepis, a scale ; scales regular.) 

Spikes many, rarely few-flowered. Scales imbricate ; all 
flower-bearing. Stamens 1 — 3 ; achenium^ triangular. 

1. I. micran'tha, (Rcem.) (Scirpus minimus, Pursh.) Culm seta- 
ceous, filiform, terete, 1-leaved, smooth. Leaf short, setaceous or cap- 
illary. Spikes sessile, ovate, acute ; involucre 2-leaved ; scales obo- 
vate, acuminate. Stamen 1. Style divided ; setse none. — Wet sandy 
fields. Virginia to Georgia. 

2. I. stenophyl'la, (Kunth.) (Scirpus stenophyllus, Ell.) Stem fili- 
form, obtusely 3-angled, erect and procumbent. Leaves setaceous, with 
the throat of the sheath hairy. Spikes clustered, sessile ; involucre 4- 
leaved, with the leaves unequal. Flowers monandrous. — |jj|. July — 
Sept. Dry soils. 3 — 4 inches. 



ORDER CXI J. CYPERACE^E. 561 

3. I. capilla'ris, (Rcem.) (Scirpus ciliatifolius, Ell.) Stem slender, 
striate. Leaves linear, channeled, ciliate. Spikes ovate, in compound 
umbels, with a short involucre. Glumes lanceolate. — 0. Sept. — Oct. 
Damp soils. 6 — 8 inches. 

4. I. divakica'ta, (Dietr.) (Scirpus divaricatus, Ell.) Stem erect, 
obtusely 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves flat, with finely serrulate margins, 
glabrous. Spikes oval, pendulous, in compound umbels. Glumes ovate, 
margins white, midrib green. — U- May — June. Pine-barrens. 2 — 4 ft. 

Genus IX.— FIMBFJS'TYLIS. Vahl. 
(From fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style.) 

Spikes usually many-flowered. Scales imbricate. Perianth 
none. Stamens 1 — 3. Styles 2 — 3-cleft, with a bulb-like base; 
achenium lenticular or triangular. 

1. F. autumna'lis, (Roem.) (Scirpus autumnalis, Pursh.) Stem 
erect, compressed. Leaves linear, flat ; sheath bearded at the throat. 
Spikes lanceolate, in compound umbels. Glumes lanceolate. — %. 
Aug. — Oct. Damp soils. Very common. 8 — 12 inches. 

2. F. lax' a, (Vahl.) (Scirpus sulcatus, Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, 
terete. Leaves glabrous, serrulate. Spikes ovate-lanceolate, in com- 
pound umbels ; involucre subulate, small. Glumes membranaceous. — 
Aug. — Sept. Damp soils. 12 — 15 inches. 

3. F. casta'nea, (Vahl.) (Scirpus castaneus, Mieh.) Stem erect, stri- 
ate. Leaves narrow, erect, rigid. Spikes ovate, in a terminal compound 
umbel ; involucre 2-leaved. Glumes nearly round. — %. June — July, 
Low country. 

4. F. spadi'cea, (Vahl.) (Scirpus spadiceus, L.) Stems forming a 
thick tuft. Leaves long, narrow, arranged in two rows. Spikes in com- 
pound umbels, with the sessile one in the division of the stem ; involu- 
cre subulate. Ghimes nearly orbicular, glabrous. — June to Oct. On the 
sea-coast. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. F. coakcta'ta, (Schw.) (Scirpus coarctatus, Ell.) Stem filiform, 
generally declining. Leaves glabrous, with the throat of the sheath 
bearded. Spikes in a compound, umbel ; involucre many-leaved, seta- 
ceous, one of the leaves longer than the rest. Glumes ferruginous, cil- 
iate. — 1|. Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. 10 — 12 inches. 

6. F. ferrugine'a, (Vahl.) (Scirpus ferrugineus, L.) Stem erect, 
compressed, with the angles at the summit scabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 
with cartilaginous margins ; throat of the sheath ciliate. Spikes in com- 
pound umbels, with the sessile one in the division of the stem ; involu- 
cre ciliate. Glumes coriaceous, ferruginous, pubescent and ciliate. — If. 
June — Oct. In moist places. 1 — 3 feet. 

Tribe III— RHYNCOSPO'REJS. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikes many and few flow- 
ered. Scales distichous or imbricate, lower one empty. Sta- 
mens 3 — 6. 

• 24* 



\ 



562 OKDER CXLI. CYPERACE^E. 

Genus X.— DICHRO'MENA. Vahl. 3—2. 
(From dis, two, and chroma, color, alluding to the white and green of the flowers.) 

Glumes imbricate on all sides ; the lower ones without flow- 
ers. Palece none. Seed naked. 

1. D. leucoceph'ala, (Mich.) Stem erect, triangular, naked. Leaves 
linear, glabrous, concave. Flowers in compound heads ; involucre 6- 
leaved, white at the base, the three exterior ones longest. Glumes 
membranaceous, lanceolate, white. — If. July — Oct. Damp soils. 10 
— 12 inches. 

2. D. latifo'lia, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous, leafy at the base, te- 
rete. Leaves usually longer than the stem, concave, with long sheaths. 
Flowers in compressed heads, compound ; involucre about 10-leaved, the 
exterior ones longest, tapering toward the summit, white. Glumes 
ovate, white. — %. May — June. On the margins of ponds. 10 — 18 in. 

Genus XL— RHYNCOS'PORA, Vahl. 

(From rhyncos, a heak, and spora, a seed.) 

Glumes collected into a spike ; inferior ones without flowers. 
Palece none. Seed 1, crowned with a persistent style, surround- 
ed by bristles. 

1. R. longiros'tris, (Ell.) Stem triangular, erect, glabrous. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, channeled, glabrous. Flowers in corymbose panicles, 
axillary and terminal. Glumes usually 6, with the flowers between the 
fifth and sixth glumes. Seed compressed, terminated by a long per- 
sistent style. — %. July — Oct. "Wet places. 3 — 6 feet. 

2. R. al'ba, (Lind.) Stem slender, glabrous, 3-angled at the summit. 
Leaves linear, channeled, glabrous. Spikes in corymbose clusters, ax- 
illary and terminal. Glumes nearly white. Seed tuberculate, surround- 
ed by 10 bristles. — %. May — June. Common. 10 — 12 inches. 

3. R. cilia'ta, (Vahl.) (R. punctata, Ell.) Stem triangular, slender. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, with scabrous margins. Flowers in lateral and 
terminal fascicles, clustered at the summit. Glumes mucronate. Seed 
compressed. — 2£. July — Aug. Damp places. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. R. glomera'ta, (Vahl.) (R. capitellata, Ell.) Stem erect, trian- 
gular. Flowers in spherical, axillary heads. Leaves setaceous, shorter 
than the stem. Seed compressed, surrounded by scabrous bristles. — 
If. May— Sept. Wet places. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. R. dis'tans, (Vahl.) (72. cymosa, Ell.) Stem terete, erect. Leaves 
linear, glabrous, concave. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles. 
Glumes usually 6, with the outer ones ferruginous, the inner one white, 
2-flowered. Seed compressed, oval. Bristles 6. — 2{. Through the 
summer. Bogs and ditches. 1 — 3 feet. 

6. R. plumo'sa, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, 3-angled, slender. Leaves 
linear, with scabrous margins. Flowers terminal, crowded. Glumes 
ovate, awned. Seed rugose, with 6 plumose bristles. — If. June — 
Aug. Pine-barrens. 8 — 12 inches. 

7. R. inexpan'sa, (Vahl.) Stem somewhat triangular, generally in- 
clined. Leaves linear, channeled. Flowers in axillary and terminal 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE.E. 563 

panicles, pendulous. Seed compressed, surrounded by scabrous bristles. 
— U • Through the summer. Wet soils. 1 — 2 feet 

8. R. seta'cea, (Vahl.) (R. rarijlora, Ell.) Stem leafy, setaceous. 
Leaves glabrous, setaceous. Flowers in lateral and terminal panicles. 
Glumes 5 — 7 ; the exterior ones smallest, the two interior resembling 
palese. Bristles 3 — i. — 2£. April — May. In bogs. Common. 10 — 
12 inches. 

9. R. spar'sa, (Vahl.) Stem triangular, erect. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, glabrous, serrulate. Flowers in diffuse axillary panicles. Seed 
rough, surrounded by bristles. — 2£. Wet soils. May — Aug. 1 — 2 ft. 

10. R. cadu'ca, (Ell.) Stem triangular, erect. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, glabrous, serrulate. Flowers in axillary panicles ; spikelets ses- 
sile. Seed rough, surrounded by bristles. — If. July — August. Damp 
soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

11. R. Elliott'ii, (Dietr.) (Scirpus schcenoides, ED.) Stem triangu- 
lar, glabrous. Leaves linear, short. Spikes ovate-lanceolate, clustered, 
numerous, arranged in a compound panicle. Glumes ovate, ferruginous. 

— If. July — Aug. In low country. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XII.— DULICH'IUM. Pers. 3—1. 
(The name of an island.) 

Spikes somewhat racemose, axillary ; spikelets linear-lanceo- 
late, compressed. Glumes distichous, sheathing. Style very 
long, 2-cleft. Nut with bristles at the base. 

1. D. spatha'ceum, (Rich.) Stem striate, columnar, terete at the 
base, triangular above. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pointing in 3 direc- 
tions; spikelets spreading, 6 — 7 -flowered, forming axillary racemes. 
Peduncles as long as the sheaths of the leaves. 

Tribe IV.— SCLERIN'E^E. 

Spikes monoecious; fertile spikelets 1-flowered, staminate 
several-flowered ; aehenia nut-like, globular. 

Genus XIII— SCLE'RIA. 19—3. 
(From skleros, hard ; the fruit is hard.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets; glumes 2 — 6, many- 
flowered ; palese unawned. Fertile florets ; glumes 2 — 6, 1- 
flowered ; paleae none. Stigmas 1 — 3. Seed sub-globose. 

1. S. PAUoiFLo'itA, (MuhL) (S. oligantha, Mich.) Stem slender, 3-an- 
gled, glabrous, slightly pubescent at the summit. Leaves linear, slight- 
ly pubescent at the base, scabrous on the upper surface. Flowers in fas- 
cicles or spikes, 2 — 3, sessile near the summit, one on a long peduncle. 
Fertile florets at the summit ; sterile at the base. Seed white, smooth. 

— U . May — June. Pine-barrens. 12 — 18 inches. 

Var. Stem slender, acutely 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves linear, sca- 
brous along the margin. Spikes lateral and terminal, pendulous. 
Glumes keeled, ferruginous, glabrous. Seed rough. — 2f . May — Sept. 
Damp soils. 12 — 18 inches. 



564 OKDER CXLI. CYPERACE^J. 

2. S. nit'ida, (Willd.) Culm 3-angled, angles membranaceous. Leaves 
narrow, rigid, scabrous ; limb ovate, rigid. Peduncles axillary and ter- 
minal, few-spiked ; spikes long ; perfect and staminate spikes intermix- 
ed. Stamens 3. — North Carolina. 

3. S. cilia'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, generally 1-leaved. Leaf 
pubescent on the upper surface, linear^ channeled. Spikes in terminal 
clusters. Glumes ciliate, ovate, ferruginous. Seed rough. — If. May 
— June. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. S. interrup'ta, (Rich.) Stem erect, 3-angled, pubescent. Leaves 
pubescent. Spikes clustered, alternate. Glumes bristly. Seed globose, 
mucronate, transversely wrinkled. — If. July — Aug. Damp soils. 
12 — 15 inches. 

5. S. verticilla'ta, (Muhl.) Stem slender, glabrous, 3-angled. 
Leaves glabrous, filiform. Flowers in clustered spikes. Glumes ovate, 
acuminate. Seed globose, mucronate, transversely wrinkled. — 2f. July 
— Aug. Damp soils. 10 — 15 inches. 

6. S. Carolinia'na, (Willd.) (S. hirtella, Mich.) Stem erect, trian- 
gular, pubescent. Leaves narrow, pubescent, channeled. Spikes axil- 
lary or terminal. Bracts hairy, ciliate. Glumes pubescent, unequal. 
Seed wrinkled. — If. Through the summer. Damp soils. 12 — 18 in. 

h i. S. triglomera'ta, (Mich.) (Cladium triglomeratum, Nees.) Stem 
triangular, striate, scabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat hairy. 
Flowers in terminal and lateral spikes, clustered, pendulous. Glumes 
ciliate, mucronate. Fertile florets 2 — 3 in each spike. Seed smooth. 
— 2f. Through the summer. In dry or moist soils. Common. 1 — 2 ft. 

8. S. gra'cilis, (Ell.) Stem filiform, 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves lin 
ear, glabrous, narrow. Spikes 2 — 3 at the summit of the stem, each 
bearing a fertile floret. Glumes ferruginous, mucronate. Seed white, 
smooth. — 2{. May — June. Southern Geo. 10 — 12 inches. 

Tribe V.— CAM'CEtE. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; achenium inclosed in a sac, 
lenticular or triangular. 

Genus XIV.— CA'REX. L. 19—3. 
(From careri, to want ; the upper spikes destitute of seeds.) 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious ; imbricate, amenta- 
ceous. Glume 1, 1-flowered. Paleae of the sterile florets none ; 
of the fertile ones ventricose, persistent, inclosing the nut. 

I. STYLE BIFID. 

§ 1. Spikelets numerous, collected into a spike, staminate and pistillate, 
and androgynous, often intermixed. 

1. C. bromoi'des, (Schkuhr.) Stem 3-angled, scabrous along the mar- 
gins, slender. Leaves linear, slightly scabrous. Flowers in numerous 
linear spikes, the spikes alternate, erect. Glumes lanceolate, mucronate. 
Palece ovate. Fruit scabrous, bifid, longer than the glume. — If. April. 
Damp soils. 12 — 18 inches. 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACEJE. 565 

§ 2. Spikes compound, androgynous, apex staminate. 

2. C. Muhlenber'gii, (Schkuhr.) Stem erect, angular, stout, scabrous 
at the summit. Leaves linear, sheathing the stem. Spikes about 5, 
ovate, crowded at the summit of the stem. Bracteal leaves setaceous, 
longer than the spikes. Glumes mucronate, longer than the paleae. 
Paleai 2-cleft at the summit. — If. May. Shady woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. C. sparganoi'des, (Muhl.) Stem erect, nearly terete. Leaves nu- 
merous, striate. Flowers in 6 — 8 sessile spikes, numerous. Bracts 
longer than the spikes. Glumes mucronate. Palem expanding, serrate. 
Fruit ovate, compressed, bifid, double the length of the glume. — If. 
April — May. Damp soils. I — 2 feet. 

4. C. stipita'ta, (Muhl.) Stem erect, smooth, succulent. Leaves chan- 
neled, ligulate. Spikes numerous, compound, bracteate, with the bracts 
longer than the spikelets. Glumes membranaceous. Palca? ovate, ser- 
rulate. Fruit lanceolate, bidentate. — If. April — May. Wet lands. 
1—3 feet. 

5. C. ro'sea, (Schkuhr.) Stem slender, slightly angled. Leaves linear. 
Spikes 4 — 6, remote, the lowest one with a setaceous bract. Fruit 
ovate, 2-toothed, ciliate. Glumes ovate, nearly as long as the palese. — 
If. May. Damp woods. 10 — 12 inches. 

6. 0. retroflex'a, (Muhl.) Stem slightly angled, slender. Leaves 
nearly filiform, scabrous along the margin. Spikes 4 — 6. Glumes 
ovate, shorter than the palese. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, bitentate, as 
long as the glumes. — 2f . May. Dry soils. 10 — 12 inches. 

7. C multiflo'ra, (Muhl.) Stem scabrous, 3-angled. Leaves nar- 
row, rigid, longer than the stem. Spike compound, oblong ; spikelets 
glomerate, ovate, oblong, obtuse. Glumes lanceolate, brownish. Fruit 
ovate, acuminate, compressed, 3-nerved, serrulate on the margin, di- 
verging when mature, shorter than the glumes. — 2f. May. Moist 
lands. 12 — 18 inches. 

8. C. cephalopho'ra, (Muhl.) Stem 3-angled, scabrous along the 
margius, leafy at the base. Leaves linear, long. Spikes collected into 
an elliptical head. Glumes ovate, mucronate. Fruit ovate, scabrous 
on the margin. — If. May — June. Oak woods. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

§ 3. Spikes 3 — 12, androgynous, staminate lowest. 

9. C. lepori'na, (L.) Spikes 3, nearly round, elliptic, attenuate, clus- 
tered, green, tinged with yellow ; fruit elliptic, compressed, acuminate ; 
scales ovate, acute, glabrous. — Carolina and northward. 

10. 0. scopa'ria, (Schkuhr.) Stem obtusely angled. Leaves linear, 
with scabrous margins toward the summit. Spikes 5 — 8, alternate, el- 
liptic, lowest one bracteate. Glumes ovate, membranaceous. Fruit 
ovate-lanceolate, margined, smooth, bicuspidate, longer than the glumes, 
nerved. — If. May. Swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

11. C. fce'nea, (Willd.) Stem obtusely 3-angled, scabrous near the 
summit, furrowed. Spikes numerous ; the lower ones compound, the 
upper ones aggregated. Palece serrulate, larger than the ciliate glumes ; 
the lowest bract largest, subulate. — 2£. May — June. Marshes. 1 — 2 
feet. 

12. C. xagopodioi'des, (Schkuhr.) Stem erect, obtusely 3-angled, 
scabrous toward the summit. Leaves sheathing the stem at the base, 



566 ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE^E. 

Hgulate. Spikes numerous, elliptic, crowded ; bract beneath the low- 
est, very long, overtopping the stem. Fruit bicuspidate, erect, lanceo- 
late, with a serrulate margin longer than the glume. — 2f . May. Wet 
lands. 1 — 2 feet. 

13. C. scirpoi'des, (Schkuhr.) Stem erect, slender, slightly 3-angled. 
Leaves narrow, the lower ones short. Spikes 4 — 6, ovate, the upper- 
most one clavate. Glume small. Palece ovate, 2-toothed. Fruit ovate, 
bidentate, longer than the glume. — If. May. Swamps. 6 — 12 in. 

14. C. ster'ilis, (Schkuhr.) Stem obtusely angled, slightly scabrous. 
Leaves linear, sheathing. Spikes 3 — 6. Fruit ovate-acuminate, 3-an- 
gled, compressed; apex recurved, bicuspidate. — If. May. Marshes. 
8 — 1 2 inches. 

15. C. festuca'cea, (Schkuhr.) Stem erect, slender, sometimes decum- 
bent. Leaves narrow. Fioioers in linear spikes, 5 — 8, approximate. 
Bracts small. Glumes lanceolate, membranaceous. Fruit beaked, 
winged, serrulate along the margins, white or green. — If. May. 
Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

§ 4. Staminate and pistillate spikes distinct. 

16. C. Florida'na. Spikes distinct; staminate ones solitary, sessile, 
small ; pistillate ones aggregate, ovate, sessile, bracteate ; lower ones 
more remote. Fruit oval, compressed, beaked ; scales ovate-oblong. — 
Florida. 

17. C. cespito'sa, (L.) Stem erect, slender, 3-angled, striate. Leaves 
linear, acute, with scabrous margins. Fertile spikes cylindrical, gener- 
ally 3, nearly sessile, sometimes with sterile florets at the summit. 
Bracts long. Fruit ovate, obtuse, longer than the glume. — If. May. 
In bogs. 12 — 18 inches. 

18. C. acu'ta, (Good.) Stem 3-angled, scabrous. Leaves narrow, with 
scabrous margins; the upper ones sessile, the lower sheathing. Sterile 
spikes 1 — 3 ; fertile 3 — 4, nodding, cylindrical, the upper ones sessile, 
with sterile florets at the summit. Glumes acute. Palea? ovate, entire. 
Fruit oblong. — 2f. April — May. In bogs. 1 — 2 feet. 

19. C. crin'ita, (Lam.) Stein acutely angled, concave, serrulate. 
Leaves channeled, glabrous. Fertile spikes 3 — 4, pendulous, each gen- 
erally terminated by a number of sterile florets. Glumes ovate, with a 
subulate point. Palece ovate, not divided at the summit, shorter than 
the glume. Fruit elliptic, with a short beak, shorter than the glume. 
— If. April — May. In swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

II. STYLE TRIFID. 
§ 1. Spikes solitary, androgynous, apex staminate. 

20. C. Fraseria'na. Spikes simple ; scales obovate, oblong, obtuse, 
smooth. Fruit ovate, ventricose, beak short. — Carolina and northward. 

21. C. squarro'sa, (L.) Stem triangular, scabrous along the margin. 
Leaves narrow, glabrous, with scabrous margins. Spikes mostly simple, 
sometimes 2 — 3, cylindrical, oblong, very thick. Glumes at the base 
sterile, lanceolate, slightly colored, those of the summit fertile. Fruit 
imbricate, smooth, bidentate, longer than the glume. — 2f . May — June. 
In bogs. 1 — 2 feet. 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACEJE. 567 



§ 2. Spikes numerous; terminal ones sterile or androgynous, base 
staminate. 

22. C. dasycar'pa, (Muhl.) Stem triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 
very narrow, lanceolate, linear, glabrous. Sterile spike very small, 
terminal ; scales lanceolate. Fertile spikes generally 3, near each 
other, upper sessile. — Car. and Geo. 

23. C. tri'ceps, (Mich.) Stem acutely angled, slender, scabrous aloug 
the margins. Leaves linear, pubescent at the base. Spikes usually 4, 
approximate, sessile, 3 of them larger than the other. Glumes ovate. 
Paleai shorter than the glume, glabrous. Fruit ovate, compressed, 3- 
angled. — If. April — May. Damp soils. 12 — 18 inches. 

24. C. hirsu'ta, (Willd.) Stem 3-angled, slender, pubescent near the 
summit. Leaves narrow, slightly pubescent. Spikes 3 — i, the termi- 
nal one sterile at the base, lower ones on short peduncles. Fruit ovate, 
obtuse. — 2f. May — June. Southern Geo. 10 — 12 inches. 

25. C. buxbau'mii. Stem slender, 3-angled. Leaves narrow, with 
scabrous margins. Spikes 3 — 4, the terminal one, with the lower half, 
bearing sterile flowers. Glumes lanceolate, dark-colored. Paleai light- 
colored, 2-cleft at the summit. Fruit elliptic, as long as the glume. — 
If. July — Aug. Swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

§ 3. Staminate spikes solitary or 1 — 3 ; pistillate 1 — 3, generally sessile. 

26. C. va'ria, (Mueh.) Stem erect, slender, with scabrous angles. 
Leaves subulate. Fertile spikes generally 3, nearly globose ; sterile 
spike terminal. Glumes oblong-lanceolate, tinged with brown. Paleai 
pubescent. Fruit sub-globose, hispidly pubescent, obtusely 3-angled. 
— 2f . April — May. Dry woods. 8 — 12 inches. 

27. C. margina'ta, (Mueh.) Stem slender, 3-angled. Leaves linear, 
with slightly scabrous margins; fertile spikes generally 2, sub-globose, 
approximate, the sterile one terminal, cylindrical, long. Glumes ovate, 
brown, with a white margin. Fruit globose, pubescent, longer than the 
glume. — If. April — May. Dry soils. 8 — 12 inches. 

28. C. plantagin'ea, (Lam.) Stem erect, glabrous, with purple 
sheaths, nearly leafless. Leaves linear, nerved, glabrous. Sterile spike 
terminal ; fertile ones mostly 4, distant, erect, linear, the lower ones on 
long peduncles. Bracts leafy, sheathing the peduncle. Fruit oblong, 
cuneiform, recurved at the apex. — If. April — May. Shaded soils. 
8 — 12 inches. 

29. C. conoi'dea, (Schkuhr.) Stem 3-angled, the angles scabrous. 
Leaves narrow, flat, scabrous along the margin. Fertile spikes 2 — 3, 
remote, the lower ones on long peduncles ; sterile spike terminal, small, 
with lanceolate glumes ; the lower bracts leaf-like. Fruit conical, ob- 
tuse, recurved at the apex. — If. April. Wet soils. About 1 foot 

Var. C. tetan'ioa, (Ell.) Stem slender, glabrous, 3-angled. Leaves 
linear, shorter than the stem. Fertile spikes 2, distant, the upper one 
nearly sessile, the lower on a long peduncle; the sterile spike on a long 
peduncle. Glumes mucronate. Fruit ovate-oblong, acute at each end, 
oblique. — 2f . May. Wet soils. 12 inches. 

30. C. an'ceps, (Mueh.) Stem 3-angled, compressed. Leaves broad. 
Fertile spikes 3, loosely flowered, cylindric. Bracts sheathing. Fruit 



568 OKDER CXLI.— CYPERACE^E. 

ovate, 3-angled, acute, narrowed at the base, about as long as the glume. 
— 2f . April — May. "Woods. 12 — 15 inches. 

31. C. laxiflo'ra, (Lam.) Stem 3-angled, with scabrous margins. 
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, nerved. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; 
fertile spikes 2 — 3, the lowest one on a long peduncle, the upper one 
shorter. Glume ovate, cuspidate. Fruit ovate-oblong, longer than 
the glume, shining, inflated. — 2£. May. Woods. 12 — IS inches. 

32. C. granula'ris, (Mueh.) Stem erect or decumbent, glaucous. 
Leaves narrow, somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike usually solitary ; 
fertile spikes 2 — 3, the lowest pedunculate, the upper nearly sessile. 
Glumes ovate, acuminate. Palcce nearly orbicular. Fruit nerved, with 
a short, recurved beak. — %. May. Wet shaded soils. 12 inches. 

33. C. verruco'sa, (Mueh.) Stem glabrous. Leaves very long, acute, 
nerved. Sterile spikes 3 ; fertile spikes 4—6, erect, cylindrical, sterile 
flowers at the summit ; lower peduncles longest, the upper nearly sur- 
rounded by the bracteal leaves ; scales ovate, obtuse. — South Carolina. 

34. C. milia'cea, (Mueh.) Stem slender, 3-angled, with the angles 
scabrous. Leaves linear, with scabrous margins. Fertile spikes 3, slen- 
der, filiform, nodding ; bracts of the lower spike longer than the stem, 
those of the upper small. Glumes emarginate. Fruit ovate, 3-angled, 
with short beak, longer than the glume. — If. May. Wet grounds. 
12 — 15 inches. 

35. C. flexuo'sa, (Mueh.) Stem slender, 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves 
linear, slightly channeled. Sterile spike slender, terminal; fertile spikes 
4, pendulous, remote, the pediincles sheathed. Glumes lanceolate. 
Palece striate. Fruit oblong, beaked, double the length of the glume. 
— If. April — May. Damp soils. 12 inches. 

§ 4. Spikes androgynous ; apex staminate. 

3G. C. Willdenow'ii, (Schkuhr.) Stem triangular, erect. Leaves 
linear, longer than the stem. Spike terminal, simple, ovate ; sterile and 
fertile florets about equal in number, about 6. Fruit ovate, nearly te- 
rete, beaked. Glumes ovate, the inferior ones long and foliaeeous, acu- 
minate. — 2f . May — June. Dry woods. 6 — 8 inches. 

§ 5. Staminate spikes 2 — 3 ; pistillate as many. 

3*7. C. pelli'ta. (Mueh.) Stem erect, 3-angled. Leaves long, linear. 
Sterile spikes 2 — 4, the upper ones pedunculate ; fertile ones 2 — 3, the 
upper ones sessile, the lower on erect peduncles. Glumes lanceolate, 
mucronate. Fruit ovate, 2-cleft, hairy, shorter than the scale. — If. 
April — May. Damp woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

38. C. trichocar'pa. (Mueh.) Stem erect. Sterile spikes 2 — 4, pe- 
dunculate ; fertile florets 3, pedunculate, erect, cylindric. Fruit ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent. Glumes ovate, acuminate, shorter 
than the fruit. — 2f . May. Swamps. 2 — 3 feet. 

39. C. ripa'ria, (Curt.) Stem erect, smooth, 3-angled. Leaves ligu- 
late, the upper ones without sheaths. Sterile spikes usually 4 ; fertile 
spikes 3, erect, with sterile flower at the summit. Glumes chaffy. 
Fruit ovate, 2-cleft, nerved, shorter than the glume. — %. March — 
April. Marshes. 1 — 2 feet. 

40. C. glauces'cens, (Ell.) Stem 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves narrow, 
channeled, serrulate, the lower ones glaucous. Sterile spike solitary, 



ORDER CXLI. CYPERACE^E. 569 

pedunculate, with ferruginous, ovate glumes ; fertile spikes 3 — 4, cylin- 
drical, on short peduncles, becoming pendulous ; scales ovate, emargi- 
nate, mucronate. Paleai ovate, glaucous. Fruit 3-angled. — U • April 
— May. Around ponds. 1 — 2 feet. 

41. C. bulla'ta, (Schk.) Stem slender, acutely 3-angled. Leaves 
narrow, with scabrous margins. Sterile spikes 3, slender; fertile spikes 
2, erect, on short peduncles. Glumes lanceolate, acute. Palece ovate, 
with pubescent nerves. Fruit ovate, beaked, 3-angled. — If. April. 
In ditches. 2 feet. 

42. C. rostra'ta, (Mueh.) (C. tentaculata, Ell.) Stem 3-angled. 
Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, nerved. Sterile spike solitary, cylindri- 
cal ; fertile spikes 3, sessile, horizontal, with long bracts. Glumes mu- 
cronate. Palece ovate, beaked. Fruit ovate, nerved, with a long beak. 
— U- May — June. Wet places. 12 — 18 inches. 

43. C. hysterici'na, (Mueh.) Stem 5-angled, with the angles scabrous. 
Leaves narrow, long, scabrous. Sterile spikes cylindrical, with ovate- 
lanceolate glumes ; fertile spikes 3 — 4, thick, the lower ones on exsert- 
ed peduncles. Palece ovate, with a long 2-cleft beak. Glume ovate, 
terminated by a hispid setaceous bristle. Bracts long. Fruit ovate, 
nerved, beaked. — If. April — May. Wet soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

44. C. lupuli'na, (Mueh.) Stem erect, glabrous, leafy, thick, 3-angled. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, with scabrous margins. Sterile spike on a short 
peduncle ; fertile ones 3, erect, with long, leafy bracts. Glume with a 
hispid point. Palece 2-beaked, longer than the glume. Fruit ovate, 
nerved, with 2 long beaks. — If. April — May. Swamps. 2 — 3 feet. 

45. C. follicula'ta, (L.) Stem erect, 3-angled. Leaves ligulate, sca- 
brous. Sterile spike solitary, terminal, with acute, lanceolate glumes ; 
fertile spikes usually 4, erect, on short peduncles. Palece ovate, beak- 
ed, inflated. Fruit ovate, beaked. — 2£. June. Swamps. 12 — 18 in. 

46. C. Elliott'ii, (Torrey.) (C. castanea, Ell.) Stem 3-angled, slen- 
der, purple at the base. Leaves linear, shorter than the stem. Sterile 
spikes shorter than the bract. Glumes brown, with white margins. 
Fertile spikes 3, nearly round, the lowest one on a long peduncle. 
Paleai inflated, with a long beak, shining. Fruit 8-angled. — 1[ . April 
Wet pine-barrens. 1 — 2 feet. 

47. C. gigan'tea, (Rudgr.) Stem erect, 3-angled, glabrous. Leaves ligu- 
late, slightly channeled. Sterile spike terminal, with acute, ovate glumes ; 
fertile spikes 3. Palece ovate, nerved. Fruit 3-angled. — %. April — 
May. In bogs. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

§ 6. Staminate spikes solitary ; pistillate 2 — 3 — 5. 

48. C. vesti'ta, (Schk.) Stem acutely 3-angled. Leaves narrow, lig- 
ulate. Sterile spike mostly solitary, terminal; fertile spikes generally 

2, sessile, sometimes sterile at the summit. Glumes brown, with white 
margins. Palece pubescent. Fruit ovate, nerved, pubescent, with a 
short beak. — If. Majr — June. Wet soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

49. C. Pseudo-Cype'rus, (L.) Stem erect, acutely 3-angled, scabrous 
along the angles, stout. Leaves channeled, with scabrous margins. 
Sterile spike long, slender, with linear-lanceolate glumes ; fertile spikes 

3, pendulous. Bracts long, scabrous, nerved. Palece ovate, beaked, 2- 
cleft at the summit. Glume small, with a subulate point. Fruit ob- 
long-lanceolate, beaked, many-nerved, with the apex bifid. — 2£. June. 
In swamps. 2 feet. 



570 OKDER CXLIL — GEAMINACE^!. 

Order CXLIL— GRAMINA'CE^E. (Grass Family) 

Flowers usually perfect, sometimes monoecious or polyga- 
mous ; the exterior floral envelopes called glumes, the interior 
ones palece, and the innermost at the base of the ovary, scales. 
Glumes usually 2, sometimes single, usually unequal. Faleaz 
2 ; the exterior one simple, the interior or uppermost usually 
keeled. Scales 2 or 3, sometimes wanting. Stamens hypogy- 
nous, 1 — 6. Anthers versatile. Ovary simple. Styles 2, 
rarely 1 or 3. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Albumen farina- 
ceous. Embryo on one side of the albumen. Culms cylindri- 
cal, fistular, jointed. Learns with a split sheath. 

ANALYSIS. 

1. Spikelets 1-flowered 2 

Spikelets more than 1-flowered IT 

2. Flowers in panicles 8 

Flowers in spikes 18 

3. Glumes not present 4 

Glumes present , 5 

4. Stamens 6, monoecious Zizania, 3 

Stamens 1 — 3 Zeersia, 1 

5. Glumes minute 6 

Glumes not minute 7 

6. Stamens 6 Oryza, 2 

Stamens 3 Muhlenbergia, IT 

7. Paleae awned 8 

Paleae not awned '. Agrostis, 18 

8. Lower paleae with 3 awns Aristida, 16 

Lower paleae with only 1 awn 9 

9. Paleae herbaceous , 10 

Paleae membranaceous or cartilaginous 11 

10. Stamen 1 Cinna, 18 

Stamens 3 Calamagrostis, 20 

11. Paleae membranaceous Agrostis, 18 

Paleae cartilaginous 12 

12. Fruit black Stipa, 15 

Fruit white Oryzopsis, 14 

13. Flowers in unilateral spikes 14 

Flowers in cylindrical spikes * 16 

14. Paleae unequal Spartina, 23 

Paleae. equal 15 

15. Glumes unlike 3fanisurus, 40 

Glumes orbicular Paspalwm, 9 

Glumes lanceolate Cynodon, 19 

16. Paleae 2, shorter than the glumes, without awns Phleum, 6 

Paleae 1, equal to the glumes, awned at the base Alopecums, 5 

Paleae 2, the lower one awned Hordeum, 38 

IT. Spikelets 2-flowered, flowers unlike 18 

Spikelets 2-flowered and alike, or many-flowered 24 

18. Inflorescence paniculate 19 

Inflorescence in unilateral spikes , 22 

Inflorescence not in unilateral spikes 23 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE.E. 571 

19. Inferior flower neutral 20 

Superior flower neutral 

20. Flowers with a hair-like involucre Erianthus, 42 

Palea? of the fertilo flowers coriaceous 21 

Palea? membranaceous Andropogon, 43 

21. Palea? awned Oplismeniis, 12 

Palea? not awned Panieum, 10 

22. Spikes by fours, digitate Chloris, 20 

Spikes terminal, simple Eottbosllia, 11 

23. Spikes terminal, simple Cenchrus, 14 

Spikes terminal, compound Setaria, 13 

24 Flowers monoecious 25 

Flowers not monoecious 26 

25. Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike Tripsacum, 39 

Staminate aud pistillate flowers not on the same spike Zea, 4 

26. Inflorescence paniculate 27 

Inflorescence spicate 40 

27. Lower palea awned 28 

Lower palea not awned 34 

28. Awn at the apex of the palea 29 

Awn at the back of the palea 31 

29. Palea3 entire Festuca, 32 

Palea? toothed or divided 30 

80. Awn twisted at the base Danthonict, 26 

Awn straight Uralepis, 27 

31. Awn near the base of the palea 32 

Awn near the apex of the palea Bromus, 33 

32. Palea entire, emarginate Anthoxanthum, 8 

Palea bicuspidate 33 

33. Spikelets 2-flowered Aira, 25 

Spikelets more than 2-flowered Avena, 26 

34. Lower paleae entire 35 

Lower palea? toothed Aira, 25 

35. Spikelets 2— 3-flowered 36 

Spikelets usually more than 3-flowered 37 

86. Palese 4 Phalaris, 7 

Palea? 2 Meliea, 29 

37. Spikelets flat, ancipital Untold, 34 

Spikelets cordate Briza, 30 

Spikelets ovate 38 

38. Palea? herbaceous 89 

Palea? membranaceous Pool, 2S 

39. Lower palea many-nerved Arundinaria, 35 

Lower palea few-nerved Festuca, 32 

40. Spikes paniculate 41 

Spikes digitate Eleusine, 21 

Spikes single 42 

41. Spikes short Daciylis, 31 

Spikes long Eleusine, 21 

42. Glumes wanting Elymus, 37 

Glumes present 43 

43. Palea? awned below the summit Monocera, 22 

Palea? not awned below the summit Elymus, 37 

Tribe L— ORY'ZE^E. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Flowers often monoecious, in branched 
panicles. 



572 ORDER CXLII. GRAMESACE.E. 

Genus I— LEER'SIA. Sol. 
(Named after Leers, a German botanist.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glume none. Palece 2, keeled, com- 
pressed. Scales 2. Flowers in panicles. 

1. L. Virgin'ica, ("Willd.) Stem decumbent, erect, hairy at the joints. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous, acute. Panicle loose, terminal, with 
scattered branches. Flowers on one side of the rachis, monandrous. 
P alecs, equal; the exterior one keeled, the interior one ciliate. — 2{. 
Aug. — Sept. Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. Rice-grass. 

2. L. lenticula'ris, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, except at the 
joints. Leaves scabrous along the margins ; sheaths hispid. Panicle 
erect. Flowers large, diandrous. Palece ciliate. — If. Aug. — Sept. 
Damp soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

3. L. oryzoi'des, (Swartz.) Stem erect, or procumbent at the base. 
Leaves scabrous, linear-lanceolate. Panicle large. Flowers triandrous, 
imbricate, with the keel of the palese ciliate. — 2f.. Oct. — Nov. Swamps. 
3—4 feet. 

Genus II.— ORY'ZA. L. {Rice.) 

(From erwz, the Arabic name for Kice.) 

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, small, membranaceous. 
Palece 2, coriaceous, compressed, keeled, about equal in length. ; 
lower one much the broadest. Stamens 6. Ovarium smooth. 
Styles 2. Achenium smooth, oblong. 

1. O. sati'va, (L.) Leaves linear, elongated, scabrous. Flowers in 
racemose panicles ; branches weak, scabrous. Glumes linear-lanceo- 
late ; spikelets terminated by an awn. — Cultivated in all parts of the 
world. 

There are six varieties of this species described by authors, which have, no doubt, 
been produced by cultivation and peculiar local circumstances. 

2. O. latifo'lia, (Des.) Culm winged. Leaves lanceolate, narrow, 
acute at the apex, obtuse at the base. Panicle with the lower branches 
verticillate. Glumes lanceolate, acute. Palece hispid. — Carolina and 
southward to S. America. 

Genus III. — ZIZA'NIA. L. (Water or Indian Rice.) 
(From eisanion, the name of some wild grain.) 

Flowers monoecious. Glume none. Sterile florets mingled 
with the fertile ones. Palece 2, sub-awned. Fertile florets ; 
palese 2, awned ; style 2-parted. 

1. Z. aquat'ica, (Ell.) (Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.) Stem erect, 
glabrous, pubescent at the joints. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, glabrous ; 
sheaths shorter than the joints. Flowers in terminal,, panicles; the 
upper branches bearing fertile flowers, the lower ones sterile. Stamens 
6. Styles 2. — 2f. Oct. — Nov. In inundated lands. 6 — 12 feet. 

Wild Rice. 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACEJ5. 573 

2. Z. flu'itans, (Mich.) Stem slender, branching. Leaves linear, 
flat. Spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, usually 4-flowered ; upper 
ones staminate, lower pistillate. A small, creeping, jointed grass. — 
Wet places. Geo., on the coast. Hydropyrum Jluitans, Kunth. 

3. Z. milia'cea, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves very long, 2 — 
G feet, 1 — 2 inches wide, flat. Flowers in an expanding panicle, fertile 
and sterile ones intermingled. Glumes with short awns. — If. April — 
May. In water. 6 — 10 feet. 

Tribe IL^-PHALARI'DEJE. 

SpiJcelets usually 1-flowered and perfect ; if more than 1- 
flowered, polygamous or monoecious. 

Genus IV. — ZE'A. L. (Lndian Corn.) 
(From zao, to live.) 

Flowers monoecious ; staminate flowers terminal, racemose, 
paniculate. Spikelets 2-flowered ; pistillate flowers in axillary, 
compact spikes, inclosed in many sheaths. Spihelets 2-flow- 
ered ; lower one neutral, superior one fertile. Glumes 2, fleshy, 
broad, ciliate. Palece fleshy, glabrous, concave. Ovarium ob- 
lique, sessile, smooth. Style terminal, long, exserted without 
the sheaths, bifid at the apex, pubescent, channeled. 

1. Z. mats, (L.) Culm solid, simple. Leaves broad, flat; ligule 
short, ciliate ; fertile spikes, with the spikelets in many series, inclosed 
in several sheaths or husks, which are the sheaths of leaves from par- 
tially developed internodes. 

Indigenous in Paraguay and probably in other parts of the world. Corn is said to 
have been found in the tombs of Egypt, and to have been cultivated in China before 
the discovery of America. It is now the most extensively cultivated grain, being 
grown within the limits of 42° south to 45° north latitude, and on plains and moun- 
tains. It affords food for men and animals from the grain, and its leaves afford fodder 
for animals. It may be grown for sugar. Keep off the tassel and silk till the stalk is 
mature, and sugar of good quality may be made from it and in great abundance. 
There is a great variety of Indian Corn. Some suppose the varieties to be distinct 
Bpecies ; others, that they are the result of cultivation. Some varieties will perfect 
their growth, it is said, in forty days from planting ; which the French call Mais 
quarantain, or forty-days com : other varieties require six months. This adapta- 
tion to climate is of immense importance in its wide distribution over the surface of 
the globe. 

Genus V.— ALOPECU'KUS. L. {Fox-tail Grass) 
(From alopex, fox, and oura, tail, from the shape of the spike.) 

Glumes 2, 1-flowered, nearly equal. Palece united, cleft on 
one side below the middle. Styles often connate. 

1. A. genicula'tus, (L.) Stem geniculate, ascending, glabrous. Leaves 
glabrous ; sheaths shorter than the joints, glabrous. Panicle composed 
of cylindrical spikes. Glumes compressed, connate at the base, pubes- 
cent. Palece truncate, glabrous, with an awn at the base. — If. March. 
In rice-fields. Common. 12 — 18 inches. 



574 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^J. 

Genus VI.— PHLE'UM. L. Herds-grass. 

(An ancient Greek name.) 

Glumes 2, equal, mucronate, longer than the palese. Palece 
2, included in the glume, truncate, boat-shaped, without awns. 
Flowers in dense, cylindrical spikes. 

1. P. praten'se, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, simple. Leaves flat, lin- 
ear-lanceolate ; sheaths longer than the joints. Glumes equal, hairy, 
ciliate. Palem smaller than the glumes. — If. June — July. Intro- 
duced into the Southern States. 2 — 3 feet. Herds-grass. 

Genus VII— PHALA'PJS. L. {Canary-grass) 
(From phalox, shining, alluding to the grain.) 

Glumes 2, nearly equal, membranaceous, keeled, 1 -flowered. 
Palece 2, coriaceous, pubescent at the base, shorter than the 
glumes. Scales 2, opposite, ovate, lanceolate. Mowers in 
compound spikes. 

1. P. arundina'ce^e, (L.) Panicle clustered, spreading when old. 
Glumes obtusely keeled, with pointed tips ; rudimentary flowers hairy, 
much shorter than the fertile ones. — Wet places. July. 2 — 4 feet. 

The ribbon-grass of the gardens is a variety of this species. 

2. P. America'na, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, scabrous near the 
summit, geniculate near the base. Leaves glabrous ; sheath shorter 
than the joints. Style 1, bifid. — If. July — Aug. Swamps. 2 — 5 ft. 

Calamagrostis Americana. American Canary-grass. 

Genus VIII.— ANTHOXAIST'THUM. L. {Vernal-grass.) 
(From anthos, flower, and anthon, of flowers : flower of flowers.) 

Glumes 2 — 3-flowered ; lateral florets imperfect, with one 
palese bearded ; intermediate florets perfect, shorter than the 
lateral ones. Palece obtuse. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Panicle 
contracted. 

1. A. odora'tum, (L.) Stem erect, scabrous at the summit. Leaves 
linear, hairy ; sheath striate, pubescent at the throat. Flowers in ap- 
pressed panicles. Glumes acute, membranaceous, hairy, the interior 
one twice as long as the other. Palem equal, villous, with an awn at 
the base of each. Styles 2, filiform. — 2f. May — June. Common in 
the low country. Introduced. 12 — 15 inches. 

Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. 

Tribe III.— PANI'CE^E. 

Spikelets 2-flowered ; inferior flowers incomplete. 

Genus IX.— PAS'PALUM. L. 
(The Greek name for Millet.) 

Glumes 2, 1-flowered, membranaceous, equal. Palece 2, 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE.E. 575 

equal. Seeds coated with the paleae. Flowers in spikes, ar- 
ranged on one side of the rachis. 

1. P. flu'itans, (Kunth.) (Ceresia Jluitans, Ell.) Stem procumbent, 
creeping, assurgent, glabrous. Leaves scabrous, 2 — 3 inches long, slight- 
ly glaucous beneath; sheaths hairy at the base; spikes numerous, 20 — 
30, recurved ; rachis with the flowers arranged on the upper surface. 
Glumes dotted, white. Palece equal ; the interior one flat, the exterior 
convex. — ©. Sept. — Nov. Swamps. 1 — 3 feet. 

2. P. "Walteria'num, (Schu.) (P. vaginatum, Ell.) Stem creeping, 
glabrous, branching. Leaves linear, short, the sheaths of the upper 
leaves longer than the joints; spikes 1 — 2, one of them sessile. — U. 
Through the summer. Damp soils, low country. 12 — 18 inches. 

3. P. filifor'me, (Swartz.) (Digitaria filiformis, Ell.) Stem erect, 
glabrous. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, slightly scabrous, and hairy on the 
upper surface ; sheath hairy ; spikes alternate, filiform, sometimes very 
long. Glumes pubescent, nearly equal. — 2£. Sept. — Oct. On poor 
lands. 1 — 2 feet. 

4. P. seroti'num, (Flue.) Spikes about 5, approximate; rachis flat; 
spikelets rather broad. Glume elliptic-lanceolate, acute, pubescent. 
Culm decumbent ; sheaths pilose. — Car. 

5. P. nota'tum, (Flue.) Spikes 2, conjugate; rachis flat; spikelets 
narrow. Glumes ovate, obtuse. — Car. 

6. P. dis'tichum, (Ell.) Stem prostrate, creeping, geniculate. Leaves 
short, shining ; sheath with the throat hairy ; spikes 2 — 4. Glumes 
lanceolate. — 2{. Through the summer. In damp soils. Common. 

Joint-grass. 

7. P. Michauxia'num, (Kunth.) (Milium paspaloides, Ell.) Stem 
ascending and decumbent, compressed, glabrous. Leaves ciliate, gla- 
brous, 3 — 6 inches long ; spikes digitate, conjugate. Glumes glabrous, 
ovate-lanceolate, acute. Palece equal, shorter than the glumes. Seed 
ovate, compressed. — % . June — Sept. Low country. 1 — 2 feet. 

8. P. trista'chyum, (Leconte.) Glabrous, creeping, erect in water, 
prostrate on land. Leaves short, narrow, smooth ; sheaths broad, 
bearded at the orifice ; spikes about 3, naked at the base. Glumes 
ovate, in two series. — Geo. 

9. P. furca'tum, (Flue.) Spikes % conjugate ; rachis triquetrous. 
Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth. — Car. and southward. 

10. P. l^e've, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves short, lanceolate, 
glabrous, hairy at the throat ; spikes 3 — 6. Flowers 1 from each head ; 
rachis a little hairy at the base. — 2£. June — Sept. Damp pastures. 1 
—2 feet. 

11. P. Boscia'num, (Flue.) Spikes numerous; rachis flat, straight; 
spikelets lateral. Glumes obtuse, nearly round, smooth, 5-nerved. 
Leaves hairy at the base. — Car. 

12. P. seta'ceum, (Mich.) Stem erect, slender, glabrous. Leaves vil- 
lous, narrow ; sheath villous ; spikes usually solitary. Floicers in two 
rows. Peduncle long. Glume equal, 3 — 5-nerved, minutely pubescent. 
— 11. June — Aug. Dry soils. Common. 

13. P. dasyphyl'lum, (Ell.) Stem- decumbent, glabrous. Leaves hairy, 
broad ; sheaths shorter than the joints ; spikes 2 — 3, alternate. Glumes 
3-nerved, oval, pubescent. — July to Oct. 



576 OEDEE CXLII. — GEAMINACE^. 

14. P. latifo'lium, (L.) Smooth. Culm nearly erect. Leaves long, 
broad, ciliate ; sheath naked, except at the orifice ; spikes 2 — 3, alter- 
nate, pilose at the base. Glumes orbicular, in three series, the inter- 
mediate pedicellate ; rachis narrow. — Car. 

15. P. ten'ue. Erect, glabrous. Leaves long, narrow ; spikes 4 — 5, 
alternate, spreading, pilose at the base. Glumes orbicular, in three 
series ; rachis fiexuous, narrow. — Geo. and northward. 

16. P. arundina'ceum, (Poir.) Smooth. Spikes alternate, elongated ; 
spikelets in three series. Glumes obtuse, equal. Leaves ensiform; 
margins rough. — Car. 

17. P. altis'simum, (Lee.) Smooth, erect, high. Leaves long ; sheaths 
ciliate at the base and at the orifice ; spikes 4 — 5, alternate, erect, pi- 
lose at the base. Glumes large, orbiculate, in two series; rachis broad. 
— K Car. 

18. P. macrosfer'mum, (Flue.) (P. Floridanum, Mich.) Stem erect, 
glabrous. Leaves long, the lower ones hairy and scabrous, the upper 
ones becoming nearly glabrous ; throat of the sheath villous ; spikes 
generally 3 ; rachis hairy at the base. Flowers 1 — 2 from each bud. — 
If. June — Sept. Common. 3 — 4 feet. 

19. P. lentif'erum, (Lam.) (P. prcecox, "Walt.) Stem erect, gla- 
brous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous ; spikes numerous, with the 
flowers crowded, two from each bud, and one of them sessile ; rachis 
hairy at the base. Glumes orbicular, glabrous. — 2f. May — Aug. 
Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

20. P. mucrona'tum, (Mich.) Cuhn glabrous, creeping on the land 
and swimming in the water. Leaves broad, ciliate at the base ; sheaths 
broad, swollen, ciliate ; spikes numerous, narrow, -the lowest verticil- 
late, others scattered, naked at the base. Glumes ovate, small, in two 
series. — Geo. to Miss. P. natans, Leconte. 

21. P. purfuras'cens, (Ell.) Stem decumbent and erect, branching, 
glabrous. Leaves long, hairy at the base, dark purple ; spikes numer- 
ous. Flowers crowded, two from each bud ; rachis hairy at the base. — 
U- July — Oct. Common. 12 — -18 inches. 

22. P. tjndtjla'tum, (Poir.) (P. plicatulum, Mich.) Leaves somewhat 
keeled ; margins scabrous, ciliate at the base ; sheaths smooth ; spikes 
numerous ; rachis flat, glabrous ; margins scabrous ; spikelets in 2 — 4 
6eries ; inferior glumes pubescent, superior glabrous. — Geo. and Flor. 

Genus X— PANICUM. L. 

(The ancient Latin name for some of the species.) 

Glumes 2, unequal, the lower one very small ; the lower 
florets usually abortive or bearing stamens only. Palece con- 
cave, equal, beardless. Seed coated with the paleae. Flowers 
in loose, scattex-ed panicles or spikes. 

§ 1. Spikes digitate. 

1. P. mol'le, (Mich.) (Friochloa mollis, Kunth.) Stem erect, pubes- 
cent toward the summit and all the joints. Leaves glabrous, with the 
throat of the sheath ciliate. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Glumes 2- 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE.E. 577 

flowered, perfect and sterile ; valves acute, hairy. Paleai of the sterile 
floret 1. — If. Aug. — Sept. On the sea-islands. 4 — 6 feet. 

2. P. sanguina'lis, (L.) {Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop.) Stem decum- 
bent and assurgent, geniculate, taking root at the joints. Leaves hairy, 
with the sheaths shorter than the joints, sometimes purple ; spikes 
digitate, spreading, 4 — 6. Glumes glabrous, exterior ones small. Pa- 
lea; with the valves equal, lanceolate. — %. Through the summer. 
Cultivated grounds. Very common. Crab-grass. 



Spik 



es racemose. 



3. P. Elliottia'num, (Schult.) (P. gibbum, Ell.) Stem erect, gla- 
brous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in appressed ra- 
cemes. Glumes 2-flowered, perfect and sterile. Palcce of the perfect 
flower about half the length of the glumes. — ©. Through the summer. 
Damp soils. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

§ 3. Branches paniculate, more or less divided ; spikelets solitary, scat- 
tered. 

4. P. ignora'tum, (Kunth.) (Aulaxanthus ciliatus, Ell.) Stem erect, 
glabrous, compressed toward the base. Leaves linear, ciliate, glabrous ; 
sheath ciliate, hairy at the throat. Glumes villous. Paleai brown, 
nearly black when mature. — 2£. Sept. — Oct. Pine-barrens. 1 — 2 ft. 

5. P. ru'fum, (Kunth.) {Aulaxanthus rufus, Ell.) Stem erect, larger 
than the preceding. Leaves glabrous. Panicle large. Glumes cov- 
ered with long, reddish-brown hair. — If. Aug. — Sept. Damp soils. 
2—3 feet. 

6. P. deb'ile, (Poir.) (P. Mans, Ell.) Stem slender, decumbent, gla- 
brous. Leaves linear, ciliate near the base ; sheaths short, contracted 
and pubescent at the throat. Flowers in racemose panicles. Glumes 
ovate, acute, 2-flowered ; valves of the sterile floret long, of the fertile 
ovate, cartilaginous. — fjj|. Aug. — Oct. Pine-barrens. Common. 10 
— 15 inches. 

I. P. prolif'eruh, (Lam.) (P. geniculatum, Muhl.) Stem assurgent, 
geniculate, branching, large. Leaves long, hairy, and scabrous on the 
upper surface, glabrous beneath. Flowers in large panicles, diffuse. 
Glumes 1-flowered. — 2f . Aug. — Oct. "Wet soils. 3 — 6 feet. 

8. P. virga'tum, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves somewhat serru- 
late, long ; sheaths shorter than the joints. Panicle large, with the 
branches often verticillate. Glumes 2-flowered, perfect and sterile, 
with an accessory valve. — If. Aug. — Sept. Sea-coast. 4 — 6 feet. 

9. P. scabrius'ctjlum, (Ell.) Stem erect, large, somewhat pubescent, 
scabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, serrulate; 
sheaths pubescent, hairy at the throat Panicles large, expanding. 
Peduncles glabrous. Glumes 2-flowered, perfect and sterile. — If. 
Sept. — Oct. Low country of Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

10. P. multiklo'rum, (Poir.) Smooth. Panicle dense, many-flow- 
ered. Flowers sub-acute, oblong, small; branches rough. Leaves 
broad, linear, smooth. — Car. 

II. P. ama'rum, (Ell.) Stem erect, stout, glabrous. Leaves flat, 
thick ; throat of the sheath contracted, purple. Panicle large. Flow- 
ers large. Peduncles glabrous. Glumes 2-flowered, tinged with pur- 

25 



578 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^E. 

pie. Palece nearly equal in both flowers. — If. Oct. Sand-hills on 
the sea-coast. 2 — 3 feet. 

12. P. ramuxo'sum, (Mich.) (P. debile, Ell.) Stem slender, decum- 
bent, branching, glabrous. Leaves long, serrulate ; sheaths ciliate, 
hairy at the throat. Glumes lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers in slender, 
diffuse panicles. Pedicels 2-flowered. — If. Aug. — Oct. Damp soils. 
2—4 feet. 

13. P. fra'gile, (Kunth.) (P. diver gens, Muhl.) Stem assurgent, 
slender. Leaves subulate, glabrous on the under surface, scabrous 
above ; sheaths scabrous, longer than the joints. Flowers solitary, on 
long peduncles. Glumes 1-flowered, with a subulate, accessory glume. 
Palece shorter than the glumes. — If. June — Aug. Dry soils. 12 — 
15 inches. 

14. P. dichot'omum, (Gross.) Stem procumbent, geniculate, pubes- 
cent, branched toward the summit. Leaves pubescent, serrulate ; 
sheath pubescent. Flowers small. Glumes 2-flowered. — If. June — 
Oct. Pastures and woods. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

15. P. nodiflo'rum, (Lam.) (P. pauciflorum, Ell.) Stem erect, genic- 
ulate, branching at the joints. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, ciliate 
at the base ; sheaths hairy. Flowers large, solitary, few. Glumes 1- 
flowered, with an accessory valve. — 2f . May. Damp soils. 12 — 18 
inches. 

16. P. consanguin'eum, (Kunth.) (P. villosum, Ell.) Stem erect, 
villous, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, hairy, rigid ; sheaths 
shorter than the joints. Floioers few, obovate. Glumes 1-flowered, 
obovate. — 2f . April — May. Damp places. 1 — 2 feet. 

17. P. seta'ceum, (Mueh.) Peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, rarely pa- 
niculate. Culm erect, casspitose, dichotomous, somewhat pubescent. — 
Geo. 

18. P. Muehlenbergia'num, (Sehal.) Culm smooth, branching from 
the base ; nodes pilose. Leaves linear, glabrous ; branches of the pani- 
cle solitary. Pedicels flexuous, pubescent. — Geo. 

19. P. nit'idum, (Lam.) Stem erect, slender, glabrous. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, expanding ; sheaths shorter than the joints, hairy at the 
throat. Flowers in a diffuse panicle, nearly spherical, small. Glumes 
purple. — If. April — May. Damp soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

20. P. ova'le, (Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent, terete. Leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, cordate, hairy at the base ; sheath contracted at the throat. 
Floivers numerous, oblong, hairy. — If. Aug. — Sept. Middle and 
Southern Geo. 1 — 2 feet. 

21. P. lanugino'sum, (Ell.) Stem pubescent, whitish. Leaves linear, 
acute, downy ; sheaths lanuginous at the throat. Panicle diffuse. 
Flowers small, nearly globular. Peduncles smooth. — If. July — Sept. 
Middle Geo. 1—2 feet. 

22. P. microcar'pum, (Muhl.) Stem erect, simple. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, erect, slightly pubescent beneath ; sheaths hispid, hairy at 
the throat. Glumes tinged with purple. — 2f . June — July. Banks of 
streams. 2 — 3 feet. 

23. P. depaupera'tum, (Mueh.) Leaves linear-lanceolate ; lower ones 
short, upper ones longer, pilose or glabrous ; sheaths pilose. Panicles 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACEJE. 579 

terminal, erect. Glumes acute, lanceolate, smooth. — Car. and north- 
ward. 

24. P. vis'cidum, (Ell.) Stem erect and decumbent, branching, very 
pubescent and viscid at the joints. Leaves slightly cordate, pubescent, 
ciliate ; sheath viscid. Panicle expanding. Flowers pubescent, obo- 
vate. Glumes 2-flowered. Palece of the sterile floret very small. — If. 
June. Damp soils. 2 — 4 feet. 

25. P. ciliatifo'lium, (Kunth.) (P. ciliatum.) Stem decumbent, te- 
rete, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, ciliate ; sheath glabrous, ciliate. 
Glumes 2-flowered, with an accessory glume. Palece of the neutral 
floret small. — If. March — April. Damp soils. 4 — 10 inches. 

26. P. ensifo'lium, (Ell.) Stem erect, slender. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute, glabrous ; sheath short, glabrous Flowers small, pubes- 
cent. — If. April — May. Damp soils. 12 — 18 inches. 

27. P. barbula'tum, (Mich.) Stem erect, usually geniculate, with the 
joints bearded, branching at the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, gla- 
brous, expanding ; sheath glabrous, ciliate. Glumes 2-flowered, pubes- 
cent. Palece of the perfect flower equaling the glumes ; of the sterile 
flower only one, small. — 2£. April — July. Damp soils. 10 — 15 
inches. 

28. P. pubes'cens, (Lam.) Stem erect, much branched, pubescent. 
Leaves lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent. Stipules bearded. Glumes 2- 
flowered, obovate. Palece of the perfect flower longest. — If. July — 
Aug. Shady woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

29. P. sph^erocar'pum, (Ell.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, ciliate at the base. Panicle expand- 
ing. Flowers small, pubescent. Fruit globular. — If. April — May. 
Middle Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

30. P. angdstifo'lium, (Ell.) Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, ciliate at the base, scabrous above, glabrous beneath. Flow- 
ers solitary, pubescent. — U- May — June. Shaded soils. 1 — 3 feet. 

31. P. heterophyl'lum, (Bos.) (P. multiflorum, Ell.) Stem erect, 
glabrous. Leaves broad-lanceolate, pubescent at the base and ciliate, 
slightly undulate. Flowers in a much branched panicle, small, pubes- 
cent. — 2£. May — July. Shaded soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

32. P. melica'rium, (Mich.) Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves long, 
narrow, glabrous. Panicle contracted, slender. Glumes 2-flowered, 
membranaceous, nearly equal. — 2f . April — June. Car. and Geo. 

33. P. an'ceps, (Mich.) Stem compressed, branching, geniculate. 
Leaves hairy ; sheaths hairy, longer than the joints. Panicle expand- 
ing, turning to one side. Glumes 2 — 3-flowered, perfect and sterile. 
Palece shorter than the calyx. — if. Aug. — Nov. Wet soils. Com- 
mon. 2 — 4 feet. 

34. P. oapilla're, (Gross.) (P. strigosum, Ell.) Stem assurgent, 
branched, villous. Leaves lanceolate, ciliate, villous. Panicles large. 
Glumes 2-flowered, obovate. Palece of the sterile florets very small. — 
If. April — May. Damp soils. 12 — 15 inches. 

35. P. scopa'rium, (Lam.) Stem erect, villous. Leaves glabrous on 
the upper surface, 3—6 inches long, 1 — 2 wide, pubescent beneath. 
Flowers few, large. Glumes 2-flowered, pubescent, with an accessory 
valve. Palece of the perfect floret larger than those of the sterile one. 
— If. April — May. Shady places. 2 — 3 feet. 



580 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^E. 

36. P. Bos'cn, (Poir.) Stem glabrous, simple. Leaves lanceolate, 
erect, glabrous ; sheaths bearded at the base and on the margin. Pan- 
icles short, few-flowered, somewhat pubescent. Glumes nerved. Seed 
naked. — Car. 

37. P. "Walte'ri, (Poir.) Leaves oval-lanceolate, amplexicaul, smooth ; 
sheaths tomentose, bearded at the base. Panicles sessile, branching. 
Glumes pubescent ; outer valve oval. — Car. to Vir. 

38. P. commuta'tuh, (Schal.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves lanceo- 
late, slightly cordate, ciliate at the base, distinctly nerved. Panicle 
diffuse. Peduncles pubescent. Glume 2-flowered. — If. May — Julv. 
Dry soils. 2—3 feet. 

39. P. latifo'lium. Stem procumbent, pubescent. Leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, hairy at the throat. Flowers solitary, scattered. Glumes 2- 
flowered, perfect and sterile, pubescent. Palece of the perfect flowers 
larger than those of the sterile ones. — If. Through the summer. 
Dry, shady soils. Common. 12 — 15 inches. 

Genus XL— ROTTBCEL'LIA. L. 

(In honor of C. F. Kottbcell, a Danish botanist.) 

Flowers in one-sided spikes. Glumes 1 — 2-flowered, the 
flowers sterile and perfect. 

1. R. dimidia'ta, (Mich.) {Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schra.) 
Stem creeping, branching, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, sometimes op- 
posite, perennial ; spikes terminal, flat. Glumes unequal, the exterior 
shortest. Palece lanceolate, the exterior longest. — If. Through the 
summer. On the sea-coast. 

Genus XII— OPLISME'NUS. Beauv. 
(From the Greek oplismos, armor.) 

Spilcelets 2-flowered or more ; inferior flowers staminate or 
neutral ; superior flowers perfect. Glumes 2, unequal, concave ; 
staminate flowers with two palese, the lower one awned. Sta- 
mens 3. Perfect flowers ; palese 2, the inferior acuminate, 
mucronate. Styles 2. 

1. 0. seta'kius, (Roem.) (Panicum hirtellum, Ell.) Stem procum- 
bent, creeping, sometimes assurgent, hairy at the joints. Leaves undu- 
late, scabrous, slightly hairy, contracted at the base, throat, and mar- 
gin of the sheath ; spikes compound ; spikelets 5 — 8-flowered ; rachis 
angled, villous. Glumes 1-flowered, with purple awns. — 2£. Aug. — 
Oct, Rich, dry soils. 

2. 0. crus-gal'li, (Kunth.) {Panicum crus-galli, L.) Stem erect, 
terete, glabrous. Leaves long, scabrous. Flowers on spikes, forming a 
terminal panicle ; rachis angled, hairy. Glumes 2-flowered, one per- 
fect, the other sterile ; exterior glume with a long awn ; the interior 
one flat, awned ; the accessory glume very small. Paleai pubescent. — 
0. Aug. — Sept. Cultivated grounds. 2 — 4 feet. 

The glumes of this species are not always awned, and the awns vary very much in 
length. 



ORDER CXLn. — GRAMINACEiE. 581 

3. 0. muiuca'tus, (Kunth.) (Panicum Waltcri, Pursh.) Stem erect, 
slender, glabrous. Leaves horizontal, glabrous; throat of the sheath 
ciliate. Flowers in alternate spikes, in three rows ; rachis scabrous. 
Glumes 2-flowered, perfect and sterile. — ©. Through the summer. 
In damp soils. Low country. 2 — 3 feet. 



Genus XIII.— SETA'RIA. Beauv. 
(From seta, a bristle.) 

SpiJcelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of two or 
more bristles. Glumes 2, unequal ; lower flower abortive. 
Palece 1 — 2, herbaceous ; upper flower perfect. Palece carti- 
laginous. Flowers in compound, cylindrical spikes. 

1. S. glau'ca, (Beauv.) {Panicum glaucum, Ell.) Stem erect, gla- 
brous, slightly compressed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; upper 
surface scabrous ; spike cylindrical. Glumes with an accessory one, 
acute, 3-nerved. Palece 2, the exterior one obscurely 5-nerved. Awns 
8 — 10, in two fascicles. — 0. July — Aug. Roadsides. 2 feet. 

There are two or three varieties of this plant, varying in the direction of the stem, 
and in the number of the flowers in the spikelets, and in being pubescent 

2. S. ooeruga'ta, (Schul.) (Panicum corrugatum, Ell.) Stem erect, 
terete, slightly scabrous. Leaves acute, scabrous ; sheaths longer than 
the joints. Flowers in compound, compact spikes; spikelets with about 
half the flowers fertile, the others sterile. Glumes with an accessory 
valve, 5-nerved. Palece as long as the glumes, the exterior one wrin- 
kled. — 2£ . Through the summer. Low country. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. S. l^kviga'ta, (Schul.) (Panicum Icevigatum, Muhl.) Stem pro- 
cumbent, compressed, the upper joints longest. Leaves narrow, gla- 
brous ; sheaths compressed ; spike columnar ; spikelets 1 -flowered. 
Involucels 10-awned. — If. Through the summer. Sea-islands. 1 — 2 
feet. 

4. S. affi'nis, (Schul.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose ; sheaths stri- 
ate ; ligule bearded. Peduncles pubescent ; bracts purple at the 
apex. Flowers in elongated fascicles. — Geo. to Penn. 

5. S. Ital'ica, (Kunth.) (Panicum Italicum, L.) Stem erect, slightly 
compressed, tomentose. Leaves very long, channeled, scabrous, the 
sheath with the throat and margins ciliate ; spikes compressed, with 
the spikelets many-flowered. Involucre longer than the flowers. Glumes 
2-flowered, only one palese to the sterile floret. — 2f.. Aug. — Sept. 
Wet soils. 2—10 feet. 

Genus XIV.— CEN'CHRUS. Beauv. 
(A Greek name of Setaria Italica.) 

Involucre 1 — 3-flowered, many-parted, bristly. Glumes 2, 
2-flowered, exterior ones smallest ; the exterior floret sterile, the 
other perfect. Palece 2, unawned. 



582 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^E. 

1. C. echina'tus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, pubescent ; spikes con- 
sisting of 6 — 10 heads ; spikelets approximate ; involucre 10-parted, 
villous.— #. Aug.— Sept. Sandy soils. 1—2 feet. 

2. C. tribuloi'des, (L.) Stem erect, compressed, sometimes branched. 
Leaven scabrous on the upper surface, glabrous beneath ; sheath twice 
the length of the joints. Glumes unequal, 2-fiWered. Palece 2, the 
exterior valve acute. — %. July — Oct. Sandy soils. 12 — 15 inches. 

Tribe IV.— STIPA'CE^E. 

Spikelets 1-flowered ; inferior palea awned. Ovarium stip- 
itate. 

Genus XV— STI'PA. L. 

Glumes 2, membranaceous, 1-flowered. Palece 2, coriaceous, 
shorter than the glumes ; the lower one with a long terminal 
awn, the upper one entire. Panicle lax. 

1. S. avena'cea, (Walt.) (S. Virginica, Pers.) Stem erect, terete, 
glabrous ; lower leaves longest, glabrous beneath, scabrous on the up- 
per surface. Flowers in diffuse panicles. Glumes nearly equal, concave, 
sometimes awned. Palece stiped, the stipe bearded. Awn spiral. — 2£ . 
June. Sandy soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. Feather-grass. 

Genus XVI— APJSTIDA. 
(From arista, a beard or awn.) 

Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal. Palece 2, on pedi- 
cels ; lower one coriaceous, 3-awned, the upper one very small, 
or wanting. Scales collateral. 

1. A. gra'cilis, (Ell.) Stem erect, slender, glabrous, branching at the 
base. Leaves linear, with sheaths shorter than the joints. Flowers in 
long spikes, appressed. Glumes equaling the paleae in length ; the ex- 
terior palea involute, banded with light and clark spots, 3-awned ; the 
interior palea minute, or wanting. — 2£. Sept. — Oct. Common on the 
sea-coast. 10 — 15 inches. 

2. A. stkic'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, compressed, branching at the base, 
lower joints short. Leaves glabrous ; sheaths longer than the joints, 
with the throat ciliate. Panicle long, erect. Peduncles scabrous. 
Glumes unequal, with serrulate keels. Palece with the exterior one 
hairy at the base. Awns long, scabrous. — If. July — Aug. Rocky 
soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

3. A. dichot'oma, (Mich.) Stem slender, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
narrow, fiat, finely serrulate. Flowers in paniculate racemes. Glumes 
narrow-lanceolate, with short awns ; keels serrulate. Palece involute, 
3-awned, the middle one longest, contorted. — $ . July. Loose soils. 
12 — 18 inches. 

4. A. lana'ta, (Poir.) (A. lanosa, Ell.) Stem erect, pubescent at 
the base. Leaves glabrous beneath, pubescent above, with scabrous 
margins ; sheaths tomentose. Flowers in racemose panicles. Glumes 
acute, compressed, unequal ; exterior palea 3-awned, involute, the in- 
terior one very smalL — If. Aug. — Sept. Sandy soils. 2 — 4 feet. 



ORDER CXLn. GRAMINACE^J. 583 

5. A. spicifor/mis, (Ell.) Stem erect, simple, compressed. Leaves 
linear ; sheaths glabrous. Flowers in compound racemes, appressed. 
Glumes shorter than the paleoe, terminated by awns. Palece unequal, 
exterior one 3-awned, with the intermediate one longest, pubescent at 
the base. — If. Sept. — Oct. Pine-barrens. 1 — 3 feet. 

Tribe V.— AGROSTI'DE^E. 
Spikelets 1 -flowered. 

Genus XVII.— MUHLENBER'GIA. Schreb. 

(In honor of Dr. Muhlenberg.) 

Glumes 2, very minute, fringed. Paleoe ovate, gibbous, much 
larger than the glumes, the lower one awned. Panicle simple. 

1. M. diffu'sa, (Willd.) Stem decumbent, geniculate, diffuse, com- 
pressed. Leaves linear, scabrous. Panicle slender, composed of alter- 
nate, appressed racemes. Glumes unequal, small. Palem unequal, 
pubescent at the base, the exterior 3-nerved; awn purple. — If. July. 
In fields. 18 — 20 inches. 

2. M. polypo'gon, (Trin.) Leaves convolute, glaucous. Pedicels crowd- 
ed ; awn longer than the floret ; glumes awned at the apex. — Carolina. 

3. M. capilla'ris, (Trin.) Leaves convolute, long, glaucous. Flowers 
crowded ; paleae 3 times as long as the glumes ; awns naked. 

4. M. erec'ta, (Pursh.) Stem erect, simple, pubescent. Leaves pu- 
bescent ; sheath shorter than the joint, hairy at the throat. Panicle 
loose. Glumes 2, with one very minute. Paleai with the exterior one 
bearing a long awn, many-nerved. — 2f . July. Rocky hills. 2 — 3 ft. 

Genus XVIIL— AGROS'TIS. L. 
(From agros, a field; the place of growth.) 

Glume naked, beardless, 2-valved, 1 -flowered ; valves longer 
than the palese. Palea: 2, membranaceous. Stigmas longitu- 
dinally hispid. 

1. A. dis'par, (Mich.) Erect, large. Panicle loose, many-flowered, 
somewhat verticillate and pyramidal ; the exterior glume the largest, 
one of the interior very small. — Low country. 

2. A. laxiflo'ra, (Rich.) (Trichodium laxifiorum, Mich.) Stem erect, 
glabrous. Leaves setaceous, scabrous. Panicles diffuse, capillary, with 
trichotomous branches. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute. Palece 
shorter than, the glumes, with the margins pubescent. — If. March — 
May. Dry fields or swamps. 18 inches to 3 feet. 

3. A. trichopo'des, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves fiat, sca- 
brous ; sheath glabrous, with long stipules. Panicle diffuse. Pedun- 
cles capillary, long. Glumes much shorter than the paleae ; the exterior 
palea with a short, straight awn, the interior longest. — If. Sept. — 
Oct. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. A. arachnoi'des, (Ell.) (Cinna arachnoidea, Kunth.) Stem erect, 
slender, glabrous. Leaves with the sheath as long as the joints. Stip- 



584 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^l. 

ules lacerate. Panicle long, with capillary branches ; the upper palea 
awned, with the awn very slender. Stamens 1 — 3. Styles 2. — If. 
April — May. Middle Car. 4 — 8 inches. 

5. A. comfgs'ita, (Poir.) Leaves rough, long. Flowers in panicles, 
racemose and spicate, erect. Paleai acute, longer than the glumes. — 
Carolina. 

6. A. compres'sa, (Poir.) Flowers in elongated panicles ; peduncles 
somewhat verticillate ; glumes compressed, exterior acute, longest. — 
Carolina. 

7. A. clandesti'na, (Ell.) (Sporobolus asper, Kunth.) Stem erect, 
terete, glabrous. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface, with serrulate 
margins ; sheaths shorter than the joints, hairy at the throat. Pani- 
cles appressed, terminal and axillary. Glumes glabrous, unequal. 
Paleai hairy, with the exterior one keeled. — %. Sept. — Oct. Sandy 
soils. 3 — 4 feet. 

8. A. jun'cea, (Mich.) (Sporobolus junceus, Kunth.) Stem erect, slen- 
der, glabrous. Leaves glabrous, concave, margins scabrous. Panicle 
with verticillate branches, about 6 in a whorl. Glumes glabrous ; the 
exterior much smaller than the interior, both purple. Paleai nearly 
equal. — If. Dry pine-barrens. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

9. A. Virgin'ica, (L.) (Sporobolus Virginicus, Kunth.) Stem pro- 
cumbent, assurgent, glabrous. Leaves subulate, short, entire. Panicle 
appressed. Glumes, the exterior shorter than the palese, keeled, the 
interior larger. Paleai nearly equal ; the exterior acute, the interior 
obtuse. — 2f . Aug. — Sept. On the sea-coast. 6 — 8 inches. 

10. A. pauciflo'ra, (Pursh.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves linear, 
villous ; sheaths striate, with short stipules. Panicle with filiform 
branches. Glume unequal, with short awns. Paleai villous, with short 
awns. — If. July. Mountains. 12 — 18 inches. 

11. A. cin'na, (Lam.) (Cinna arundinacea, L.) Stem erect, glabrous. 
Panicle large, weak. Leaves broad, linear, 1-valved, slightly awned be- 
neath the summit. — If. Aug. Middle Georgia. 

12. A. lateriflo'ra, (Mich.) (Cinna lateriflora.) Stem erect, branch- 
ing above. Leaves broad, linear, flat. Panicles lateral and terminal, 
dense, somewhat secund. Glumes acuminate. Palece longer than the 
glumes, equal, pubescent at the base, without awns. — If. Aug. — Sept. 
Swamps. 1 — 2 feet. 

Tribe VI.— CHLORID'EvE. 

Spikelets in unilateral spikes, 1 — many-flowered, digitate or 
paniculate ; rachis not articulated. 

Genus XIX.— CYtf'ODON. Rich. 
(From kuon, a dog, and odous, a tooth.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with the rudiment of a flower on a ped- 
icel. Spikes digitate at the summit of the stem. Glumes un- 
equal, keeled. Palece unequal, the lower larger. 

1. C. dacty'lon. Low creeping plant, with short flat leaves. Spikes 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACEJ3. 585 

digitate, 3 — 5 ; palete longer than the rudiment. — An introduced grass. 
Very difficult to exterminate, especially in loose, rich soil. 

Bermuda Grass. Digitaria dactylon, Ell. 

Genus XX— CHLO'RIS. Schwartz. 
(From chloros, green, in allusion to its herbage.) 

Flowers polygamous. Glumes 2, 2-flowered ; one of them 
perfect and sessile, the other staminate. Palea3 of the perfect 
Sower 2, awned. Spikes by fours, digitate. 

1. C. petrye'a, (Ell.) {Eustackys petrcea, Desv.) Stem prostrate, 
branching, assurgent, geniculate. Leaves glabrous, with the margins 
and midrib serrulate. Glumes 2, 2-flowered ; exterior glume awned, 
the interior smaller, keeled. Palea of the sterile floret concave, ob- 
tuse. — If. June — Aug. On the sea-coast. 

Genus XXL— ELEUSI'NE. Gsert. 
(From Eleusin, the name of a town where Ceres was worshiped.) 

Flowers on one side of the rachis. Glumes 2, unequal, 5 — 7- 
fiowered. Palece 2, obtuse, upper one bifid. Scales fimbriate. 
Spikes digitate. 

1. E. mucrona'ta, (Mich.) (Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth.) Stem 
erect, glabrous. Leaves slightly scabrous, with hispid sheaths longer 
than the joints. Panicle long, with the spikes 4 — 5 inches long. Glumes 
nearly equal, with colored keels. Palece unequal, the exterior hairy. — 
0. July — Oct. Cultivated lands. 1 — 3 feet. 

2. E. in'dica, (Gaert.) Stem decumbent, lucid. Leaves linear, with 
the under surface glabrous, long ; sheaths pubescent, compressed. 
Spikes usually 5, digitate, one below the rest ; spikelets usually 5-flow- 
ered. Glumes unequal, with the keels scabrous. — If. June — October. 
Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

3. E. crucia'ta. {Dactyloctemum JEgyptiacum, Willd.) Stem de- 
cumbent and assurgent, glabrous. Leaves narrow, ciliate. Spikes 2 — 
4; spikelets usually 3-flowered, the terminal one usually sterile or 
wanting; extremity of the rachis naked. — @. July. Common. 12 — 
18 inches. 

Genus XXII— MOXOCE'RA. E1L 

(From irwnos, one, and keros, horn ; there being but one spike.) 

Flowers polygamous, on one side of the rachis. Glumes 2, 
many-flowered, awned below the summit. Palese of the per- 
fect flower 2-valved, unequal ; the exterior one awned below 
the summit ; those of the sterile flower unawned. 

1. M. aromat'ica, (Ell.) (Ctenium Americanum, Sprig.) Stem pu- 
bescent, erect. L,eaves scabrous on the upper surface, glabrous be- 
neath ; sheaths shorter than the joints, hairy at the throat. Spikes ter- 
minal, secund ; spikelets in 2 rows. Glumes 3-flowered ; the exterior 
glume with an awn projecting from the center of the back ; the inferior 
palea small pubescent. — If. May — July. Pine-barrens. 

Toothache-grass. 
25* 



586 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^:. 

Genus XXIIL— SPARTI'NA. 

(From spartine, a cord, from the toughness of the leaves.) 

Mowers in 1 -sided spikes, imbricate, in 2 rows. Glumes 2, 
unequal, keeled. Palece 2, unequal, without awns. 

1. S. jun'cea, (Willd.) Stem glabrous, columnar. Leaves linear, con- 
volute when old ; sheaths glabrous, ciliate at the throat ; spikes few, 
pedunculate ; exterior glume small, the interior one long, keeled ; ex- 
terior palea shortest, the interior compressed, as long as the glume. — If. 
Through the summer. Sea-coast. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. S. polysta'chya. Stem glabrous, columnar. Leaves broad, very- 
long, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheath longer than the joints, 
with the throat hahy ; spikes numerous, 10 — 12, expanding, alternate. 
— If. Sept. On the sea-coast. 3 — 10 feet. 

3. S. gla'bra, (Muhl.) (S. laevigata, Link.) Stem glabrous, fistular. 
Leaves long, glabrous, concave ; spikes erect, appressed, 5 — 8. Glumes 
and palese ciliate on the keels. — If. August — Sept. On the sea-coast. 
2—4 feet. 

Genus XXIV.— GYMXOPO'GOK Beauv. 

(From gumnos, naked, and pogon, a beard.) 

Glumes 2, carinate, nearly equal, longer than the floret. 
Palece shorter than the glumes, equal ; the exterior one 3- 
nerved, terminated by a straight awn. Spike panicled. 

1. G. racemo'sus, (Beauv.) Stem erect and decumbent, glabrous, 
short joints. Leaves distichous, cordate, lanceolate, nerved, short, gla- 
brous ; sheaths hairy at the throat. Panicle terminal, expanding, some- 
what verticillate. — 2f . Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. 1 — 2 feet. 

Tribe VII.— AVENA'CE^E. 

Spikelets 2 — many-flowered, panicled ; the lower palea bear- 
ing a twisted or bent awn on the back. 

Genus XXV. — AI'RA. L. (Hair-grass.) 
(An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) 

Glumes 2, 2 — 3-flowered. Palece 2, equal, inclosing the 
seed, exterior one usually awned. Panicle compound. 

1. A. flexuo'sa, (L.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves setaceous. 
Panicle diffuse, with the branches somewhat verticillate. Glumes un- 
equal. Palece, equal, the exterior one pubescent at the base, bearing 
an awn at the base. — 2f . August — Sept. Shady woods. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. A. capilla'cea, (L.) Stem erect, small. Leaves short, glabrous, 
narrow. Flowers in capillary panicles, diffuse, large for the size of the 
plant. Glumes acute, with the keel rough. Palece unawned, larger 
than the glumes. — %. July — Aug. Sandy soils. 8 — 10 inches. 

3. A. triflo'ra, (Ell.) (Graphephorum Elliottii, Kunth.) Stem erect, 
glabrous, slender. Leaves short, fiat, scabrous on the under surface ; 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE.E. 587 

sheaths shorter than the joints, with incised stipules. Glumes unequal, 
linear-lanceolate, keeled. Palece lanceolate, 3 — 5-nerved. — If. April 
— May. Upper Carolina and Georgia. 12 — 18 inches. 

4. A. pal'lens, (Muhl.) (Avena palustris, Mich.) Stem erect, genic- 
ulate at the base, glabrous. Leaves flat, slightly scabrous, narrow; 
sheaths glabrous. Glumes compressed, keeled ; the interior valve 
longest. Palece 2 ; the exterior double the length of the interior, bear- 
ing a short awn on the back. — If. March — April. "Wet soils. Com- 
mon. 1 — 2 feet. 

5. A. obtusa'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves flat, somewhat 
scabrous and hairy ; sheaths hairy. Panicle racemose. Glumes 2 — 3- 
flowered, the exterior one linear, the interior broad, obtuse. Palea; 
nearly equal, the exterior tinged with green, the interior white. — If. 
March — April. Pine-barrens. Common. 

6. A. mol'lis, (Muhl.) (Reboulca gracilis, Kunth.) Stem slender, 
glabrous, naked at the summit. Leaves linear, short. Flowers in race- 
mose panicles, scattered. Glumes with the interior obtuse, the exterior 
acute. Palece acute, the interior shortest, usually 2-cleft. — If. April 
— May. Middle Car. and Geo. Common. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXVI.— AVE'NA. L. (Oat.) 

(The Latin name.) 

Glumes 2, 2 — 7 -flowered, longer than the florets. Palece bi- 
laciniate, or with the upper bifid, toothed, with a twisted awn 
on the back. Seed furrowed. Panicle loose, compound. 

1. A. spica'ta, (L.) (Danthonia spicata, Rcem.) Stem erect, pu- 
bescent near the summit. Leaves subulate, small, pubescent ; sheath 
with the throat bearded, villous. Floiuers panicled ; spikes racemose, 
on short pedicels. Glumes usually 6-flowered, longer than the spike ; 
margins membranaceous. Palece 2 ; exterior one lanceolate, villous,, the 
sides terminating in two awns, with the spiral one on the back between 
them; interior one ciliate. — 2£. April — May. Upper districts of Car- 
olina and Georgia. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. A. Pennsylvania, (L.) (Arrhenatherum Pennsylvanicum, Torr.) 
Resembles the preceding, with the exception that the glumes are 2- 
flowered, and seeds villous. — New York to Florida. 

3. A. sati'va, (L.) The common oat, the most generally cultivated 
grain in high latitudes. There are numerous varieties — in the color of 
the grain or stem, or in the presence or absence of awns, &c. 

4. A. nu'da, (L.) Is an oat extensively cultivated in Em-ope, which 
is easily detached from its covering, and is used on that account for 
grinding into meal, and other culinary purposes. 

Genus XXVIL— U'RALEPIS. Nutt. 
(From oura, a tail, and lepis, a scale, in allusion to the appearance of the lower palea.) 

Spikelets 2 — 3-flowered ; flowers alternate, longer than the 
glumes. Palew unequal, villous on the margin ; lower palea 
3-awned, upper one entire, concave. Stamens 1 — 3. Fruit 
gibbous, stiped. 



588 OEDER CXLII. GRAMINACEA 

1. U. purpu'rea, (Kunth.) (Aira purpurea, Walt.) Stem slender, 
compressed, scabrous at the joints. Leaves scabrous, pubescent on the 
upper surface ; sheaths scabrous, the throat pubescent. Glumes 2- 
flowered ; the exterior valves small, with the margins incised. Palecc 
2, the exterior one bifid, with the midrib extending into an awn ; the 
interior valve villous. — fjj. Sept. — Oct. Sea-coast. 1 — 2 feet. 

2. U. cup'rea, (Kunth.) (Poa quinquefida, Pursb.) Stem erect, gla- 
brous. Leaves distichous at the base, slightly serrulate ; sheath hairy 
at the throat. Panicle expanding ; spikelets 5-flowered; exterior pa- 
lea 3 — 5-nerved, which extends beyond the margin, hairy at the base. 
— 2f . Sept. — Oct. Sandy soils. Common. 4 feet. 

3. U. ambig'ua, (Kunth.) {Poa ambigua, Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. 
Leaves linear, glabrous ; sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle ex- 
panding; spikelets dark-purple, sessile. — If. Sept. 2 feet. 

Tribe VIII.— FESTUCIN'E^. 

Spikelets 2 — many-flowered, panicled, sometimes racemose, 
generally without awns. 

Genus XXVIII. — PO'A. L. (Meadow-grass.) 
(A Greek name for grass.) 

Glumes 2, usually many-flowered. Spikelets compressed. 
Palece sometimes woolly at the base. Scales smooth. Panicle 
more or less branching, or scattered. 

§ 1, Spikelets 2 — many -flowered, compressed, paniculate or racemose. 

1. P. Michaux'ii, (Kunth.) {TJniola spicata, L.) Stem erect, terete, 
glabrous. Leaves distichous, subulate, involute. Panicle compressed. 
Glumes 2 — 3, 8 — 10-flowered. — If. July — Sept. On the sea-coast. 
1 foot. 

2. P. pectina'cea, (Mich.) Stem erect or oblique. Leaves erect, 
hairy at the base ; sheaths hairy at the throat. Panicle capillary, ex- 
panding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils ; spikelets 5 — 10-flowered ; inte- 
rior palea persistent. — &. July — Aug. Sandy fields. 8 — 12 inches. 

3. P. hirsu'ta, (Mich.) Stem erect, compressed, glabrous, branching, 
hairy at the axils. Leaves glabrous, long, pubescent at the base; sheath 
hairy. Glumes glabrous, tinged with purple. — If. Aug. — Oct. Dry 
fields. 1—2 feet. 

4. P. capilla'ris, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves linear, hairy, 
short, flat ; sheath longer than the joints, hairy at the throat. Panicle 
very large, expanding, capillary ; spikelets 3-flowered, ovate. Glumes 
pubescent. Palece pubescent. — 1|. August — Sept. Sandy fields. 
1—2 feet. 

5. P. eragros'tis, (L.) Stem geniculate and branching at the base, 
glabrous. Leaves short, linear, glabrous, nerved. Panicle spreading, 
lower branches hairy in the axils ; spikelets 9 — 1 5-flowered; florets ob- 
tuse ; exterior palea acute, 5-nerved, transparent. — 0. July — Aug. 
Sandy fields. 12 — 18 inches. 

6. P. rep'tans, (Mich.) Stem decumbent, glabrous,*terete, creep- 
ing, branched. Leaves subulate, striate, slightly pubescent; sheath 
hairy at the throat. Panicle fascicled; spikelets 12 — 20-flowered ; ex- 



ORDER CXLII. GRAHINACEJ2. 589 

terior palea with the midrib green. — 0. Through the summer. Moist 

cultivated lands. 6 — 18 inches. 

♦ 

7. P. Link'ii, (Kunth.) (P. tenella, Ell.) Stem decumbent, glabrous. 
Leaves subulate, scabrous on the upper surface ; sheath hairy at the 
throat. Panicle expanding, with verticillate branches ; exterior palea 
purple, 3 — 5-nerved. — ©. Through the summer. Cultivated grounds. 
Commou. 6 — 12 inches. 

§ 2. Spikelets paniculate, few- flowered, rather remote. 

8. P. an'nua, (L.) Stem glabrous, procumbent, geniculate. Leaves 
glabrous. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets usually 4 — 5-flowered. Glumes 
slightly pubescent. — ©. Feb. — April. Cultivated grounds. 6 — 8 in. 

9. P. vir'idis, (Schr.) Stem erect, oblique at the base, striate, gla- 
brous. Leaves glabrous, linear, flat. Panicle diffuse, with 3 or 4 branch- 
es at each joint. Glumes acute, margins scarious, white ; spikelets 3 — 
5-flowered, woolly at the base. — 2f . May — June. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

10. P. feb/tilis, (Host.) (P. angustifolia, Wahl.) Stem glabrous, 
erect. Leaves linear, glabrous, involute, upper ones broadest. Panicle 
crowded ; spikelets usually 4-flowered, villous at the base. Palece 
tinged with purple, villous at the base. — If. May — June. Common. 
1—2 feet. 

11. P. spectab'ilis, (Pursh.) (P. refracta, Ell.) Stem erect, terete, 
glabrous. Leaves slightly hairy. Panicle diffuse, large ; spikelets 15 
— 20-flowered ; exterior palea 3-nerved. — If. August — Sept. Damp 
soils. 2 feet. 

12. P. ten'dis, (Ell.) Stem somewhat compressed, much branched, 
glabrous. Leaves linear, long, scabrous ; throat of the sheath hairy. 
Panicle diffuse, capillary ; spikelets 1 — 3-flowered. Glumes glabrous. 
Paleai glabrous, the exterior one keeled. — If. Aug. — Sept. Upper 
Car. 12 — 18 inches. 

13. P. micban'tha, (Schult.) (P. parviflora, Ell.) Stem simple, de- 
cumbent, compressed, leafy. Leaves distichous, flat, glabrous ; sheath 
glabrous. Panicle diffuse, capillary ; spikelets generally 3-fiowered ; 
florets obtuse, caducous. — 2f. July. Shady woods. Middle Carolina 
and Georgia. 

14. P. autumna'lis, (Muhl.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves slightly 
scabrous, flat. Panicles diffuse ; spikelets generally 3-flowered. 
Glumes unequal; exterior palea obtuse, 5-nerved. — If. Aug. — Sept. 
Middle Car. and Geo. 12 — 18 inches. 

15. P. nit'ida, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves linear; throat of 
the sheath slightly hairy. Panicle diffuse, capillary ; spikelets 7 — 9- 
flowered. Glumes compressed ; exterior palea 3-nerved, transparent. 
— tjjjj. Through the summer. Cultivated lands. 12 — 18 inches. 

16. P. confeb'ta, (Ell.) Stem erect, geniculate, terete, swollen at the 
joints. Leaves glabrous, fiat. Panicles terminal and axillary, erect ; 
spikelets 8-fiowered, smooth; exterior palea with colored veins. — If. 
July — Aug. Middle Car. and Geo. 2 — 3 feet. 

17. P. flu'itans, (Scop.) (Glyceria fluitans, Brown.) Stan erect, 
glabrous. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface ; sheaths glabrous, 
with large stipules. Panicle branching ; spikelets sessile, 9 — 10-flow- 
ered. Glumes membranaceous, smaller than the palete ; exterior palea 
7-nerved, obtuse. — 2f . May — Aug. Upper districts. 1 — 2 feet. 



590 ORDER CXLII. — GRAMINACEJ3. 

Genus XXIX.— MEL'ICA. L. 
(From meli, honey.) 

Glumes 2, unequal, 2-flowered. Palece 2, unequal ; upper 
florets sterile. 

1. M. specio'sa, (Muhl.) (M. glabra, Mich.) Stem erect, terete, gla- 
brous. Leaves linear, with long sheaths. Flowers in paniculate ra- 
cemes; racemes 3 — 5-fiowered. Glumes shorter than the paleoe; the 
interior palea ciliate. — 2f. April — May. Middle Carolina and Geo. 
2—3 feet. 

2. M. diffu'sa, (L.) Stem erect, pubescent. Panicles diffuse, branch- 
ing ; flowers acute. — Virginia and southward. 

3. M. Muhxenber'gia, (Schult.) Ligule short, hairy. Panicle sim- 
ple, contracted ; raceme 6-flowered ; florets nodding ; glumes, one ob- 
tuse, the other acute, glabrous. — Carolina and Geo. 

Genus XXX.— BRI'ZA. L. 

Glumes 2, many- flowered. Flowers imbricate, in two rows. 
Palece ventricose ; lower one embracing the upper. Seed 
beaked. Panicle compound, loose, with pendulous branches. 

1. B. eragros'tis, (L.) Stem, decumbent, geniculate, glabrous. Leaves 
scabrous on the upper surface, linear-lanceolate ; sheaths shorter than 
the joints, bearded at the throat. Panicle compound ; spikelets cor- 
date at the base. Flowers numerous ; exterior palea 3-nerved, acute, 
the interior one ciliate along the nerves. — ©. June — Nov. Cultiva- 
ted lands. Very common. 12 — 18 inches. 

Genus XXXI.— DAC'TYLIS. L. {Orchard-grass.) 
(From daktulis, a finger's breadth ; the allusion not apparent) 

Glumes 2, many-flowered, unequal, the larger one keeled. 
Palece 2, without awns, lanceolate ; lower one mucronate, the 
upper one bifid. Spikelets clustered into a 1-seeded head. 

1. J_). glomera'ta, (L.) Stein erect, glabrous. Leaves linear, scabrous; 
sheath scabrous. Panicle secund, clustered. Glumes lanceolate, 2 — 4- 
flowered. Paleoe with the keel ciliate. — If. June — July. In fields. 
2—3 feet. 

Genus XXXII.— FESTU'CA. L. 
(An ancient Latin name.) 

Glumes 2, unequal, many-flowered. Palece 2, lanceolate; 
outer one acuminate or awned. Panicle usually compound. 

1. F. rig'ida, (Kunth.) (Poa rigida, L.) Stem assurgent, glabrous, 
rigid. Leaves subulate, glabrous. Panicle secund ; spikelets linear- 
lanceolate, 3 — 5 — 1 -flowered. Glumes keeled. Palece rounded, tinged 
with purple. — If. April — May. Dry soils. 2 — 4 inches. 

2. F. myu'rus, (L.) Stem erect, geniculate at the base, glabrous. 
Leaves subulate scabrous on the margins ; sheaths much longer than 

20* 



ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^E. 591 

the joints. Panicle slender, crowded, not secund ; spikelets 4 — 7, 
flowered. Glumes small; exterior palea concave, hairy, awned. — Q-. 
March — April. Dry soils. 6 — 12 inches. 

3. F. tenel'la, (Willd.) Stem erect, geniculate at the base. Leaves 
subulate, pubescent and scabious on the upper surface. Panicle secund, 
simple ; spikelets 6 — 9-flowered. Glumes unequally scabrous. Palece 
longer than the glumes; exterior valve keeled, awned. — ©. April — 
May. Dry soils. Common. 6 — 12 inches. 

4. F. Dunius'cuLA, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves subulate, sca- 
brous. Panicle erect, secund, short ; spikelets 6 — 8-flowered. Glumes 
acute, unequal. Palea; unawned, interior one small. — June to July. In 
fields. 12—18 inches. 

5. F. nutans, (Willd.) Stem erect, terete, glabrous. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, glabrous. Panicle secund, nodding ; spikelets 3 — 6 -flowered, 
compressed. Flowers unawned. — If. June — July. Woods. 2 — 3 ft. 

6. F. parviflo'ra, (EU.) Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves linear, al- 
most filiform. Panicle slender ; spikelets subulate, terete, 5-fluwered; 
exterior palea awned. — %. April — May. Pine-barrens. 12 — 18 in. 

7. F. quadrifo'lia, (Walt.) Leaves setaceous, upper ones lanceolate. 
Panicles contracted, secund ; florets lanceolate ; awn terminal, scabrous, 
exceeding 4 times the length of the glumes. — Geo. and northward. 

8. F. polysta'chya, (Mich.) (Leptochloa polystachya, Kunth.) Stem 
procumbent, branching, glabrous. Leaves narrow, subulate ; sheaths 
longer than the joints. Panicle secund, erect; spikelets about 10-flow- 
ered ; the exterior glume small, the interior larger and awned ; the 
exterior paleae awned and keeled. — 2£. Sept. — Oct. Wet soils. 
1—2 feet. 

Genus XXXIIL— BRO'MUS. L. 
(From oromos, food ; the ancient name of the Oat.) 

Glumes 2, usually many-flowered, shorter than the florets, 
which are imbricated in 2 rows ; lower palea cordate, emargi- 
nate, with an awn sometimes below the summit. Scales ovate, 
smooth. 

1. B. Willdenow'it, (Kunth.) Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the 
throat. Panicle nodding, spreading ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, com- 
pressed, 8-flowered, awnless. — Carolina. 

Geratochloa unioloides, Beauv. 

2. B. cilia'tus, (L.) Stem slender, swollen and hairy at the joints. 
Leaves and sheaths hairy. Panicle nodding ; spikes slender, cylindri- 
cal. Glumes pubescent ; exterior palea pubescent, ciliate ; awn nearly 
as long as the valve, interior one much smaller. 

3. B. secali'nus, (L.) Stem glabrous, swollen at the joints, erect. 
Leaves pubescent on the upper surface, ciliate. Panicle erect or nod- 
ding, branched; spikelets oblong-ovate, compressed; florets about 10, 
distinct, longer than the bristles. — %. July. Cultivated lands. 2 — 3 
feet. 

4. B. pur'gans, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves scabrous ; sheaths 
villous. Po.nicle nodding, diffuse ; peduncles hairy ; spikelets 4 — 6- 
flowered. Glumes pubescent, the interior one awned ; exterior palea 
awned, hairy at the summit. — If. July — Sept. Mountains. 1 — 2 ft. 



592 ORDER CXLII. GRAMINACE^. 

Genus XXXIV.— OTIO'LA. L. 
(The ancient name of some grass.) 

Glumes lanceolate, compressed, keeled. Florets 3 — 20, in 
two rows. Sjrikelets compressed ; the lower palea carinate, 
nmcronate, the upper one subulate. Scales emarginate. Seed 
2-horned. 

1. U. latifo'lia, (Mich.) Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves flat, gla- 
brous; throat of the sheath ciliate. Glumes 3, 7 — 14-flowered, the 
upper ones sterile ; exterior palea many-nerved, with the keel ciliate. 
Flowers generally monandrous. — If. Aug. — Sept. Mountains. 

2. U. nit'ida, (Bald.) Stem glabrous. Leaves flat, narrow. Pani- 
cles expanding, few-flowered. Glumes 3, many-flowered. Flowers mo- 
nandrous. — 2f . June — July. Middle Geo. 2 — 5 feet. 

3. U. panicula'ta, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves long, narrow, 
entire, glabrous ; sheaths hairy at the throat. Panicle large. Glumes 
4 — 5, many-flowered ; exterior palea mucronate, 6-nerved, interior one 
ciliate. — If. July — Aug. On the sea-coast. 4 — 8 feet. 

4. XJ. gra'cilis, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, erect. Leaves scabrous on 
the upper surface, linear, flat. Glumes 3, 3-flowered. Panicle long, 
erect, with appressed branches. Flowers monandrous. — If. Through 
the summer. Very common. 1 — 2 feet. 

Genus XXXV— ARUNDINA'RIA. Rich. 
(From arundo, a reed.) 

Glumes 2, many-flowered, unequal, the exterior one smallest. 
Paleoe 2, unequal, the exterior one largest. Styles 3-cleft, short. 

1. A. macrosper'ma, (Mich.) Stem erect, glabrous, terete, with hollow 
internodes. Leaves large, flat, distichous ; sheaths longer than the joints. 
Panicle terminal, composed of distichous spikes ; peduncles pubescent ; 
the exterior glumes ciliate, very small ; the exterior palea largest, cili- 
ate. Seed cylindrical. Does not flower every year; when it does 
bloom, it is in the spring. — 2£. Rich damp soils. 5 — 20 ft. Cane. 

Genus XXXVI— TRIT'ICTJM. L. {Wheat) 
(From tritum, ground ; because the fruit is ground.) 

Flowers in spikes ; spikelets distichously imbricate, sessile, 
3 — 4-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, opposite. Palece lan- 
ceolate ; the lower concave, acuminate or awned. Scales 2, 
ciliate. 

1. T. sati'vum. Spikes 4-angled, imbricated ; spikelets 4 or less ; 
valves ventricose, ovate, truncate, mucronate ; nerve prominent. Flow- 
ers awned or unawned. Fruit free. 

The native country of wheat is uncertain, although it has been thought to have 
been indigenous to Central or Southwestern Asia. It has been cultivated for thou- 
sands of years. There are now no less than three hundred varieties in cultivation. 
The character of the grain is very much affected by soil and culture : the richest soil 
and lushest culture produce the richest grain. 

Secale cereale, Eye, is native among the mountains of Caucasus, around the Cas- 
pian Sea, and in the Crimea. 



ORDER CXLTI. GRAMINACEJS. 593 

Genus XXXVII— EL' YMUS. {Wild Rye.) 
(From elumus, a hull; a name given to grasses that grow about Elyma.) 

Spikelets 2 or more, at each joint of the rachis, 3 — 9-flow- 
ered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, sometimes absent ; lower 
palea entire, with a short awn, upper one bifid. Scales ovate, 
hairy. 

1. E. Virgin'icus, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves scabrous, with 
scabrous sheaths. Glumes 2, somewhat lateral, terminating by an awn ; 
the exterior palea concave, awned, about the size of the interior. — 2f . 
June — Aug. Dry soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. E. stria'tus, (Willd.) Spike erect ; spikelets 2-flowered, awned, 
hispid, in pairs. Glumes linear, awned. Stem erect, striate. Leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate, upper surface scabrous; rachis pubescent. — If. 
June. Shady woods. 8—12 inches. 

3. E. hys'trix, (L.) (Asprella hystrix, Willd.) Spike erect ; spike- 
lets expanding, 4-flowered, destitute of glumes. Paleaz glabrous. 
Leaves glaucous. — If. July. Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

Genus XXXVIIL— HOB/DEUM. L. {Barley) 

Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint of the rachis. Glumes 
slender awned, or bristle-form. Palece herbaceous ; the lower 
convex, awned. Stamens 3. 

1. H. vulga're, (L.) Spike long, flexible, a little arched ; florets 
disposed in 6 rows, or less in poor soils, two opposite rows most pro- 
jecting. 

The native country of the Barley is uncertain. Its uses are numerous. To make 
temporary pastures, "iu this climate, it is of great value. It forms our Porter and Ale 
by affording the fermenting substance of malt, which is sprouted Barley. Pearl Bar- 
ley is Barley with the outer covering removed. 

Tribe IX.— SACCHA'RE^E. 

Inflorescence spicate ; rachis articulated. 

Genus XXXIX.— TRIP'S ACUM. L. {Gama Grass.) 
(From tribo, to rub ; from its polished spike.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile florets : stamens 3 ; glumes 2, 
2-flowered, outer one sterile, the interior neuter ; palea 1, mem- 
branaceous. Fertile flowers : glumes 2, 1-flowered, surrounded 
by an involucre ; paleae 2. Styles 2. Seed 1. 

1. T. dactyloi'des, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, more or less compress- 
ed. Leaves large, contracted at the base ; sheath villous at the throat. 
Flowers in 3 clustered spikes; the upper florets sterile, the lower fer- 
tile, generally 2 — 4.— If. July — Aug. On dry soils. 5 — 7 feet. 

2. T. monosta'chyum, (Willd.) Stem erect, glabrous, compressed. 
Leaves large, serrulate, contracted at the base. Flowers in a solitary, 
terminal spike; upper florets sterile, the lower fertile. — If. Aug. — 
Oct. Along the sea-coast. 3 — 5 feet. 



594: OEDEE CXLII. GEAMINACEJE. 

Genus XL.— MANISU'RUS. L. 
(From manica, a glove, in allusion to its spathe.) 

Spikelets in pairs, 1-flowered; inferior perfect, superior stam- 
inate. Perfect spikelet with 2 glumes ; inferior glume saccate, 
coriaceous ; superior smaller, membranaceous. Palece 2, much 
smaller than the glumes. Stamens 3. Styles 2. 

1. M. granula'ris, (Swartz.) Culm branching. Leaves flat; sheaths 
hirsute. Spikes solitary, articulated, clothed at the base by a spathe- 
form leaf; spikelets unilateral. — Probably introduced. About Charles- 
ton. 2— 3 feet. 

Genus XLI— SAC'CHARUM. {Sugar-cane.) 
(From saccliarum, sugar.) 

A gigantic grass, perennial, with a geniculatecl and fibrous 
root, growing from 6 — 12 feet high; many stems from the 
same root; articulated with 40 — 60 nodes. Internodes solid, 
filled with a juicy pith-like mass of great sweetness. Leaves 
sheathing at the base, 3 — 4 feet long. Seldom flowers in this 
country. 

1. S. offictna'rum is the common sugar-cane, of which there are nu- 
merous varieties. 

The Sugar-cane was not known to the ancient Europeans. The Chinese and East 
Indians possessed the sugar-cane early, and through the Arabs it was introduced into 
Europe in the fifteenth century. It was raised In Spain and Portugal, and in the 
islands of the Mediterranean and Atlantic. In 1506 it was carried to St. Domingo, 
since which time it has spread throughout the tropical world. 

Genus XLII.— -ERIANTHUS. Rich. 

(From er ion, wool, and anthos, flower ; from a tuft of hair around the base of each 
spikelet) 

Glumes 2, nearly equal, villous at the base. Palece 2, un- 
equal ; the inner one bearing a long awn near its summit. 
Stamens 2. Styles 2. 

1. E. alopecuroi'des, (Ell.) (Erianthus saccharoides, Mich.) Stem 
erect, a little scabrous, villous toward the summit. Leaves long, stri- 
ate, hairy on the under surface ; sheath villous at the throat. Flowers 
in a crowded villous panicle ; involucre hair-like. Glume lanceolate. 
Palece, purplish, unequal ; the interior smallest, awned. — 2£. Sept. — 
Oct. Wet grounds. 6—10 feet. 

2. E. brevibar'bis, (Mich.) Stem erect, upper joints bearded, lanceo- 
late, hairy at the base. Flowers in appressed panicles. Glumes pur- 
ple, ciliate. Palece ciliate, purplish. — If. Sept. — Oct. Common. 
3—5 feet, 

3. E. stric'tis, (Bald.) Stem erect. Leaves long, scabrous on the 
margins. Panicle appressed ; spikelets 2-flowered ; involucre consist- 
ing of a few hairs, or wanting. Glumes with the nerves spinous. — 11. 
Aug. — Sept. Low country. 4 — 6 feet. 



ORDER CXLn. GRAMINACE.E. 595 

4. E. coxtor'tus, (Ell.) Stem erect, bearded at the joints. Leaves 
long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle appressed ; involucre as long as the 
glumes; interior palea shortest, with a spirally contorted awn. — 2£. 
Sept. — Oct. Low country. 4 — 5 feet. 

Genus XLIIL— ANDROPO'GON. L. (Broom-grass.) 
(From aner, man, and pogon, beard ; from the appearance of the rachis.) 

Flowers polygamous, spiked. Sjnkelets in pairs, 1 — 2-flow- 
ered ; the lower ones sterile ; or when but one, it is perfect. 
Glumes and palese sometimes wanting; when present, the 
glumes coriaceous. Palece membranaceous, with the lower one 
generally awned. 

1. A. scopa'rius, (Mich.) Stem glabrous, tinged with purple. Leaves 
channeled, slightly hairy ; sheaths hairy. Flowers in straight panicles, 
by pairs on the spikes ; the perfect ones sessile, the neuter one stiped 
and awned. Rachis hairy. Glumes 2, the exterior 5-nerved. Palece 
purple, with hairy margins, the interior awned at the summit. — 2£. 
Sept. — Oct. Poor soils. Common. 2 — 3 feet. 

2. A. furca'tus, (Muhl.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves linear, nearly 
glabrous ; spikes generally by fours, terminal ; sterile florets without 
awns, the awn of the perfect floret contorted. — If. August — Sept. 
Mountains. 2 — 3 feet. 

5. A. macru'rus, (Mich.) Stem erect, slightly compressed. Leaves 
linear, slightly scabrous ; sheath villous along the margin. Panicles 
clustered; spikes conjugate, clustered, each having a sheath. Pedun- 
cles hairy. Flowers monandrous, with a straight awn. — % . October. 
Damp soils. 2 — 3 feet. 

4. A. dissitiflo'rus, (Mich.) Stem erect, branching. Leaves linear, 
scabrous, with the throat of the sheath hairy. Panicle appressed; 
spikes conjugate. Flowers by pairs, hairy, monandrou3, with a straight 
awn. — If. Sept. — Oct. Common. 3 — 4 feet. Broom- grass. 

5. A. vagina'tus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves long, linear, 
with glabrous sheaths. Panicle slender, appressed, branches divided; 
spikes short, solitary, or conjugate. Rachis hairy. Glumes serrulate. 
Flowers monandrous. — If. Sept. — Oct. Damp soils. 3 feet. 

6. A. terna'rius, (Mich.) Branches remote, solitary, simple, alter- 
nate, 3-spiked ; spikes conjugate. Hairs of the bracts shorter than the 
glume. Stamens 3. The inner palea 2-cleft, producing from the cleft 
a long contorted awn. — Mountains. 

7 A. argen'teus, (Cass.) Stem glabrous, branching, tinged with pur- 
ple. Leaves linear, scabrous. Panicle long, slender ; spikes conjugate, 
covered with white silvery hairs. Glumes hairy along the margins. — 
U . Sept.— Oct. Dry soils. 2—3 feet. 

8. A. avena'ceus, (Mich.) (A. ciliatus, Ell.) Stem erect, sometimes 
decumbent, pubescent at the joints. Leaves scabrous, slightly hairy. 
Panicle naked, expanding. Flowers perfect and sterile. Glumes hairy ; 
the exterior one many-nerved, the interior 5-nerved. Palece ciliate, the 
interior one awned. — If. Sept. Pine-barrens. 3 — 4 feet. 

9. A. nu'tans, (L.) Stem erect, glabrous, lower joints swollen. Leaves 



596 OEDEE CXLH. — GEAMINACE^E. 

scabrous. Panicle branching, nodding. Flowers by pairs. Glumes 
hairy, colored, fringed at the summit. Palece hairy, the inner one with 
a contorted awn. — If. Sept. — Oct. Dry soils. Very common. 3 — 6 
feet. 

10. A. melanocar/pus, (Ell.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
scabrous, with the sheath hairy at the throat ; spikes clustered, many- 
flowered, with the involucre bearing a long awn. Glumes 2, lanceo- 
late, pubescent, colored. Palece small, membranaceous, with along con- 
torted awn arising from the base. — If. Sept. — Oct. Pine-barrens. 
2—3 feet. 

11. A. tetrasta'chyus, (Ell.) Stem erect, glabrous. Leaves long, 
hairy on the upper surface ; sheaths hairy. Panicle slender, erect, ap- 
pressed. Sheaths of the spikes long ; spikes usually 4. Glumes serru- 
late, with a hairy involucre at the base. Flowers monandrous. — If. 
October. Pine-barrens. 2 — 3 feet. 



ABBREVIATIONS MOST COMMON IN BOTANY. 



© An annual plant 
5 A biennial plant. 
2J. Perennial plant 
•^ Shrubs or trees. 
<j Staminate flowers. 
$ Pistillate flowers. 
C Flowers perfect. 
* An indefinite number. 
$ — $ Flowers monoecious. 
$ : $ Flowers dioecious. 
$ — 5 — $ Flowers polygamous. 
y/ This figure with a number in the an- 
gle signifies the number of floral organs 
in a whorl ; thus 1/ signifies that there 



are 3 sepals, 3 petals, 3 stamens, and 3 
carpels, or the flower is said to be tri- 
merous ; with 4, tetramerous ; with 5 
pentarnerous, etc. 

? signifies doubt 

! placed after a synonym signifies that the 
author who uses it has seen the plant al- 
luded to. 

v. s. 8., vidi siccam spontanearn; the 
author has seen a wild, dry specimen. 

v. s.c, vidi siccam cultam; the au- 
thor has seen a cultivated dry specimen. 

v. v. s., vidi vivam spontanearn; the 
author has seen a living, wild specimen. 



The above are commonly used by writers on Botany, but only the 
first four are used in this work. 

Besides the above, the names of authors are abbreviated, using the 
initial letter or the first syllable. The following are the most common 
used in this work : 



Adns. — Adanson. 
Ait. — Aiton. 
Arn. — Arnot. 
Aubl. — Aublet 
Bart. — Barton. 
Beauv. — Beauvois. 
Benth. — Bentham. 
Brong. — Brongniart 
Cass. — Cassini. 
Cav. — Cavanilles. 
D. C— De Candolle. 
Desf.— Desfontaines. 
Dew. — Dewey. 
Dill.— Dillenius. 
Ehrh.— Ehrhart 
Ell.— Elliott 
End!.— Endlicher. 



Gsert.— Gaertner. 

Grev. — Greville. 

Gris. — Grisebach. 

Gron.— Gronovius, 

Hed. — Hedwig. 

<Tacq. — Jacquin. 

Juss. — Jussieu. 

L. — Linnaeus. 

Lam. — Lamark. 

L'Her. — L'Heritier. 

Lindl. — Lindley. 

Mich. — Michaux. 

Mill.— Miller. 

Muhl. — Muhlenberg. 

Nees. — Nees von Esenbeck. 

Nutfc— Xuttall. 

Pav.— Pavon. 



Pers. — Persoon. 
Plum. — Plumier. 
Poir. — Poiret. 
Br. — Brown. 
Eaf.— Eafinesque. 
Eich.— Eichard. 
Salis. — Salisbury. 
Schreb.— Schreber. 
Scop. — Scopoli. 
Solan.— Solander. 
Spreng. — Sprengel. 
T. & G.— Torrey & Gray. 
Tourn.— Tournefort. 
Vaill.— Yaillant 
Vent. — Ventenat. 
Walt— Walter. 
Willd.— Willdenow. 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX 

TO PART I. 



FIGURES REFER TO THE PARAGRAPHS IN THE FIRST PART. 



Abbreviated, shortened. 

Acaulis, without a stem. 

Accessory, something added to the usual 
number of organs. 

Accrete, grown together. 

Accumbent, lying on something else. 

Acerose, fine and slender. 

Achenium, 151. 

Achlamydeous, 103. 

Acicular, needle-shaped. 

Acids, 300. 

Acinaciform, 89. 

Acotyledons, 64. 

Acrogens, growing on the top. 

Actinenchyma, 9. 

Aculeus, a prickle. 

Acuminate, 92, 

Acute, 92. 

Adherent, joined to. 

Adnate, 123. 

Adventitious leaf-buds, 70, 74. 

^Estivation, the mode in which the sep- 
als or petals are applied to each other 
in the bud. 

Agamous, without stamens and pistils. 

Albumen, 142, 166, 301. 

Alburnum, 57. 

Aim, 108. 

Alizarin, 304. 

Alliaceous, oniony. 

Alsinaceous, 108. 

Alternate, single leaves on opposite sides 
of the stem at different heights. 

Alveolate, pitted. 

Anient, 116. 

Amnios, 163. 

Amplexicaul, clasping the stem. 

Anastomosis, where branches run to- 
gether and unite with one another. 

Anatomy, vegetable, 3. 

Anatropous, 139. 

Anchusin, 304. 

Ancipital, two-edged. 

Androzceum, the stamens taken as a 
whole. 

Androgynous, both kinds of flowers in 
the same inflorescence. 

Angicspermous, the seeds in a pod. 

Angustifolius, narrow-leaved. 

Annular, shape of a ring. 

Annular ducts, 30. 

Anomalous, out of tha regular order. 

Anther, 117, 122. 



Antheriferous, bearing anthers. 

Anthocyane, 245. 

Anthotaxis, 112. 

Anthoxanthine, 245. 

Apetalous, without petals. 

Apex, 88. 

Aphyllous, without leaves. 

Apiculate, tipped with an abrupt minute 

point. 
Apocarpous, having the carpels distinct 
Appendages, 109. 
Applied Botany, 3. 
Appressed, 77. 
Apterous, without wings. 
Arabin, 288. 

Aquatic, growing in the water 
Arborescent, tree-like. 
Arbuscula, little tree. 
Areola, small spaces. 
Aril, 150. 
Arrow-root, 286. 
Asafoitida, 29S. 
Ascending, rising upward. 
Asperate, rough. 
Assu/rgent, ascending. 
Atropous. See Orthotropow. 
Attenuate, slender. 
Auriculate, 89. 
Awl-form, shape of an awl. 
Awn, a slender tip or beard. 
Awnless, without awns. 
Axil, angle between the leaf and the stem. 
Axillary, being in the axil. 
Axis, 112. 

Baccate, berry-like. 
Balausta, 154. 
Balsams, 297. ^ 

Banner, the upper petal in papilionace- 
ous corolla. 
Barb, stiff hooked hair. 
Bark, 58. 
Base, 88. 

Basilar, belonging to the base. 
Bassorin, 2S8. 

Beaked, terminated by a point. 
Beard, a bristle. 
Berry, 154. 

Bibracteolate, consisting of two bracts. 
Bicrenate, doubly crenate. 
Bicuspid ate, ending with two teeth. 
Bidentate, 91. 
Biennial, two years. 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



599 



Bifid, 2-cleft 

Bilabiate, 2-lipped. 

Binate, in twos. 

Biovuhite, containing two ovules. 

Bipinnate, 94. 

Biserrate, twice serrate. 

Bite mate, 95. 

Bat iiny, 1. 

Bothrenchyma, 23. 

Brachial, pairs of branches spreading at 

richt angles. 
Bract, 110. 
Bracteolate, 111. 
Branch, subdivision of the stem. 
Branching, root, 67. 
Bristle, stitf hair. 
Bud, 70. 

Bulbiferous, bearing bulbs. 
Bulbs, 68. 
Bur, 111. 

Caducous, 100. 

Caspitose, growing in tufts. 

Calcar, a spur. 

Caliculate, accessories to the calyx. 

Calycifloroz, plants with the other parts 
of the flowers on the calyx. 

Calyx, 103, 104. 

Cambium, new wood. 

Campanulate, bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous, 139. 

Canescent, grayish-white. 

Caoutchouc^ 299. 

Capillary, thread-like. 

Capitate, head-shaped. 

Capitulum, 114. 

Capsule, 156. 

Carinate, keeled. 

Carpel, each leaf that forms a seed-vessel. 

Carpophore, 151. 

Cartharmin, 304. 

Caruncle, a protuberance at the hilum of 
the seed. 

Cartilaginous, stiff, strong. 

Caryophyllous, a flower like a pink. 

Caryopsis, 151. 

Casein, 301. 

Catkin, a bur like the pine. 

Caudate, with a tail 

Caulescent, belonging to the stem. 

Cauliculus, a small stem. 

Cauline, 82. 

Caulis, a stem. 

Cellular, 9. 

Cellulose, 6, 283. 

CfeZte, small closed vessicles. 

Centrifugal, flowering from the center to 
the circumference. 

Centripetal, flowering from the circum- 
ference toward the center. 

Cernuus, nodding. 

Chaff, the scales that grow on the recep- 
tacles of Cornpositas." 

Chalaza, 139, 161. 

Chlorophyll, 304. 

Chorion, the milky fluid in the seed. 

Chromogen, producing color. 

ChrornuU, 241. 

Cilice, hair-like appendages. 

Ciliate, 91 ; fringed with hairs. 

Cinchonin, 303. 

Cinenchyma, 82. 



Cinerous, ash-gray. 

Circinate, 77. 

Circumcissilfl, 150. 

Circidation, 223. 

Cirrhose, tendril-like. 

Classification, 305. 

Classes, 311. 

C lav ate, club-shaped. 

Clare, 107. 

<?&>//, divided. 

Coarctate, crowded. 

Cocci, the carpels of the fruit when they 

split apart from the axis. 
Cochleate, coiled like a short spiral shelL 
Codein, 303. 
CoUeorhiza, 164. 
Colodion, 2S4. 
Color, 241. 
Coma, 151. 
Cornose, hair-like. 
Compound leaves, 93. 
Compressed, flattened lengthwise. 
Conduplicate, 77. 
Co?ie, like the fruit of the pine. 
Conenchyma, cone-like cells. 
Confounded, not distinguished. 
Conglomerate, clustered in a mass. 
Conical, shape of a cone. 
Conjugate, paired. 
Connate, 96. 
Connectivum, 122. 
Connivent, converging together. 
Contorted, twisted. 
Convolute, 11. 
Cordate, S9. 
Cordate-ovate, union of the cordate and 

ovate. 
Coriaceous, leathery. 
Corky, 45. 
Cormus, 68. 
Corneous, horn-like. 
Corniculate, bearing a small horn. 
Cornute, horned. 
Corolla, 103, 106. 
Corona, a crown. 
Corrugated, wrinkled. 
Cortex, bark. 

Cortical, belonging to the bark. 
Corymb, 114. 
Cotyledon. 163. 
Costate, ribbed. 

Creeping, running upon the ground. 
Cremocarp, 151. 
Crenate, 91. 

Crenxdate, minutely crenate. 
Oe.s£, elevated ridge. 
Cruciate, in the form of a cross. 
Cruciform, 10S. 
Cucullate, hooded. 
Cwfo??., jointed stem of grasses. 
Cucurmin, 304. 
Cuneate, 89. 

Cupide, cup of an acorn. 
Cuspddate, pointed. 
Cuticle, 35. 
Cyaneous, bluish. 
Cyanic, 244 
Cyathiform, cup-shaped. 
Cyclosis, 223, 230. 
Cymbiform, boat-shaped. 
Cyme, 114. 
Cymose, in the form of a cyme. 



600 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



Cypselat, 151. 
CytoMast, 20. 

Daturin, 303. 

Decagynia, having ten styles. 

Decandrous, having ten stamens. 

Deciduous, 100. 

Declinate, 120. 

Decompound, several times divided. 

Decumbent, reclining on the ground, 

with the apex rising up. 
Decurrent, 96. 
Decussate, pairs of leaves that cross each 

other at right angles. 
Deflected, turned away from. 
Dehiscence, 150. 
Deliquescent, 116. 
Deltoid, triangular. 
Dentate, 91. 

Denticulate, having small teeth. 
Determinate inflorescence, 113. 
Dextrine, 2S8. 
Diadelphous, 120. 
Diastase, 208. 
Dichlamydeous, 103. 
Dichotomous, 2-forked. 
Diclinous, when the stamens and pistils 

occupy separate flowers. 
Dicotyledonous, having two cotyledons. 
Dictyogens, monocotyledonous plants, 

with net-veined leaves, as smilax and 

trillium. 
Didymous root, 67. 
Didynamous, 120. 
Diffuse, spreading wildly. 
Digitate, S9, 95. 
Digynous, two pistils. 
Dimerous, consisting of two parts. 
Dioecious, having stamens and pistils on 

different plants. 
Disk, flattened surface on which the 

floAver rests. 
Disk floret, 114. 
Dissepiments, 132. 
Distichous, arranged in two series. 
Divaricate, widely diverging. 
Divergent, separating. 
Division of Botany, 3. 
Dodecandria, having twelve stamens. 
Dolabriform, 89. 
Dorsal suture, on the back. 
Doited ducts, 22. 
Drupe, 152. 
Duration of vegetables, 192. 

Eared, having two small rounded lobes at 

the base. 
Echinate, beset with rigid prickles. 
Edible, ijood to eat 
Egret, 111. 

Elementary organs, 5. 
Elongated, lengthened. 
Emarginate, 92. 
Embryo, 141, 148, 163. 
Emetin, 303. 
Endocarp, 146. 

Endogenous, growing inwardly. 
Endophlozum, middle portion of the bark. 
Eridopleura, 159. 
Endorhxza, 164. 
Endosmosis, 14. 
Endosperm, innor coating of tho seed. 



Enneandrous, having nine stamens. 

Ensiform, 89. 

Entire, without interruption. 

Epicarp, 146. 

Epidermis, 36. 

Epigynous, 119. 

Epiphloium, 45. 

Epiphytes, growing upon plants. 

Equitant, 77. 

Erect, 143. 

Erose, 91. 

Erithrophyll, 304. 

Esculent, pulpy. 

Etwrio, aggregated fruits, like the rasp- 
berry. 

Exogens, 51. 

Exorhizce, the roots of dicotyledonous 
plants. 

Exos?nosis, 14. 

Exostome, the opening of the outer coat 
of the seed. 

Exserted, projecting out. 

Extine, 125. 

Exstipulate, without stipules. 

Extrorse, 123. 

Extra-axillary, 37. 

Fc&cida, starch. 

Falcate, curved like a scythe or sickle. 

Fan-shaped, 91. 

Farinaceous, mealy. 

Fascicle, 114. 

Fascicxdated root, 67. 

Fastigiate, flat-topped. 

Favose, honey-combed. 

Feather-veined leaves, 88, 94. 

Ferruginous, iron-colored. 

Fertilization, 193. 

Fiber, elementary, 7. 

Fibers, organic, 25. 

Fibro-vascular tissue, 26. 

Fibrin, 301. 

Fibrous root, 67. 

Filament, 111, 120. 

Filiform root, 67. 

Fimbriate, fringed on the margin. 

Fistulous, a cylindrical body that is hol- 
low. 

Flabellate, 91. 

Floral leaves, 82. 

Floral envelopes, 103. 

.Ffor^, 114. 

Flowers, organ of reproduction in plants. 

Flower buds, buds that produce flowers. 

Flower leaf, leaf among flowers. 

Foliaceou's, leaflike texture. 

Follicle, a monocarpelous fruit opening 
along the ventral suture, as the larkspur. 

Food of plants, 211. 

Foramen, 136. 

Fork-veined leaves, 87. 

Fovilla, 126. 

Freezing of plants, 269. 

i^rw^, 144. 

Fruiting, 200. 

Frustranea, the third Linnaean order of 
the class Syngenesia, the disk florets 
perfect, and the ray neutral. 

Frutex, or Frutescent, woody; applied 
to bushy shrubs, as the lilac or quince. 

Fugaceous, soon disappearing. 

Funiculus, 137. 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



601 






Functions of leaves, 176. 
Funnel-shaped, 106. 
Fusiform root, 67. 

Galbanum, 293. 

Galeate, resembling a shield. 

Gamopetalous, 106. 

Gamosepalous, 105. 

Gemma, buds. 

Gemmation, 77. 

Gemmiperous, producing buds in the 
axils of leaves. 

Gcmmule, a bud. 

Geniculate, bent, like a knee. 

Genus, 307. 

Geographical Botany, 3. 

Germ, 127. 

Germination, 203. 

Gibbous, swelling oat. 

Glabrous, smooth. 

Gladiate, sword-form. 

Gland, 151. 

Glandular hairs, having glands on the 
top. 

Glaucous, clothed with a greenish meali- 
ness. 

Glomerate, terminating by little heads. 

Glumaceous, bearing glumes. 

Glume, chaff or scalesin grasses. 

Glutinous, sticky. 

Granulate, in the form of grains. 

Grumose, in the form of clustered grains. 

Gum, 2S8. 

Gum resins, 29S. 

Gun cotton, 2S4. 

Gutta percha, 299. 

Gymnospermous, having naked seeds. 

Gynandroics, stamens standing on the 
pistil. 

Gynobase, elevation of the torus. 

Gynaicium, the pistil. 

Gynophore, 135. 

Habitat, the situation in which plants 

grow. 
J7o3matoxylin, 304. 
Hairs, 39. 
Hastate, 89. 

Head, flowers collected in a globular form. 
Heat, 265. 
Heart-wood, 37. 
Helmet, arched upper lip. 
Heptagynia, having seven styles. 
Heptandria, having seven stamens. 
Herbarium, collection of dried plants. 
Hei'inaphrodite, perfect flowers, having 

stamens and pistils. 
Hesperidium, 155. 
Heterogamous, 114. 
Hexagynia, having six styles. 
Hexandria, having six stamens. 
Hilum, 137, 160. 
Hirsute, rough. 
Hispid, prickly. 
Homogamous, 114. 
Hoary, whitish-colored. 
Hooded, arched or rolled inward. 
Hybrid, mixed. 
Hypocrateriform, 106. 
Hypogynous, 119. 

Icoaandrous, more than ten stamens. 

26 



Imbricate, 11. 

Incised, cut in like a gash. 

Included, 120. 

Incumbent, leaning upon. 

Incurved, bent inward. 

Indehiscent, 150. 

Indigenous, plants growing originally in 
a country. 

Indigo, 304. 

Induplicate, folded in. 

Inferior, 105. 

Inflated, appearing as if blown up. 

Inflexed, turned inward. 

Inflorescence, 112. 

Infra-axillary, below the axil. 

Infwidibuliform, 106. 

Innate, 123. 

Inspissated, thickened. 

Integuments, 159. 

Intercellular passages, 33. 

Internodes, 78. 

Interruptedly pinnate, with smaller leaf- 
lets interposed between larger ones 

Inline, 125. 

Intra-axillary, between the axils. 

Introrse, 123. 

Inulin, 287. 

Inverse, turned in an opposite direction. 

Involucel, a secondary involucre in Um- 
beliiferai. 

Involucre, 111. 

Involute, 77. 

Irregular, without order. 

Irritability, 235. 

Jagged, irregularly notched. 
Joints, rings at regular intervals along 
stems or organs of any kind. 

Karina, 108. 

Keel, 108. 

Knot, swelling joint. 

Labellum, a lip. 

Labiate, 106. 

Lacerated, torn. 

Laciniate, jagged. 

Lactescence. milkiness. 

Lactiferous tissue. See Cinenchyma. 

Lacuna, small hollows or pits. 

Layvis, smooth, polished. 

Lamella, 109. 

Lamellate, in the form of thin plates. 

Lamina, 78, 107 ; the broad part of a petal. 

Laminated, consisting of several thin flat 

portions. 
Lanate, woolly. 
Latex, 230. 
Leaf buds, 70. 

" adventitious, 71, 74. 

" regular, 71. 

" terminal, 71. 

Leaflets, one of the small leaves forming a 

compound leaf. 
Leaves, 78. 
Legume, 153. . 
Legumin, 302. 
Lenticels, 43. 
Lenticular, resembling a double convex 

lens. 
Lepides, 43. 
Leprous, covered with scales. 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



Liber, 47. 

Lichenin, 2S7. 

Light, 258. 

Ligulate, strap -like. 

Liliaceous, 108. 

Limb, 107. 

Linear, 89. 

Lip. See Labiate. 

Lobe, a rounded division. 

Loculicidal, 150. 

Loment, 153. 

Lyrate, 89. 

Maculate, spotted. 

Jfamcring, 218. 

Marcescent, withering. 

Medullary rays, 85. 

Medullary slieath, 54. 

Membranaceous, thin. 

Membrane, 6. 

MesopJdomm; 45. 

Mieropyle, 136, 160. 

Jttdrib, 78. 

Monadelphous, 120. 

Monandrous, one stamen. 

Moniliform, 22. 

Monocarpous, bearing fruit but once. 

Monochlamydeous, 103. 

Monocotyledonous, 60. 

Monoecious, having stamens and pistils in 

different flowers on the same plant. 
Monogynia, one style or one stigma. 
Monopetalous, 106. 
Monosepalous, 105. 
Monospermous, one seed to a flower. 
Morphin, 303. 
Morphology, 3. 
Mucronate, 92. 
Mucus, organic, 8. 
Multifid, many-cleft. 
Muricate, armed with sharp spines. 
Muticous, without points. 
Myrrh, 298. 

Napiform root, 67. 

Narcotin. 303. 

Natant, floating. 

Navictdar, boat-form. 

Neck, point where the stem and root join. 

Necklace-form, contracted at regular in- 
tervals, resembling beads. 

Nectarotheca, 109. 

Nectary, 109. 

Nervation, arrangement of the nerves in 
the leaves. 

Neutral, florets having neither stamens 
nor pistils. 

Node, a knot or joint. 

Nodules, 59. 

Normal, ordinary structure. 

Nuciform, resembling a nut. 

Nucleus, 136. 

itoftf, 151. 

Nutant, nodding. 

(9&, reversed. 

Obcordate, 90. 

Oblique, 97. 

Oblong, 89. 

Obovate, 90. 

Obsolete, obscure, or wanting. 

#Wws<?, 92. 



Obvolute, 77. 

Ochrea, 101. 

Octandrous, having 8 stamens. 

Octogynia, having 8 pistils. 

(Mors, 248. 

<9*7s, 293. 

Orbicular, 89. 

Organ, 34. 

Organic elements, 212, 286. 

Organs, compound, 34. 

Organs of reproduction, 103. 

Origin of wood, 188. 

Orthotropous, 138. 

0??a?, longer than broad, with rounded 

ends. 
<9«ar#, 129. 
C^ate, S9. 

Ovate-lanceolate, 90. 
tfwfe, 136. 

PaZea?, 111. 

Palmate, 91. 

Palmated, root, 67. 

Panduriform, 91. 

Panicle, 116. 

Paniculate, resembling a panicle. 

Papilionaceous, 108. 

Pappus, 111. 

Paracorolla, 109. 

Parallel-veined leaves, 187. 

Parenchyma, 9. 

Parietal, the inner lining of the fruit. 

Parted, divided. 

Pectase, 290. 

Pectin, 290. 

Pectinate, 91. 

Pectose, 290. 

Pedate, 89. 

Pedicel, 112. 

Peduncle, 112. 

Peltate, 89. 

Pendent, hanging down. 

Pendulous, drooping. 

Pencil-form, like a painter's brush. 

Pentagynia, having five pistils. 

Pentandria, having five stamens. 

Peppo, 154. 

Perennial, continuing more than two 

years. 
Perfect flower, 103. 
Perfoliate, 89, 96. 

Perianth, organ surrounding the flower. 
Pericarp, 145. 
Perigynous, 119. 
Perisperm. See Pericarp. 
Petal, 106. 
Petaloid, having the appearance of a 

petal. 
Petiole, 78, 99. 
Phanerogamous plants, having visible 

stamens and pistils. 
Phyllodium, 96. 
Phytography, 3. 
Phytology, the science of plants. 
Pilose, hairy. 
Pinnate, 94. 
Pinnatifid, 91. 
Piperin, 303. 
PtsfiZ, 127. 
P«/t, 58. 
Placenta, 130. 
Plaited, 77. 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



603 



Plant, 2. 

Plicate, plaited. 

Plumose, feather-like. 

Plunnda, 163. 

Pod, 158. 

Pollen-, 11 T, 124 

Polyadelphous, 120. 

Poli/and via, many stamens. 

Polygamous, having perfect and imper- 
fect flowers on the same plant. 

Polygynia. having many pistils. 

Polypetalous, 106, 107. 

Polymorphous, presenting various forma. 

Polyphore, 135. 

Polysep>alous, 105. 

Pome, 155. 

Proefloration, way in which the flowers 
are arranged in the bud. 

Prafoliation, 77. 

Prcemorse, gnawed. 

Prickles, 42. 

Primary axis, 113. 

Primine, 136. 

Primordial, 82. 

Procumbent, lying on the ground. 

Prosenchyma, 10. 

Protein, 301. 

Pubescent, hairy. 

Purpurin, 304 

Putamen, 146. 

Punctate, dotted. 

Quadrangular, having four angles. 
Quadrilateral, having four sides. 
Quincuncial, when the pieces are five in 
number, of which two are exterior. 

Raceme, 116. 

Racemose, form of a raceme. 

Races, 306. 

Rachis, 111, 112. 

Radiate, spreading in the form of rays. 

Radiated leaves, 8S, 96. 

Radicle, 163. 

Radical leaves, 82. 

Radix ramosa, 67. 

Rameal leaves, S2. 

Ramose, belonging to the branches. 

Raphe, 161. 

Raphides, 19. 

Ray floret, 114 

Rayed vessels, 31. 

Receptacle, 112, 135. 

Recurved, curved downward.'' 

Reflexed, bent back. 

Refracted, bent so as to appear broken. 

Regular corolla, 106. 

Reniform, 89. 

Repand-toothed, 91. 

Replum, 150, 156. 

i&siws, 297. 

Resupinate, upside down. 

Reticxdate-veined leaves, 87. 

Retrorse, turned backward. 

Refuse, 92. 

Revolute, 77. 

Rhizocarpus, the roots perennial and the 

stem annual. 
Rhizoma, 68. 
Ribbed leaves, 88. 
Rimose, cracked. 
Ringent, grinning. 



7?O0*, 65. 173. 

Root-stalk, 6S. 

Rosaceous, 103. 

Rosin, 297. 

Rufous, reddish-brown. 

Rotate, 106. 

Rudiment, in a diminutive state. 

Rugose, wrinkled. 

Ruminated, 166. 

Runcinate, 91. 

Ruptured, 150. 

Saccate, bag-like. 

Sagittate, arrow-form. 

Salver-form, 106. 

Samara, 151. 

£a#>, watery fluid of vegetables. 

Sap-ioood, 57. 

Sapid, having taste. 

Sarcocarp, 146. 

Sarcodermis, 159. 

Sarmentose, a running shoot which 
strikes root at the joints only. 

Scabrous, rough. 

Scalariform, 31. 

£ca^s. 111. 

Scandent, climbing. 

£ctfp<?, 112. 

Scarious, dry and membranaceous. 

Scimitar-form, 89. 

Scion, shoots, shooting laterally. 

Sclerogen, 17. 

£<m/tf 43. 

Secund, turned to one side. 

Secundine, 136. 

-SeecZ, 158. 

Segregata, the fifth Linnaean order of 
Composites, the florets being separated 
by distinct perianths. 

xScpotZ, 105. 

Septicidal, 150. 

Septifragal, 150. 

Serrate, 91. 

£eta>, 111. 

Sessile, 78. 

Setaceous, bristle-form. 

Setose, bristly. 

,S^icZe, 156. 

Siliqua, 156. 

SUicula, a little silique. 

Silictdosa, short pod. 

Silique, having a long pod. 

Siliquosa. See Silique. 

Sinuate-toothed, 91. 

Sinuate-lobed, 91. 

Sinus, a rounded incision. 

Sinuate, having rounded incisions. 

Sorosis, 157. 

Spadix, 116. 

£pai5te, 111. 

Spathulate, S9. 

Spathaceous, spathe-like. 

Spatulate, oblong, diminishing into a lin- 
ear base. 

Species, 306. 

&»&?, 116. 

Spikelets, small spikes. 

Spinose, thorny. 

Spiral vessels, 26. 

Spongioid, 69, 173. 

£pwr, 109. 

Spurious dissepiments, 132. 



604 



GLOSSARY AND INDEX TO PART I. 



Squamaz, 111. 

Squarrose, ragged. 

Staminate, bearing stamens. 

Starch, 285. 

Stellate, in the form of a star. 

Stem, 51. 

Stigma, 127. 

Stings, 41. 

£#/><?, stalk of a seed-vessel. 

Stipitate, standing on a stipe. 

Stipules, 101. 

Stoloniferous, putting forth suckers or 
shoots. 

Stomata, 37. 

Striate, marked with longitudinal, slen- 
der lines. 

Strigose, armed with rigid bristles. 

Strobilus, 157. 

Style, 127, 128. 

Sub, under or beneath. 

Suberose, 45. 

Subulate, 89. 

Sufructicose, an under-shrub. 

Sugar, 291. 

Sulcate, marked with deep lines. 

Superior, 105. 

Supra-axillary, above the axil. 

Supra-decompound, much divided. 

Suspensor, 141. 

Syconus, 157. 

Syncarpous, 132, 154. 

Tapioca, 2S6. 

Tap-root, 67. 

Taxonomy, 3. 

Tegument, a covering. 

Tendril, 94, 102. 

Terete, round. 

Ternate, 95. 

Tesselated, checkered. 

TV.sto, 159. 

Tetradynamous, 120. 

Tetragynia, having four pistils. 

Tetrandria, having four stamens. 

Thalamifioroz, plants having the floral 

organs rising directly from the torus. 
Thalamus, a receptacle. 
TJiyrsus, 116. 
Tomentose, woolly. 
Torose, raised in bunches. 
Tbrws, 135. 

Torulose, swelling ridges. 
Trachea, air-vessels. 
Transverse, 150. 



Triandria, having three stamens. 
Tricoccus, three-seeded. 
Tricuspidaie, having three points. 
Tridentate, having three teeth. 
Trifid, three-cleft. 
Trigynia, having three pistils. 
Triquetrous, three-sided. 
Tripinnate, 94. 
Triternate, 95. 
Truncate, 92. 
Tuberculate, warty. 
Tuber, 68. 
Tunicated, 68. 

Turbinate, a cone with the point down- 
ward. 

Umbel, 114. 

Uncinate, hooked at the end. 
Undulate, waving. 
Unguiculate, 107. 
Unguis, 107. 
Unilateral, one-sided. 
Unilocular, one-celled. 
Urceolate, 106. 
Utricle, 21. 

Valves, the pieces of which a seed-vessel 
is composed. 

Varicose, irregularly swollen. 

Varieties, 306. 

Vascular tissue, 22. 

Vegetable products, 281. 

Veins, 78. 

Venation, the mode of the distribution 
of the veins of the leaves. 

Ventricose, swollen. 

Vernation, 11. 

Verrucose, warty. 

Versatile, 123. 

Verticillate, 79. 

Vexillum, the upper petal of a papiliona- 
ceous corolla, 108. 

Villous, hairy. 

Virgate, wand-like, slender. 

Viviparous, seeds germinating on the 
plant. 

Water, 276. 
Wings, 108. 

Xanthic, 244. 
XanthophyU, 304. 

Zein, 202. 



INDEX TO PART II. 



THE FIGURES REFER TO THE PAGE. 



Abutilon 259 

Acacia 297 

Acalypha 498 

Acanthdceae 476 

Acer 2G5 

Aceraceae 264 

Acerates 431 

Achillea 400 

Achvranthes 484 

Acmella 395 

Acnida 4S5 

Aconitam 207 

Acorus 551 

Actaea 208 

Actinomeris 392 

Actinospermum 399 

Adluinia 222 

Adonis 203 

^Eschynomene 287 

^sculus 266 

Agati 279 

Agave 533 

Ageratum 354 

Agrimonia 302 

Agrimony 302 

Agrostema 24S 

Agrostis 5S3 

Aira 5S6 

Alder 508 

Aletris 532 

Alisma 549 

Alismaceae 548 

Allionia 483 

Allium 537 

Alnus 508 

Alopecurus 573 

Alum-root 325 

Amarantbaceas 4S4 

Amaranth us 4S4 

Amaryllidacete 533 

Amaryllis 533 

Ambrina 487 

Ambrosia 3S3 

Amelanchier 307 

Amentaceae 505 

American Ivy 204 

Amiantanthus 540 

Ammania 310 

Ammi 331 

Amorpba 2S2 

Ampelopsis 264 

Amphicarpa 278 

Amsonia 434 

Amygdalus 299 



Amyridaceae 255 

Amyris 255 

Anacardiaceas 254 

Anagallis 481 

Andromeda 418 

Andropogon 593 

Anemone 202 

Angelica 335 

Angelica-tree 33S 

Anise-tree 211 

Anonaceae 212 

Anoplanthus 453 

Antennaria 402 

Anthemis 400 

Anthoxanthum 574 

Anthromemum 4S6 

Antirrhinum 454 

Anychia 243 

Apios 275 

Apocynaceae 434 

Apocynum 434 

Apog'on 407 

Apple-haw 306 

Aquifoliaceae 426 | 

Aquilegia 206 i 

Arabic 297 I 

Arabis 224 j 

Araceee 549 I 

Arachis 291 I 

Aralia 338 

Araliaceae 338 

Arbor-vitae 516 i 

Archangel ica 335 I 

Archemora 336 | 

Arenaria 246 

Aretbusa 525 

Argemone 220 | 

Arisaema 550 

Aristida 582 | 

Aristolochia 494 

Aristolochiaceae 494 

Arnica 404 

Aronia 307 

Arrhenatherum 5S7 

Arrow-head 548 [ 

Arrow-wood 342 j 

Artemisia 401 

Artichoke 391 

Arum 550 

Arundinaria 592 

Asarum 494 

Asclepiadaceae 430 

Asclepias 432 

Ascyrum 239 i 



Ash 427 

Asimina 212 

Aster 362 

Astilbe 325 

Astragalus '285 

Atamasco Lily 533 

Atriplex 486 

Atropa 452 

Aulaxanthus 577 

Aurantiaceae 255 

Avena 587 

Azalea 422 

Baccharis 378 

Baldwinia 399 

Balsam-apple 321 

Balsam-cucumber 321 

Balsaminacea? 251 

Balsam-weed 251 

Baneberry 208 

Baptisia 292 

Barberry 215 

Barley 519 

Barren strawberry 301, 303 

Batatus 545 

Batscbia. See Litho- 

spermum 447 

Bay 211 

Bay berry 215,507 

Bay-galls 491 

Bean 274 

Bear-grass 536 

Beaver-poison 392 

Beech 512 

Beet 486 

Beetle-weed 423 

Bejaria 421 

Berberidaceae 214 

Berchemia 269 

Berberis 215 

Berlandiera 3S2 

Betula 468 

Bermuda-grass 5S5 

Bidens 395 

Bigelovia 375 

Bignonia 439 

Bignoniaceae 438 

Bilberry 415 

Birch 50S 

Bitter-weed 383 

Black-alder 427 

Blackberry 303 

Black-gum 492 

Black-haw 342 



606 



INDEX TO PART II. 



Black raspberry 303 

Black root 352 

Black whortleberry. . . 414 

Bladder-nut 268 

Blazing-star 356 

Blephilia 469 

Bletia 528 

Blood-root 220 

Boehmeria 501 

Boerhaavia 483 

Boltonia 369 

Boneset 360 

Boraginacese 447 

Borkhausia 410 

Borrichia 379 

Borya 500 

Box-elder 265 

Boykinia 324 

Brachycheeta 370 

Brasenia 217 

Brassica £26 

Brickellia 357 

Briza 590 

Bromeliaceae 534 

Bromus 591 

Broom-grass 595 

Bucknera 459 

Buckeye 266 

Buckwheat 490 

Buckwheat-tree 417 

Buffalo-clover 2S4 

Bugbane 208 

Bugle-weed 464 

Bumelia 427 

Buphthalmum 379 

Bnrmania 531 

Burmaniacese 531 

Burnt saxifrage 302 

Burning-bush 268 

Bur-reed 550 

Butter-cup 203 

Butterfly-weed 432 

Butternut 513 

Butterwort 477 

Button snakeroot 355 

Buttonwood 346, 509 

Cabbage 226 

Cabomba 217 

Cabombacea? 216 

Cacalia 403 

Cactacese 322 

Cactus 322 

Cakile 228 

Calabash 320 

Caladium 551 

Calamagrostis 574 

Calamintna 466 

Calamus 551 

Calico-flower 420 

Callicarpa 475 

Callitriche 504 

Callitrichicaceae 504 

Calonyctiva 446 

Calophanes 477 

Calopogon 525 

Caltha 206 

Calycanthaceae 303 

Calycanthus 308 

Calystegia 446 

Campanula 413 

Campanulacese 418 



Canary-grass 574 

Cancer-weed 468 

Cancer-root 453 

Cane 592 

Canna 529 

Cannacese 529 

Cantelope 321 

Cantua 442 

Capparidacese 229 

CaprifoliaceaB 340 

Caprifolium 341 

Capsella 228 

Cardamine 224 

Cardinal-flower 413 

Cardiospermum 267 

Carduus. See Cnicm 405 

Carex 564 

Carolina allspice 308 

Carolina pink 435 

Carphephorus 354 

Carpinus 508 

Carrot 337 

Carya 513 

Caryophyllaceae 245 

Cassandra 419 

Cassia 294 

Castenea 511 

Castillega 461 

Castor-oil plant 499 

Catalpa .. 439 

Catnip 469 

Caulinia 552 

Caulophyllum 215 

Ceanothus 270 

Cedar 515 

Cedreleacese 263 

Cedronella , . 470 

Celandine 221 

Celastraceaa 267 

Cetis 503 

Cenchrus 581 

Centaurella 438 

Centaurea 404 

Centrosema 278 

Centunculus . . 480 

Cephalanthus 345 

Ceranthera 466 

Cerastium 247 

Cerasus 299 

Ceratochloa 591 

Ceratiola 495 

Cercis 294 

Ceresia 574 

Chaerophyllum 333, 337 

Chamerops 546 

Chamselirium 540 

Chapmannia 287 

Chaptalia 406 

Chelidonium 221 

Chenopodiaceae 485 

Chenopodium 487 

Cherokee-rose 305 

Chelone 455 

Cherry 299 

Chestnut 511 

Chickweed 246, 247 

Chimaphila 423 

Chinquapin 512 

Chionanthus 429 

Chloris 585 

Chrysanthemum. See 
Boltonia 369 



Chrysobalanus 298 

Chrysocoma 375 

Chrysogonum 380 

Chrysopsis 86S, 376 

Chrysosplenium 325 

Chthamalia 433 

Cicuta 432 

Cimicifuga 208 

Cinna 5S3 

Cinquefoil 303 

Circium 405 

Cistacese 237 

Citron 256 

Citrus 256 

Cladrastris 293 

Claytonia 249 

Clematis 201 

Cleome. See Warea. 226 

Cleomella 229 

Clethra 418 

Climbing Thorough- 
wort 361 

Clitoria 278 

Clot-bur 384 

Clover 284 

Cnicus 405 

Cocculus 219 

Cochlearia 228 

Ccelestina 353 

Cohosh 208,215 

Colic-weed 222 

Collinsonia 467 

Collomia 442 

Columbine 206 

Commelina 547 

Commelinacese 547 

Compositse 348 

Comptonia 517 

Conclinium 361 

Coniferae 514 

Conopholis 453 

Conostylis 512 

Convallaria 538 

Convolvulacese. 444 

Convolvulus 444 

Conyza 377 

Coprosmanthns 519 

Coral root 525 

Corcorus 261 

Cord-rush 553 

Coreopsis 392 

Cornaceae 339 

Corn Gromwell 447 

Cornus 339 

Corollorhiza 525 

Coronopus 229 

Corydalis 222 

Corylus 512 

Cosmanthus 443 

Cotton 259 

Cotton-tree 507 

Cowage 297 

Cowslip 206 

Crab-apple 307 

Crab-grass 577 

Crambe 228 

Cranberry 416 

Cranesbill 251 

Cranichis 524 

Crantzia 830 

Crassulaceae 822 

Crategus 305 



INDEX TO PART II. 



go: 



Cresses 

Croomia 

Cross-vine 

Crotalaria 

Croton 

Crotonopsis 

Crowfoot 

Crnciferffl 

Cryphicanthus 

Cryptotaenia 

Ctenium 

Cucula 

Cucumber 

Cucumber-tree 211. 

Cucumis 

Cucurbita 

Cucurbitaceae 

Cupbea 

Cupressus 

Cupuliferae 

Cuscuta 

Custard-apple 

Cynoglossum 

Cynodon 

Cynosciadium 

Cynthia 

Cyperaceae 

Cyperus 

Cypripedium 

Cypress 

Cyrilla 



220 
216 
4S9 
291 
499 
499 
208 
223 
477 
888 
585 
464 
321 
251 
821 
020 
819 
Oil 
516 
509 
447 
212 
448 
584 
004 
40 7 
554 
555 
528 
516 
417 



Dactylis 590 

Dactyloctemum 585 

Dahoon Holly 426 

Dalea 2S3 

Dalibarda 301 

Dandelion 409 

Danthonia 587 

Daphne 492 

Darbya... 493 

Darlingtonia 296 

Dasystoma 461 

Datura 451 

Daucus 337 

Decodon 311 

Decumaria 327 

Deer-grass 309 

Delphinum 206 

Dentaria 224 

Desmodium 2S8 

Dew-plant 235 

Diamorpha 323 

Dianthus 249 

Diapensia 443 

Dicerandra 466 

Dicromena 562 

Dicliptera 476 

Dicondra 447 

Dicotyledonae 200 

Dielytra 221 

Diervilla 341 

Digitaria 5S5 

Diodia 345 

Dionea 236 

Dioscorea 517 

Dioscoreaceae 517 

Diospyros 425 

Diphyllia 215 

Diplopappus 868 

Dipteracanthus . . 476, 477 
Dirca 492 



Discopleura 331 

Dittany 464 

Dock 490 

Dodonrea 267 

Dogsbane 404 

Dogwood 339 

Dolichos 275 

Draba 227 

Dracocephalum 469 

Dracopis 388 

Dragon-root 550 

Drosera 235 

Droseraceas 235 

Doctor Tinker's weed. 342 

Dulichium 563 

Dutchman's pipe 494 

Dwarf Dandelion 407 

Dwarf Ginseng 338 

Ebenaceae 425 

Echinaceas 3S6 

Echinospermum 44S 

Echites 435 

Eclipta 379 

Ess-plant 450 

Elder 343 

Eleocharis 558 

Elephantopus 353 

Eleusine 585 

Elliottia 417 

Ellisia 444 

Elm 502 

Elodia 242 

Elymus 593 

Elytraria 477 

Euipetraceae 495 

Enslenia 430 

Epidendrum 529 

Episaea 421 

Epifobium 313 

Epiphegus 453 

Erianthus 594 

Erechtites 402 

Ericaceae 416 

Erigeron 367 

Eriocaulon 553 

Eriogonum 488 

Eriophorum 560 

Ervum 273 

Eryngium 330 

Erysimum 226 

Erythrina 275 

Erythronium 536 

Eschscholtzia 221 

Euchroma 461 

Euonymus 268 

Eupatorium 353 

Euphorbia 496 

Euphorbiacese 495 

Eustachys 585 

Evening* Primrose 313 

Euxalus 485 

Fagus 512 

Farkle-berry 414 

Feather-grass 5S2 

Fedia 348 

Festuca 590 

Fever-bush 491 

Feverwort 342 

Filbert 512 



Fimbristylis 561 

Fire- weed 410 

Fivelinger 303 

Flaveria 396 

Flax 250 

Flower-de-luce 530 

Fly-poison 540 

Fothergilla 328 

Fox-grape 263 

Foxtail-grass 573 

Fragaria 303 

Fraaera 437 

Fraxinus 429 

Fringe-tree 429 

Frcelichia 485 

Frost-grape 263 

Fuirena 560 

Fumaria 222 

Fuinariaceae 221 

Fumatory 'J22 

Gaillardia 897 

Galactea 277 

Galatilla 361 

Galax 423 

Galium 343 

Gall of the earth 409 

Gammer-grass 491 

Gaultheria 417 

Gaura 314 

Gay-feather 355 

Gaylussacia 414 

Gelseminum 435 

Gentiana 436 

Gentianaceae 436 

Gerardia 460 

Geraniaceae 250 

Geranium 251 

Geum 301 

Gilia 442 

Gillenia 300 

Ginseng 338 

Glauceum 221 

Gleditschia 295 

Glottidium 279 

Glumaceae 55-1 

Glycine 276 

Glycyrrhiza 2S1 

Gnaphalium 401 

Goat's-beard 300 

Golden-club 551 

Golden Hypericum . . . 209 

Golden-rod 370 

Golden Saxifrage 326 

Gonolobus 433 

Goodyera 529 

Gooseberry 321 

Gordonia 256 

Gossypium 259 

Gourd 220 

Graminaceae 570 

Grape 263 

Graphephorum 586 

Grass-wrack 552 

Gratiola 457 

Green-dragon 550 

Grossulaceas 821 

Ground-cherry 451 

Ground-laurel 421 

Ground-nut 339 

Gum-arabic 297 

Gum-kino 297 



608 



INDEX TO PART II. 



Gum-tragacanth 297 

Gymnadenia 527 

Gymnopogon 586 

Gymnospermse 514 

Gy mnostyles 401 

Gynandropsis 229 

Habenaria 526 

Haemodraceae 532 

Hair-£^ass 5S6 

Halea". 3S6 

Halesia 425 

Hamamelaceae 327 

Hamamelis 328 

Hamiltonia 493 

Hardhack 300 

Harpalicese 408 

Hawkweed 408 

Hazel-nut 512 

Haw 306 

Headache-plant 530 

Heal-all 467, 470 

Hedeoma 466, 467 

Hedge-mustard 225 

Hediotis 346 

Hedysarum 28S 

Hekorima 542 

Helenium 398 

Helianthella 391 

Helianthemum 237 

Helianthus 388 

Heliopsis 385 

Heliotropium 448 

Helonlas 540 

Helosciadium 331 

Hemiantbus 456 

Hemlock 515 

Hepatica 203 

Hercules- club 338 

Herds'-grass 571 

Heteranthera 543 

Heterotheca 376 

Heuchera 325 

Hibiscus 200 

Hickory 513 

Hieracium 408 

Hippocastanaceae 265 

Hoarhound 472 

Hog-weed 384 

Holly 426 

Holly-bay 257 

Honey -locust 295 

Honeysuckle 341 

Hop 502 

Hopea 425 

Hordeum 593 

Hornbeam 508 

Horn -poppy 221 

Horse-balm 467 

Horse-gentian 342 

Horse-mint 469 

Horse-nettle 450 

Horse-radish 228 

Hottonia 481 

Hounds'-tongue 448 

Houstonia 346 

Hoya 433 

Humulus 502 

Hydrangea 426 

Hydrastis 210 

Hydrocharidacese 521 

Hydrocharis 521 



Hydrocotyle 329 

Hydrolea 443 

Hydroleaceae 442 

Hydrophila 476 

Hydropbyllaceae 442 

Hydrophyllum 442 

Hydropeltis 217 

Hydropyrum 572 

Hymenopappus 397 

Hypericaceae 238 

Hypericum 239 

Hypobricbia 310 

Hypoxidaceaa 534 

Hypoxis 534 

Hyptis 463 

Hyssopus 467 

Ilex 426 

Illicebraceaa 242 

Illicium 211 

Illysanthes 457 

Impatiens 251 

Indian corn 573 

Indian cucumber 521 

Indian currant 340 

Indian hemp 434 

Indian physic 301 

Indian pipe 423 

Indian shot 530 

Indian turnip 550 

Indigofera 281 

Indiso-plant 281 

Ink-berry 427 

Ipoinoea 446 

Iresine 484 

Iridacese 530 

Iris 530 

Iron-wood 509 

Isanthus 473 

Isatis 228 

Isolepis 560 

Isopappus 375 

Isopyrum 206 

Itea 326 

Iva 383 

Ivy-bush 420 

Jacob's ladder 441 

Jamestown-weed 451 

Jasminaceaa 428 

Jasminum 428 

Jatropha 498 

Jeffersonia 216 

Jerusalem-oak 48 

Judas'-tree 294 

Juglandacese 512 

Juglans 513 

Juncacese 544 

Juncus 544 

Juniperus 515 

Jussisea 315 

Justicia 476 

Kallstrcemia 253 

Kalmia 420 

Knot-grass 488 

Knot-root 467 

Krameria 232 

Krigoa 407 

Kuhnia 357 

Kyllingia 557 



Labiataa 462 

Lachnanthes 532 

Lachnocaulon 554 

Lactuca 410 

Lady's-slipper 528 

Lagenaria 320 

Lagerstrcemia 312 

Lamium 472 

Lantana 475 

Lapithea 433 

Larkspur 207 

Lathyrus 273 

Lauracete 491 

Laurus 491 

Lead-plant 283 

Leather-wood 492 

Leavenworthia 225 

Lechea 238 

Leersia 572 

LeguminosaB 270 

Leiophyllum 421 

Lemna 552 

Lemon 256 

Lentibulariaceaa 477 

Leontice 215 

Leontodon 409 

Leonurus 472 

Leopards' -bane 404 

Lepachis 3S8 

Lepidium 228 

Leptocaulis 332 

Leptochloa 5S5 

Leptopoda 393 

Lepuropetalon 326 

Lespedeza 290 

Leucanthemum 400 

Leucothoe 419 

Liatris 355 

Ligusticum 334 

Ligustrum 430 

Lilac 430 

Liliaceae 535 

Lilium 535 

Lily 530 

Lime 256 

Limnanthemum 438 

Limonia 256 

Linacese 250 

Linaria 454 

Lindernia 458 

Linum 250 

Lion's-foot 408 

Liparis 528 

Liquidambar 509 

Liquorice 281 

Liriodendron 212 

Li-stera 523 

Lithospermum 447 

Live-forever 322 

Liverwort 203 

Loasaceae 318 

Lobelia 411 

Lobeliaceoa 411 

Locust 280 

Loganaceas . .- 435 

Loganiaceas 347 

Logwood 297 

Long-moss 535 

Lonicera 341 

Loose-strife 4S0 

Lophanthus 467 

Lophiola 532 



INDEX TO PART II. 



Lop-seed 475 

Loranthaceae 839 

Love-vine 447 

Lucerne 297 

Ludwigia 815 

Lupimis 292 

Luzula 545 

Lychnis . . 248 

Lycium 451 

Lycopersicum 449 

Lyeopus 464 

Lygodesmia 409 

Lyonia 420 

Lysimachia 479 

Lythraceae 309 

Lythruru 310 

Macbridea 471 

Maclurea 504 

Macranthera 460 

Madder 344 

Magnolia 210 

Magnoliacea; 210 

Mafaxis 528 

Malope 253 

Malva 25S 

Malvaceae 257 

Malvaviscus 259 

Mandrake 216 

Mangrove 312 

Manisurus 594 

Maple 265 

Marantacese 529 

Mariscus 557 

Marrubium 471 

Marshallia 399 

Marsh-elder 888 

Marsb flea-bane o79 

Marsh-marigold 266 

Marsh-rosemary 4S2 

Martynia 439 

Maruta 400 

May-apple 216 

May-haw 308 

May-pop 319 

May-weed 400 

Meadow-rue 209 

Meadow-sweet 300 

Medeola 521 

Medicago 2S5 

Melampirum 462 

Melanthaceae 539 

Melananthera 385 

Melanthium 541 

Melastoinacese 3:>3 

Melia 262 

Meliaceaa 2i>2 

Melica 590 

Melilotus 285 

Melothria 319 

Menispermaeese 213 

Menispermuni 214 

Mentha 463 

Mentzelia 313 

Menziesia 418 

Mertensia 418 

Metastelma 433 

Micranthemum 458 

Micromeria 466 

Milium 575 

Mikania 361 

Mimosa 296 



Mimulus 

Mistletoe 

Mitchella 

Mitreola 

Modiola 

Mollugo 

Momordica 

Monarda 

Monk's-hood 

MonoclauiydeiB . 

Monocera 

Monopetalae 

Monocotyledonae 

Monotropa 

Moon-seed 

Moose-wood 

Moracea? 

Morning-glory . . 

Morus 

Motherwort 

Mountain-laurel. 

Mouse-tail 

Mud-plantain . . . 
Muhlenbergia . . . 

Mulberry 

Mulgedium 

Mullein 

Muscadine 

Muskmelon 

Musquash 

Mustard 

Myaca 

Mylocarium 

Myosurus 

Myrica 

Myricaceae 

Myriophyllum . . 
Myrtle..*. 



546 

340 

340 

347 

25S 

245 

321 

469 

207 

4S3 

5S5 , 

340 

517 

523 

214 

492 

503 

445 

503 

472 

421 

2<)6 

543 

5S3 

503 

410 

455 

263 

321 

332 

227 

543 

417 

206 

507 

5i 7 

317 

507 



Nabalus 

Naiadacete 

Najos 

Narcissus 

Nasturtium 

Necklace-weed 

Nectris 

Nelumbiaceae 

Nelumbium 

Nemophylla 

Nepeta 

Nettle 493, 

Neurophyllum , 

New-Jersey tea 

Nicotlana 

Night-shade 

Nine-bark 

Nolina 

Nuphar 

Nyctaginaceae 

Nympheea 

Nymphseaceae 

Nyssa 



Oak 

Obione 

Obolaria 

Oenothera 

Oil-nut 

Old-man's beard. 

Olea 

Oleacese 

Olive 

26* 



510 

486 
43S 
818 
498 

429 
428 

42^ 
423 



Onagracese 312 

Onion 537 

Onosmodium 428 

Ophiorhiza 347 

Oplismenus 580 

Oplotheca 4S5 

Opuntia 322 

Orange 256 

Orange-root 210 

Orchard-grass 590 

Orchidacese 522 

Orchis 526 

Ornithogalum 53S 

OrobanchaceoB 452 

Orobauche 452 

Orontium 551 

Oryza 572 

Osage orange 504 

Osmorhiza 337 

Ostrya 509 

Otophylla 460 

Oxalidaceae 252 

Oxalis 252 

Oxybaphus 483 

Oxycoccus 416 

Oxydendrum 419 

Pachalanthus 554 

Pachysandra 500 

Palafoxia 397 

Palmacete 546 

Palmetto 536, 546 

Panax 338 

Pancratium 513 

Panicum 576 

Papaver 220 

Papaveraceie 219 

Papaw 212 

Pappoose-root 215 

Parietaria 501 

Pavnassia 236 

Paronychia 242 

Parsnep 336 

Parthenium 383 

Partridge-berry 346 

Paspalum 572 

Passiflora 319 

Passifloraceae 318 

Pastinacete 336 

Pea 272 

Peach 279 

Pear 307 

Pedicularis 462 

Pellitory 502 

Peltametra 550 

Penthorum 323 

Penstemon 455 

Pepper-root 224 

Peppericlge 492 

Peppermint 464 

Peruvian bark 343 

Persimmon 425 

Petalostemon 2S3 

Petunia 452 

Phaca 286 

Phacelia 443 

Pharbitis 446 

Pbaseolus 274 

Phalaris 574 

Phcasant's-eye 203 

Pliiladelpb.ua 327 

Pbleum 574 



610 



INDEX TO PART II. 



Phlox 440 

Phryma 475 

Phyllanthus 500 

Physalis 450 

Physostegia 469 

Phytolacca 488 

Phytolaccacere 4S7 

Pimpernel 480 

Pinckneya 347 

Pine....... 514 

Pinguicula.... 478 

Pink-root 435 

Pinus 514 

Pistea 552 

Pisum 272 

Piteheria 277 

Planera 503 

Plantain 482 

Plantaginaceae 4S2 

Plantaso 482 

Platanacerc 5C9 

Platanthera 526 

Platanus 509 

Pleea 539 

Pleurisy-root 432 

Pkichea 378 

Plum 299 

Plumbaginacece 481 

Poa 588 

Podophyllum 216 

Podostemacea3 504 

Podostemum 504 

Podostigma 430 

Pogonia 524 

Poison ivy 255 

Poison oak 255 

Poison sumach 255 

Poke-root 488 

Polanisia 229 

PolemonaceiB 440 

Polemonium 441 

Polycarpon 244 

Polygala 230 

Polygalacese 230 

Polygonatum 538 

Polygonacese 438 

Polygonum 438 

Polymnia 380 

PolypetaliB 200 

Polypremum 347 

Polypteris 397 

Polytenia 336 

Pond-lily 218 

Pond- weed 552 

Pontedera 542 

Pontederiacess 542 

Poplar 507 

Poppy 219 

Populus 507 

Porcelia 212 

Portulaca 249 

Portulacaceas 249 

Potoerna 552 

Potamogeton 553 

Potato.,.. 450 

Potentilla 302 

Prenanthes 408 

Prickly ash 253,338 

Prickly poppy 220 

Prim 430 

Primrose 313 

Primulaceae 479 



Prince's feather 4S9 

Prinopsis 376 

Prinos 426 

Priva. See Phryma.. 475 

Privet. 430 

Prosartes 542 

Proserpinaca 317 

Prunella 470 

Prunus 293 

Psoralea 282 

Ptelea 253 

Pterocaulon 379 

Puccoon 447 

Puccoon-root 220 

Pulmonaria 448 

Pumpkin 320 

Purslane... 249 

Pycnanthemum 464 

Pyrola 422 

Pyrrhopappus 410 

Pyrus 307 

Quamoclit 446 

Queen of the meadow. 300 

Queen's delight 497 

Quercus 509 

Kadish 227 

Ranunculacese 200 

Kanunculus 203 

Raphanus 227 

Easpberry 303 

Eattle-box 231, 291 

Rattlesnake's master.. 256 
Rattlesnake's plantain . 523 

Rattlesnake-root 408 

Red-bud 294 

Red clover 284 

Red maple 265 

Restiace* 553 

Rharnnacese 268 

Rhamnus 269 

Rhexia 30S 

Rhizophora 312 

Rhizophoraceie 312 

Rhododendron 421 

Rhus 254 

Rhyncosia 276 

Rhyncospora 562 

Rhytoglossa 476 

Ribes 321 

Rice 572 

Ricinus 498 

River-weed 504 

Robinia 280 

Robin plantain 36S 

Rock-cress 224 

Roman wormwood . . . 884 

Rosa 304 

Rosacea? 297 

Rose 304 

Rose-wood 297 

Rottbcellia 580 

Rubia 344 

Rubiaceae 343 

Rudbeckia 386 

Rubus 303 

Rue-anemone 209 

Ruellia 476 

Eumex 490 

Ruppia 553 

Rush 544 



Sabal 546 

Sabbatia 437 

Saccharum 594 

Sacred Bean 217 

Sage 468 

Sageretia 269 

Sagittaria 548 

Sagina 245 

Salicornia 4S6 

Salix 506 

Salsola 487 

Salvia 468 

Sambucus 343 

Samolus 4S1 

Samphire 4S6 

Samson-snakeroot 000 

Sandal-wood 297, 492 

Sand-myrtle 421 

Sanguinaria 220 

Sancjuisorba 302 

Sanicula 330 

SantalaceaB 492 

Sapindacese 266 

Sapindus 267 

Saponaria 24S 

Sapotacese 427 

Sarothra 241 

Saracenia 219 

Saraceniacese 218 

Sarsaparilla 338 

Sassafras „ 492 

Saururacese 505 

Saururus 505 

Saxifraga 324 

Saxifragacese 323 

Schoenocaulon 540 

Schizandra 213 

Schizandracea? 213 

Scrophularia 455 

Scrophulariaceue 453 

Schwalbea 461 

Schweinitzia 424 

Scirpus 559 

Scleria 563 

Sclerolepis 354 

Scutera 482 

Scutellaria 470 

Sea Kale 22S 

Sedum 322 

Senebieria 229 

Seuecio 403 

Senna 297 

Seriocarpus 362 

Sesbania 279 

Setaria 581 

Seymeria 459 

Shad-flower 307 

Sheep-bur 384 

Sickle-pod 224 

Sicyos 820 

Sida 259 

Side-saddle flower 219 

Siegesbeckia 396 

Silene 247 

Silphium 831 

Sinapis 226 

Siphonvchia 243 

Sison.." 332 

Sisymbrium 225 

Sisyrinchium 531 

Sium 333 

Sleek-leaf 421 



INDEX TO PART II. 



611 



Sloe 342 

Sinart-weed 4£9 

Smilacese 517 

Smilacina 538 

Smilax 518 

Smyrnmm 33,3 

Soap-berry 267 

Soap-gentian 436 

Soft-maple 265 

Solanaceas 449 

Solarium 449 

Solea 235 

Solidago 370 

Solvia 401 

Sonehus 411 

Sophora 293 

Sorrel 491 

Sorrel-tree 419 

Sourwood 419 

Sow-thistle 411 

Sparganium 550 

Sparganophorus 354 

Spartina 5S6 

Spearmint 464 

Specularia 413 

Spergula 244 

Spermacoce 344 

Spice-wood 491 

Spider- wort 543 

Spigelia 435 

Spicelinceae 435 

Spiked Alder 418 

Spikenard 338 

Spilantbes 395 

Spinach 486 

Spinea 300 

Spiranthes 523 

Spirodela 552 

Sporobolus 5S4 

Spotted Cowbane .... 332 
Spotted Wintergreen. 423 

Spring-beauty 250 

Spruce 515 

Squash 320 

Squaw-mint 467 

Squill. 537 

Stachys 472 

Standing-cypress 442 

Stapelia 433 

Staphylea 268 

Star-crass 532 

Statice 4S1 

Stellaria 246 

Stillingia 497 

Stipa 5S2 

Stipulicida 244 

Stone-crop 323 

Stone-root 467 

Stokesia 355 

Strawberry 303 

Strawberry-tree 268 

Streptopus 542 

Strophostyles 274 

Stuartia 257 

Stylisma 445 

Stylosanthes 287 

Styptic-weed 294 

Styraceae 424 

Styrax 424 

Sugar-berry 503 

Sugar-cane 594 

Sugar-maple 265 



Sumach 254 

Summer-grape 264 

Summer-haw 307 

Sun-dew 235 

Sun-rose 237 

Suriana 322 

Surianaceaj 322 

Swamp-maple 265 

Swamp-rose 304 

Sweet fern 508 

Sweet flag 551 

Sweet gum 509 

Sweet locust 295 

Sweet potato 445 

Sweet shrub 308 

Swietenia 263 

Sycamore 509 

Syena 543 

Symphoria 340 

Symphoricarpus 340 

Syringia 327, 429 

Talinum 249 

Tamarind 297 

Tanacetum 401 

Tape-weed 522 

Taraxacum 409 

Tecorna 439 

Tephrosia 280 

Ternstroemiacefe 256 

Tetragonotheca 3S5 

Teucrium 473 

Thalia 530 

Thalyctrum 209 

Thaspinm 394 

Thesium 493 

Thimble-berry 303 

Thimble-weed 202 

Thlaspi 228 

Thorn 305 

Thorn-apple 451 

Thuya 516 

Thyme 466 

Thymelacese 492 

Thymus 466 

Tiarella 325 

Tiedmannia 335 

Tilia 262 

Tiliaceaa 261 

Tillandsia 534 

Tipularia 527 

Tobacco 452 

Tofieldia 539 

Tomato 449 

Toothache-bush 253 

Toothache-grass 585 

Tooth wort 224 

Torreya 516 

Toxicarpus 432 

Tradescantia 547 

Tragacanth 297 

Tragia 497 

Trailing arbutus 421 

Trautvetteria 209 

Trepoearpus 386 

Trichodium 583 

Trichostema 473 

Trifolium 284 

Triglochin 449 

Trilliacea? 520 

Trillium 520 

Triosteum 341 



Triphora 526 

Tripsacum 593 

Triticum 592 

Trumpet-flower 43S 

Tulip-tree 212 

Tupelo 492 

Turmeric-root 210 

Turnera 318 

Turneraceae 318 

Turnip 226 

Twin-leaf 216 

Typha 550 

Ulmaceae 502 

TJlmus 502 

UinbelliferaB 32S 

Umbrella-tree 211 

Unicorn-plant 540 

Uniola 591 

Uralepis 587 

Urtica 500 

Urticacea3 500 

Utricularia 478 

Uvaria 212 

Uvularia 541 

Vaccinaceas 414 

Vacciniu'm 414 

Vachellia 297 

Valerianaceae 348 

Valisneria 512 

Vanilla plant 357 

Venus' fly-trap 236 

Veratrum 542 

Verbascum 454 

Verbenaceae 474 

Verbena 474 

Verbesina 396 

Vernal -grass 574 

Vernonia 352 

Veronica 458 

Viburnum 342 

Vicia 273 

Vigna 274 

Villarsia 438 

Viola 233 

Violacese 232 

Virginia stone-crop ... 323 

Virginian creeper 264 

Virgin's bower 201 

Viscum 340 

Vitaceos 263 

Vitis 263 

"Wake-robin 550 

Waldsteinia 301 

Walnut 512 

Wampee 543 

Warea 226 

Washington thorn 306 

Water carpet 326 

Water chinquapin 217 

Water hemlock 332 

Water hemp 485 

Water hoarhound 464 

Water-lily 217 

Watermelon 320 

Water-mill foil 317 

Water-parsnep 333 

Water-plantain 548 

Water-purslane 310 

Water-shield 217 



612 



INDEX TO PART H. 



"Wax-myrtle 507 

Wax-plant 433 

Wendlandia 219 

Wheat 592 

White avens 301 

White-bush 418 

White clover 2S5 

White lettuce 408 

White pine 515 

White pond-lily 218 

White-root 335 

White-thorn 305 

Whitewood 212 

Whortleberry 414 

Wild basil 464 

Wild flax 250 

Wild ginger 491 

Wild hoarhound 359 

Wild indigo 293 

Wild liquorice 344 

Wild lupine 292 

Wild peppergrass 228 



Wild potato-vine 445 

Wild strawberry 303 

Wild rye 592 

Willow 506 

Winter grape 263 

Wintersjreen. 417,422,423 

Winter-haw 307 

Wire-grass 

Wistaria 275 

Witch-hazel 328 

Woad 228 

Woodbine 341 

Wood-sorrel 252 

Wormwood 401 

Xanthium 384 

Xerophyllum 540 

Xyridacese 543 

Xyris., 543 

Tam-root 517 



Yarrow 400 

Yellow jessamine 435 

Yellow pond-lily 218 

Yellow-root 200 

Yew 516 

Yucca 326 

Zanthorhiza 210 

Zanthoxylaceae 253 

Zanthoxylum 253 

Zapania 475 

Zea 573 

Zenobia 419 

Zigadenus 540 

Zinnia 385 

Zizania 572 

Zizia 333 

Zizyphus 269 

Zornia 286 

Zostera 552 

Zygophyllacese 252 



THE END. 



A. S. BARNES AND COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Northend' s Teacher and .Parent. 



A NEW VOLUME FOE THE TEACHER S LIBRARY. 

THE TEACHER AND THE PARENT: 

A. Treatise upon Common-School Education, containing Practical Sug- 
gestions to Teachers and Parents. Bj Charles Northend, A. M, 
late, and for many years, Principal of the Epes School, Salem. Now 
Superintendent of Public Schools, Danvers, Mass. 



" We may anticipate for this work a wide circulation, among teachers and friends 
of education. The extensive and high reputation of its author, indeed, will bespeak 
for it more than pen of ours can do. It is a work of about three hundred and 
twenty pages, in good size type, and presents a very pleasant appearance to the eye, 
as well as the work noticed on the preceding page, both of which, for their neat 
appearance, do great credit to the enterprising publishers. 

Mr. Northend's book will prove interesting to all, and of great benefit to teach- 
ers, especially as a chart for those just commencing to engage in the profession. 
As a vade mecum, it will prove a very pleasant companion, for its pages are filled 
with the results of a large experience presented in a very pleasing form. "We are 
glad to find that the author, in furnishing to teachers so useful a work, has not 
neglected the suaviter in modo, and has here and there thrown in a pleasant anec- 
dote, which will enliven its character, and make it all the more acceptable. "We 
shall have frequent occasion to refer to it hereafter. In closing this short notice, 
we would assure our readers that a perusal of the work will more than realize to 
them the truth of all we have attempted to say in its favor. Appended to the 
volume will be found a catalogue of educational works suitable for the teacher's 
library. 1 ' — 3fassac7iusetts Teacher. 

""We wish that this interesting and readable volume may find a place in every 
family, and we are certain that it ought to be on the shelf of every school library in 
the land."— Salem Gazette. 

" It presents a multitude of practical hints, which cannot fail to do good service in 
enlightening all laborers in the field of education." — Boston Transcript. 

" We unhesitatingly commend this volume of sound, practical, common sense sug- 
gestions. Every school teacher should carefully examine its pages, and he will not 
fail — he cannot help receiving — invaluable aid therefrom." — Boston Atlas. 

" We have examined this work with care, and cheerfully commend it to parents 
and teachers. It abounds in judicious advice and sound reasoning, and cannot fail to 
impart ideas in the education of children which may be acted upon with the most 
beneficial results." — Boston Mercantile Journal. 

"This is an intelligible, practical, and most excellent treatise. The book is 
enlivened with numerous anecdotes which serve to clinch the good advice given, as 
well as to keep awake the attention of the advised."— Boston Traveller. 

" This is a sterling work of great value. It should be in every family. All teach 
•rs need just such a work."— Boston Olive Branch. 



4. S. BARNES & COMPANY S PUBLICATIONS. 
Page's Theory and Practice cf Teaching. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING? 

OR THE 

MOTIVES OF GOOD SCHOOL-KEEPING. 

BY DAVID PAGE, AM., 

LATE PRINCIPAL OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, NEW YORK* 



"1 received a few days since your 'Theory and Practice, &c.,' and a capital thewa 
and capital practice it is. I have "read it with unmingled delight. Even if I shoola 
look through a critic's microscope, I should hardly find a single sentiment to dkeent 
from, and certainly not one to condemn. The chapters on Prizes and on Corporal 
Punishment are truly admirable. They will exert a most salutaiy influence. So of the 
views sparsim on moral and religious instruction, which you so earnestly and feelingly 
Insist upon, and yet within true Protestant limits. It is a grand book, and I thank 
Heaven that you have written it." — Hon. Horace Mann, Secretary of the Board oj 
Education in Massachusetts. 



u Were ii our business to examine teachers, we would never dismiss a candidate 
without naming this book. Other things being equal, we would greatly prefer a teacher 
who has read it and speaks of it with enthusiasm. In one indifferent to such a work, 
we should certainly have little confidence, however he might appear in other respect* 
Would that every teacher employed in Vermont this winter had the spirit of this book 
in his bosom, its lessons impressed upon his heart!" — Vermont Chronicle. 



"I am pleased with and commend this work to the attention of school teachers, and 
those who intend to embrace that most estimable profession, for light and instruction 
to guide and govern them in the discharge of their delicate and important duties."— 
JV. 5. Benton, Superintendent of Common Schools, State of New York. 



Hon. S. Young says, "It is altogether the best book on this subject 1 have evei 
seen." 



President North, of Hamilton College, says, " I have read it with all that absorbing 
self-denying interest, which in my younger days was reserved for fiction and poetry. I 
am delighted with the book." 

Hon. Marcus S. Reynolds says, "It will do great good by showing the Teacher what 
Should be his qualifications, and what may justly be required and expected of him." 



"I wish you would send an agent through the several towns of this State with 
Page's 'Theory and Practice of Teaching,' or take some other way of bringing this 
raluable book to the Rotice of every family and of every teacher. I should be rejoiced 
to see the principles which it presents as to the motives and methods of good school- 
keeping carried -ut in every school-room ; and as nearly as possible, in the style is 
vrhish Mr. Page illustrates them in his own practice, as the devoted and accomplished 
IPrincipal of your State Normal School." — Henry Barnard, Superintendent of Common 
Schools for the State of Rhode Island. 

"The 'Theory and Practice of Teaching,' by D. P. Page, is one of the best books of 
Ihe kind 1 have ever met with. In it the theory and practice of the teacher's duties 
»xe clearly explained and happily combined. The style is easy and familiar, and the 
suggestions it'eontains are plain, practical, and to the point. To teachers especially U 
Will furnish very important aid in discharging the duties of 'iheir high and responsible 
profession.''— Roger S. Howard, Superintendent of Common Schools, Oravo * Co. % VI. 

9 



A. 8. BARNES <fe COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 
Mansfield on American Education. 

AMERICAN EDUCATION: 

ITS PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS. 

DEDICATED TO THE TEACHERS OF THE UNITED STATIC 

BY EDWARD D. MANSFIELD, 

Author of '•'Political Grammar," etc. 

This work is suggestive of principles, and not intended to point or* f\ 
course of studies. Its aim is to excite attention to what should be the 
elements of an American education ; or, in other words, what are the 
ideas connected with a republican and Christian education in this period 
of rapid development. 

"The author could not have applied his pen to the production of a book upon a 
subject of more importance than the one he has chosen. We have had occasion to 
notice one or two new works on education recently, which indicate that the attention 
of authors is being directed toward that subject. We trust that those who occupy the 
proud position of teachers of American youth will find much in these works, which are 
a sort of interchange of opinion, to assist them in the discharge of their responsible duties. 

"The author of the work before us does not point out any particular course of studies 
to be pursued, but confines himself to the consideration of the principles which should 
govern teachers. His views upon the elements of an American education, and ita 
bearings upon our institutions, are sound, and worthy the attention of those to whom 
they are particularly addressed. We commend the work to teachers."— Rochester 
Daily Advertiser. 

"We have examined it with some care, and are delighted with it. It discusses the 
whole subject of American education, and presents views at once enlarged and compre- 
hensive ; it, in fact, covers the whole ground. It is high-toned in its moral ana 
religious bearing, and points out to the student the way in which to be a man. I| 
should be in every public and private library in the country." — Jackson Patriot. 



" It is an elevated, dignified work of a philosopher, who has written a book on tho 
subject of education, which is an acquisition of great value to all classes of our 
countrymen. It can be read with interest and profit, by the old and young, the 
educated and unlearned. We hail it m this era of superficial and ephemeral litera- 
ture, as the precursor of a better future. It discusses a momentous subject ; bringing 
to bear, in its examination, the deep and labored thought of a comprehensive mind. 
We hope its sentiments may be diffused as freely and as widely throughout our land 
as the air we breathe." — Kalamazoo Gazette. 

"Important and comprehensive as is the title of this work, we assure our readers it 
Is no misnomer. A wide gap in the bulwark of this age and this country is greatly 
lessened by this excellent book. In the first place, the views of the author on educa- 
tion, irrespective of time and place, are of the highest order, contrasting strongly with 
She groveling, time-seeking views so plausible and so popular at the present day. 
A leading purpose of the author is, as he says in the preface, i to turn the thoughts ol 
ihose engaged in the direction of youth to the fact, that it is the entire soul, in all its 
faculties, which needs education.' 

"The view* of the author are eminently philosophical, and he does not pretend to 
enter into the details of teaching; but his is a practical philosophy, having to do with 
living, abiding truths, and does not sneer at utility, though it demands a utility thai 
takes hold of the spiritual part of man, and reaches into his immortality."— Holdcn's 
Magaiine, 



A. S. BARNES & COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 



De Tocquevil le' s American Institutions. 

AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE. 

BY ALEXIS DE TOCQUEYILLE. 

WITH NOTES, BY HON. JOHN C. SPENCER. 1 vol. 8vo. 

This book is the first part of De Tocqueville's larger work, on the RepiMic ol 
America, and is one of the most valuable treatises on American politics that has era? 
been issued, and should be in every library in the land. The views of a liberal* 
minded and enlightened European statesman upon the working of our country's social 
and political establishments, are worthy of attentive perusal at all times; those of a maa 
like De Tocqueville have a higher intrinsic value, from the fact of his residence among 
the people he describes, and his after position as a part of the republican government 
of France. The work is enriched likewise with a preface, and carefully prepared notes, 
by a well-known American statesman and late Secretary of the Navy. The book is on« 
of great weight and interest, and is admirably adapted for the district and school library 
as well as that of the private student. It traces the origin of the Anglo-American% 
treats of their social condition, its essential democracy and political consequences, th* 
sovereignty of the people, etc. It also embraces the author's views on the America! 
system of townships, counties, &c. ; federal and state powers ; the judiciary ; the con 
stitution ; parties; the press; American society ; power of the majority, its tyrannj, 
and the causes which mitigate it; trial by jury; religion; the three races; the arist* 
cratic party; causes of American commercial prosperity, etc., etc. The work is ai 
epitome of the entire political and social condition of the United States. 

" M. De Tocqueville was the first foreign author who comprehended the genius oS 
our institutions, and who made intelligible to Europeans the complicated machinery 
wheel within wheel, of the state and federal governments. His 'Democracy it 
America' is acknowledged to be the most profound and philosophical work upor 
modern republicanism that has yet appeared. It is characterized by a rare union o> 
discernment, reflection, and candor ; and though occasionally tinged with the authorV 
peculiarities of education and faith, it may be accepted as in tlie main a just and in> 
partial criticism upon the social and political features of the United States. The pub 
lishers have now sought to adapt it as a text-book for higher seminaries of learnina. 
For this purpose they have published the first volume as an independent work, th» 
avoiding the author's speculations upon our social habits and religious condition. Thi* 
volume, however, is unmutilated — the author is left throughout to speak for himself ; bu: 
where at any point he had misapprehended our system, the defect is supplied by note? 
or paragraphs in brackets from the pen of one most thoroughly versed in the history 
the legislation, the administration, and the jurisprudence of our country. This work 
will supply a felt deficiency in the educational apparatus of our higher schools. Every 
man who pretends to a good, and much more to a liberal education, should master thf 
principles and philosophy of the institutions of his country. In the hands of a judicious 
teacher, this volume will be an admirable text-book." — The Independent. 

" ' Having had the honor of a personal acquaintance with 1\I. De Tocqueville while h* 
was in this country ; having discussed with him many of the topics treated of in thk 
book ; having entered deeply into the feelings and sentiments which guided and im 
polled him in his task, and having formed a high admiration of his character and d 
this production, the editor felt under some obligation to aid in procuring for one whoa 
he ventures to call his friend, a hearing from those who were the objects of his ob- 
servations.' The notes of Mr. Spencer will be found to elucidate occasional rniscco- 
captions of the translator. It is a most judicious text-book, and ought to be rea* 
carefully by all who wish to know this country, and to trace its power, position, ant 
ultimate destiny from the true source of philosophic government, Republicanism— the 
people. De Tocqueville, believing the destinies of civilization to depend on the power 
of the people and on the principle which so grandly founded an exponent on this con- 
tinent, analyzes with jealous care and peculiar critical acumen the tendencies of th* 
new Democracy, and candidly gives his approval of the new-born giant, or point* 
out and warns him of dangers which his faithful and independent philosophy foresees. 
We believe the perusal of his observations will have the effect of enhancing still mort 
to his American readers the structure of their government, by the clear and profound 
■tyle in which he presents it." — American Relieve. 



Davies 1 System of Mathematics. 



DAVIES' LOGIC OF MATHEMATICS. 

Hie Logic and Utility of Mathematics, with the best methods of Iustruc 
tion, explained and illustrated. By Chaeles Davies, L. L. D. 

" One of the most remarkable books of the month, is ' The Logic and Utility of 
Mathematics, by Ch;irles Davies, L. L. D.,' published by Barnes & Co. It is not in- 
tended as a treatise on any special branch of mathematical science, and demands foi 
its full appreciation a general acquaintance with the leading methods and routine of 
mathematical investigation. To those who have a natural fondness for this pursuit 
and enjoy the leisure for a retrospect of their favorite studies, the present volume will 
possess a charm, not surpassed by the fascinations of a romance. It is an elaborate 
and lucid exposition of the principles which lie at the foundation of pure mathematics, 
with a highly ingenious application of their results to the development of the essen- 
tial idea of "Arithmetic, Geometry, Algebra, Analytic Geometry, and the Differential 
and Integral Calculus. The work is preceded by a general view of the subject of Logic, 
mainly drawn from the writings of Archbishop VVhately and Mr. Mill, and closes with 
an essay on the utility of mathematics. Some occasional exaggerations, in presenting 
the claims of the science to which his life has been devoted, must here be pardoned 
to the professional enthusiasm of the author. In general, the work is written with 
singular circumspection; the views of the best thinkers on the subject have been 
thoroughly digested, and are presented in an original form ; every thing bears the im- 
press of the intellect of the writer ; his style is for the most part chaste, simple, trans- 
parent, and in admirable harmony with the dignity of the subject, and his condensed 
generalizations are often profound and always suggestive." — Harper's New Monthly 
Magazine. 

" This work is not merely a mathematical treatise to be used as a text book, but a 
complete and philosophical unfolding of the principles and truths of mathematical 
science. 

" It is not only designed for professional teachers, professional men, and students of 
mathematics and philosophy, but for the general reader who desires mental improve- 
ment, and would learn to search out the import of language, and acquire a habit of 
noting of connexion between ideas and their signs ; also, of the relation of ideas to 
each other.— The Student. 

" Students of the Science will find this volume full of useful and deeply interesting 
matter." — Albany Evening Journal. 

" Seldom have we opened a book so attractive as this in its typography and style 01 
execution ; and there is besides, on the margin opposite each section, an index of the 
subject of which it treats— a great convenience to the student. But the matter is no 
less to be commended than the manner. And we are very much mistaken if this work 
shall not prove more popular and more useful than any which the distinguished author 
has given to the public." — Lutheran Observer. 

" We have been much interested both in the plan and in the execution of the work, 
and would recommend the study of it to the theologian as a discipline in close and 
accurate thinking, and in logical method and reasoning. It will be useful, also, to the 
general scholar and to the practical mechanic. We would specially recommend it te 
those who would have nothing taught in our Free Academy and other higher institu- 
tions but what is directly ' practical' ; nowhere have we seen a finer illustration of 
the connection between the abstractly scientific and the practical. 

" The work is divided i»to three books ; the first of which treats of Logic, mainly 
upon the basis of Whately ; the second, of Mathematical Science ; and the third, r f the 
Utility of Mathematics." — Independent. 

"The author's style is perspicuous and concise, and he exhibits a mastery of the 
abstruse topics which he attempts to simplify. For the mathematical student, wh» 
desires an analytical knowledge of the science, and who would begin at the beginning, 
we should suppose the work would have a special utility. Prof. Davies' mathemati- 
cal works, we believe, have become quite popular with educators, and this disclosos 
quite as much reasearch and practical scholarship as any we have seen from his pwi. r 
—UTeW'Ycrlc Evangelist. 



Davies' System of Mathematics. 



The Arithmetical Course for Schools. 

I. PRIMARY TABLE-BOOK. 

II. FIRST LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. 

III. SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. (Key separate.) 

IV. GRAMMAR OF ARITHMETIC, for the use of Teachers. 



PRIMARY TABLE-BOOK. 

The leading feature of the plan of this work is to teach the reacing of figures 
lhat is, so to train the mind that it shall, by the aid of the eye alone, catch in 
stantly the idea which any combination of figures is intended to express. 

The method heretofore pursued has aimed only at presenting the combinations 
by means of our common language : this method proposes to present them pure- 
ly through the arithmetical symbols, so that the pupil shall not be obliged to pause 
at every step and translate his conceptions into common language, and then re- 
translate them into the language of arithmetic. 

For example, when he sees two numbers, as 4 and 8, to be added, he shall not 
pause and say, 4 and 8 are 12, but shall be so trained as to repeat 12 at once, as is 
always done by an experienced accountant. So, if the difference of these num- 
bers is to be found, he shall at once say 4, and not 4 from 8 leaves 4. If he de- 
sires their product, he will say 32 ; if their quotient, 2 : and the same in all simi- 
lar cases. 

FIRST LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. 

The First Lessons in Arithmetic begin with counting, and advance step by step 
through all the simple combinations of numbers. In order that the pupil may be 
impressed with the fact that numbers express a collection of units, or things of 
the same kind, the unit, in the beginning, is represented by a star, and the child 
should be made to count the stars in all cases where they are used. Having once 
fixed in the mind a correct impression of numbers, it was deemed no longer 
necessary to represent the unit by a symbol ; and hence the use of the star was 
discontinued. In adding 1 to each number from 1 to 10, we have the first ten 
combinations in arithmetic. Then by adding 2 m the same way, we have the 
second ten combinations, and so on. Each ten combinations is arranged in a 
separate lesson, throughout the four ground rules, and each is illustrated either 
by unit marks or a simple example. Thus the four hundred elementary combi- 
nations are presented, in succession, in forty lessons,— a plan not adopted in any 
*ther elementary book. 

SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. 

This work begins with the simplest combination of numbers, and contains all 
&at is supposed to be necessary for the average grade of classes in schools. It 
us strictly scientific and entirely practical in its plan. Eaclf idea is first presented 
to the mind either by an example or an illustration, and then the principle, or 
abstract idea, is stated in general terms. Great care has been taken to attain 
simplicity and accuracy in the definitions and rules, and at the same time so to 
frame them as to make them introductory to the higher branches of mathematica. 
jcience. No definition or rule is given until the mind of the pupil has been 
Mought to it by a series of simple inductions, so that mental training may bcgis 
with the first intellectua. efforts m numbers 

4 



Davies' System of Mathematics. 



The Academic Course. 



I. THE UNIVERSITY ARITHMETIC. (Key separate.) 

II. PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS. 

III. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. (Key separate. 

IV. ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY. 

V. DAVIES' ELEMENTS OF SURVEYING. 

VI. DAVIES' LOGIC OF MATHEMATICS. 



Those who are conversant with the preparation of elementary 
text-books, have experienced the difficulty of adapting them to the 
wants which they are intended to supply. The institutions of in- 
struction are of all grades from the college to the district school, 
and although there is a wide difference between the extremes, the 
level in passing from one grade to the other is scarcely broken. 
Each of these classes of seminaries requires text-books adapted to 
its own peculiar wants ; and if each held ks proper place in its 
own class, the task of supplying suitable text-books would not bo 
so difficult. An indifferent college is generally inferior, in the 
system and scope of instruction, to a good academy or high-school ; 
while the district-school is often found to be superior to its neigh- 
boring academy. 

Although, therefore, the University Arithmetic and the Practical 
Mathematics, with Drawing and Mensuration applied to the Me- 
chanic Arts, have been classed among the books appropriate for 
academies, they may no doubt be often advantageously studied in 
the common-school ; so also with the Algebra and Elementary 
Geometry. The Practical Mathematics, containing so much prac- 
tical matter, can hardly fail to be a useful and profitable study. 

DAVIES' UNIVERSITY ARITHMETIC. 

The scholar in commencing this work, is supposed to be familiar with the oper 
ations in the four ground rules, which are fully taught both in the First Lessons 
and in the School Arithmetic. This being premised, the language of figures, 
tvhich are the representatives of numbers, is carefully taught, and the different 
significations of which the figures are susceptible, depending on the places in 
which they are written, are fully explained. It is shown, for example, that the 
simple numbers in whicn the unit increases from right to left according to the 
scale of tens, and the Denominate or Compound Numbers, in which it increases 
according'to a different scale : belong in fact to the same class of numbers, and 
that both may be treated under a common set of rules. Hence, the rules for No- 
tation, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, have been so con- 
structed as to apply equally to all numbers. This arrangement is a new one, and 
Is deemed an essential improvement in the science of numbers 

la developing the properties of numbers, from their elementary to their highest 
combinations, great labor has been bestowed on classification and arrangement 
It has been a leading object to present the entire subject of arithmetic as forming 

(5'. 



Davie*' System oj Mathematics. 



The Collegiate Course. 

I. DAVIES' BOURDON'S ALGEBRA, 
il. DAVIES' LEGENDRE'S GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY, 

III. DAVIES' ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 

IV. DAVIES' DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY. 

V. DAVIES' SHADES, SHADOWS, AND PERSPECTIVE. 
VI. DAVIES' DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS. 



The works embraced under the head of the " Collegiate Course," 
were originally prepared as text-books for the use of the Military 
Academy at West Point, where, with a single exception, they are 
still used. Since their introduction into many of the colleges oi 
the country, they have been somewhat modified, so as to meet the 
wants of collegiate instruction. The general plan on which these 
works are written, was new at the time of their appearance. Its 
main feature was to unite the logic of the French School of 
Mathematics with the practical methods of the English, and the 
two methods are now harmoniously blended in most of our systems 
of scientific instruction. 

The introduction of these works into the colleges was for a 
long time much retarded, in consequence of the great deficiency in 
the courses of instruction in the primary schools and academies : 
and this circumstance induced Professor Davies to prepare his 
Elementary Course. 

The series of works here presented, form a full and complete 
course of mathematical instruction, beginning with the first com- 
binations of arithmetic, and terminating in the higher applications 
of the Differential Calculus. Each part is adapted to all the 
others. The Definitions and Rules in the Arithmetic, have 
reference to those in the Elementary Algebra, and these to similar 
ones in the higher books. A pupil, therefore, who begins this 
course in the primary school, passes into the academy, and then 
into the college, under the very same system of scientific in- 
struction. 

The methods of teaching are all the same, varied only by the 
nature and difficulty of the subject. He advances steadily from 
one grade of knowledge to another, seeing as he advances the con- 
nection and mutual relation of all the parts : and when he reaches 
the end of his course, he finds indeed, that " science is but know- 
ledge reduced to order." 

(8) 



Davies' System of Mathematics. 



DA VIES' BOURDON. 

The Treatise on Algebra by M. Bourdon, is a work of singular excellence 
and merit. In France it is one of the leading text-books. Shortly after its first 
publication it passed through several editions, and has formed the basis of every 
subsequent work on the subject of Algebra. 

The original work is, however, a full and complete treatise on the subject oi 
Algebra, the later editions containing about eight hundred pages octavo. The 
time given to the study of Algebra in this country, even in those seminaries where 
the course of mathematics is the fullest, is too short to accomplish so volumin- 
ous a work, and hence it has been found necessary either to modify it, or to 
abandon it altogether. The Algebra of M. Bourdon, however, has been regarded 
only as a standard or model, and it would perhaps not be just to regard him as 
responsible for the work in its present form. 

In this work are united the scientific discussions of the French with the prac- 
tical methods of the English school, so that theory and practice, science and art, 
may mutually aid and illustrate each other. A great variety of examples have 
also been added in the late editions. 

DAVIES' LEGENDRE. 

Legendre's Geometry has taken the place of Euclid, to a great extent, both in 
Europe and in this country. In the original work the propositions are not 
enunciated in general terms, but with reference to, and by the aid of, the par- 
ticular diagrams used for the demonstrations. It was supposed that this de* 
parture from the method of Euclid had been generally regretted, and among the 
many alterations made in the original work, to adapt it to the systems of in- 
struction in this country, that of enunciating the propositions in general term - 
should be particularly named ; and this change has met with universal acceptance. 

To the Geometry is appended a system of Mensuration of Planes and Solids— 
a full treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry— and a table of Logarithms, 
and Logarithmic Sines, Tangents, and Secants. The whole forms a complete 
system of Geometry with its applications to Trigonometry and Mensuration, 
together with the necessary tables. 

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 

This work embraces the investigation of the properties of geometrical figures 
Dy means of analysis. It commences with the elementary principles of the sci- 
ence, discusses the Equation of the Straight Line and Circle— the Properties oi 
the Conic Section*— the Equation of the Plane— the Positions of Lines in Space, 
and the Properties of Surfaces. 

DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY. 

Descriptive Geometry is intimately connected with Architecture and Civil 
Engineering, and affords great facilities in all the operations of Construction. 

As a mental discipline, the study of it holds the first place among the various 
branches of Mathematics. 

SHADES, SHADOWS, AND PERSPECTIVE. 
This work embraces the various applications of Descriptive Geometry to 
Drawing and Linear Perspective. 

DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS. 

This treatise on the Differential and Integral Calculus, was intended to supply 
the higher seminaries of learning with a text-book on that branch of science. II 
is a work after the French methods of teaching, and in which the notation of the 
French »--.hoo\ is adopted. 

(9) 



Davies 1 System of Mathematics. 



DAVIES' GRAMMAR OF ARITHMETIC: 

OR, 

AN ANALYLIS OF THE 

LANGUAGE OF FIGURES AND SCIENCE OF NUMBERS. 



This work gives the results of a very full and careful analysis, both of the Science md 
Art of Arithmetic, and offers some suggestions on the best methods of imparting 
Arithmetical instruction. Perhaps a more correct description of the work cannot be 
given, than to copy the following notice from the New- York Tribune. 

"Grammar of Arithmetic, by Chas. Davies, L. L. D., (18mo. pp. 144.) In this 
work the language of figures and the construction of numbers are carefully analyzed. 
The alphabet, composed of the ten figures — the words derived from the alphabet, and 
the laws by which the figures are connected with each other, are all clearly explained. 

" The analysis shows that there are but four hundred and eighty-eight elementary 
combinations in Arithmetic, each corresponding to a word of our common language; 
and that these combinations are so connected together as to be all expressed by only 
sixty-three different words. The system proposes to commit these words to memory, 
and then read the results instead of spelling them, as now practised. 

" In another respect, the system proposes an important change — namely: to consider 
and treat all fractions as entire things, having a given relation to the unit one from 
which they were derived. 

" We scarcely need say that the little work evinces the ingenuity and skilful mathe- 
matical analysis for which Prof. Davies' writings on this subject are justly celebrated. 
We commend it to the attention of practical teachers, believing that they will find i 
crowded with new and valuable suggestions." 

Military Academy, Jan. 17, 1850. 
" The Grammar of Arithmetic, by Prof. Davies, presents the subject in a new 
light. It so analyzes Arithmetic, as to impress the mind of the learner with the first 
principles of mathematical science, in their right order and connection ; and the new 
rules for the reading of figures are of great practical value." 

(Signed,) W. H. C. BARTLETT, 

Prof, of Natural and Ex. Philosophy. 
A. E. CHURCH, 

Prof, of Mathematics. 
P. H. MAHAN. 

Prof, of Civil Engineering. 

Extract of a Letter from Charles A. Coburn, President of the Teachers' 1 Institute of 
the State of New- York. 
" I do not know when I have before seen so small and unpretending a mathematical 
work, from which I have received so much valuable information and so many practi- 
cal suggestions. If teachers would follow out your plan of spelling and reading with 
the Arithmetical Alphabet, it would save a world of talk. I think that most teachers 
would receive much benefit by a careful examination of the book, and would also be 
able to teach arithmetic more successfully and with less labor, by taking advantage of 
your suggestions." 

" This work supplies the want which we felt as a scholar, and did our best to supply 
ss a teacher of the ' Science of Numbers' though little to our own satisfaction." — 
Windham County Democrat. 

"This is a curious, suggestive little book. Its author is a thinker beyond the ordi- 
nary surface, or the common pavements in the subject of Numbers. Long years of 
atndy and application have given him a long sight, and his bock will interest teachen 
generally."— Bangor tVliiP. 



A. S. BARNES & COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Bartletf s Elements of Natural Philosophy. 

ACOUSTICS AND OPTICS, 

BY W. H. C. BARTLETT, LL.D., 

Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the United 
States Military Academy, West Point. 

VOL. II. 



The student is here presented -with the second volume of a course of natural philoso- 
phy intended for the classes in colleges and universities. The work complete will ex- 
tend to three volumes, of which the first, embracing Mechanics, has already been no- 
ticed in the columns of this journal. The book before us treats of Acoustics, includ- 
ing the velocity, divergence, and reflexion of sound; music, chords, intervals, and 
harmony; and Optics, exhibiting the laws of reflexion and refraction; the telescope, 
microscope, camera-obscura, and polarization of light. Emanating from the proud 
seat of science, the Polytechnic School of North America, such works need not the 
blazonry of praise nor the guerdon of critical encomium. The high standard of pure 
and mixed science at West Point, and the acknowledged excellence of the Professors, 
constitute our best guaranty of merit— National Intelligencer. 

This treatise on two very important branches of Natural Philosophy, namely, 
Acoustics and Optics, by Professor Bartlett, of West Point, is one of no ordinary char- 
acter, and is highly creditable, as is his other work on Mechanics, to the talented au- 
thor. The subjects are well arranged, following as it were, in geometric order ; the 
enunciation is clear and comprehensive ; the diagrams abundant, and well executed; 
the formulae used in the process of demonstration plain, and nothing introduced but 
what appertains to the subject. Of all books we have seen published on the science 
of Optics, the present is the most lucid and instructive; admirably adapted to the 
present advanced stage of science, and the student, already acquainted with Geometry 
Trigonometry, and Algebra, can, by means of it, become his own teacher. Schools 
and colleges cannot adopt a better work on the science of which it treats ; and the 
type, paper, and general appearance of the book, reflects credit on the publishers. 



Elements of Natural Philosophy. — I was gratified to see this addition to our 
educational appliances in an interesting and important department of physical science. 
The plan of generalization adopted by the author, while in harmony with the teach- 
ings and manifest tendencies of modern science, seems also to be peculiarly desirable 
in a text-book designed to meet the requirements of a sound and judicious instruction. 

The idea developed in this treatise, as suggested in the preface of the author, is 
that of considering the phenomena of Sound and Light from a common point of view, 
and regarding them as results of precisely similar dynamic conditions of the media in 
which they respectively originate, of treating them on a basis of certain-fundamental 
equations alike applicable to doth classes of phenomena. 

This idea, although a novelty in an educational treatise of a practical form, is never- 
theless, in the right direction; and we can scarcely doubt that the present treatise 
will be found to supply, in a highly satisfactory manner, a want frequently experienced 
among instructors, of a text-book adapted; to more modern, rational, and practical 
views of instruction on these subjects. B. F. Greene, Troy, N. Y. 



A. S. BARNES & COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 



BartleW s Elements of Analytical Mechanics. 

ELEMENTS OF ANALYTICAL MECHANICS. 

By Wm. H. C. BAKTLETT, LL.D. 

Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy in the Military Academy 
at West Point. 



This work is intended as a text-book for students who have made con- 
siderable progress in the higher branches of Mathematics, the subject of 
which it treats being discussed analytically, by the aid of the calculus ; dif- 
fering in this respect from the previous and more popular " Elements of 
Mechanics" by the same author. 



Eensselaer Polytechnic Institute, ) 
Troy, Sept. 13, 1853. J 

Professor Bartlett's recent effort, the Elements of Analytical Mechanics, 
will, I am sure, be received as a most welcome addition to the very small 
list of American educational works on the subject on which it treats. In 
fact, the present treatise is, so far as I am aware, the first attempt, not 
only in this country, but in the English language, to exhibit the princi- 
ples of the most important of sciences, in the spirit of that complete gen- 
eralization originally so happily conceived and admirably developed by 
the genius of a Lagrange, in his celebrated Mecanique Analytique. 

Professor Bartlett, starting with the establishment of a general equation, 
involving the principle of Virtual Velocities, and expressed in a form to 
include the principle of D' Alembert, develops the whole subject of Statics 
and Dynamics of Solids and Eluids, by a series of elegant discussions of 
the fundamental equation. 

Such a treatise, while sufficiently comprehensive in scope and compen- 
dious in form, seems to be capable, were it generally introduced into our 
higher institutions, of doing much to elevate the standard as well of 
Analytical as Mechanical Science among us ; since the utilities of the 
former are only truly appreciated and availably grasped by the student, 
when brought into view in the concrete discussions of Force and Matter. 

Yours, &c. B. FEANKLIN GEEENE, _ 

Director of JR. P. /., and Prof, of Mechanics and Constructive Engineering. 



The substance of this volume has constituted for some years the text- 
books of the author's class in the United States Military Academy, and 
is now for the first time published. The classification adopted — the result 
of much thought — arranges the subject under the heads of Mechanics of 
Solids and Mechanics of Eluids ; together with a third part, embracing the 
application of the principles evolved under the two former heads. 

The honorable position occupied by Prof. Bartlett, together with the merit 
of his contributions to science, will insure a favorable reception for this new 
treatise. Seldom, indeed, have we met a more beautiful condensation 
of expression than that employed to describe the scope of this branch 
of mixed mathematics. — National Intelligencer. 






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